bfp basics
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Technology and SolutionsProtection and Substation Automation
Topic:
BREAKER FAILUREPROTECTIONAPPLICATION
BASICS BASICS
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WTopic Objectives
r Fault condition in a power grid
r Protection zones
r System behavior in case of breaker failure situation
r BFP solutions
r BFP application
Objectives
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Bus
bar
Busbar
Line
Tran
sfor
mer
Gen
erat
or -
Tran
sfor
mer
BB
Fault Condition in a Power Grid
Protection zones
G
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Bus
bar
Fault Condition in a Power Grid
Busbar Fault
G
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WFault Condition in a Power Grid
Busbar Fault
G
- cleared
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WFault Condition in a Power Grid
Busbar Fault
G
- Breaker Failure - solution
⇒ trip command to all surrounding CBs by
a remote tripping command
a tripping command via the intertripping system
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Line
Fault Condition in a Power Grid
Line Fault
G
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WFault Condition in a Power Grid
Line Fault
G
- cleared
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WFault Condition in a Power Grid
Line Fault
G
- Breaker Failure - solution
⇒ trip command to all surrounding CBs by
a remote tripping command
a tripping command via the intertripping system
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ansf
orm
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Fault Condition in a Power Grid
Transformer or Generator - Transformer Fault
G
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Fault Condition in a Power Grid
G
Transformer or Generator - Transformer Fault - cleared
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Transformer or Generator - Transformer FaultFault Condition in a Power Grid
G
- Breaker Failure - solution
⇒ trip command to all surrounding CBs by
a remote tripping command
a tripping command via the intertripping system
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How is it possible to detect a non operating
circuit breaker (= Circuit Breaker Failure)
???
Breaker Failure Protection Solutions
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1. supervision of the feeder current (with an overcurrent criteria) after a tripping command
OR2. supervision of the CB auxiliary contacts
after a tripping commandOR
3. supervision of the feeder current (with the BBP measurement algorithm) after a tripping command (only applicable if the BFP is installed in the BBP system) - BBP unbalancing
Breaker Failure Protection Solutions
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feeder current
t ~ higher than the highest possible CB opening time + arc extinguish time
Breaker Failure Protection Solutionssolution 1:
t2
~120 ms
re-trip to
faulty CB
(coil 1 & 2)
trip to the surrounding
CBs by
• intertripping &
• remote tripping
CB opening coil
trip to CB from protection device
BFP
t1
~120 ms
&
I >
the trip from the protection device is called „Starting BFP“
!!!
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CB closed
t ~ higher than the highest possible CB opening time + arc extinguish time
Breaker Failure Protection Solutionssolution 2:
t2
~120 ms
re-trip to
faulty CB
(coil 1 & 2)
trip to the surrounding
CBs by
• intertripping &
• remote tripping
CB opening coil
trip to CB from protection device
t1
~120 ms
&
BFP
the trip from the protection device is called „Starting BFP“
!!!
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Breaker Failure Protection Solutionssolution 3:
re-trip to faulty CB
(coil 1 & 2) &
remote trip
inter-
tripping
CB opening coil
trip to CB from protection device x
BFP
CB x
t1
~120 ms
t2
~120 ms
BBP
BFP
CB y
CB x CB y
trip to CB from protection device y
&
BFP
logi
c
feeder current
BFP logic
∆I = 0
IF
∆I =
IF
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An advanced BFP (& BBP) system offers all 3 solutions
!!!
Which solution must be used for which application
???
Breaker Failure Protection Solutions
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Breaker Failure Protection Solutions
⇒ standard BFP application (most common used)⇒ for line, transformer, generator, generator- transformer, reactors and
coupler CBs⇒ for all voltage levels and switchgear configurations ⇒ overcurrent settable independently for all feeders (depending on the
minimum feeder short current)⇒ operation independent on the CB auxiliary contacts (aux. contacts are
a week part of the protection chain)⇒ for single, double and three phase auto- reclosure (tripping), (phase
segregated starting inputs)⇒ for detection of evolving faults (phase segregated timers for t1)⇒ remote tripping signal settable after timer 1 or timer 2⇒ advanced trip- redirection functionality in case of CB SF6
underpressure condition⇒ not applicable for very low fault currents (e.g. generator
reverse power function) -> solution 2
