askallah.com.pk aur dinar per zakat.pdf · 2013. 3. 26. · ànÛÖ^ˆ×Ö]ŁÛu–...

sÅˆlZsòÂxÅ»g~§m

Â[Z²Ã>z�zx

PART -1

DIRECT METHOD

�gëÔ�bgX™qÆziy»çÎäÔe0~Æ»[Zzgig¦»[»çÓx�)´Æn��»[6Z)qaZ™ä»i

¤z\I)g(ZqÐiZ

3- ZN�yX7f -10

Zec!gzeXgZzf~X0Îy2012 J�g~X

6�gz�zsxZzg ~ Zv¬\Å£zzZzggÎw™*Zv¬\Ð@ZezgÉðÆ‚BÂ[Ñzq™@�VX

:Â[Z²Ã>)z�zx(Îäe0~Æ»[»ç *xÂ[¤z\I)g(ZqÐiZ : '

: $�çEE

LUã0331-5698576 ;×XÅÔ : *Ñ

Z£,»g7gcÔ¬Ý)÷WÔZDwgzeÔwauÔgZzf~ : e7~çR¢¾ìigÔgZzf~ : ìi8

: ®Z�: ñ\êLZ�á®

: -: 7

: Â[YÆí

051-5558320 /'Z£,»g7gcÔwauÔZDwgzeÔgZzf~021-4910584 /'��Ô6Zã!~âgLÔj~0guÔ™ZcÔ

042-7352332 Zg�z!iZgÔÑƒgXy 34 /'Dz²ÃyXÅÔ042-7246006 /'Y'Z�giÔQg�z!iZgÔÑƒgy

/'ZsòÃ{:ÔZg�z!iZgÔÑƒg/'�ÜDzZ�[ÔZÆ*âgLÔZg�z!iZgÔÑƒg

eZË-ŠZÅŸz~}Z²2>Æ'Æ*x

XÅÂ[ä=£/ñZ�ZzggÉð½ÅXLLCÙP�i2>�ZëZñg~¬gZñ¥x™äÆnZ½¦Z¿�Å¢zg]ìp¾qwZÐZ�~î]ÐÌ9Z½¦Z¿�ÅgZ�ëg�C�XóóZkgZñä÷~È!0"~æ�ÅZzgtÂ[Z²2>Ôi2>Æ�!ÃtÅzŸsìX�fY™ZxÆngz„Å

Æn§i»g?m™CìXóó Decision Making ã��ÛZë™$ËìXZzg:òªZzg

ZKg/§]Æ*xTÅs1%Å¬�]Zzg|I~ä„=hZzg|ÅˆlÅgZ{ZCä»Z�k�ÑcX

ZâxZ0³XDÅJ�ÎZw~ìX

æÎØq^ð]ÖvÐæ‡âÐ]Öf^›ØW]á]Öf^›ØÒ^á‡âçÎ^!

æÚ^]��×ßFÔ]��uÛè]Ö×Ã^ÖÛnàZzgëäW‚y™�cŒÛWyKÃÔQìÃðÎWzZÑ?Îg>‡X45;WeÔ1zgHtŒÛWy~¨g7™DcZy

Æ�ßV~7}�XXÎg0·;42Xz{TÃeLì�Z*ð¿ìZzgTÃ�Z*ðBZkÃ(~ÚïXZzgÃÂz„Jw™D��=q�X•{962X¼>�ßvDgn�Zzg�7gn�zâV'Z'ƒM�ZzgÃÂz„�D��=q�Xi%X9Z}ZZyzZß;¬ââZv»ÔZzg¬ââgÎw»ÔZzg�Z(gzZá�?~X:ZzgZ¤×7zËq

Z�) ~ÂZkÃg�q™zZvÆZzggÎwÆÔZ¤?ZZygnƒZv6ZzgÔ�y6;Zzgtp[ìZzg4ï™*ìX59 XYX ( @zÞ

�:�ßv�Vñ��Z7ec�tZ©xZzgt!'ZyßÍVÃC�,��V " @Zet~~XÁZß�Zq9ZWzWyXeZËZ£*ÜXm846 "þþþ 7�X�Yì�Ãð)ñ��?Ðic�{KZzgôpgpzZÑ�X

]Ö×ãÜ]…Þ^uÏ^ñÐÒØ]Ÿ�n^ðÒÛ^âoZkug0u»ZqZqÂ�ZCÙZ]Ð uÏnÏk‰1�+^åÊ†Ú^ ]‘×o ðÒo ]�n^ iÛ^Ý aÛn6 ]c]Ö×ä

Ô{mÂzÆ‡.Þ�XgÎw0u~ZâY»Dp�ZLn„ " Z-" ÔZzg " Óx " Ô"� " ic�{ËìÔS™ZÖpX7ÉZ#ÖÆCÙ�Û�ÆneT¸X4yZvÔH™xìXÓxÐ°�tì�ÃðÌ»&45é JGE]~Z+!¹:g{YñT»DË�yÃ:ƒXZ-ÐÑtì�|¥xƒä~!w'Z'µcŸ:gìX´z{Zi,9BðEgZ™x~ätÌ�Ûâcì�;X

iËÓ†‰^Âäìn†ÚàÂf^�é‰jnà‰ßjäZyWc]ZzgZq�gÃ7" m³Ã³ß³o]mÔ+ã<pÒ^iËÓ†‰^:>‰^ÙÒoÂf^�l‰1e`j†a1

ÆˆGCÙz{�yTÆ�w~Zv¬àZzggÎw™*~ÅfgZÏÌ³]z�ìXÑxÐZCu—™áÇZzgt�Â©tXÍZâZ!X ÎZw™äÅCÙ¦Z]7™}Ç�ø}òizZwZzgn„ÅHz�;]�X

ZâxZ0³XDÅJ�ÎZw~ìX

ge÷XjZÑY]¯x0u X1

Ãug X2

ñÑ*¡Z°Ý±;g�~ÔÃå�-ÈÔg=0g>ZÅ.©¨4èEE

GE�‹X Zsx»ZO�~Âx: X3

Zg�z!iZgXÑƒg 17 �æÜX XâY( 1938 â|X) 1358 gZ 18 TZzw

â|1361 gßZÑzw 2 T�zx-ŠZÅŸ�~FÀ‚]Z°Ýœj X }Z²2> X4

gZsâgLZg�z!iZgÔÑƒgÔ�z¢,X 23 Z^gXÅX Xgz9Ã 40071983 !g�zx 1981 !gZzwZ~ X

{−E~Z*Z}ZzZsXZ‹�%ExZsðXº[-Eg;XÑƒg X Zsx»çÑCÂx: X5

=gzeXÑƒg 15 ZÅ)»40î GEZÅ›Ð.0îGX Xgz9 15 âY7 1968 TZzwX�c

gZz·Zf{yWse&z] X ZsòÂxâ1]: X6

ZsxW!� 7 Z~X 287 Z²2>XâY1410 âYgßZ{ã 1989 âÞ

å�ÛiZ:gg~Ô$·âZi{y Zsòu: X7

E,õXZg�z!iZgXÑƒgZsx]»Ãgk / Z*Z}çâ]

6zWg<ZvÞ[ Zsògc„»â1CÂx:X X8

(29 Z�Zg{î]ZsòXZsxW!�),� X1973 Z�á®Zzw X

FÀñÑ*Z1+Aö GWZâx{yâàz~:Z�Zg{pÄZsð: �á{zàZvö_�Š~ò }/ñ: X9

1960 'gzeÔÑƒgÔ%œï�cw¢Ñ$k~Ñƒg âgZ£Fg~ Zsx»çÙÂx: X10

�g×6XZg�z!iZgXÑƒg 8[4ð�†ZØ�g�ãò ‘40î EEGGZ®( X11

o,e7XZg�z!iZgXÑƒg ·UÜ{yçzy454è FHGEGa@g~ (ZzgZyZY] X12

YZz‡sXÓ#Öº[X!��á„KÑƒgX †Z°ÝZ4k~ Â[ZÅ©ªî EGÉÐ)åEZ<ØZÑg‹ X13

1913(28 Z�Zg{î]ZsòXZsxW!�)I� eZË1’ Zßw}Zzg�á{zàZv X14

w#ÖDXgZzf~X eZË·{−&� ´)ZDw»¦gZ¿� X15

2005 âZñz‰ÜXpZ&e} eZËOÃÒ-Š ZDwZzg)~)b X16

�ÝxZZhÜÑƒgX ¦Z÷Z ëzòytFÀëz~¬K~ X17

ñÑ*?·Ã™rX?ZW0ÎyX ZziZyÑÜ:Z�Zg>ZšgsX™Zc X18

XZ%M X4--.çEH

Fk~iÃ>Xú�Z1:�XiÃ>Z0g^aÃ�&cXºKXZz;- 19

Contemporary Zakat

Muhammad Abu Saud Zakat and

Research Foundation- Suit-7 7781 Cooper Road-Cincinati-OH10=45242 USA

The Law and Philosopny of �Ûicm 1960 ÑYZh#;Wsi2>¢Zzw X20

Zikat-Vol-I

Farishta G de Zyas ZÄCåEh6ì6öX�wÔ�áx1960 Aljadid Printing Press. Damascus - Syria-(UAR )

"Discussion Paper" number-14 Second Edition 2002 14 Xi2>ÆÂx»uz}Xe�Ä�X 21

Survey of A2002 X]{X 9201 ZsòFªCšZsòg^aZzgR�Z$k543ðEHGH^7†�

AI Institution of Zakat Issues, Theories and Administration"

slamic Development Bank, Islamic

Reserch and Training Institutes

Po Box 9201, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

1980 iÃ>Zh‚Wge¼;Xig¦aZzZgZzglZÇ{~WiZ�läzZáYâgzVÆ´z{Ô»[»È�zu~�zª »[ X1

(Æe~tìX assets)âwg] (iv Î*) (iii S) (ii) ¤Zxc 612.32 e0~X (i)

¤Zxe0~Æ'Z'ƒZzgTÅ 612.32 �Ñ<~‡.Þi2>ƒVÔZyƒÅâq asset ZzgÃð�zª (v)ÜsÎä6ŒƒXÂ asset 7Ziîñ¾wi2>CÙ‚wi2>ÆnÒ™@ìXZk¿ÆnTÅ�zª

þ5 (� xva ¤ZxÎ*‡.Þi2>ƒÇXÿ) 87.48

5 (� xxiii) »Èz{W�òìTÅ!~»[ÐÁ�zª:ƒX ™r»[;X X2

:ó~rgÆ_.‚wTÆni2>eg`ÅYñÏX��JgpyZMguÃÑzqƒÇZzg i2>»‚w X3

8 (� xxxii) @gõÃ»ƒÇX @yÅWy~~��‰§iÆ_.ÔCÙ‚yâ´i}Ô 6 ZkWge¼Æ�Ôv 1 Xi: 5v �: X4

°œÑbi2>ÐZkÅÓx 5 ÔCƒ®gÐ‚eg`HY¨X Lessee Ô9ƒ®g Allottee ÔZÑK Grantee ¤Z‹Ði2>eg`™Æi'�4 On Valuation Date ig¦aZzZgcZkÆ{Åig¦aZzZg6X7ÎäÅ@gõ6

îg6àYñÏX1Æ…5À<é GX¤Zqi}»öÜsZqZÇäÆnƒZzgZk»ZqgNz� Compulsory

)w(Ðic�{:ƒXZk6�zu~ZÇäÆnƒÂZk6‚eg`7HYñÇX 2 �Z�Æa¸{)(Cƒ®gÔ9ƒ®g‚Å L e s s e e CZz3Ô¤Z‹ÔZÑKÔ�) I n d i v i d u a l Zq (2 zŸs:)

Z�5ÐçsƒÇZ¤ Compulsory

Ñ<Æ_.i2>h»�ƒÇX (1)³¤Zx(nxÐcnxÅ7Æ'Z'�zu~ƒX 948= zÉ) 5 Z¤ZkÅÀaZzZg (2)

zÉnxÅ™~7z{ƒÏ�i2>»Ziîñ¾wHg™}ÇX 5 (3)‚ig¦aZzZg6ªeg`czßàƒÏX (4)‚SÅ~1YñÇX (5)

Ð:Å~Ì Option Å~ƒÂß!ðÃ±ÅZYi]cC Paddy aZzZgnxcezw¾ Æª:zßwÅY$ËìX

Zq™r»[cÂßÀi2>-~‚Åg¶¦™Zñc�i2>hÆ�ƒVXZyÃ'Z{gZ„p�„Z�Z X6

™�}Xz{âwT6Ñiòi2>»KYñÏ i2>Wge¼»�Û†ozw X7 X7

±8JZ»î.X)J:D±8çi:+Z�Zg}( X1

eÌÔDe0i^uw / e0i^ / ±g X4 X¡½hå EHe0i^Z»î. 3 âFe0i^g¦ X2

�gúX¥iXz){ X8 XÍg�gú 7 WðÏ8ñ^-uw X6 Z+XWðX-Û X5

6Zzi.- X11 ÑZ›g÷0� X10 ANNUITIES -9

™ SELF ASSESSMENT ÑiòÍC71CÙ™r»[fZC ²ozw;X / i2>Wge¼»�zuZÆci2>¢5å EE�H~¦™zZñcÝÃp�Ñ™�}X

z{ X6 X‡.ÞzßwŒÛ2 5 Ãgy™Z»î.z){ / X™.Z»î. 4 X6Z!& 3 XS 2 XÎ*e0~ 1

6u X7 ¥i��Û†ozwÅu~:ƒVc™r»[Å%è6âgLz=6 %2.5 Â!76 (#cˆgCZ�Zg}: a)

// // // // // // // (gLZÃ i)( °œÂ!7c™r»[Å%èÐâgLz=6)gZY¢sÔZzg¢4hå EEIH£i6 2.5 Z&7s (b)

âgLz=6 %2.5 : Ëß (c)% 2.5 z=Zc@gõ6X76 : (Tz){ d)

kÅaZzZg)�g|z){( / )YwÔa~1‹V HORTICULTURE X8

%10 !gZãZkc~Ô7ÎäÅ@gõ66 (i) ‚y»z: (a) ig¦: X9

%5 )!gZãZkc~7ÎäÅ@gõ66 (ii)%5 i2>Æ´z{ %5 !gZãZkc~Ñiò (i) ‚yÆ{Æ´z{: (b)

)aåz(g^X %25 `ZÇäÆypÆn (ii)Ð�™, 28.35 ÎäÅ7eZ°zV~°Zz÷�~YCìXZkÅ7°¤Zx¥xäÆá

ZqZz÷Å7 = ª°¤ZxÎäÅ728.35

Ð�™, 11.66 ¤ZxZknZ¤7°¤Zx�~ˆƒÂÂá¯äÆn 11.66= aèZqÂ!

