bymichael mendillo bostonuniversity equatorial...

1998 CEDAR WorkshopBoulder, Colorado

June 7-12,1998

Tutorial Lecture

by Michael MendilloBoston University

Equatorial Aeronomy

Tc/ToRMC I Bc(^AT0R14L ABR(?k/QMy—^icii)e/ Aienii'//# —

JLO Xukt

OUTHW£

• G-OALS :

— Tohos^lth'c P^jsics

-fot s d Misery

^ Xh$^H4<Ht«i"6 c'fua"tohJ / Tkti'tHos^lthic ehP<ioM^ "J

/he It^^Jes lokiii^ioiy

* t-py

—Review- o'f Vlijhos'Lic Te^nKic^nti-T«J.-i.Wl 'Rew-e.. ]—T^hoAeh ^ew'ieiv f^p-th jcoi^pHiliti^sii^ei

' ' O'f I( Coh'itil^ciitcftts

^g'/trcmei

•kdle^♦ Ini. i\ 3/IST^^Syf'ff

PR(?PUCT|0V OF lo^/osfHEHwtaeweasB—..eangeeggnBWHBSVBiaaflBaBieBaeHseBHaeessBBeBBweHHSBiMB

- Sd/j»- ^UV + 0—^ 0*^+6*

(1)

A

F" ie')

TEO'JkckM

Ve

CC>2^J Co*+oj0 Ofhv(iiooA)

£- Re^io»> ^Soflb jH-oJuci-hi^ of )*M>lecnlllr iohs^

A/e<

* Lohe^euii^ due "fco Ci) vj.

his Sintllesi. H.

tiocAL TiHE

+2^ </i|> /fh'luJe.

ExnCTATtOA/$ FoA LowLATiri/t>£ loA/csMefte

• Mikofr\X'1oopHv^ hWt ==>'» " Bf-fcch

veAicil

/ MilfOh

SetschilMifhdic Ei-fccis

j^B W/'iiih Jo^(Oj:y}ie^c ~>• t^lhol- ckshjes

^eojoi jyJie'̂ 'C Siofhtj»t^o 3Ulretil jJt-i^c.i^i'li'i.ioH -L»

tteJuce. Stnlll Sc)/tA/c / Ilh"i les

8 HiOS'i/j Ir^oHioh'iil ==>#?/3SM3 c/m hiitics ikIuc-I ^3

h/piiAn! Wi'hJs C^m.) SHill.

=2^^ C«sj</'>

T)e.^niuHs -ftOh^ CkifHih-like" teiifc'iV •/4a/pm^l/E5 us. Xhf^Roveo Jhj^sics

Theoretical approachGeophysical Inputs:

Neutral densities

Neutral wind

Neutral temperatureSolar flux

Energetic particle precipitationElectron temperatureIon temperatureElectric field

Magnetic field

GLOBAL IONOSPHERIC MODELING OF GEOMAGNETIC STORMS Slide 3

Equatian. of Motion

K. dVi ^ _ _ _Njmi =Nimi g-V(Nj k Tj) + eNj(E +Vj x b )

- Nj mj z/jn(Vi-U )-Ninnii/ji^(Vi-Vk)-Njmji/je(V|-Ve)

Continuity Equation

+V.(Ni Vj) - P -L

aNi - _ _Vjj_. VNj P-L-V.(NjVj^^)-Nj V. Vjj.

V- - ill

(Mk /Mdl

63P»/i 4, tropical arcs

F REGION lONIZATION

TRANSPORT

E REGION

MAGNETIC EQUATOR

\

v-si';ai».v-''A«(!»; •_-.j'y'.i^,.i •';>5 „ iA

* h..

i «

NMAX

(10^

cc)

0/

<cj

>o%

^^

oo

cy

<y

^^

oo

cycj

oo

oo

oo

•*

•'

tr

NM

AX

(10^

cc)

^o

oo

oo

^O

OO

OC

)p

po

oo

c?^

^^

^'

fI

f

m ni

o -H o "V rn

r- s 0 5 K Cn 1

o « ?»