Application & features of solution 1:
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Breaker Failure Protection Solutionssolution 1:
re-trip to
faulty CB
(coil 1 & 2)
trip to the surrounding
CBs by intertripping
IR
Start R&
I >
≥ 1t1
IS
Start S&
I >
≥ 1t1
IT
Start T&
I >
≥ 1t1
Start R S T
≥ 1 t2
remote tripping
Trip Redirection
set t1 & t2 to 10ms
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advanced trip redirection functionality
remote tripping settable after t1
or t2
phase segregated timers for the detection of evolving faults
phas
e se
greg
ated
sta
rtin
g in
puts
for s
ingl
e an
d do
uble
po
le a
uto
recl
osur
e
Breaker Failure Protection Solutionssolution 1:
re-trip to
faulty CB
(coil 1 & 2)
trip to the surrounding
CBs by intertripping
IR
Start R&
I >
≥ 1t1
IS
Start S&
I >
≥ 1t1
IT
Start T&
I >
≥ 1t1
Start R S T
≥ 1 t2
remote tripping
Trip Redirection
set t1 & t2 to 10ms
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Breaker Failure Protection Solutions
⇒ applicable for very low fault currents (e.g. generator reverse power function)
⇒ remote tripping signal settable after timer 1 or timer 2⇒ advanced trip- redirection functionality in case of CB SF6
underpressure condition⇒ very good addition to solution 1⇒ no overcurrent (fault current) supervision ⇒ the starting signal must be switch off by the CB “OFF” aux. contact to
prevent an unwanted trip⇒ operation dependent on the CB auxiliary contacts (aux. contacts are a
week part of the protection chain)⇒ not applicable for single and double phase auto- reclosure (tripping)⇒ not applicable for detection of evolving faults
Application & features of solution 2:
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Breaker Failure Protection Solutionssolution 2 in addition to solution 1:
re-trip to
faulty CB
(coil 1 & 2)
trip to the surrounding
CBs by intertripping
IR
Start R&
I >
≥ 1t1
IS
Start S&
I >
≥ 1t1
IT
Start T&
I >
≥ 1t1
External Start BFP
t1
Start R S T
≥ 1 t2
remote tripping
Trip Redirection
set t1 & t2 to 10ms
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rren
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sta
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put
Breaker Failure Protection Solutionssolution 2 in addition to solution 1:
re-trip to
faulty CB
(coil 1 & 2)
trip to the surrounding
CBs by intertripping
IR
Start R&
I >
≥ 1t1
IS
Start S&
I >
≥ 1t1
IT
Start T&
I >
≥ 1t1
External Start BFP
t1
Start R S T
≥ 1 t2
remote tripping
Trip Redirection
set t1 & t2 to 10ms
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Breaker Failure Protection Solutions
⇒ applicable as basic BBP coupler functionality for the detection of faults between coupler CB and CT (coupler function - CB reclaim time)
⇒ not applicable for line, transformer, generator, generator- transformer, reactors feeders in HV systems
⇒ overcurrent (fault current) supervision depending on the BBP differential current setting (high short current required)
⇒ functionality depending on the BBP⇒ not applicable for single and double phase auto- reclosure (tripping)⇒ not applicable for detection of evolving faults⇒ the starting signal must be switch off by the CB “OFF” aux. contact to
prevent an unwanted trip to the CB after timer 1⇒ operation dependent on the CB auxiliary contacts (aux. contacts are a
week part of the protection chain)⇒ no trip- redirection functionality in case of CB SF6 underpressure
condition⇒ remote tripping signal fixed to timer 1
Application & features of solution 3:
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coup
ler f
unct
ion
Breaker Failure Protection SolutionsCoupler function:
CB opening coil
Input Current signal
CB open
≥ 1
t
≥ 1
CT bypass
CB
recl
aim
tim
e ~1
20 m
s
IF
trip BBP Zone 1inter-
tripping Zone 2
BB
P
Zone
2
∆I = 0
∆I =
IF
Zone 2Zone 1
&
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Breaker Failure Protection ApplicationTransformer, Transformer- Generator, Reactor feeder and coupler:
G
IRStart R
&I >
≥ 1t1
ISStart S
&I >
≥ 1t1
IT
Start T&
I >
≥ 1t1
External
Start BFPt1
≥ 1
Trip Redirection
set t1 & t2 to 10ms BFP
CBx
CBx
G/T Prot.
∆I T
& ∆
I G (8
7T &
87G
)
Rev
erse
Pow
er (3
2)
Start R S T
3 Phase trip
“CB closed” aux. contacts
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Start R S T3 Phase trip
Start R
Start S
Start T
single Phase trip
Breaker Failure Protection ApplicationLine feeder with single phase auto reclosure:
IR &I >
≥ 1t1
IS&
I >
≥ 1t1
IT&
I >
≥ 1t1
External
Start BFPt1
≥ 1
Trip Redirection
set t1 & t2 to 10ms BFP
CBx
CBx
LineProt.
OC
(51)
Z< &
DEF
(21
& 6
7N)
AR
Syn
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CB
is b
lock
ed s
ince
SF6
gas
pres
sure
to e
xtin
guis
h th
e
arc
is to
low
Start R S T3 Phase trip
Start R
Start S
Start T
single Phase trip
Breaker Failure Protection ApplicationTrip Redirection in case of CB SF6 Underpressure :
IR &I >
≥ 1t1
IS&
I >
≥ 1t1
IT&
I >
≥ 1t1
External
Start BFPt1
≥ 1
Trip Redirection set t1 & t2
to 10ms BFP CBx
CBx
LineProt.
OC
(51)
Z< &
DEF
(21
& 6
7N)
AR
Syn
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