RZñZz÷ 2.8125= ¤+ 1350= Âá 7.5= ¤Zx 87.48= 4Îä»[RZñZz÷ 19.6875= ¤+ 9450= Âá 52.5= ¤Zx 612.36 4e0~»»[

¤+ 1543.2= ¤Zx 100 ¤+Zzg 180= ZqÂ!(TÆˆiÃ>ÑÍƒC exemption limit ÎäÔe0~gz9bcig¦aZzZgcYâgzVÅ®ZÅz{u) »[:

ìX; ¤Zx�áw 595 ( ¤Zx)Ó#Ö0Îy 612.32= �gë 200= e0~»»[

¤Zx�áw 85 ¤Zx)Ó#Ö0Îy( 87.48= �bg 20= Îä»»[™q 300= ZzŠV»ße 5= ig¦aZzZg»»[

³ 948= ig¦»[ =³ 3.16= 4è<Ø:Ó#Ö0Îy»™q³; 652 ³cig¦»[ 2.176= �áwè<Ø:™q

GLOSSARY OF TERMS Z�q]ziy™äÅƒÐgKZ»ðc-.X�»�Z:ÔZkÅã�ìXnx»�Z:ÌZEwH ;Grain X¤+: 1

~�Ût7}ÇX Y@ìX¤+~ziyÆ�ÛtÐ“zZáÓxZziZy²!~¤+c�Æ�Zä»*xX Habba X/: 2

−Zo»{ØÎ* 24 ÎäÆ{ØƒäÆœge»*xX ¤+Æ'Z'ziy;X 4 Carat X−Zo: 3

−ZoÆÎä~×5z](fYCìX 22, 23Ô, 21, 20 ƒ@ìXZkÐÁ�z−ZoÆ'Z'ziy»e: Daniq X�ZÞ: 4

�bgÆ'Z'åX�z‰ÜÆ‚B(k 7 �gë»Ñbn�! 10 X�zgt~å~ e0~Æn»*x Dirham X�gë: 5

�gëÆ$á�bgƒŠX 50 ŠZzgZñ~�zg~−ZoÆ�gëÆn�zgt~å~~ 20, 16, 12, 10, 8 �gëZ−ZoÐáåX Â%Æne0~»"0î EH:

−Zo»Hg�ÛâcåX��4}Åã�ìXZk§bÂ%Æn"0î EHÌZ 14 ZEw~¸X|]/ñäZz‰�gëziy»åXe0~ÆnZknÂw™nYD¸X²[~e0~ÆnZkZyÐWD¸X

ÎäÆn»*x Dinar X�bg: 6

ÅÚ~ÃðZ%s71�gëÆ 40 Zzg 1 �gëZzgZzµÅ �gëÆ'Z'Â%»!^X 40 ;X Okia XZzµ: 7

−Zo$wYäÐZzµ»ziyZƒY¨Xgzi%{ÆZEwÆnziy»"0î EHX�zgt~å~gëÄ�gëcZzµ»åXZq�g~}7MX Rotl Xgë: 8

X‚yÃ*LÆnZEw™D¸X�º[~ðz8Xuu~ w»ƒÐgNe: Mudd X$å N: 9

Æ'Z'ìX W�ñ™q c(2 w»e:��zæ) Qist Xm: 10

gë(Æ'Z'ì²4c�Z�~ 5.333 gë) 5 1/3 egæÆ'Z'w»e:Xsi~c�áw™qÔ Sa' X™q: 11

æÆ'Z'ìX™qÆziy6ig¦»[»Z®gìX 8 ™qÔgëÆ'Z'ziy»e:Xt#e:ì�ðÔHÔczgezfz){ 100 ;X Qintar X¢3Œé GEg: 12

Æ'Z'ìX (™q 2.5 æ(cZhJð) 10 w»e:��k) Muljam X$ÑAêE: 13

$ÑAêE»�zuZ*x Makook Xcu: 14

Æ'Z'ì (™q 7.5) c‚hñ‚] (æ 30) �M w»e: Muddy Xæ~: 15

w»e:�ZqZz. Wasq XzÉ: Æ'Z'ìX æ12 (™qc 3 w»e:�&) Farq X�Ût: 16

(™qÆ'Z'X 60 (Æ'Z'ìXc‚J) Camel Load Æ1ú)

Â[Z²Ã>»¬gsi2>6tó»xiÃ>»ÄK~fZC�pÐÑzqƒZ��M×M×g^aÅ§sâb™ŠYèZkñçq

applied 6ÓxÂÁZq„6bÐèƒðQ�Xi2>Å#;6ic�{izgìXÄÅ,6ÁªZö[iÃ>»!ÇØ„7XXpl¬Ð=-ŠŒÛŸz~ÅÂ[}Z²2>ïˆÂZkÃ7"Æ»°�ƒ zakat

ˆXZkÂ[Æ!g}�gì�LLŒÛŸz~Åi2>6"Zzg»xZkœge»ì�ZkÃ'×hïÅã�¯cYYì(XZkn~äÌZKïÅã�ZÏ 9 @�i2>ÆÂZzgZ%°*yÃËîêJàcYnXóó)Z1:�m

Â[6„g¿ìYèZk~Â[z<Ôô/™ZxX@ÉÔfYÔ�ZzgÓx)´Æge÷qYïYD�X‚B„eZË-ŠŒÛŸz~��*ñZsxÆ�g¬ÝZzg[Æ‹tZzggZñïYä»ZŸ°ÃG{ƒY@ìXZ¤p-ŠŒÛŸz~ÅÂ[}Z²2>»6b4ì1ZÐÌKÆn=:e.Å§bâF¯äÅ¢zg]7~X}‚Æ![~ŒÛŸz~äÜstÉ�cì�i}ÅiÃ>‚Å‡ç�svƒYCì1ùƒCìZkÅ

Åæ�hÅ¢z]7~tW\‚Å,~�NM�XZk§b math ,7�~XÜsZk!]ÃKn=0ŠZzg~ätoƒY*�T§b=tZöàiÃ>»Ä�~McZÏ§b Mathematical g^a»tÓx»x

~ZkÃ�zuzVc7™�zVX÷}ìw~i2>»ÄZ)dZzggcèÆ%�M„7YX:„i2>!g}gzZc]Ãs™äÅagcèÆ%eg{ìXZka~äiÃ>ÆÓx�KZzg�äÆnÔW‚ygcè

~�ÅÃÒÅìX~äÃÒÅì�tÂ[ZâW‚yèYñ�tæZgkÆCYÌi2>»ÄKÆnZEw™ÃXZzgtÂ[æZgkÆn�gÀ,cge÷,0Yñ��CYi2>6p}KÆnZEw

™ÃXÆ‚B�»gZ�{H@�!]7g~§b�~ Presentation ~äŒÛŸz~ÅÂ[ÆñZ�Ã�z!g{5

�~WYNÐXZzg Concepts WYñXZnZßßVÃW‚y�!Zzg‚³§iÐ–YñXZkÐi2>ÆMatematical Analysis and ê™*W‚yƒYñÇXi2>»Ä�gZÝ�[„»ÄìZkn÷Z§i

ª�!‹b»ìX‚B„¢zg~��¬ZsxÆã�~Zßw'Zñâw!ÔçÑ]Ôu Treatment

¿UÒy™�bYN@�i2>ÆZßwÔ6?X�ÅgZñÅà¤Zî&�~WYñXiÃ>Å#;6CÙÂ[~–ƒ@Zkn~äZÐ¿Z–ìX1£œiÃ>6-–ìYè£œÆ¹ÐU�V6L!]7ÅYCXq¢¸Xz;V6ñçqZsxZzgQi2>rŠXz;VZq™rä¹�Z7�7Wg„�öIV~Îðƒðg¶6“Zzgùi2>Z�Z™ãìXZzg�zegßÍVÐZrVä7YìX1Z�Z!]Y6z{6.yZzg

�XP�z2VäÌE™{H�W`ÀÂCÙ§söIVÆ»gz!g~F¹ìXCÙ�zâ{ˆ©ÑÅV~ Confuse

(|YC�Xyh�Ûz|¹„!~Ð¤�l~ìZ,~¢zg]ì�ÃðîêƒXZkÓxcä=¢�Ñ�c�i2>6zZªg^aÅZ”¢zg~ƒìXZzgZÐ–ÌW`ÀÆßÍVÆnÔZyÅi!yZzgRñ*ßY~@

�!]zZãƒYñ7Mm�z‰ÜÆ‚BMãec Mathematical Precision, accuracy øg}ZsòßZ~z{

¶XëÓxf)�Zg~fY™Zx6eZw™Ö‰�ZzgZv¬àä�DZzgŠ/�cìZkÃ�´ç5]Ã4¯äÆnZzgf»;BJäÐå¤mZVgì�XqÑèë�gZ™x~ÆÓxâàç5]ÔSîi2>»‚³Zzg�!‹t

ÄFK�ñ¸Zzg mathematically perfect ™,ÔÂëâ+66gƒYNÐ�M\~ä¸XZ¤ë„i2>6ZgzZc]Ãs™äÆnZ[gcèÃ Mathematical Genius W\~�!âCÙc

ZEw:™,Âøg~„Ã@„ƒÏXZk�ú~»o]W\i2>6÷~ÓxÂ1V~�BÐX~äZk»x~Ãð6Wàci7�ñÉÜs}Z²Ã>~�ñ6ZäZzgâey�YZzg�´e°iÆ

research metho ¨ëz~ZzgWgZYÅo9Zzg‡.Þ¿ƒäÃ<™äÆn6Zzgâegyg^a§jÐmgBìXZkn~ä6 decision making Zzg problem solving ZEwG�Xaètï

§jZEwG�Xª§igzZî¨�ÑbÆ‹ñÐê™ä»ìX�zuZ§iÖVÆÓxÂÃZEw™Æ�g„êJîÆgZ5ÃZ(gÅX� process of elimination Ãá™ options W�

¸xCÙz‰Ü6Ð6MàciaZ7™$Ëz{ƒÐúg{™ÝwZzgõò»DgƒYCìXÑ™*~äZ»[Hg�ÛâñÂZ7ZãW‚y¯cå�ZqZy7|$zÌiÃ>»�[™YåXZk

n~äÌ�i?mG�z{ZÏ§bW‚y�XÓäR6*Ç™äƒVÂÌW‚yƒVXZzgZÐZ�~R6ÌZy7|ÆnÌ‡.Þ¿X

iÃ>6÷Ztó»xeg¢zV6ŒìXªziÃ>Å#;ZzgÑZ_6ŒìX�zuZze0~ÔÎäZzgig¦Æ»1V6c™@ìXŠZzYâgzVÆ»1V»�!‹t™ÆZyÅo™@ìX²aåzöIVZzg¤8

ŠìYètz‰ÜÅZë¢zg]¶X Æ™Zñ6iÃ>ÆZ%Ã]»iïmìXaåz¬Y0iÃ>6gzZc]~Zzg�YÅWgZY~¹ic�{Z%sìX,zzÐ}~iÃ>ÆCÙU6ZWgZY��

À˜)gÍVÅgZñ6Z®g™C�Zzg¥g^a7ÅˆX:„Z%s»iˆl™äÅÃÒÅˆXZkï~ZkÂ»xÃi™äÅÃÒÅˆì,ã�cÂz{Zq�g�XÃg^acZEw„7HŠcQz{£œÑ<

iÃ>Æ‚B0�X Indirectly �XÅ�Ã‚tgÄ™6gZ5ˆl7K‰cz{Zq�g�tZ%sgZñH”hìZk»Z0Zi{ZkgZñÐÎBX�ú�]Ò3ð IG]��X�LL!z��M÷~gZñ¸ì

�ÃcCZ%sçÑ}Å¢o„~&¢Å¶0„™@ìZzgZkZ%»âiì�ZkÂx~¾ŠgEZzgzÝñ��ìTÂx~„~Z%sgzúƒZìX1ZkÆ!z��Z�8ƒV�i2>År~M[�Æ�gxy”hZ%sìÂ~"uß�wƒ@ƒVXßg]qwtì�i2>»CÙUZ%°ìZzgZkÅlZgZzgZkÅZÝ~

�ñ™Zx»Z%sìXTÆZ%sÆË~�yZLZqZëF+�´�Û9~ºt�ZzgZLZLM[ÅÇÐZyÅgZ�]Z]Zƒ�X}utì�Zq�Æ4�qZzg7yÆâw6i2>¬ZƒCì²�zu}Æ_.7ƒCXZqÆ4�qi}ÐaZƒäzZàCÙq6i2>ì�zu}Æ4�qÜs{maZzZg6i2>ìXZqÆ4�qŒÛn�Øƒñâw6iÃ>ì²�zu}Ý~7XpZ&Æi-gzV6i2>ÃZq¢zg~&ì�zuZ7‚âyg]6i2>ìÌZzg7ÌXˆZiZV�ú�]Ò3ð IG]ä�ú]�~ì�i2>Ð0�ñ™ZxÐTŠgZZZw®w�Zy6ÃUã™Æi2>ÃZkZ‚k6Z2ZgHYñ��g|�Û�i2>ÐŒÛMy»A

LL@�Óx�yi2>Æ]UîV~q YzÑìXZzgTÑÆ7ÃZsxäi2>ÃèI�Û9ŒÛZg�cì19,18m1 }Z²2>` 3Z(g™ÃóóXó

LLi2>ÆÄÆ%�Z#Ö»ÃtcZsòÎWgeg»ÎOõwìXóóŒÛŸz~(X‹t;Xëä!hÓÀöZ*Å¯6ZKZKgZñÃ„4+ŒÛZg�}™Zk6ZÜZg™D 22 ()mX 2 ):�Ô

gì�ÉZ%sgZñÃZ#ÖÆn!'•ŒÛZg�ï��97ƒYXZ#ÖÆZ·tÔZ��Zzgq3Ãz{ZkZ%Å¢zg]ì� X" LLi2>�Zëñçq6œ-VÐÃðg^a»»x7�Z zw�7�~�Zk»hìX{

Comparitive Study ÃæÃgnƒñZzg»©_· Original Islamic Sources i2>6ÓxZsòâ~ïÅYñXi2>Æ Deep and Comprehensive ™Dƒñ7g~�ZzgYMãÆ‚BYìZzgr

ñçq6fYZzg>äZÚ»xÌ7HìAÎ�Æñçq6ƒZìXqÑèZsò�ÛZø~ZzgZsxÆâàZzg17 ZO�~ZzgZ½¦Âx~i2>ÅZÌ0ìX)m

°ZßZµZkZ%Å¢zg]ì�ZsxÆZkZëF+gÁÆ!g}~!{3¨4è EEGE " i2>Æñçq65>]Å¢zg] "

Zzg>Ziuâ£?™,Zzgi2>Æ�Z©xZzgZuZgZÃjZ!~x�Z7qY™Æ]hZ|[Zzg]h»çVÆ_.7™,XªCÙì�Š*fYÅ£?Zk�zg~*»°�YèZyfYäZL�zgÅ¢zgÂVÆ7ÃZzgZkz‰ÜÆZ|[ÒyZzg§iÒyÆ_.£?Å�ZzgZßwÌ¸ì�CÙ£xÆñizVZzgoƒZq]Z

Zzge{¯xƒ@ìZkni2>Æñçq6-»x™äÅ¢zg]ìZzgtZq�Ûnñtì&ZIDÃZ�x�becX"(15 )m

Administrative or Managerial Skills and i2>Æ§jKZzg5Ã�ÆnZOòŠ/Zzgâegy decision making and research methods Zzgâegyg^a§hVc Experience

ÐzZ/Ì¢zg~ìXZka¢zg~0Y@ì�ZyZñg~ZÝ^�y presentation techniques

WÐMNZzgfY»;BJNXt�ÛnñtìX�ëÃ„Z�x�b7}ÇZzg��tÄ�~MNQyÃ�zu}ëzlVÐ¥™,@�Zsx»tÂx�~MYñX

qÑ]ÔiâykyÔ , Z0³Æ_. »§i$wY@ìXóó application LLz‰ÜÆ‚B:~cZßßVÅ¬�ÂVZzg¦VÆæÃ:ò$wY@ìÑ<Åã�ZzgZ‚k„ÆZzg�*zWy]ÆrÔ�Ñ<ZsðÂuZu°wÔgØÅZzgÕìXZkn�XÌF'ÕÔc"g·ÔcY�c{àZiÕƒz{�gZÝ¬Ñ<7ìXÉZ(¬ì&i'�4)zg@zsÑ<~�Z4™�cŠìÑ<~ZvÆÈzV6ZvÅ$!*VZyÅg¤ZzgZy»Z»sì�ZkÑ<Å�+Ô»[gÎw™*~Åt]ÅœZ‰Ü6�?ZzgZIù]Zzg¤]ygZ{@ZeÆn