&PS Total Elbctron Contbut

MOA/THiy ME/A/TCC.: Bofoh'/ittju.yj-SlitiiJfO

Wimik

msm.

im

i

Jlcamarca October 1-2, 1970

1000 I I . I I • I

400 -

^ 800

^ 400

T—I—i—I—I—I—r0600 LT

Log Density (cm'®)I—I—I—I—I—I—I—I—I—I

2000 LT

Log Density (cm"^)

5 400

> Observed Drift

® Zero Drift

1200 LT

Log Density (cm'®)1000

400-

5 6

Log Density (cm"®)

0000 LT

Obsemi N^Ch)

O.AHOSfiSOM

D/naho Models fpr Xo^oipHsmc D/hpts

(0

E

Q

"o

CO

$>—*

V)(0

HI

w

E

COo

v_

o

>

100--

I I I I I I I 11 I i I I 1111 I I I I I I

JicamarcaGrain et al. (1993]

OI^AL

WEST

" Vertical drift

Pte-%vtir3»t

eVtrSJ

9 12 15 18 21

Local Time

K Dcm/

Mcw'tl'il W'tv^is { lOhSjC," Xfi-ssp 5

B/ec+hc Fie/Js Cjuje P/jsHa 3)hf'tj

Koue iohifi'6io«t 'h.khm^I)H Hg.

( SciJe

90

60

u;Q3

^ 0H-

<

-30

Examples of Wia/osAAJO 7BhPBKATUf(es5

4=>A^ZZZ

k \ \ I «

A -t- 1 -V \ ^ - -

-60 =

Hmnr: zooHh

-90 /• ! (~~<r^\ ^ ,- -*

12

LOCAL TIME

frf/T = xto

13.

LOCAL TIME

34

3ries£tire ciirfiw^^

• P-^£6-/0A> Oh'f'ts

Po^"!: -SWhSet coh Ji i I*0H5 : V-H-* If ^Ce»s-4) j ChoM)

°i?-j 'ff(K-i)0^ J/sfl/jfci ^ ^-A -» -i

A?

g> Bo CJowh) : \A Co^i-c') ' xS^ ^ B'

l/a '̂C^^bX ^B_ QB'

00/^K B^s'Lvi/h-J U/IwJ jitoJuces Bssiu^itJ Phsttj Oh'{i'̂̂ Col^filiciiiohs '^ ^ A 7f

0^olc o'f V''+

0VctiicilHotiivh'̂ l ^nJit-chs

fXoh OhJ

P REGION lONIZATION

20 N

.a i 'M.v?*-

v*-

'• • " "'."V-.A • r __•. _.r

EXB

F REGION

E REGION

MAGNETIC EQUATOR

f r«»jv •'•' y.li 1

^ ^ -t A/i ^^ ^ ^ ^ I V'"- '

Iv v*A'i S \ %' " *5'

1

WIA/D5 Aa/H

TL^ShA DRIFTS

-M/Sei/I-"

Arbc^liip^ ^

A^ph^jI

/ ALL-Sk^'

II". M>,X Ohosoh

Hk

OA

Effec'h

9 Shi'f't^ ih LT o'f f Vtiriial Het/tt-sils.

• J) isiutlf^J DyHJinO (/^Utonl Xhftihy-- yiiiHoSfithic ^isUflfikees (T^^O)

#M,*AiyU Ptcssii^c %Jfc (TiJil XH^et)cli0Hs)^A Tn CK) fh?w> Seisoml Mea^

(V) Zo f 'J lo t iiTh

3 o.y -1

Tn ^9O0'l00of(

f-2o 'U>

12 2o—I h("A/) 2® T

lo

O -

'lo

.20 4

^/n

\

0+

MsyttiMej"f Oh'tii^iiioits -_

Vai-M

Nisht-io^igUV- Seisohs

2 4 LT—I 1—

Conse^HChces:

•4 ^ioh3

X

Geometry of "Brightness Waves"