" (44 âgZzggzÝìX)mi2>ÆCÙU6Z¨MgZYÀ˜gzZc]c)gÍVÅgZñ6Z®g™C�Zzgz{ÌZÖpÃã�¯™XZzgÓx)bÆ

æÃ7g3ŠX úÔâàÔçÙÔ(ÏÔçÑC_!CÔ;CÔzpÔßÀ×Ôz){�úZïÃÌê™Dz‰ÜZ%s»iÌˆl™äÅÃÒLÌ7ÅˆXZkÂ[~ZkÂ»xÃi™äÅÃÒÅˆìX@�Z)qÅ

§sŠg}™ƒYñX�÷~gZñ~W`ÀeìXí�¬x�yÃZkÂ»x~;BeZ%ÅÈPzzÐƒðX

ZqÂ-ŠŒÛŸz~ÆZkgZguÐ�LLi2>Æñçq6-îg6ó»xÅ¢zg]ìZzgtZq�Ûnñt )1(ì&Z3ÿXLD|Z]ÃZ�x�becXZzgt�LLþþZ¤pZ¿�Z[Z½¦»x0ŠìQÌfZCïZ½¦Z¿�ÅgZ�ëg™YìXóó

�ZkÅ%èÆ%ZkÆD~ÐÃð æÚ^mvn_çáe�oÚàÂ×Ûä]ŸeÛ^�^ð �zu}t�Xv¬à�Ûâ@ì )2(Zzg¾¸xc�Û�ÃHD�}™ZkÐ»x©ìtZkÅ!Zzg%è6«ƒ@ìÔË» Zq©7™YªZv¬\“

fZC¾w7ƒZ™@cƒYìXaèZv¬\ä÷}f‚~tMàci��ÔZzgiÃ>ÆZköz�zÅ�«�ÛâðXtZÏÅ�+Zzgaz™xÐeƒeìXZkntgz„ÔMàciÓx�âVÅZâ-�ZzgZyÆ‚B¥™*

¢zg~�X@��zu}Zk»xÃá™'×hï™ÃXÔ�gZÝCÙÎa Intellectual Struggle Š}Ô�ÛicnÆZkìwÐLL�Z¿�ªf6��Zzg»zl )4(

�gpzZáZy»hZzg�ÛnìX‡.ÞƒäÆ!z��ÔZkhÃgh�¶ÐcZ²Zn™ä»Ètì�z{Zã„ÅMiZ�~ZzgZk„ÅF¹ÐZïg™g;ìZzgZk§bZãçÑ{ÅF¹z(ðF~Ã�Ø¯g;ìZzg

’gXkÃÃÒi�{¯g;ìXqÑè)ZDwÂZsx~LLZ¿�ÆZßwÃw•»Zßw¦g™D�Xóó´)ZDwò»rT~ZyÆzZ−™räZyÃCc�x0uÅ�AWñÏZ¤ZkÃZk§b7JYñ��7"zZáÆn„Zk6ZÌZÌ*iwƒZìX@�z{Zk6ZÏ_"ÐKÆngz„™}XZzg¿6âbƒ

eZËZuZgZ£™rÅZq½kT~ZrVä9îg6�Ûâc�CÙ�yÃŒÛWy0u~gz„Zzgï™ãecXYèZq¬xW�òZzg�y»ï»ZÚ„hìA�Ë¬Ý»XZkÐ¯x0uÃK~

ZgZ��ÏXZzgW`ÀÃÌWg;ìXÇZzggzû~�ÛtZzgÓxZ[)´ÅgZñ7"Æˆt ´)qƒZ0³ÅLLÂ[Z°zbóó~

ìw��VÐZrVä1ªŒÛWyZzgugXZÏÐQg�q™*ecXgz„ÆnX:�Ç6„½z‚™1YñX²âZñz‰ÜÆ»Ýâgù]~xV†Z°æ™rÆ_.´)Z0³��X

ÅÞ�]�bìXúiÅJÓg]ìXnÅJsìX¾]z»%ZãÅJñìX'×hÚ Ÿ]Öä]Ÿ]Ö×ä ¼ÅJ "

LLDÅJ�ÎZwìXóó ÅJ]ìXzÑeÅJZv¬\Å�Zzgf™ìX#bÅJ¾~ìÔZzgªZ0SÇÅOñÎZwÆfg)Dzï™ÆZEy™¢ecXgz„4ìXZÏ§b¨gz„Æ‚B‚BZIDzfYÐZ.�{™*Ì¢zg~ìXË³6îÆnX

HxZËtZ£ZLKz~6z¤ZxiZzt~ZL)gv!!»jZ!�}gì¸�cï™zcÇXï4ìXª!]Í™ÎZßVÆfg)ZK�™hecX@�!]7g~�~WYñXZkn~äoƒ��iÃ>6Â[~¯x0uZzgZq�g»jZ!�}™ZCï™�{³Òy™zVXÑZsxÆ�xÃ4îg67™*Ôz‰ÜÅ¢zg]Æ_.@�CÙZqYyá�t�xåÆnìXCÙiâäÆnìXZzgñizVF+Zzg‡.Þ¿X‡.Þ¿�xAƒ@ìZtøg~çÑCi0Ï~ga'YñXi0Ï»z0Yñ@�CÙZqZkÃYy™ZK¬�Z]»z¯ñX�gZ™x~ä¯x0uÆZ©xÃùçÑCZßßVZzg6?~ps

" HXZn!g}~~�ZÝXZ}XZs™rCPZ½‚]»jZ!�êƒVXTÐ!]K~W‚ãƒÏX"HIS TRANSLATION OF MUCH OF SPIRITUAL MESSAGE OF THE KORAN INTO SOCIAL

REALITY SHOWED MUHAMMAD'S GENIUS AS A LAW-GIVER. HE EXPRESSED HUMAN

SYMPATHIES THAT IN THEIR TIME, THE SEVENTH CENTURY, WERE ASTONISHING. MANY OF

HIS SOCIAL IDEAS WERE NOT REALIZED INSTITUTIONALLY IN WESTERN CIVILIZATION

UNTIL THE NINETEENTH AND TWENTIETH CENTUTIES.

"MOHAMMAD'S GREATES FEAR, WHICH HE INCLUDED IN HIS FEAR OF GOD, WAS DOING

INJUSTICE TO MAN, WOMAN OR CREATURE."

"MUHAMMAD, WORKING BY PERSUATION AND MORAL FORCE RATHER THAN BY DECREE,

SET OUT TO MAKE MADINA THE PERFECT CITY, THE KORAN WAS STILL BEING REVEALED,

AND WHERE IT TOUCHED HUMAN LOGISLATION IT WAS, OF COURSE ABSOLUTE AND THE

PANALTIES IMPOSED BY GOD WEREVERY STRICTLY ENFORCED. THEY COULD NOT BE

"ALTERED OR REDUCED WITHOUT PERIL."

ON THE OTHER HAND THE LESSER MAN MADE LAWS THE EDIFICE OF PERFECT CITY

WERE ADMINISTERED MILDLY. THEY COVERED ALL ASPECTS OF EVERY DAY LIFE, FROM

DEALINGS IN THE MARKET PLACE TO THE MANAGEMENT OF HOUSE4 HOLDS, AND

MOHAMMAD USED THEM TO TEACH RATHER THAN TO PUNISH, TO REFORM RATHER THAN

TO AVENGE."

a¶zztì��'V»£�xZq|0ŠìÔñ4xZzguât�Zg~ÂñVÅ±Zð»ƒ_ìXZ[Zq§sÔzZãîg6ÔZ%MÅ7g’~·�Ô»g~Ô~�ÔÅ¤z’Ô�âVÆÜsÔZL¢�Z]ÆDÆnzs¿ƒ_ìXt¤z\Ô�y�ÃÔËqw~ÔF¹cCZzg¤‰Üzgá7�NYXZknZ[ë~ÐCÙZqÃZsòÂxÑäZzg0ÎyZzgZ)Ã¤!g¯ä~ZCZCzeZÜƒÇXt°eìÔ�™ñZ�{pgæ5ã

Z[z‰Ü»»Ÿì�ñß~Zzg�Å×»™ " ~–å; 199 âga 26 äâZñz‰Ü~XhwzÇ»*c�»»ÝÔÆCÙZqÃ�+»3„0Y*e’XÃðÄ6„ƒÔÃð{)$lƒZzgÃðÍ'�ZgÔZkÐÃð�Ût77@XCÙZqÃZCZCñgpewáXZzgZq�zu}6¾Z0Zi~»Øt�wÐïw�}XzgG~ÃðZKuÐzi:™}X¸

ª–w´)ZDwLCÙ�Û�ìIÆlg»*g{óXªCÙ�yIÆa " ¤ìZKZK(fg{ÆWë[“»X(Z»x™YìXtÜspZmÆnºm7ìX

Ÿm³³Ó³×Ì 0v,zztÎa¶��ZsòÂxÃÑäÆaÓäZ©x»ZOg7™*ecYèZv¬\�Ûâ@ìXX)ZÂ{682(ZZvËÃ�«™}ÂQZkÃ;ä»�Ì ]Ö×äÞËŠ÷]ôŸæ‰Ãã^Öã^Ú^ÒŠfkæÖÓÜÚ^ÒŠfjÜ

hÅì�ëZip�ZsòÂxÆ»xÃ4Ð4 initiative ¯@ìX0Îy~â�áYZv4+�ârñ��X!]¯DYD�c7X

ZzgMy~zztì�f[~MàciÃÂ[Æfg)„�gs™ZcY@ì��Î‚Ì‹tÆˆcJw™gìc

g�™�îìcZk~Z&b™ÆJw™CìXøg}�VÌ¸6?ZCäÅ¢zg]ìX°ëF¹™M�X�xCÙz‰Ü6Ð6MàciaZ7™$Ëz{ƒÐúg{™ÝwZzgõò»DgƒYCìX

Zkg^aÆ»x~�V}òZ~™Dz‰ÜfZCgZñ»ZÖgHŠìÂz{Zk7g}Z�kf)�Zg~Zzg¢÷BHŠì�:X

� " CÙwZzg÷ÆnZv¬\Æ‚t�Z[�{ƒ*ìXZzg�gZ™åx~ÆZkZg�á�Ãf‚~g3ŠìX (X i)Zsx~�Zh!]cgÌcgZ{ïáÇÂZkÆZLZÆ´z{Zk!]6Óx¿™äzZßV»ZÌZÐAÇZzgZyÆZ~Ì¶:ƒÏXZk§b�'~gZ{eZáÇÂZk¿»³�{p�ÌòÇzgZkCÙ¿™äzZßV»k{ÌZkÆf)ƒ

" ÇX(XÜsŒÛMyZzg<w½My�XËZzg»¸wcgZñ»t%û7ƒYXtZkn�Ñ<ÆŒÛMãZßwåÆ ii)

�XÑ<ÅtZ�bˆ~}ÆnÌZEw Unabrogable, Unalterable, Infallible, Validnƒ�t Attribute ƒäÐXZzgßÍVÆ�ßV~�!]ÜsŒÛMãZßßVÆ!g}ƒãecz„Zk}ÆnåŒÛZg�c Perfect ÃtÐ0uÔwsMyc Intellect ÃF�XtÐÞZ�XqÑèËÌZyÅ=ÔD

7YYìZzg:„øg}ZâñVc(}�äLZ+!]æÅìX)Éz{ÂZk}ÃZKgZñŒÛZg�ïgì�(Zq�gÃÓx¥xExÐ6u}ÐKÅ¢zg]»Z�k�Ñ*�âegyExÆâCÙ+ÆnZq�gÆ

~Direcction ùúVÃqY™ÆÓxZq�g»‹t™Æ6}òïÜz‰ÜÅZ”¢zg]ìtïZkgZ{cZŸ†ìX Humble ZqX]h‚³ï»§i»gtì�ëM`�ó»x™Æ�g7X»�‡.ÞJwic³ïs�Zz{g

W&45å JGE{WZzgF¹Æ'×h4¯cY@ìXF)b»iPYVÆˆM@ìZDÆ�V~F¹ƒCìXZknÑ’g

+A)À)ÿGEiÅˆlìXTÆniÃ>Æñçq6ic�{Ðic�{ñZ�ZzggcèÐ�[Z�™�cìX@

�wÆïógzVÆntñZ�M‚ã½™}XtÜsZqfZCg^azó»xìT»‹t™Æê™*f™Zx»»xìXï™ä»tZqMàcì&

Z¤Zv¬àäJw�ÛâcXÂZkÃ¬x™�,ÐZzgZ#Ö0ÆZ��ÔZ·tq3~ZŸ†»!!NÐXg�ÌH Outright À˜6MàciÃJw™ä~:Üs5ƒCìXÉZyÃ!Ç_!Cg�¿Æîg6

™ÆÎWZzgg Trigger YYìÔp÷~Z+¬ì�tMàciÜsZzgÜs„~ÃÒ�ZzgX»Ñf~VÃz„™ä6Z¸g*ìZzgTÆË~CÙ§sÐ‹bÔZ&bZzgF¹�¶ÆnWMãec1tWÌ6

»ÑiÃ>ÃZ%Ã]Ðïw™Z)qÅ Excercise MàciZzgzmZzgiÅ~MãecXYèZk‚g~w§sÑ*ìX��™ãeÂZzg�M`ÀÆiâä~DÅ�ÛzZãÐeìXZ%Ã]gZñÆR~seð&*

=ZvÅfZ]6Î°œ½z�ì�z{ZksÅˆlÃ5kZð�Ûâ™9ê™ä~æ��ÛâNÐ øgZ�ÛnáìXZzg‡.ÞJwƒYñXX preciseÔaccurate @�ÓxZ%sgZñZzg“u2]�zgƒ™i2>»Âx!ÇÔzZãÔ

ZyÆ*x� "" »Z[-V–ìX " Zsògc„»â1CÂx " 6zWg<ZvÞ[™räZKÂ[

¸ÑìXZzg~Zy™zVÇ�=Wzzm �gZÝ÷ZÌ "" ZkÂ[6Zk§bš~W™,�tXµYñCÙ§sñßwƒVÏ@��zuZicZkÐ47HYnX

~ZyÓxÂ1VÆ�VÔDi»"u‡gƒVXÐ~äZ.�{HZzgZê»ñVÃ�gge÷Zzg�?ÆZkÂ[~ZEwHXZ+ÓxiVèI±Z~ZC{m£xz%ûgB�XZv¬\Zyƒ|Z]ÃbZñí�}X

My~�¬ì�Zv¬\ZksÅˆlZzgïÃZ%sÐò™Z)qÐq3»fg=¯ñZzg›Z)M} ~çzyU"ƒZZzgZsòßZ~ÆZŸ±»:¯ñX renaissance “Zzg¶{U6c

¤z\I)g(ZqÐiZ

6„FìXZknge÷~�V }Z²2>Ô¢Zzw â^;Xtïã�~îg6eZË-ŠŒÛŸz~ÔÅ�gÂ[ÔÜs��cƒz{jZ!}Z²Ã>¢ZzwÐ„ƒÇX�zu}jZßVÆ‚BÂ[Ô4--.ç

EHFk~iÃ>Æ'Ô&�Z1:�»