/ IMAGER \I FOV 1

^ PMTMVsnA

1 IMAGER \1 FOV j

w

E

IH

^viS

PRE.MIDNIGIITBW

ORIENTATION ANGLE

CALCULATION

AVG. PRE-MIDNIGHT 0 = 4S

e = tan'(V,/V,J

Vw =Earth's corotation speed

Vns =Apparent meridional velocity

Observable :VnsDerived : 0 - Orientation ofnightly

MTM pattern

MTM

MIDNIGHT BW

ORIENTATION ANGLE

CALCULATION

1?93 AVG. MIDNIGHT e = -52

1?94 AVG. MIDNIGHT e=.4S

10

I1-

12

3

o 14w

LU 16Q31—

18

1-20

22

14 OCTOBER 1993 AREQUlPA, PERU 300km 6300A

4:00 5:00TIME (UT)

weather conditions

t

F fZ Ot&mvATteMSAifP

COMPARISON OF TIEGCM AND MSIS86 NEUTRAL TEMPERATURE MODELS

LUCC3

1200

1100

1000

g 900Q.

111h-

< 800cch-3111

700

600

500

15

T 1 1 1 1-

QUIET

i f• «

i\i

I I I r I I r

-r rJb. •

/rI

.

AVERAGED FPI

TEMPERATURE

(Ap-9)

— TIEGCM MODEL

(Ap-3)

- - MSIS86 MODEL

(Ap-3)

^ ^

j—\—I I • ' I . . J 1 1 1 1 I L

20 1 6Local Time (Hrs.)

11

.1200

1100-

1000LUOC3

S 900Q.

lUI-

^ 800GC

3LU

700-

600-

500

15

T—I—I—1—I—I—I—I—\—I—I—r

DISTURBED AVERAGED FPI

TEMPERATURE

(Ap-49)

TIEGCM MODEL

(Ap-22)

MSIS86 MODEL

(Ap.22)

\"F'[ 1'

I I I

^ -VII.

^

J I I L J 1 ' ' ' I I L

20 1 6Local Time (Hrs.)

11

Figure 13.

Issues Ih He £\ri I

®VcHithi/^ Xoh CoujtlikjTl^e CoMs ^

\ 'bisioUeJ ?l\^l>otrihcc cf £•-^<•J'/^,^ SM*«et P

>

®T/l5)s ei/t-h sech ^*,c ^

» VaW,fc;/,-<3 .\Otien'ii'iieuy

Does i"t W\iiit\r%̂

MTM — ajOht'ekhiiohs,

#£l«-tfoij«i„-cs... jitxtin-lU',, sLtlJi^f^Ol/tt"$l\it(JI kj o'f Svhs'loti^e^lec'̂ hc "fii-Us^

^XokospneHc oi low liii'iuj^, - '^SiSiB^ ssisss:^

5ca/c Xhf-eyti/lK-fr/es.

BqUAToRiAL SpRBAD'f^A SuJJchj looliiej tlrihi-foth^iloirt oi

p/jSiwJ j-t /ov hii't<^Jes hc>He>^eHeobi$ciccitoh Jthsi'iirs inio kijk/^ ittryukh i'Lt-xAuKs

h A V A—\ >»/ .^ 0(?

3C*C?

-f } ^ M:J.0^ (e'/ch,^)

f XoiTiO SOInJe,

XJ F-Sighdi^^-

j f(MHi)•fja 20

?) SaK'^Tu

i(P^

•fcFd ??

Spi-eid (' ill pt/€hI j_i.. .1.. '

uvzr

fhce\'Sf F•fcm)

/ii^JjSOj 4:t\e mcs^ eK^loilvt/ii-^t^i'Lic sj^ict ^/53Ai;pAy S/f5 ]i^s'i)ioilii>j ih i^\c heil" S^ire-ehuit-oHt^tfiJti:iS hih^tj "iije -fiiftitt ^ Jfi^i\Oi'Lic Cipihill'ij ^---A l^oht ^^^sics "hse-J hidjt Wet^ll Wen