*x�cƒZìXŠ}geßZsòez}š]{ÅÂ[Ð��ñ‰�X‹tÆ�÷~fZCgZñ�~ˆì

7Âz�zx��~¬C[ƒV�$¬ÐiÃ>ÅCÙ!]~¹Z%Ã]�XZ%Ã]Åã�~zztì�CÙ

ÝZLW\ÃÌ9HìZzg‚B„!¹)´ÃÌ�g„ë�ZzgZyZ%Ã]Ã©àZzg�Ûz¦C@ìÔã�~(<4èEXGEXZzgCÙÝ‚B„tZÜZgÌ™@ì�ZkÆâ+zZáÜsZkÝÆ„f�YÅCÙgZñÃCÙqw~â3XXZzgËX~�zu}ÝÅgZ}:âãYñXt�?Zkn97ƒ$Ë�Z¤ƒ�yÌ�Zzgƒ9

G9Îa7ƒ$ËXœ-VÆ stats quo ÌÔÂËZqÅ!]6¿Ì�gZÝZsxÅ!]6„¿ƒÇXtZ%Ã]»iïÜeìZkÐ„Z)qaZHYYìXZ%Ã]Ôeì�Ûz¦ƒVÔZkÐLÌ›Z)À7

á$ËZzg:„Z��ÔZ·tcq3aZƒ$ËìX�zuzVÐZ5fZCîg6Â�áh9ây1Yñ1Z½¦îg¢zg~ìX homogenity6

ZkÅVw~ZLdÅ�ZÐßâàK~úiFZzô7"c:7"6tg{â`ÆnÜy»w¶XYèZkÆ0Îã�z2VäZÐCc�ZkK~øg~úiZkn7ƒC�ßâàegzV”ZâñVÅ(ZLßÀZâxÅ

}Ãâ…�X~äZÐ¹�z{ßâàZâxÐúi6!]™Æ�Ná�z{H7_�XZkäCc�ZyÅúiøg}Ü„ìXÂ~äZÐz�7"»tgg�cYèZkÆyÐKawÃA6ƒäÅzzÐW‚ã¶XZ+ñ��{ÎaVcgz-VÐ›q3»ÎeÌ7YYXZkn~ätó»x�gZÝZz6�ñÐ›Z)}Z)qZzgZ·taZ™äÆÑÆ�„HìX�q3ùaZÅYñX�zq¸ðÌZ¤ZKZKgZñ6Zh}g�Âz{LZ·tÐg{7MXZyÅÌgZ�]ZƒYNÏX

fYp�CÙ!gtë7ö�)´~ã�~!ÂV6!ÇZ%s7ìÉÜs�Ûz¦Z%sìXZkát„zZà!]7ìX÷}ìw~t„zZà!]ƒãeìXœ-VÐZygLZzg�Ûz¦Z%Ã]Ã�zg™ÆZ·tgZñaZ™äÔ0Z)¶Zzgq3ÑäÆ“‹-êGÑ~Ãðqâú7ƒãe’XZ%Ã]ÆgL6Å

Âá(ì 7.25 ¤Zx)ŒÛâ 85 Âá(ì²!¹”)´» 7.5 ¤Zx) 87.48 Vw�êƒVX4Îä»»[gz9kìXZkgK 9920 gz9°�k¤ZxÐ 40.000 ¤ZxìTÅñ��{Z0ZiZ7 2.48 X�ÛtÜs

Ðg¶Æ�ÛtÃ»™Æœ-VÐëq37ÑnqÑèÓx”¢§AðEGXVÆnZqg¶6Z·tƒYåXâè~

S™ZÚ,Å communication �áhRZ¡gÅ)]ÅzzÐte:ƒeƒ1W`ÀÅCÙnÅœ1]ÐgZ�VÅW‚ãÐteìXZÏn~äCÙZ%sgZ}YÅzzZzgZk»i?mHìX

�zu~!]�÷}‚tWðz{t¶�ëäiÃ>ÆCÙ{ÃZÐZ�~îg6S~HƒZìƒÃZq�zu}ÐÃsHì�tZÜzu}Ð_‰Ügn�c accuracy ™Æ:„S~Hì:Ô„Zq�zu}Å corelate

7X}ò�g„�c�7XHÎäe0~Æ»[XYâgzVÆ»[Zzgig¦»[~)zZ]ZzgZ»sÅã�6_“‡ììc�7X�iÃ>ÅZqÑotì�ÓxÄøwikñªzZ−+Ô5ixz){Å‚Ñ:ywZyZY]ÐiZGig¦Z»kZzg�zª6iÃ>ÑÏXHñ��{6?ZkÐ_“g�ì�7XHtZã�ëÆ

_.ìXZÏ§btÌ¹Y@ì�ZqW�òÅZq�yÅpgZuZqæìXHøgig¦»[0Îã‚]ÅZz‰ÄÆn°¾°�yÅpgZuÆ�[Ð9Íìc�7XZkniÃ>6ZKÓx6ZãÂ1V~�ñ‰hVÃZiuâs™äÅZ”¢zg]ì@�ëZsxÅ¶>U6Å»g~�gZ™x~ÆCñZßßV6F£œÑ<Æ_.»[FK�,X

aèZv¬à»¬ì�Z%sÅßg]~ZvZzgZkÆgÎwÅ§sg�q™zXZká�V�V=—7ZÂ~äZzg¥ugÃã�¯™S~ÅìXZzgZv¬àÆaÐiˆl™1ìXiÃ>aèâàç5]Ð

mgBìZkáZ)dÅ§bZkÅS~�[6Fƒãeì¶X$¬Ðøg}ZsòßZ~z{7Mm�z‰ÜÆ‚BMãec¶X~äÃÒÅì�Z+ Mathematical Precision, accuracy

ïÅVw‡ì™�zVT6f™Zx�™ÃX�zu~$¬tì�¬x�yÓxf)�Zg~fY™Zx6eZw™Ö‰�ZzgZv¬àä�DZzgŠ/Z7�cì

ZkÃ�´ç5]ÃKZzg4¯äÆnZzgf»;BJäÐå¤mZVgì�XZka¢zg~0Y@ì�ZOòZzgg^aZñg~ZÝ�yMÐMNZzgŒÛŸz~Æ_.t�ÛnñtZ�Z™,ìX¬x�yÅg^a�gZÝfY™ZxÆnZqjƒãe’TÃZEw™Æz{Qoƒ�™,X

m³Ó³×Ì]Ö³×³³äÞË�³÷]ô� ¬\�Ûâ@ìXÑ �ZsòÂxÃÑäÆaÓäZ©x»ZOg7™*ecYèZv XX)ZÂ{682(ZZvËÃ�«™}ÂQZkÃ;ä»�Ì¯@ìX æ�³Ãã³^Öã³^Ú³^Ò�f³kæÖ³ÓÜÚ^Ò�fjÜ

Åì�ëZip�Zq�zu}Æ»xÃ4Ð4¯D hinitiative 0Îy~â�áYZv4+�ârñ��X!]YD�c7X

�qÑ]ÔiâykyÔ¬�ÂVZzg¦VÆæÃ:ò$wY@ìÑ<Åã�ZzgZ‚k„Æ " Z0³ë�Zzg�*zWy]ÆrÔ�Ñ<ZsðÂuZu°wÔgØÅZzgÕìXZkn�XÌF'ÕÔc"g·Ôc

Y�c{àZiÕƒz{�gZÝ¬Ñ<7ìXÉZ(¬ì&i'�4)zg@zsÑ<~�Z4™�cŠìÑ<~

ZvÆÈzV6ZvÅ$!*VZyÅg¤ZzgZy»Z»sì�ZkÑ<Å�+Ô»[gÎw™*~Åt]Å " (44 œZ‰Ü6�?ZzgZIù]Zzg¤]ygZ{@ZeÆnâgZzggzÝìX)m

~ä}Z²Ã>Zzg�zu}fYZzg>ÆÓxge÷ÃqY™ÆZzgZyÃ�[Ðs™äÆZ)qaZ™äÅ§s¶y�„Åì�Zk§bëZq!]65ƒM�XZkïÃfY™ZxùZEw™D�Zy6gh@ƒVX=¢ì�fYZkïÃI�ÛâNÐZzgøg~gÉð�ÛâNÐ@�ÓxZ%s

Zzg‡.ÞJwƒYñZzg.hVÐ¬ preciseÔaccurate gZñZzg“u2]�zgƒ™i2>»Âx!ÇÔzZãÔ±Cw6q3aZƒX=ZvÅfZ]6Î°œ½z�ì�z{ZksÅˆlÃ5kZð©ÐZzg9ê™ä~æ�»fg=¯NÐX

Zkg^a~�ZYðc>ðìz{ZvÅ§sÐìZzgÎa~c’k~�tíÐƒðìz{÷~§sÐìXZjZv¬\çs�ÛâñXXMy~�¬ì�Zv¬\sÅˆlÅ»zlÃJw�ÛâñZzgZkïÃ�âVÆnZ%sÐò™Z)q»fg=¯ñÔ›Z)“Å§sÔZzgq3»:ZzgZsòßZ~ÆZŸ±»:¯ñX

M} ~çzyU"ƒX renaissance Zzg¶{U6c¤z\I)g(ZqÐiZ

ª![�ZâñVÅÇÜsg^aZzg¿�™Æ™ãec

âè~dg^aÅ)]ZzgZ%s:òÅz�;]:ZyÅCÙq¢zg]Æ�„ÑzqƒCìXZã„ZzgWàciÅÌ’góF¹ƒCìXD}cDz+

ugäÌ¢zg]Æ�„F¹ÅXZkÅDz+Zzg}Æ)bÆiÆn§i»gÔZßwzäƒñZzgZk§bZq�gÆ9ƒäÆZßwÔgZz-VÅœZ‰Üz){Ãs™äÆZßw¯ñ‰X

øg})gÍVäZkiâäÅ)]Æ!z��zZªxdZzg�´»xuZ�x�ñ¸Xz{øg}n‡.ÞõZUX�ZzgZyÅÇZzgcz~~Ziuââegyg^a§i»gZzgÛRÐë6u}ÐExÅDz+Zzg=ô™M

�X6ZädZUNVÃ�wM�XÓxExZzg6ExÅgzÝ}ZsxZzgZkÅ�+ZzgZk�zg~ÌF¹cCÄÆîg6‡.Þ¿ƒ*Zzgi0Ï¦ZgäÆnZCäÆn‡.ÞFßƒ*U"™M�X�Zkf)�Zg~ÃJw™*ecXZzgCÙf~D�yÃg^a~zá™ZCz¢zgeZÜecXÜsæZgkcfY™Zx6tf)�Zg~7eZw�´ecX

W\p�Z0Zi{ÎM��Zkiâ:~²ÂÁcZyÅ»\V;ðVÐèYC‰XfgZùWæzgÄ�hZXZz.¸XW!�~Sîg�y~¹¹�zg¶XMZzg1�{XZq�zu}ÐZknmcgZ‚™*Z•ð�ØZg

6„FgZñƒC‰XCÙZqÆ0kCÙ Available åXZknCÙ(ËX~:ò�¶ÆnZk(6ñ��ug»ù·7ƒ@åXZknëzòñ��DÅ¯6ƒäÅzzÐZ(Zƒ@åXcƒYåXZknZ0³Æ_.ZâxZ1�ZzgZâxâ´��¬�zZâx�»¸wå�þþLLëäZqX~�gZñ�~ìz{�¥xZq�gÅ

™ÆZk Reject ¯6�~�XZ¤ZkÆÃðZzg9ug¥xƒYñ�øg~gZñÆ´z{ƒÂøg~gZñÃg�ug6¿HYñóó

(327 øg}0k�Z%sgZñcZ%s:òàZkÆ!g}~�á{zàZv�ÛâD�X)}/�XLLZkiâ:ÆZ0g)#ñgZ”+Æˆ(ëzò~!ëZ%saZƒZXÅFz�{�:

Zô[:òÆZ%skãÅzzÐZq�zu}?Æ:ò6°xèZ:qÐX ZXZ¤LÃð¬Ý)ZL:òÐIcˆ(�zu}¬ÝÆ:ò6iÌƒŠÂzâVÆqY:g�Ð°xèZ™{* [X

eƒYäÐ

fñ:òÅËZq�zu}Ð5‡]ƒÂûzqÅ°x)°]ÅzzÐZq�zu}Æ:ò~µ» `XZg·qõwƒäÐX

Z©xÑÜ~qÑ]ziâ:Åg¬e:)fZ!Zsx~w•zZg»q»¦g('ñÑ*/iZ}Ôœg%Zsx]ÔZ¥|-Eg;¸g]X

Ñ<»�ZgzæZg£VZzg�E~Zyz~i0ÏÅAV6ìXz{ì°wzgØZzg p~Z©xÆnÃcCZ‚k:´ÕzÅìX�XÌ°wÐÕÅ§sÔgØÐiØÅ§sÔÅÐ@{Å§sÔÕÐ…Å

(314 §sp�™}Çz{Ñ<:ƒÇXZ¤p@zsÆfg)Ñ<~�Z4™1YñX)m�E~rÔÆ&�gZ:1(¢zgc])Z�Ì(2(Zz‰qY])Zz‰(3(&À)Õä G])Zd(ßÍVÅqY]Ãg«™äÆ°�ZWÃqÝ™äZzg°wJîÆnTnÅz��g»gƒÏZzg�Z2

(})¯x0u~(yaÅ@NZzgÝÅ 316 zä™äƒVÐz{ƒÆƒÑ¦ZzgZsòƒVÐX)�(314 z„z,ì1lZgZzg�ÅâÎÐÃðc7)�

�p~ZsxÆ*x6W$ËìZ¤èIúÒ}ZkÃJw™äÆnËÅÐ»g : ZsòZ½ÎÆ%eg{7:ƒñÂ$F+~ZkÐ}ic�{p~W$ËìZzgW™gìÏ:ÂÃð@gõÅ¡~gëgÃ$wYìZzg:ËÅ

(315 pZézWgizqÑ]Æ�!î»£™$ËìX)�z{iâ:»ƒŠZZqZâxÅ}Ó#Ö»‡âyŒÛZg0C¶XZ[Z¤ZkgZ{Ð�+zè<ØÅ : Z[ZqZâx»}»°7

¼}#Ö™ãìÂZZ[Å}ÐZ.�{G%eg{7Zzgz„}Ó#Ö»‡ây¶ÏTÅFKzDz+~ñ��qÑ]ziâ:Åg¬eÅˆƒÏXT§bŠ*Dz+~Zkz‰ÜÆqÑ]Æ_.g¬eÅ¶X)�

5p=VÐŠ*z]h~£�x�gZÝè<ØÐ7ƒ@ÉŠ*z]h~ƒ@ìX��¡~ìZzg]h»ìc[ƒ*(�+z 317 (:ÂŒÛzyz>»�zgzZ:WñÇZzg:iâ:øg~{§g� A«ç

GXG~Z(g™}ÇX)� 316 X)� Dì�*Å�è<ØÆß¦g»³ìXZ9îg‡ìg;�y'Z'èI9£�™�p=V»‚B�ïZt!¹:g;Â�+Zzg�*~�zZµƒðXCÙŠ*Úè<Ø0ZzgCÙ%zzÚ�*Æ*xÐñÎxƒX

zg�Š*Å�ÍczkW�ã0ˆìXZzgizZwcC›xæ]Ð ´)ZDwò:pZ[Zâx647YÅuJVˆìZ(265 )� X �g„ì�Z¿�»�gzZi{Èƒ[ìqÑèZk§bÅÇZq§b»Ñuì

XÇZzgZ¿�ÆZÖpÀ˜�+Æ‚B„Nƒ‰� �*z~Zzg�´�zâVi07V~ÇZzgZ¿��zâV¢zg~�

²ZÝ|tì�tZÖp�*z~i0ÏcÌZã„¢zg~Zzgmgn�XgÌzgzZ`Ç„»�zuZ*xì�ë(zVÐH�ZzgZK5±Ã2D�X§V~Ì¸qwìX(±Ô�gi~Ôß;gÔF3yÔ�ÔZ*�3äåä