£<jnjioi-;j/ Sdwhllhiio^ J^iclJsE^iiiiohi)! ^itHciutes i-Fluc'iui'iiohsJ

tooo

X 200

IDM&A^ost|C5I ^ (i.e., JV- ' g,„,w /

JtCAMARCA. PERUELECTRON DENSITY

SEP 13-14,1972

I I I T—I—I—r T—I—T-T

rw: xWi

55 5.0

1>Xv:%

18 20 22 00 02 04 06 08TIME (75'W)

mox

8.F«j«r

fiWX>.e»^we4 SCji-ttt- RW»^ CIS*)»Fot- 2»tt»tgUt%

'Fot A/,*4^ ♦ jj i.8,^Eel.,»JSRMuMvr C

w ^

Muktts i^f

JiCAHAkcA Pi.UMt5

f •wtftoc^c

Jicamarca Spread-F Power-Map OcU)ber17, 1994 (20:00-01:00)

\

Local time 75W (hours) (1 iimijkt

5 10 IS 20 25 30

til)

A 'bwtUc sma// sca/e

^7

600

ALlAll{ - ISR ^•" • \A Hot 1ft

e^sr

_. ALTAIR Radar Data :p2 August 1990 10:30—TG-40 tIT^ ^uOO, —^——'• - ' • :Log(Poiver):

T* • p- •_. • «"•.••''*" '"'•V'V. V»/_*" V'

'"'•--S'Csl

• J,/,. ,..•. ;•

6,49

5-96

5..'Field' Aligned :^:'

'-r- r'V^ ..*'.

-^a-DC J;:;. •^;r" ?-i-S'^P •; -^V'•;,. J:' (i'v."E35^',D'Stl^'^V "f

AL^IR: Kadar^poto^^ 0S'̂ i4ug"S^ 3

r-n.-WV

<- 200

-* • '•• .''! «/• >»».

"s •••

•'

Off ;Perp #4 •rf--.'-^ V'.t;:

; G fkniV- '• • • ' • '- . •" ••.\rVi/-''":'-'i.A!,'.'\ • "• i- . J .

Xhictc^^njc.

'l et- I

•-:-'§,7.0'1

R.T5HA/ee><

ASCENSION ISLAND MAGNETIC MERIDIAN

AIRGLOW VIEWING GEOMETRY

WAONEtW0,p

HEIGHT(km)^2000-

zenith

1500

hooo

400

-10

^^^ension'̂ LANd

it E^wiiej- F/mHwU

-/5

f flirts

• •'•••

V •< r ,, 4"• v'. / j ..v

,./-•• ••; ^•• •

>1 'f'-:' '/. •'^ • f'' •' ' . i " ."•

' • . •Vj,-,-v;':-, , . 'V,^•:'• ".•';;" ••.. -• •* y.j

•; ••,'••

'••y-.'' • *•, -1

i-r^K-"J

«'• i'i<

•:^-V>:;.T, •

. i'*'»*!

-••-''a

V- . • •̂•" . ^ s'i •'V

sr/%f'̂ > I *••*

Backscatter Plumes in

Equatorial Region

I 900UJQ

Z>-

t 700

Airglow Depletion in

Equatorial Plane

k • :•<

6300 A Airglow

Apex Mapping to

Geomagnetic EquatorialPlane

Airglow Depletions in

"Anomaly Region"

\ / \

V\/H£/^£ /^a/q WHgA/ DO£>s BSF OCCOf{ ?Huancayo, Peru Natal, Brazil Accrai Ghana

I I I I I I > I I I I I 1 I I I I I I I rJAN MAR MAY JUL SEP NOV JAN JAN MAR MAY JUL SEP NOV JAN JAN MAR MAY JUL SEP NOV JAN

Kodaikanal, India Manila, Philippines

JAN MAR MAY JUL SEP NOV JAN JAN MAR MAY JUL SEP NOV JAN

Guam Kwa]aleln

JAN MAR MAY JUL SEP NOV JAN JAN MAR MAY JUL SEP NOV JAN

noNJHiy

A Lotiy/"tuJc •flur'iukrs

SeOJon Occut5 wkeh/u/ltet-c Solth 'Lefri^tni'loh(_ SMhSei. liht) is Sct/tnl -to iMChV/Jtl .