Æ§j¾]CÙÃðZC{�zuzVÃ2@ìX�±�g±¸ìXÇìXt¬xßÍVcì²CÙçÑ{Æ=qÔ„zD'gpzZáù]zZáCÙz‰ÜçÑ{ÆCÙ¿»Y{fgT

�XZzggÌzgzZ`~Ðz{{�Z[‡.Þ¿:ƒVZyÅ(�zu~gÎx?m™D�XZ¤z{t:™,ÂßvQp��zuzVÅÜ™ÆZKÎvZzg¬�Z]$wf�XZÏ§bCÙ&~�gpzZáï™äzZá5ZX�Z]c4§j?m™D�XTÆúZxZÜkÇ™ÆZyÃi07V~�Z4™f�X¾ßg]ZycÌZ0SÇiCÙìXZyÃÌZLDÆ_.ÎZw7b™ZK™Æ¿™*e34/õ XGJ��CcYg;ìXZ794ì�7X�+~Ì¸qwìXúZxZÜkÆ0kZÚz‰Ü7ƒ@�z{ï™Æp�¥x™,c5zm�,XZycÇ„ZY§iìX�5WÐ2�cX²fYÔ�Ô�Z›gZycÇ™*ßdgztìXZyÆnCÙz‰Üï™*:Üs¢zg~ì

ÉÑixì@�úZxZÜkÅi07V~$s�*z~qÑ]Æ‚BW‚*VaZÅYNXzg:z{p�„W‚ãÆn�zuzVÅ!'Z(g™BÐXZ¤fY�ÌÇ6¿™ä'XÂ�B�izZw„izZwìúYDYNÐ

6Zzg@i{Z°gaZƒäÈƒYNÂi0Ï1ú0YñÏF¹ÅgZ�»ƒYNÏX�x6Ð6WàciaZ7™$Ëz{izZw5kƒYCìX¸øg}‚BƒZìXZzgZÏn�zu~ñVÆ(Ïcf6Ýx0‰�X

(1973 �á{zàZv�Š~ÇÆ!g}�ÛâD�)Zßw}Zzg�á{zàZvÔeZË1’cZ�Zg{î]ZsòXZsxW!�X�á{™regnÆßÍVcÇwZxŒÛZg�ï�X

z{¿&p�ZqÍ:Z¿�qÝƒpZ{Zq„X~ƒX (i)z{¿T6™sªCÙƒŠƒ�gÎw~ät¬�cZzgZkÅ#¿�ÛâðZzgZÐtÌ¥xƒYñ� (ii)

tZ%4�cÌ7!,îg�z{X~Zq�gZzg#³zñZ¬ÆZZw»&43üGEG™}ZzgZÐ�c:0ñXct�A�

Ex~#-?çGGEgpzZßV»WkZkÃZ(g™@ìZzg#³Æ0kªkzZ^o��ÑbÆÎZZzgÃðÄ7ÂZ+ßg]

~!mÎtcªCÙ~×‰ÜÆÎZugÅ#¿»ZzgÃð:7ƒYXz{¬xW�ò�Zq¥�ÅÇ™@ìpt&ì�Zk�¿Ðæe7ZzgZkä�¼¹ì (iii)

z{$¨45é GGGES9ìZzgZkä�w~Vy1ƒ�Ëßg]~ZkÅÇ:gh}ÇXZ¤pZkÆÜs�?YV:‚tLLZzgZrV 31-9 WñX�á{™r�ÛâD��Z(¿Z+Cå GEEzZxgëzgG2Zg!!ð�zyZv»]ZtìXXÎg>Â/

)·�z»gò(äZvÃgh™ZL¬>VZzgxYÃ}ZÆîgñ1ìXóó

�¿ZÐY:&ƒ�}Ãð4Ë�áwÐcÃð�áwË4ÐX�gcÄ™}cÃð4Ë (iv)�áwZâxÅÇ™}YèZ,¿äŒÛzyZz\ÆZ)qÆÜsHZzg@ÉÅ#¿ÅXZk7g~W»Ü�tƒZ��á{™rÆ4�q$cCÙßg]~Zzg¬ÝZzg¬òcÜsZyeg{mßgÂV~ÇwZxìX

f[~5g^aÂ1VÅ~�~YCì~äÌ¸§iZEwHìXtó§i»gÜsZzgÜs™ÆÎWZzggz„™ä6Z¸g*ìYèZk‚g~w»ÑiÃ>Ã Trigger „~ÃÒ�ZzgX»Ñf~VÃ

Z%Ã]gZñÆR~Ðseð&*ZzgZ)qÅ§sÑ*øgZ�ÛnáìX�M`ÀÆiâä~DZzgïÆfgZùÅ�ÛzZãÐeìXZÏn~äZk»sÅˆlg3ìX=ZvÅfZ]6Î°œ½z�ì�z{ZksÅˆlÃ5kZð©ÐZzg9ê™ä~æ�»fg=¯NÐX

5ïÆn9dgÍbZCäÅ¢zg]6ŒÛŸz~Å\gl~äZqZ,[»gztZ(gHì�CÙZh!]CÙ(ÐZ~™}Ô "" }Z²2>X¢ZzwÆl)Ðge÷

7g~7g~ˆlÔïÐ»xáÔCÙ!]»7g~§b¹z‹t™}ZzgñZi:Zzg».Þ™Æt¥x™}�äp�ÑbzOç~äZ¤Zq " 'Z�¾ÅgZñic�{z¯ZzgziãìXZzgËZqÝc¾ZqZâx»ªYæ0™:g{Yñ

X~ZâxZ1�òÆÝÃZ(gHìÂ�zu}£â]6ZâxZ£ÔçyÔZziZ¦ZzgZ1DÅgZñÃziãŒÛZg�cìXÉtÌƒZì�~äZyÓxZ[ÆZZwZzgWgZYÃ8ÃZ0Zi™ÆZ,wÃZ(gHì�9§j6Ëô!c@¹Ð

" U"ƒXtÃðÐn!]7ìÉt�g|�?Åcz~ZzgæÜ!]Ãt™*ìXZzgZq[¬Ý6Ñixì�Â[ZvZzg<gÎw~ÅÀmZzg@ZeÅcz~™}X|]Z0„kñZzg«ò

X 33m" ÔÔZzgâòÐ%z~ì�CÙ¿Å!]Ãg�HYYìÎZñgÎw~å}ZÆ¯xÆ�ZkÃg�7HYYX‰)b~/gÅgZñFu™ÆZq)�gZzg)�gsgZñZ(gÅìYè¢zg~7�ZÒeÅ "

X" gZñå�g„ƒZzgZ¼ÅgZñåß�ÅtgZñÌì�Z¤ZqX~�zZZwñ��ÂtZ%sgZñZk!]Å�?ì�ZkX~�Š~ "

X39 Xm " gZñƒÏz{Z¿�„ƒÇZzg�g„ƒÇ~äZkÂ[Å@;~ZLW\ÃÝÅ0È~ZzgÇZzg¤ÄÐWiZ�g3ìXYèÇˆÆ�zgÅ "

aZzZgìZzgp�Z[xäZKÇÐIHìXZknZ¤Ãð¿CÙZ~Zq„�Åcz~™@ìZzgTX~ZkÝÅæªCÙƒYñZzg$zg~zZãƒZk~ÌZkÝÅcz~™}ÂÍcZkäZkÝÆZâxÃ

(31 )m " ZC�ágq)‡ây‚i(t™1ìqÑè�ágqÜsZvZzgZk»gÎw~ì

zZãÅ�ZzgZy reasons Zzg Causes p�Ñ<ZsðäZLZ©xÅ=ôZzgÂ±Æ�zgZyZyZ©xÅ‘Ò54èGGZ©xÆ£œ6gzÝeZsƒñCcì�ZãZ�ÛZ�Zzg)oV6ZyZ©xÆH¯ZZZzgZWZ]%AƒVÐX¾n

Ñ<ZsðäZyÃ�¯™ÜsZk6Zr7H�Z©xYg~™�}ZzgßvZLZZyÅzzÐZyZ©x»Znq™Dg�pZ{z{ZyZ©â]ÅÕÃ−c:−XZ¤Zq§sÑ<Zsð~‘Ò54èGGÒy™*ZzgZyÅ£V

ÅzŸs™*Z%ú�ìÂ�zu}§sZk�zg]hÆÒpÐtZqZ%ÑiòìXëùtÂµ™M��ëßÍVÃZ©xÑ<C�,ÐZzgßv¬z0Z7Jw™BX²CÙ‚ÐßZ°gzìÑ]Å»gZzgCÙÃäÐîÃyeZ„

(31,30 Qçg;ìXóó)m

DIRECT METHOD

gzZc]ZzgWgZ6Fg^a

�gëX�bgÆziy6ïZzgçÎäe0~Æ»1V»ç

Ñ¦ZziZyª¤+X�gëXgëÆziy»çXXiÃ>ÆÂx~ÔÎ*Ôe0~ÔZzgig¦»1VÆçÆnë²!wZzgziyÆgLZzgQ à¤Z�&;

(}eâVÃZEw™D�X��ë6Zäz!V~gCÔâÔÂ!X§Ôðz){ZEw™D¸XZzgW`À¤ZxÔ³¤ZxÔH�X6ZäiâäÆZsòwZzgziyÆeâV~¹Z%sìXZkÅzzZkiâä~œge»:ƒZåXX²[~ZkZãÔgzðÔßÀƒeäikZEw¸XZy~ÐÃy‚Ñ¦e:åÔZk6ZWgZY�XtçnH9�Zzg¤{ìZk»Z0Zi{W\WÐ�ñ‰ge²VÐp�„ÎBÐXZy»‹tZzgiWy~?mH

Z:v�Zy»i?m™*Zkiâä~eìXZknÓxeð~äZ�™�cìZzgZKgZñZzg\g�á] YñÇ:�}�~�XZ[Zy6c™Æ�™*fY™Zx»»xìX

�*~åÐÁÐÁziyÆœge¯ä ;X ÁÐÁziyÅ-.~Z%sÅã�„ÐXÑzqƒ@ìÆnZ*`Æ�ZäZEw~gì�X�ZägL(}ƒD�X»ziy7V7ƒ@�VÐ„ã�~�Ût

XZkn®z*yÆÌCÙº~ezwÔZzg�Æ�ZäÃƒÐgK-.Åã�¯cŠåT ÑzqƒY@ìÐgCÔâÔÂ!áåZzgezwÆziyc®Z�ÅzzÐCÙ(~�Ûtƒ@åX¸qwZkZyÔ²[Ô-g\Ôz){~ÌåX

Locust ezwÆ´z{Ô�ÔâlÔzgÆ�ZäÌZEwƒD¸XZk§b²[~Ì�Ôyz[Æ�ZäÔÔnxZzggZð)y�w(Æ�ZäÌZEwƒD¸XZÖÆZziZyÅã�Ì�ZzgnxÆ�ZâV6¶XZy Beans

�ZâV~‚ZzgZk~gî"ÅlZgÅzzÐ�Ût7Y@åX²W`ÀZyƒqzVÃNzw™Æœgeziy¯*Å¢zg]7¶TÆnoƒ accuracy W‚yƒŠìXz,Ìf!�*~‚"ÅF¹Ð-ŠVÅ

ZŠZâ]G‰¸X�*Æ�.Þz&Í-÷ GGE0YäÐZ[CÙ(Zq„-.ZEw™*Ì¢zg~0ŠìZÏnic�{�´äZ(g~ÂxÃZC1ìX1ÎäÆnRZñ¤+ZzgZz÷„ZEwƒ@ìXTÃZEw™ÆëZ»

øïwM�X−Zoziy»åX²�bg» 12 �Æ_.Ñ¦�gë»ziyÌ�Æ�ZâVÐ„HY@åXZzgtb�ZÞc "

(ÐHY@åXYègZð»�Z:gNƒ@ìZzg¸VÆ�ÛtÐZkÆw Mustard ziyÌ�cgZðÆ�Zä)y�w" gZðÆ�ZâVÆ'Z'ƒ@åXŒÛŸz~� 6000 gZðÆ�ZäZzg�bg 4200 gZðÆ�[Ð�gë ~�Ût7ƒ@X

Specific ‹t;X�gZÝgZðÆ�ZâVÆziy~Ì�Ût¢zgƒ@ìXZÚ,ÐZ�ZâVÅÑÄZŸ°ÅlZgÐÑÄ~�Ût7YìXå (water content) sÅXÂZk~–å��ZâVÆZ0g0ã Gravity

îg6ÎÇ�ZäziyÆnZEw™äe�XZkÐZ0Zi{ƒY@ì�6ZäiâäÆZziZy~ZÚZ%sYV

Z[(ßYZzg‚bÅzzÐœge¯äZzg‡ìgpW‚yƒ‰�Zkn�6ZäœgeÅOñ ƒY@åXXt ñ��{ZÚD¤+ÆœgeÃZCäÐ:ÜsW‚ãƒYñÏÉCÙ�yo~Zq„ziyƒYñÇ

Å}ZOò™$Ëìc¬%³Æîg6CÙoÆ}Ã±��0Îy~ZsòÃcCÃ±ïZzg}Å O.I.C »x»»x™$ËìX Co-ordiination

;X eâVÐzZ/²1VÆeâVÃKÆn¥xÐ*¥xÆKÆZßwÐ¬ëZLeâVÃ�CÙZBZôm~�zgÆøg}6ZäziyÆeäZôm~ziyÅeä²!eä

Zq�»ziy = /c¤+ ¤Zx 0.0648 x Zq� = bgZðÆ�ZäRZñ¤+ = &ezw = Zq�Zq−Zo = ¤+ 4 �Æ�Zä 5760 = 0�& �z�Z:gZð)y�w(RZñ = Zqezw

�Æ�Zä 8= ¤+( 8 Zq�ZÞc) = −Zo 2 ¤Zx 373 »ziy = ZqRZñ0�& � 2Z = ZqgC�( 70 ,�) = −Zo4�gë 14 Zz÷ 12 = ZqRZñ0�& Zqâ˜ = gC 8

gë ¤Zx 31.104= ¤+ 480= z÷ ZqÂ!ZqRZñ = âÚ 12

ZqÙ7Zzµ = Âá 5

¢3Œé GEg Zq§ = Ù7 16

Zq�P~ =§ 5

Zqð =§ 40

Âá»Zq¤Zx( 0.857 ¤Zx»ZqÂ!;Zzg 1.178/1.165 ¤+XZzg 1543.2= ¤Zx 100)

1.875= B¤ZxZqgC 64.8 = ¤Zxc¤+ 0.0648= ZÚD¤+¤Zx 180 = ¤+;ZqÂ! 15= Zqâ˜ ¤+ 15.43= ¤Zx ;;

X §ÆZZziZyHgÆ¸Pt� Z!��áƒVä ""(Â! 70= Â!§�á{�ã 77 = §¬K~ Â! 52 1/2 = §Zº~

Â! 80= Â!§Zôm~ 84= §�Ûc�á„6Zäiâä~nÃziyÆnÌZEw™M¸XYène0~cÎäÆƒD¸XZzgCÙn»

ziyÌƒ@åZzgÎäe0~Å�J]ÅâgLz=Ð7ÌƒC¶Zzg‚B„e0~ZzgÎäÅW:~Ñbn�!Ìƒ@¶ÔZyÅ7ZzgÑbn�!z‰ÜÆ‚B$rgS¶XZÏ§btn1Æ‚BÂw™ÌnYM¸XZôm~�zgÆjV~gzB„ã�~e0~»öåXZzgZk»ziyZqÂ!ƒ@åXZknZkÃziyÆ!^ÆîgÌ

buying power ZEw™f¸X�ZqÙ7Æn0õgz9ÆngÄ™Âwf¸Xgz9Å]yhc¹¶ZknZkÅgK�Æn¹ic�{¸XtW\ƒÆnGª]»!ƒfâYÅ�;ðÐ¬yz*ãgzB¹„L™¶XZkÅ]yh¹¶XZÏngz9ÅgKÐgK�~ 1940

Ì¸]yhƒC¶XZk»Z0Zi{gz9ÅgKZ»ÇVÐÎB�-V‰X�=�è 1/2 Wä 16 Zqgz9=�=0ð 1/3 b4 ZqW:=�=�&×~ 1/4 Zq¾=�zb�=Ãh~ 1/5 �è 8 Zq�=

gB 1 Wä= 16 �&×~ 5 Zq�è=W: 1 b= 4 0ð 12 ZqW:=

�è=Zq� 2 �&×~=Zq� 4

�1 0ð= 3 �&×~=ZqW: 16

�1 Ãh~= 5 W: 1 0ð= 12

W: 1 Ãh~= 20

Z7Ðõzg}Ì¶¸�z{Â�zÃh~»Ì7XªZkÅÃðçÑC7ƒÐÁìXZknic�{Fn„º¸Xgz9Ìe0~Æ¸X»½~â^�zu~kxÆˆ−X0Îy“

Æˆ�&×~X�è¸Tƒ‰Qgz9ÔWäÔbg{‰X¢uÄWäÆWäÌ»ƒ‰ZzgZqgzBZzgZkâYÅkÆˆ0Îãgz9Å7Á™�~ˆTÅzzÐ¦VÅ]yh» 1971 ÆÎbg{‰XZkÆˆ

~gz9Å7ÁƒäÐ(}âIVÅ 2013 âY~bÅOñgzBã�~-.0ŠìX 2006 ƒäÐZ[JWˆìXZÏzzÐZ[ßv!~Ô�ZBz){³ÅOñZq0î 5000,1000,500,100,20,10 7Z[Ô

gz9JÌÎìXOñ�gXc³Æ�[ÐX 50 gz9ÔZ*g 5 gz9ÔÂ 5-3 yhä6W‰�XZqOyz*y0ÎyÆ6Zä%zzZziZyÔgCÔâÔ§z){Å(Z[�ÛZú¢uÄgZòƒŠìZknZz6�Ø

‰ZziZyZEw7ƒD1gkgeÆZzgñZiäc�‰�XZ�c}~²[ÆZziZy�ñ�XZyÃYä%øg~cÅã�7¶ÏX

Ö~ÌZq0�&»öÌ�gZÝ{Øe0~ÆZq0�0ziyÆ'Z'ƒ@å ÔZ ZÖÆeä;In fact, a pound (money) was originally a pound (weight) of silver, and the symbol for pound

'ßäÌË�JÂVÆziyÆáZqe:¯cå²¸g~qzVÆziyÆ (money) £ is a stylised L.--

nZœgeåX

'ßË�JÂVÆgLZziZyÅã��Æ�ZäÆziy6ì²¸g~qzVÆziyÅã�[V 'ßZziZy:

XRZñ» ¤+B@ì Troy �Æ�ZâV»ziyRZñ X �Æ&�ZänxÆeg�ZâVÆ'Z'� Æ�ZâV6ìX¤Zxå 373 Zz÷¸XZqRZñ0�&»ziy 12 �ZâV6ŒåXZq0î&~ 5760 7&

¤+6 7000 7&×¸g~q,ziy™äÆnåXZknZkÐ0î&»ziy Avoirdupois

B@ì Dram z¸CÙZq 16 ¤+(XZz÷Æ 4375 Zz÷Ð0î&áåX)ª 16 ŒåXZzgZkÆ0î&ÐZqHX 2240 7&ÐZqzgezfZzg 112 0î&ÐZq:yáìX 16

XZkÆ{-V�X ¤+»ìZEw~ì 480 ~»™�cŠå1Zz÷�� 1878 RZñ»0î&¤Zx 31.104= ¤+ 0.0648 x ¤+ 480 = ¤+ 480 = Zz÷

Dram egZx 8 =Penny Weight ðzf 20 Scruples= hz>Þ 24 =

¬xZz÷ 1.097 =

Dram or Drachm: An ancient unit of weight, also a Greek coin. It is believed to have

originally meant the amount which one could hold in one's hand.

Troy weight was so named from Troyes in France where it was first adopted in Europe. The

Troy Ounce is supposed to have been brought from Cairo during the crusades. One Troy ounce

is about 10% heavier than the common Avoirdupois ounce. Avoirdupois is the system of

weights using the pound of 16 ounces. Troy weight is the system of weights used for Gold,

Silver and Jewels with twelve ounces to the pound.

In fact, a pound (money) was originally a pound (weight) of silver, and the symbol for pound

(money) £ is a stylised L

Óx²!ZziZy,ÐËÂ[~Òy7X�6Zä0ÎãcZôm~X�XZÏ ziyÆ²!eä�'ß0�&™ÌìZzgziy»e:ÌXZÏ§b²1V~�gëziy» zzÐÑ¦ZziZyÆ)baZ�ñ�X

e:ÌåZzg™Å-.ÌXH�zâV»ziyZqåcZX?Zk!g}�zgZñ��zâV»ziy'Z'åX�zu~

gZñtì��zâVÆziyZ¸XZ¤ZÂ�zâVÆziyHHÔt}7�cŠXZyÓxÎZÑ]6cˆ~�~ˆìX

buying �gë;XZÏ§b�gëÌe0~»nÌåZzgziy™äÆnÌZEw™f¸X�gëÅ¸]yhcPÆ*xt�X ¹¶ZknZkÅgK�ÆnÌ¹Zzg�gë»‚ZVzÌZqöåX power

�gë 1/60 =ÂZÏnZë7_��gZ™x~äZkz‰ÜÅ²[ÅZqZz‰ÄÆn‚Ñ:yd»»[�zÎ

�gëHgHŠåÂ�ª]7ƒãe34/õ XJGXZyÐZ0Zi{ÎB�CÙ6ziyÆnHZ%såZzgƒYìXZzg �gëÆZziZyÅÚt¶X

Zy~Ðsˆl™*HÂ»xìXZknË:ËÂê™*å�Ñ¦eäHƒäeÂXZzgZ4hVÐ!hÓÀöZ%saZƒZX

¤+ÆziyÐªZ%sÑzqƒ@ì Zq�Æ�Zä»ziy = Zq¤+c/Zq−Zo = ¤+ 4

�Æ�Zä 8= ¤+( 8 Zq�ZÞc) = −Zo 2

�VÐ�zuZZ%sÑzqƒ@ì −Zo»�gë 14 −Zoc4 12 �áw�gë 40= Zzµ

�gë 5=Nawah âZ{ = Zzµ 1/8

�gë 20=N ash ø Zq = Zzµ 1/2

Zzµ)�áw( 3.0= �gë 120= �áwgëX �VÐŠZZ%sÑzqƒ@ì Zzµ)�áw( 3.2 = �gë 128= gë c�áw

Zzµ 3.25 = �gë 130= 4gëZzµ 12= �gë 480= |]/ñ»gë

gë150 = ¢3Œé GEg

−Zo»kY@ìÔ�áwÔ 12 −ZoÆ�gëgZò¸X1Ñ¦�gë 20,16,12,10,8 �gZ™x~Æiâä~−Zo»�gëgZòHå&4Ñ¦�gëâ…ZzgZk 14 âËZzgUZkÐ�[™D�ÔX|]/ñäZLiâä~

Ð�[™D�X

;X6Zäiâä~ßÍVÆn™*¹Âƒ@åZkn�á�cVc©]ŒÛR��] çÑCúZï~ÀâZq�yÆYâgÆÐic�{�zg7ƒD¸XZknic�{q,£ò„ƒC‰cQ!gR§iåX!��á„VÌ(~!~Ð$r‰ZzgCÙ!�á{ZLnZgziyHg™@å��W\¬7|`��h!��á{ZºÔ�á~yÔ¬KCÙZqäZLZL�zg~6ziyÆ§gZòG¸XZômzVäZLXCÙ!��á„ÆúZxÃ

6ZziZyÐzZô7@åXZknZyƒ»ZÂ1V~7JYñÂCÙ§sZ%sÃWñÇZzgúZxÆn)]ÌaZƒ�X�øg}úZxÃZôm~ZziZyÐZ(g~Âx~psƒäÐƒð�X6ZäßvZ[Ì³ÅOñ§„ìÆ¬�~�XZ¶gzV~Z[ÌÎäÆgfÂáZzg°�k¤Zx~�ñYD�Xig¦çÑzV~åq,wÆfg)*8YC�²àzV~6.pî XIÂw™*í�Xøg}�}7g}Ç�V

¸qw�zgt~~~åXZÏnæÜÆwÆ X ~ËZqy~fZCFZizƒ@åXzg:�»0Zg„FZizgn¸Xtã�~!'�~WYNÂQZ%Ã]ÅÌ�WYñ eäZzglÆziyÆeä�Ñ¦�g�e¯ñ�¸X

ÏXwZzgziyÆeâVÆfgZ#

Pn}ZzgOí+MVäziyZzgwÆeâV6�ìz{t�XAbu Obaid - Kitabul Amwal Z1D{XÂ[ZÑñZw~Blazri - Fatoohu-ul-Baldan šfg~X:bZjZyKhatabi- Ma-almal-Sunan æ!XçÓwZ�

Al-Mawardi - Al-Ahkam-ul-Sultania ZÓzg�~XZÑ©xZÅhÒŒé6Al-Maqraizi-Annaqood-ul-Qadimat-ul-Islamia ZÅ.«çGm~XZÅ3©ð EG�Z;'*î GGZÑsð

ˆÆic�{F!{3¨4è EEGEäZ4Ðeð1ìYè¸ge÷ÂÁ�XX1~äZkg^a~P6§j

T~6ZãgzZc]Ã9ây™‹tHìXc?Ã™rZzgŒÛŸz~Æ direct method. ZEwG�XZqÂZEwHìT~gzZc]Æziy indirect method Š!]ÆË~}òÃZEwHìXZzg�zuZ§i

Y™¤+Ô−ZoÆziy¥xG�XZkÆ´z{'ßZzgðñi*~ôpjV backward Ðc}òÐÆZÝziyÐ«Ãi™äÅÃÒÅìXŠ}Zq�g6FZLŠ"ÐÌ�gZ™x~ÆzçZzg<Æ0ãÐæZzg™qÆziy¥xG�Xa¸ÎäÆ»[ÔZzgig¦»[ÆZzŠVÆßeZVäÅ³¤Zx~

¯™Óx graduated chart ¤‰ÜÐÌ¤+Zzg−Zo»ziy¥x™äÅÃÒÅìXZzgWy~Zyƒ»Zq

³ïÑìXt(~�NS~ìTÃã�¯™'×h»xHYYìX most probable ©]ÃZq(gÄ™Zã‚g}Z%Ã]Ã�zg™ÆZqiïÜ¹Â»xå1Z:v�ZvÅæ�ZzggÉðÐt~ä

Ã™�cìTÅã�6'×hïÅY$ËìXZzgtƒïÜsZq�gÔfY trend uZ�x�}™ï»Zq*iZzñÐZy»Y{1ìX ¾]~äCÙ X ÅgZñZzg�Y„ÆZLZßßVÃZEw™ÆHì

W\ä�N1�wZzgziy!g}XZgzZc]�X�CÙZq»‹t™äÅÃð¢zg]7ìZkn~äCÙz{!]ÔgzZecZßwc‹tTÃë�ág¨™ÆQZy»å‹tZzgñZi:™ÆË³6V X

X M�ZyÃÚ°~;ðÑVZzgZ&gÑM™�cìXXZyƒÃÜ�~áY™‹t™,ÐZ�![~~wZzgziyÆeâVÆúÎaÃÒy™zVÇXt0Îãº[Å6?ÅZÎgÂ6FìXª

¥xÐ*¥xKÆn�XZkZÎgÂÃëˆ~ZEw™,ÐX

X wZzgziyÆeäù‘�ã�~¦gZ]Œ%ëÑ¦Z©â]ÅÕÃL�7ÃÐZzg:„ZyÅ'F~U"™ÃÐZzg:„Zy X1

Ãz‰ÜÆ‚Bps™ÃÐZzg:„z{CÙiâäÔCÙ(ÔCÙxzçÑ}~W‚ãÆ‚BZCñYÃÐX{mîg6Z&vsZzgF¹cCçÑzV~XZknÑ¦ZziZyZzgw»Z0Zi{ÎäÆnZzgZyÆú»g�ÛâÎac

Ã9îg6'¢zg~ì@�ë¥xÐ:¥xÅ§sYNXªTçÑ}~g{gì�ZyÆw Concepts

ZzgZziZy¯äÃ�BXYèã�~îg6Zygzñi}ÆË¸~ƒVZrVäi0Ï¦ZgäÆnA�+Æneä¢zg¯ñƒD�Xn¢zgZEw™ä�XZ»kÆnwÆeäZEw™*‚âVÆnW‚yF+§iì²àzV~Â%cziy»§iW‚yìXZzgÓx�*~‚âVÆnXV~wÆfg)aZzZg»Z0Zi{Î*„gzZ`g;ìXCÙwÆeä»Hziyƒ@ìƒÃ¥xƒ@ìX²1V~¸gzZ`åXZzgz{™q

ug~ ZzgæÆeäZEw™D¸XZzgZ4Ãœge¯™�gZ™x~äZsòA�+Ô�ÛZøHg�Ûâñ�ZkæÜaèig¦´‘åXZkn " eäæÜzZßVÆZzgziyÆeälzZßVÆZEw™z " Òyƒñ�X:

æÜ»™qZzgæ�gœgeHgƒñ²lgCàåXz;VziyÆfg)A�+ƒ@åXZknziyÆnlÆeä�gœgeHgƒñX

$¬Ð:„™qcæ»Ãð%:�gœge}ôpìX:„�gëc�bg»Ãð%:XÃy‚�gëc�bgÑ¦åXZkÅã�~7cZy»W:~Úƒ~Ì ziy»e:�gëZzgZzµZzggëì Zk~Ì¹„Z%sìX

Z%sìX�V„W\g^aÑzq™,Â¬Šx6„Z%sÑzqƒY@ìXZkntg^aÄZy»Z0Zi{ÎäTÆnÜsgzZeÃâyhÅOñZ§jZEwG‰�X~ÐZq§i Æn„–ŠìX

X �zu}�V~%z`wZzgziyÆeâVÐñZi:™ÆZ0Zi{Î*ìZkñZi:ÅzztìCÙ(ZyZK¢zgc]i0ÏgziZ:cßzZgyhäÆnZyÆwcziy»Z0Zi{Î@ì

ZkÆ_.„z{yh@ìX‚Ñ::gÜsz{q,™@ì�yZ[7ƒ'X@i{c¢yZ[ƒYäzZàZâYÅÜs

ZâlZgyh@ì�z{ZEw™nXÄ‚Æ_.„¢zgc]ÅlZg»Z0Zi{ÎcY@ìXaèZãpgZuÅZâYÅlZg½ãZq„ÜƒCìXZkngzi%{ÆZziZyÌZq�ƒäe454è XGGX

gziZ:Å¢zgc]úgÂVä„ZEw™ãƒC��z{yZäÆZ�ÛZ�Æ&3âVÆ'Z'ƒC�XZkn³c0îc(}{ª 1/2 ÌgziZ:Åyhz�Ûz|ÆZziZyZ4Æ_.ƒD��³¤ZxcZngL{

k„ƒD�XYèWyZyÃZV 5, 4, 3, 2 c3/4, 1/4, 1/2 ³JXCÙ(ziyÆeä³¤Zx» 5 ³Ð 2

™ÌÑ*ƒ@ìZzgZã¤‰ÜÆ_.„P³ziyZV™!iZgÐyÑcYYìXypXäÆnz{q,�yZ[7ƒ'Àâƒw−ÆgfÐic�{ziyÅàYC�X�»0ZgÌ0õ³Å�P~Æ�[Ð\iÛ�XZy