T^»>s ^lloiv3 E'lrc^iohs it A//s o-f B "to dcci^9w3u s Itnn/"ti'iroMS/u .

E)f>lMPLe; pBHiob

"DJ/** Huancayo, Peru Natal, Brazil Accra, Ghana

EP HOV JAN JAN MAR MAY JUL SEP NOV JAN J/In MAR MAY ML SEP NOV JM

Kodalkanal, India Manila, Philippines

JAN MAR MAY JUL SEP NOV JAN JAN MAR MAY JUL SEP NOV JAN

Guam Kwajalein

EP NOV JAN JAN MAR MAY JUL SEP NOV JANJAN MAR MAY

DECLINATION 5UJi/SET

-150. -120.

Longitude

I Wheh Suhie't f/ BJWit^Js ihe ^ SHill

l^ehiisf ^etlc sss^hxuteitics )0^0 T^o U/ljs ^ Spteil- F

OAy wnniA^ zf

e.j. k^A^ALBlM #HRadar

IW

^'::V 07:19-UT

07:29 UT

' 07:48 UTy-'X-

Or:57 UT

08:06 UT+800 -800

August

08:11 UT

11

, 08:19 CT

08:56 J

i,. !,• ••:•

08:27 UTi •

^800 -800

09:12

Wmmm

09:27 L

09:37 1-nrrrsnrTTciT^

ii

08:47 UTi • ., 09:46 UT

0:05 U-

^Geomagnetic East Distance [

L.'og(Pov/er).^6,40

•-.-; ' ;v"., •' •• I

\\

Tlic A/eift A/iVAt

ALTA:R Radar Da:c.,'^

'v, •••»iRr

07:1,4 UT

I'S't-X '•:• .i', •! • '^Ai.'-

<•••.-., I..,.

I.'

N.s?X'n- • ^ ^

07:45: UT I•• i-f •••?7-';'.ii..7,".^

07:55 UT.

09:19^u

T0;00

10:15 w

I0i4 :U"

10:55 Ii'i" ' -" '• t'J*

11:31 -L

11:58 .U"08:30 JT, 10:21

I'A ^*^-1 i.

-'•tlr'.

V/ . '- ' < . u."**

08:35 UT 10:36 12:25 U+600 -800 <-300 -800

Georriagn:elic ;E,ast .Distance [km]

Log(Pov/er)6.40

..6

- ll'Sll-'lf iWli'i^P 'iMi

i 4.97

W*i«n £SF 15 "OM" - it is H®t suUle or e/M5i>e --/\»»u nJio/ofiicil is se*$#ii.Vc ^A/e/A/c Sfe tt

T^>e MoJe,!Geometry at Magnetic Equator Allows

Development ofthe Ravleigh-Tavlor Instability

r

ii2«0

figOnd i<OpE»

II i"" fiit "

Seed Perturbation

Plasma (MHD) Analog to Classical Hydrodynamic Instability:Heavy Fliiid over a light Fluid

%Seed

Principal Characteristics:1. Rising ^TBubble" ofDepleted Plasma,2. Smaller-Scale Turbialeniee/Instabilities at Edges of

Bubble.

Entire Process called Eguatdrial Spread F Because ofEffects Observed by lonosondes.

The -Priveii

G-Rota/TH K^rt

Y '[hi -H^-ll>Vhk ( _)Vt L b« " ^J 1ar t f /

Ail ®«/ Qu9k'ii^ie$

FAVoS^AM C&A^$m^4fS^nTFaBffirrfl'WffTg'aTiwrmiTOttwaafc

S) df'iif' Sahset

S'tt^p df MiCkf

l) r©^

H) Seei w^k^-i)\Jhf ^A\^OkAU^ C9Mtil7i9MS

Vfi t&wk wit-^

VJ

uy

-^

iJl

u.

%»

.-jf

^

mm

.

•••.>•:•

%

T)

(Do

Q.

(D n (/I

M(D D o o D Q

.cn

C o0

0

<[

rf

v:

oM

T»

ND

3.

3*

O (/) 3

^

P.