ƒ!ÂVÅCÙ%�Ôúg]ÔaÃØƒCìXZyeâVÆˆ(}eäªðÔ�P~ÔHz){�gZÝˆgCeäƒD�XZÏ§bË�JÂVÎ*Ôe0~z){

Æn¹„gLziyƒD�XZk§bziyÆeä&�V~�GYM�X

ziyÆeäˆgCeä¹(}eä gzi%{ÆZEw Ë�J'gLeä

ðXHXzgezf $h45éE

EG(}eä0�XW�|³ ¤+XB¤Zx³X§X0z&X0õ³Å�P~ Â!âXÙ7

‚yaèáZzgZ»kXVÐycâgLJÑ@ìXZÐZyÃYâgzV6Ñ�™Ñ*ƒ@ìXZyÃZV™Ñ�*ƒ@ìZkn1g-V»ziyZã¤‰ÜÆ_.gƒ@ìXYâgÅ1úZVäÅ]Zzg�zegÈzVÆZy1g-VÔI™zVÔ÷VÃZVäÅ]Æ_.ziygpƒD�X

¿UÓxZziZycwÆeâV»mZâVÔZyÅ¢zgc]ÔZkÆ1úZVäÅ]ÔZkÃ:g™NÅƒC�XZÏnøg~ÓxèIÂ1V~ÜsZyeâV»f™M LIFE RELATED &¢Æ_.ƒ@ìXtƒ

ìXÐ»[‘�XËÌÂ[~ÓxgL(}eä7X��ë‚"c�[ÅÂ1V~7_�XZ¤t‚g}�ñƒDÂGË�6î~W‚ãƒCXaèCÙ!]�gZÝ¢zg]Æ�„ÅYCìZzgZk

Å¢zg]7ƒC¶��‚"~ƒCìZknÌ¬]’k~ÁQ�X¸ precision iâä~

qwøg}��]~ÌåZzgZ[ÌìX

ZsòziyZzgwÆeâVÆn@Zet~~Zzg�âVÅÃ@„Å�Z*yZzgZkÆ}ò

;X~äZÂ1VÐ¬ÓxeðZ�HåXZ‹t™ä´Â´„g{Š�ÃðN� ÷~g^a»§i»g7g„¶XpZ:v�»°²�Ågâg~Æ�WˆXz{~7™g;ƒVXZyìW\»f‚™s™ä~æ�AÏXZknZkÂ[~ÔCÙ!]ÔgzZecZßwc‹tÃ�ág¨™ÆQZy»å‹tZzgñZi:™ÆË³6VM�ÔZyÃ°~;ðÑVZzgZ&gÑM™�cìXZyƒÃÜ�~áY™‹t™,ÐX

-ŠŒÛŸ�~:¢Zzw = ge÷}Z²2>ZIlÆZziZy�Yg~gÇYN " gÎwZv~äZyeâVÃ'ŒÛZgg3Zzg�Ûâc�

(324, 341 )ŒÛŸz~m " ziyZIlÆZzgeäZIæÜÆZEw™z = ugW\~åä�bgZzg�gë6i2>ÌHg�ÛâðXÍcW\å~äZyÃÑ¦ig×t™Æ¹ÐZ©xYg~

" �Ûâñ}âàæ~i2>X�eXya™äÆ�Z©xÔgCzæãç5](TÅ Standardiization Ñ™å*~äZ#Ö0ÅZqZ+Æ|ÅY+gZ{úð�Ûâðì)ª "

Y+f!F¹cC�´äZ[Y™gZÉðqÝÅZzgz{t�W\å~ä‚g~Z#ÖÆn7VeäZzgZziZyHg�ÛâñXZzg7VîkZzg£g³G@�ZyÆç5]Z2Zgg�XZzgZy~Ãð4ZqZzgZ%saZ:ƒXZk�ÛâyÅzztì�lÆßv@¸Zzgz{ZziZyÔwÔ�gëÔZzµZEw™D¸�ic�{�g„ZzgñizV¸²ZIæÜk!h~™D¸XZzgZyÃZÒeâVÃZEw™*7@åXZzgz{zÉÔ™qÔæZEw™D¸ZknZyÆteäic�{ñizVZzg�g„¸X

ƒ*Âtecå��´ZsòÈ�~�áïƒ‰ÔZyÓx~ZziZyZzgeä7VgTZzglZzgæÜ "

ÆœgeÃCÙ(ZEwHY@Zzg7g~Zsò�*~Zq„�gëƒ@TÆziy~Z%s:ƒ@XZÏ§b¸wÔgëÔ™qz){~ÌZ%s:ƒ@Xt�Ñ¦£tzzZ‚]7‚ãZzg$gAð EXªZ�ZGYDZzgÃð�ØZg~Zzgú:ƒCXp¾qw�âVÆnt!]‡.ÞZ\kì��âVäÑ™å*~ÅèÃg{!Ñ@Ze6Ãð{mÂz:�~ZzgZIlÆZziZy!<m¸wZzg�gëZzgZIæÜÆeä!<m™qZzgæÆ%ä(~ZôoZzgbZgÏÆ‚B

y£gZ]Ã�Z½îg6 ´Z ôpgn@�iÃ>z){ÅÑ¦lZgzV»9çƒYXÉtƒ*ecå�ZZsò�" ZzgÎZÑZòîg6n�áZzgçAÅZ‚kŒÛZg�ïX

:Üst�Z(7ƒZìÉçAZzgc6^7}XZzg�gëÔ�bgÔZzµÔgë�ÓxZziZyZzg]eâV "

~ZkŠgzWZzg!�Z%saZƒŠX�ÓxÑ¦lZg,Z%s»û0IX�VJ�Z[Ã}~tZÖp−ZoÔ 10 −ZoÔ 8 7_��Z�~gëÔæãgëÔ^~gëÔ�áògëX�gëÆ!g}ë7_��gë

−ZocZkÐÁz�ÔZzgwH?Ht�bg„ìc¼ZzgìX 20 −Zo»ìZzg 16 −ZoZzg 15 −ZoÔ 14 −ZoÔ 12

(342 Zzg�bgÄ�ZâVZzgÄ−Zo»ƒ@ì)m¾nZknÆ¼�ÎZÑ]�XÆ!g}�ä¹îs�Å�ZzgiâäÔ´VÆZ%sÆÒp "

�VJ�Ý4Æ�Ãt X ÐZzggzZ`ZzgZ�k�ÛtÆZ±gÐZyZ%Ã]~ZzgÌic�{zÝaZƒìXCÙàÆßvZLziyÆ�gëÐçn™,XptÑo�ãec�ËàÆ%zz�gë»ziyiâ: "" I7Z�

""343 g�Zêgm " CÙàÆziyÆ_.:~�cYñX "X . "" t]ÆÁFziyÐÁ:�X�YÆZÏZßwÃ~äZEw™ÆÃFiˆlHìXZk6ci~�~�ìX ‹t:

¾qw�QïÆnf!fgZù6„Z®g™*7@ìYèf[Åï‚³ã�zV6ƒäÅzzÐ}ò|ÆŒÛdFƒD�XYèjVÆçA~ZéïÅã�ñi*~ôpn�XZn!z��ËuJ

¾ßg]CÙËäf!fgZùÃ„‹tZzg}òÆnOìXZzgZy»£¨ ZæÌZsògzZc]6Z®gÌ™*7@ìX�gë™ÆnZzg�gëziyÆ!^~�Ût:�ÅzzÐÌóiyƒðìX)m ‡.ÞZ±ggzZc]ÐHìX

�gëaè�gZ™x~äiÃ>e0~Æ�gëÐHg�Ûâð¶Ô:�ÎäÆ�bgÐÔZknøg~g^a»"gc

�gë„ƒÇX�gë„ziyÆeä¯ä~ZëbzìZknÌ��gëÃ„S~™*ìX focus

(67 )�Ûm ‡ñkZÅ+B3ûGÆ_.Zq�Æ�Zä»ziy = grain /c¤+

�Æ�Zä 4= ¤+ 4= −Zo¤+Æ'Z'åª 8 −Zoc 2 �ZÞ»ziy

¤+ 8= �ZÞCarat is derived from quirrat, Arabic for the seeds of the coral tree, which were

the traditional weights for precious stones.

There is a different meaning for 'carat', as a measure of purity rather than

weight. 24 carat gold is pure gold. 18 carat gold is 18 parts of gold to 6 parts of

other metals

(Îä ii ({ØÎäÅÚclZg¥x™äÆnX) i) −Zo»Â&§jÐZEwƒ@ìX;X

�gëÔ�bgÆnZzgziy»£g“Æn (iii ~5z^»ziyZzgÑb¥x™äÆnX){ØÎäÅlZgcÑb°œ¥x™*:

−Zo 24 = {ØÎ* % 100 c1.0= −Zo 24/ −Zo 24 = {ØÎäÆnÔi-gZ]~Ñb

°œ 95.83c0.9583= −Zo 23/ −Zo 24= −ZoÎäÆnci-gZ]~{ØÎäÅÑb 23

°œ 91.66c0.9166= −Zo 22/ −Zo 24= −ZoÎäÆnci-gZ]z){~{ØÎäÅÑb 22

°œ %87.5c0.875= −Zo 21/ −Zo 24= −ZoÎäÆnci-gZ]z){~{ØÎäÅÑb 21

Îä~5z^»ziy¥x™ä»§i:¤Zx 240= i-gZ]»ziy = Vw

−Zo 20= i-Zg]»−Zo4 x ¤Zx 0.0648 = <¤+»ziy 4 = −Zo»ziy

B¤Zx 259.2 = ¤Zx 0.2592 =

¤Zx 200= −Zo 24 −Zo@ 20 x i-gZ]»ziy = i-gZ]~{ØÎä»ziy¤Zx5z^ 40= ¤Zx{ØÎ* 200 - ¤Zx 240= i-gZ]~5z^»ziy

e0~Æ�gëZzgÎäÆ�bg:~�Ø‰ZßwÐe0~cÎ"5Áõ EGn~ZÝe0~cÎä»ziyc°œÑb¥xÅY$ËìX 3cZ

{ØÎäce0~~ñÁƒCìTÅzzÐi-gZ]cjVÅ�!îÆ�$w 5z^YV¢zg~ì:YñÏZkn5z^™ã¢zg~ƒCìX5z^ÐŠgCîg6i-gZ]ÆZÝÎä~�Ût7Y@ìXZk�ÛtÅ

ZEwƒCìX Term lZgÃªCÙ™äÆn−Zo»Âc5z^zZájVci-gZ]~iÃ>ÅZ�Z5»§i:

6Zä�Æ_.Z¤e0~cÎäÆjV~5z^ƒÂQ5z^»ziy �áwÔâËÔU�: (i)

−Zo 20 ¤ZxziyÆ 240 Æ�[ÐiÃ>�~YñÏX} %2.5 ïw™{Øe0~cÎäÅlZgcziy6¤Zx5z^6iÃ>7ƒÏX 40 Æ�[ÐiÃ>�~YñÏX %2.5 ¤Zx{ØÎä6 200 i-gZ]~

iÃ>ƒÏX} %2.56Face Value 4�Æ_.e0~ÎäÆi-gZ]cjVÅ 4}: (ii)

ÑbÐi2>Z�ZÅYñÏX %2.5 ¤Zx6 240 −ZoÆÎäÆi-gZ]6 20 ¤ZxÔ 240 Zz6zZàVw~Z%Ã]ÅâÎ

ZyÐZ0Zi{ÎB�CÙ6ziyÆnHZ%såZzgƒYìXZzgZy �gëÆZziZyn�ñ‰�X~Ðsˆl™*HÂ»xìXZknË:ËÂê™*å�Ñ¦eäHƒäeÂXZzgZ4hVÐ!hÓÀöZ%saZƒZX

¤+ÆziyÐªZ%sÑzqƒ@ì Zq�Æ�Zä»ziy = Zq¤+c/Zq−Zo = ¤+ 4

�Æ�Zä 8= ¤+( 8 Zq�ZÞc) = −Zo 2

�VÐ�zuZZ%sÑzqƒ@ì −Zo»�gëÑ¦å 14 −Zoc4 12 �áw

�gë 40= Zzµ �gë 5=Nawah âZ{ = Zzµ 1/8

�gë 20=N ash ø Zq = Zzµ 1/2

Zzµ)�áw( 3.0= �gë 120= �áwgëX �VÐŠZZ%sÑzqƒ@ì Zzµ)�áw( 3.2 = �gë 128= gë c�áw

Zzµ 3.25 = �gë 130= 4gëZzµ 12= �gë 480= |]/ñ»gë

gë150 = ¢3Œé GEg

â˜ 1.5 Â! 34= �gë 130= 4c�Z�~gë�gë 128= �áwcsi~gë

�gëÆ'Z'åXT6cˆ~WñÏX1ë 480= Zzµ 12 )šig~ä(ZgëÌCcìX��gëÃ„ZEw™,ÐXtã�~ziyÆeä��ÓxÑ¦)bÆiÆnY' 130/128 Üs

( 70 �Ûm ¢zg~�X)�~ä¬Ccì�/c¤+ÆziyÐ„Z%sÑzqƒY@ìYèZkÆziy6„!¹�[Â[»„

Z®gìX;X²[e0~Æ�gëZzgÎäÆ�bgZEw™D¸X²[~~™»ã�~*x�gëå� ²1VÅ™

øg}gzBåXaèp�n7¯DZkn�gëZkZyÐZzg�bg!i]gzxÐWD¸X(gL{Ì¸X�gëÅ7»Zk 60 Zôm~gz9Å§b�gëÅ™Å7Ì¹¶Zkf�gëÆ‚J)

(�gëƒC¶ÔZqZz.»ziy 40 ÐZ0Zi{ÎB�g;g}Ð−}ZqZz.ÆziyÅ7Üse:)ZzT�zW�ñVÆ‚w½ÆgZ×Æ'Z'ƒ@ìXZÏn0õZzŠVÆßeÃig¦»[HgHŠå��kZ�ÛZ�ÅÄ»gZ×áì

X1ZyÆziy™äÅã�~-.»*xÌ�gëå��øg}§c³ìXÂ1V~™ZzgziyÅZ»-VÆ*xÅTy:�Ð„!]K~ÂƒCìX²[™ÆnÌÌ™hÅOñZy»Ìziy™Æf

−ZoÆ�gëgZò 20,16,12,10,8 ¸XYèZ−ZoÆ�gZëikZEw¸X�gZ™x~Æiâä~Ð™D −ZoÆ�gëÃÑ¦ây™Óx�[Zk 12 �áwÔUZzgâË ¸XZy~Ãy‚�gëÑ¦å}Òy7ƒZX

−ZoÆ�gëÃÑ¦â…�ZzgÓx�[ZkÐ 14 �Ô²4|]/ñä�gë»œgeziyHg™äÆn™D�X

™Æ�gëZzgziyÆ�gëÆziyÆnã�~ziyª�Æ�Zäc¤+ÆziyÅã�ÌZ¶X��'ßZziZyÆ0�&Åã�nxÆ�Zä 'ßäÌÎä»0�&Æn�ZzgziyÆnnxÆ�ZägÇ¸X