O)

Ape

xA

ltitu

de[k

m]

Ape

xA

ltitu

de[k

m]

4^

en

oo

oo

o_

io

po

c^

cr

iCD

o n -Q —

hO

a (D 3 52.

Ui

Ape

xA

ltitu

de[k

m]

00

oo

oo

oo

o

3

c#

-

B±

i^•*

^

Ape

xA

ltitu

de[k

m]

01

CO

oo

oo

oo

o .•O o

Alti

tude

[km

]

hO

>o

oo

o

O)

00

oo

oo

oo

o

.^

i

-39

r

7>?

^^

L

O\

l<>

^•

i'

'flc

A\

X-D O C

D

|—o

O rf

c Q.

(Dcn

«.?

•

ni

?

Ape

xA

ltitu

de[k

m]

Examls I

VU M'Buoij'ihCtj P

vs Loci I CohJll-Lioiis

•hkz Aftey hei^iit -fot ati B5F PItikie?" "f/njr "ti'ie }rii^s UH"ti/ /"t

i'is

FLL/XTUBE QUAA/TlTIES

Vo! =y\ A-ois V

Nj ~f -A Z/a^^///wx ^

Apex Height [km'

Local EG?U4To/il/iL

h/e M FroF/L£

= -f(hJ

Cachoiera Paulista^O'.90° ZA

Dip Latitude (°S)

COHPAt(l50Ji/S Ol^* L«Kil"ube Mean and Equatorial Density

35001—' ' ' \ ^ ' ' Hi, M ' y"' ' I ^ ' ' ' i ' ' ^ ' I ' ' ^ ^

- \ ToPSIOEi "\\\ tube mean density for 100% H+W -—- equotono^ensiW for 100% H+ ~1\|-J, e^uotono^ens^ for 100% 0+

Htube mean density for 100% 0+2500 - \0*/Ly \\ —

> -

3000

2500

tube mean density for 100% H+

- —- equotona^ensiW for 100% H+

eouotono^ens^ for 100% 0+

tube mean density for 100% 0+

X'i; 2000

1500

1000

500

0 +

LOCAL

Bqi^AToRIAL

Log (N) [cm ^IBt^oXANcy Point Calculations U E.£esm+S.F^lli "fot O* (AtiJttUit «i t! AT "

ExAnne: FLoYToBB-lA/TP^Am BfFecr ou S-^omn iirB

T^ft ^+iJoili4y o-f ^owoyWiC. flasMK«»

^4Um t . Tkfc ^rowHi*. Jailtf u ^Iwtte Vj^.'

y - S C.!'""***^ 0"et€

I • '

^ • locj^ piAcY*tv\ covU.tu.V»vt^' V. -('•%** - it - ii V'A"#w4 ^"j. —9r

mkU. ca.«sc 'tWi e^UA.'̂ vU I-V® V«- •Wnly ^kUW ?

WW-V cohU- ^iv/fc K5 v»€;5«^+iwft fftiw?

FluytuicXh'iifti'ltJ Pffee"t OH 6'l-oi¥'il^ Kj'ic

Effect iltl

CohjieihC'C^ HOl^cs yfl'/'s/njdownlyitJ "t-o loss —hipl&Cciln- iPiiS — 'Li lit-' e.-ffe.c't'

Stil>iliie Oh.Jown w'ti\<l e-nd

Meniiou/ y^\ J! %Waves jilishi. Hjik/itJ

lesj . lessVe.s'i^ 'lie Ohu^vv/fii e-»v</.

sptAvn

He '̂vxiai^Wvc S^yyvWit-^^

* M/\>iw«L \4'<relp c^ysAs

EHtd*£

Uvi "uj^v4»^in6t

U^ IB

d

'cto>VWWftY(P? '

Cc^ft i112.J

U^ 1 tnimiMJUiM^Lnn

«si ^

( (

^xltsifl ^ Hu.ls

0 i^eliwrr 0^ (--g^ ^KWcK^ tw, vv\5VH\v»i« c^(t<Hrl4l Uwe^f u«y« :

^) TW <Vv\^4 w9«^vi€VicrUuces -l-We

'tAkt C cf^ect-)a) TV ly.rtA- e^cb-t- d^-H* yumi*

«V>\^W f I«1«« AtHvw +V«. v»»f ^V»1^Msaiua; ^We

itev^oj^vvte^ ^^yciJt p ««(Nt'*!' c^^€c:V)

♦ Fo^r «. Tert,\i-6Vic iftwe^^Were. ftyv,lL^<t ^ wverlfittowAl •

V/e v»t«it lesi 4-Uv, ^ i^ooof plASw,^ ^lov,^ fiUl Imes

s-Vt-WiUi^e -VUe ftvcVire e^k«.4»>pl«>.\ lowOffUMxri. I!' ,1

♦ TK. i. u«.A,- 5^Uil,yN.»hHt«- HKwert«.l yH»lH, thef»>n^ ywB** (tfiiwidVieaHy .'

Flu/tuBB'JjifTes-ATEQ Issiies IOf Seei yiicH

w/iu« w'dk fkst // S

—Cipl SiAhSft Jctl^ihAx>\^ //B C^S^ttij'F Sc^jok**)l^unclf U/i.u<s J

'—'CiH SttJ. 4*6 i^tci-fic iHttiJiiki ^^Fot" "tute.- COM"^eH,*6^

e '̂tihe e^ui'hothl Xc>M<?5^We. is Bothot^sijt.—WAj't dti-^tUiihts 'it»?—Wki'h MJJfiMiKM ^

#WWe. I.S "tlje. okstmiiohil "fot"tilt ^/cM.'th*/ ci'fft'b' oi\ ^

®Do HTM 3f/rrt £5/^?"Pocs i.'f'ftc'h BS^ P'Role o*f dt'iiuii^ ih

Ic?n/ hii'if^Je, F- \rt^iou\ P

i . ^i*(i|it» £5^ 5e)i«« 4*f 4 }9nji'i^th(ci)B^F OH$9i 4h*>, t9-eHLT-^0 «j ©

(lifSM4//«i sioW ©"tW •* OfCUfS «A#^#Wlywief *4»<«ie4. /

*^Sio^N4 Bs^ ?(b)£5f oniei fH%. ti^OiLT-^»o 4,

S*toM«»j C4ir«f

:. £5f Se^sefu$ " ^^#Ve«»

^ St^r&is ca«t«« ^e

iSP C0MJl^Mi9M 7o $fACi U/^4Wi^

^SkhlJhj^Ot/€t* SknfJta^ ef

l/jp SeeJyrh^T

ft

5: J

Large electric field (plasma drift) perturbations are often xobserved at the equator during disturbed conditions

LU<

17 23

20

11 17 23 11 U.T.

1 i 1 i 1 -I 1 1 1 1 1 » 1 1 i

I August 8-10, 1972

T" 1 1 J

1

i 1 1 1 i i 1 i 1 1 1

^ Jicamarca

f/ZM rrTV

—^—1—'—\-

W-_i—1—1—1—1—1—I—1—1—1—I—

Q 0

*cdo

<D

>

Local Time

BUT

The average equatorial drifts during geomagnetically quietand disturbed conditions are essentially identic^ !

CO

1CD

Q

150

%—•

1

I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 T 1 — I 1 T 1

- Jicamarca © AE < 250 nT

O =130

Mar-Apr_ Sep-Oct

May-Aug

O AE S 250 nT

02 06 10 14 18 22Local Time

ESP SfACB

X. RiJi* ioiij/

l/M)

SciA^ hfi^ti * Lhs tlf (/»/(« CotmHt.

t.»JPoSiiivttMj

Sci^r £f/eeT ♦ (.M4 •/ f(<S€fi¥4t

liS HiaJL'T^C *jA/eCM

a

Ttc "es^ en4W«"

Sfi%^ ^it^p

C^fi$ eH999i/i>^ I

FINAL THOUGHTS

• sko^lJ Hc't

be coH-fuje ^ ** Pt0ji/€*ti¥iiy'̂

Ii9©^c &b$eti^9i>i0kS,

e d PjTpyCOK •

Ut A/o't h^J^UJ

'* ACROf^/M'^