Æziy6ì²™Æ0�&ÆjVÅã��Æ�ZâV6ìZzg�Æ&�ZäÔnxÆeg�ZâVÆ'Z'�Xaè�ÅÑÄZŸ°nx�ÑÄZŸ°

0.8 0.6

4 3 ZknZyÅÚB¤Zxƒ@ì 64.8 ¤Zxc 0.0648 ¤+B@ìXZq¤+»ziy Troy �Æ�ZâV»ziyRZñ

~»™�cŠå1Zz÷�� 1878 Zz÷¸XRZñ»0î& 12 �ZâV6ŒåXZq0î&~ 5760 XRZñ»7&¤+»ìZ[ÌZÚDâgL~ÎäÆnZEw~ìXZkÆ{-V�X 480

¤Zx)ZÚ,( 31.104= ¤+ 0.0648 x ¤+ 480 = ¤+ 480 = Zz÷7&×¸g~q,ziy™äÆnåXtnxÆ�ZâVÐáìZknZkÐ0î&» Avoirdupois

z¸CÙZq 16 ¤+(XZz÷Æ 4375 Zz÷Ð0î&áåX)ª 16 ¤+6ŒåXZzgZkÆ 7000 ziy

0î&ÐZqHX( 2240 7&ÐZqzgezfZzg 112 0î&ÐZq:yáìX 16 B@ìX Dram

aè�gZ™x~äÎäÔe0~»»[ziyÐHg�ÛâcåZknøg~ic�{Âz™ÆziyÆeâVÅg^a6%ÃiƒÏX1™Æç5]6ÌgzZc]ÐÌc™,ÐX

¤+ÔÆziy~Z%s»eðÄTroy ƒÐgKZ»ðc-.ì��Æ�ZäÆ'Z'ìXW`ÀÌtRZñ = grain ¤+: =/

Pziyt�;X X ~ZEwƒg;ì¤+»ziy�Æ�ZäÆziy6«åXziyÆZge÷t�X (i)

¤Zx)ñ��{ZÚDÄ( 0.0648= ¤+ (ii)( -ŠŒÛŸ�~ ) ¤Zx 0.0646= (iii)

�»�Z:)�Ûicm( = ¤Zx .0650= (iv)¤Zx)?·ÃXZziZyÑÜ( 0.054= (v)

¤Zx .0531= ¤Zx�bgÐ¤+ 4.25 ¤†Z<Æ (vi)¤Zx 0.568= ¤Zx�bgÐ¤+ 4.55 (vii)

¤Zx 0.59= gzð�ZÞÐ¤+ (viii)ZkÐZ0Zi{ÎB�Zy~ÐÑ¦¤+ÃìÔÍHÂ»xƒÇ

144 �Zä(Ñ¦�gëÆ'Z'åXZÏÐgëáì� 4200 qƒfIäU"Hì�gZðÐ¯�gë)�Z�~�gë»áìXZkÐtÈÀì�¸øg}iâä»Ì%zz�gëìYèZ[ 128 4/7 ~�gëZzg

¤Zx»¹©à�Ût 0.016 ¤ZxÆ'Z'ìZzgZkziyZzg‚—ziy~ 3.12 �gë»ìZzg�gë 144 ~gë345 ìXm

Zq�gëZzg0vZVz�gëZzgÛ�Zzg�ÎZVz�»�ZX = âZzgÎZeg�¸wÑ¦ 3= �gëÑ¦�»X 16 �»ìYè�gëegâ»ìZzgCÙâ˜ 64 �gëøg}à�‹» )n(

(30 )m X §ÆZZziZyt� )o(Â! 80= §Zôm~ Â! 77 = §¬K~ Â! 52 1/2 = §Zº~

Â! 84= §�Ûc�á„ Â! 70= §�á{�ãÂ!�‹ZzgÂ!Xw~�ÛtìX�‹»Â!!g{âÚ»ì²Xw»�kâ˜Æ'Z' )p(

gCì 1 1/5 âÔ 3= aèZq�gë )q(Â!bâ˜ 52= gC 1 1/5 âÔ 3 x �gë 200= Zkne0~»»[

0ð 6 6/23 gz9!g{Wä 54= aègZòZß‰ÜgzB‚hñŠg{â»ìZknZkgzBÐ»[(33 )� ‚hñ‚]Â! = ‚hñegâ˜ x ¸w 20= ZzgÎä»»[

X²�áðÔdÔ²+A.ü EZÑZ.gÔYìZ°ñi y~ZziZy~�z�ÅgC»�[czsì ?gæZ�Z2z~Ðge÷X

gCziyƒ 1 7/8 ezwc 15 �Æ'Z' 5 Zkn X �»−ZoìTÆ�zâV§sÐ!gqM�»^�cŠƒ 5~(}� 2 ezwZq�Æ'Z'��X: 4 X�·Ñp�Š~ä(}‚KÆ�nÔÂ 388m ""X387XÇ

5w�Zzgw 70 ?Ã™rä�gëÆn gCÆ'Z'ƒñ 2 ��gZÝ 5 ZqgCÆ'Z'ƒñXZ=á‰gCƒZXpgZòâÔÂ!�ZÝÐÁ 2 â˜ 5 gCZzgw 5 â˜ 3 cXgZòZß‰Üâ˜Ð�gë �»ziy™Z 100 Æn

388 gCÁX 2 â»ìªZÝÂ!Ð 11 1/2 !iZg~Zôm~Zqgz9»öZqÂ!ŒÛZg�cŠì1t8©3©5é GGGG ìX"392 ¤Zx»ìXm 11.664 ZqÂ! ""

¤Zx 87.48 = ¤Zx 11.664 x Â! 7.5 Îä»»[ �t;X¤Zx 612.36 = ¤Zx 11.664 x Â! 52.5 e0~»»[

øg}iÃ>Wge¼~¸»[�ñ‰�XZkÐØ^Y@ì�t�gZÝy~»[Ã��gCÔâÔÂáÐ¶�gëÐZ~G‰�XZyÐ¤Zx~ZziZyt‘�;X

¤Zx‘�X 3.0618 −Zo�gë 14 B¤ZxZzg 218.7 B¤ZxZzg−Zo 54.67 ¤+¤ZxáìZzgTÃ�áw 2.975 t�gëÔ−ZoZzg�gë|]/ñÆa�{−ZoÆ�gëÆ'Z'7‘X��gzZê

ÝZEw™ÆZL»[FK�ï�X

�gëZzg�bgÆ�Æ�ZâVÅ®Z�Zzgziy»Z%s�ë�bgÆziyÆ¤+Æziy~HZ%såtn�cŠìtÜsge÷ÆnìX

Z[ZgzZc]~�ñ‰�gëÆZZziZyZzg�Æ�ZâVÅ®Z�ZzgZkÆ'Z'�bgÆ�ZâVÅ®Z��ñ‰�XtÜsge÷ÆnZzgt�3äÆn��Hic�{Z%�ñ��åX÷~ìw~t!��áƒVÅp~»³å��~¬C[ƒVÅ§Æziy~ùp´VWCg„�XZy~Ðz{ZÎgÂ�ëäZEw™ãìZkÃÚ°~;ðÑV™�cìX

Zziyc−ZoÆ�gZëƒäÅzzH¶X?ÐZzge0~Æ�gëÆnZkZyÐWD¸XZy Roman Byzantine ÎäÆ�bg²[~9!i$‹-ö

EEGgzx ""

�gZëÆZZziZyƒZ™D¸X¸zzì�YqÆ�zg~ZIl�gëÐÌ™A�+7™D¸ÉZyÆziyÐçn™D¸XZI²[ÆZziZy~ÐZqziygëåXgë»�gëÐm-VåX

Zzµ 12 = gë(342 )ŒÛŸz~m ( šfg~ ) �gë 480= Zzµ 12= gë

4.55 ¤ZxåXZkÐ�gë»ziy) 4.55 ZÜzu~(–ì�!i$Œ4-öE

GG�bg��zgt~~ÙåXZk»ziy X""

¤Zx°−ZoáìXZzg 0.2275 = −Zo 20 ¤Zx@ 4.55 ¤ZxáìXZzg−Zo»ziy) 3.185(7/10 x ¤ZxZk§bÑ¦�gë? ¤Zx»�gëÔZ[~�gë»ziyìX 3.185 Zk�[Ð X ¤ZxƒÇ 0.05625 ¤+»ziy

1fY»Zk~ÌZ%sìX‰Æ4�qÑ¦�gë%z`�gëÐ(Z ¤Zx»�ÛtáìX 0.016 Zzg~�gë~¤ZxHgHå;†Z<0 2.975 ¸�ƒÐ¬|]/ñ�gë»‡âãziy ìX�zu}ZÐgNCD�X

(348 X)m %zZyäÌ‡ìg3gZðÆ�Zä 6000= (�bg ii gZðÆ�Zä) 4200= �gë (i Hm~Æ_.)

X �Z�~�gëÆ'Z'å 128 4/7 ~�gëZzg 144 Z4Ðgë»ziyáå� (X iii)(345 ¤Zx)ŒÛŸz~m 3.12= �gëZzg�gë 144= (X²W`À»^~gë iv)

¤+Ô−ZoZzg�gëÆziy·ge:�nzzÐ�ÓxZ%scÄTroy ƒÐgKZ»ðc-.ì��Æ�ZäÆ'Z'ìXW`ÀÌtRZñ = grain ¤+: =/

X ~ZEwƒg;ì(340 �ZÞ�gëHgHåX)m 6 �ZÞ»Zz‰ 4 �ZÞZzg 8 ZqZzggzZeÆ_.Ñ†Z<ä

ÅÚÐ'Z'™ÆÒyG‰�t�X 7:10 �gëZzg�bgÆZZziZy��)zZŠ~( ¤+ 60 9/10= −Zo 15.225= �gë = ¤+( 87 −Zo) 21 3/4 = ¸w (X i))ŒÛ?( ¤+( 55 −Zo) 13 3/4 = �gë = ¤+( 55 −Zo) 19.84 = ¸w (X ii)

¤+( 57 −Zo) 14 2/5 = �gë = ¤+( 82 3/10 −Zo) 20 3/4 = ¸w (X iii)−Zo 12= ¤+ 48 = �gë = −Zo 19 24/25 ¤+ 78 53/100 = ¸w (X iv)

−Zo 12= �gë = ¤+ 68 57/100 −Zo) 17 14/100 = ¸w (X v)Z0ºzy �Zä 55 �Æ = �gë = �Zä 72 �Æ = (Xw vi)

"" |]/ñ ¤+( 56 −Zo) 14 = �gë = ¤+( 80 −Zo) 20 = ¸w (X vii)ˆZiZVfYZzgñgð»ZkZ%6ÌZ·tì�†Z<ÆÇ~T�gëZzg�bg6Z·tƒŠåZy~Ìˆ~ "

¹ÐziyÅZzg7}6Åp´VW_�XZzgCÙÇZzgCÙ�~ZyÆZziZy$sgì�ZzgßvZLf~V~ZéÑ¦lZgzV»�[Î™ZzgZ0Zi{™ÆZy~ZzgÑ¦lZgzV~HÚìXZL£tÑÜZ�Z™Dgì

Zsò�´~�gëZzg�bgÆÑ¦ �XZ[ÎZwtaZƒ@ì�jVÅp~ZzgZziZyÆZkZ%sÆæÃZ[""(341 ?X)m ZziZy»D±i�çbƒ

�gëZzg�bgÆziy!g}ZgzZc]

�gë ¸w / �bg−Zo 17 14/100 = ¤+ 68 57/100 í(X i)−Zo 19 21/25 = ¤+ 78 57/100 (X ii)

−Zo 20 = ¤+ 80 (X iii)−Zo 14= ¤+ 56 (70 )�Ûm −Zo 20 3/4 = ¤+ 82 2/10 (X iv)

−Zo 12= ¤+ 48 −Zo 10= ¤+ 40

−Zo 14 2/5= ¤+ 57 3/5 −Zo 13 3/4= ¤+ 55

(71 −Zo)m 20= ¤+ 80 −Zo 15 1/5= ¤+ 60 9/10

Zsò�´ZzgèV~�gëZzgZkÅÚ�zu}jVÆ‚BZzgZq�zu}ÐÌZâ��xì� "" ZÝX;X

¥x™äÅ ~Metric Systerm ¯*¹ÂìZzg:„eìX�gë»ziy¢uÄ Summary ZyÅ²�gzVÆ ¤ZxåX 3.12 ~~�gë»Óäziy 1953} ÃlÅ~Q��97ìX

X)ZsîZebc( ¤ZxÌå 3.1335 ¤ZxZzg 3.1322 0kziyZyƒÃ�ÚÐØ¸ì�ziy~X!V»jZ!ìXZy~ÐËZqÃÍ�t�g„åÔ¹Â

zg: X �gZ™åx~Æiâä~�gë»Ãð{mziyHg7å Z±gÐtØ¸ì� Logic @g]Zzg[ Xìte X �gë»ziyHg™äÅ¢zg]Ck:ƒC 14 |]/ñÃZyÆZÚŒÛdƒDƒñ¢zg¥xƒ@ZzgZyÃ

−ZoÆ�gëÐh 20 X²|]/ñä −ZoÆ�gëÐi2>ÅZ�Z5ƒCƒ 12 ì��gZ™åx~Æiâä~−ZoÆ/ñÆ�gëÃ„ã�ây™Óx‡âã 14 ¾ßg]4Ý e„ÂßÍVÅ)]Æ!Zz‰7ïàX(71 X)�Ûm Xøg}nÌZkÐ4iñ��7ì Ñ¦�[Î@ì /

~�gë " XZ�Zg{î]ZsòZsxW!� 1977X Zsògc„»â1CÂx " ZKÂ[ 6zWg<ZvÞ[ä

RÔZz‰ZzgL»�[–ìXX6zWÞ[Æ_.�gëLÔZz‰ÔZzgRÆziy»�[ÂßV~-Váì;XXÂá»Zq¤Zx( 0.857 ¤Zx»ZqÂ!;Zzg 1.178/1.165 ¤+XZzg 1543.2= ¤Zx 100)

Â! 64.0758= ¤Zx 755.2 = �gë 200 x ¤Zx 0.472 x �ZÞ 8 = −Zo 16 (X�gëL i)

Â! 48.56= ¤Zx 566.4= �gë 200 x ¤Zx 0472 x �ZÞ 6 = −Zo 12 �gëZz‰ X(ii)

Â! 32.37= ¤Zx 377.4 = �gë 200 x ¤Zx 0.472 x �ZÞ 4 = −Zo 8 �gëR (X iii)Â! 64.758= ¤Zx 755.2 x ¤+ 1543.275= �gëL

¤+°Â! 180 x ¤Zx 100

Â! 48,56= ¤Zx 566.4 x ¤+ 1543.275 = �gëZz‰

¤+°Â! 180 x ¤Zx 100

Â! 32.37 = ¤Zx 377.4 x ¤+ 1543.275 = R �gë¤+°Â! 180 x ¤Zx 100

�gZëÅZlx �gëZz‰Ô�gëLBD¸X�gëZz‰Zsòiâä , �ZÞÆ�gëÌikZEw¸��gëR 8 �ZÞÔ 6 �ZÞÔ 4 "

(69 )�Û ¤ZxÆ'Z'åX 0.471 ~¯cŠåXŠ*gzò�ZÞ»ziy−Zo( 12 �ZÞ) 6 −Zo(c 10 �ZÞ) 5 −Zo(c 8 �ZÞ) 4

Ñ¦�gëZzg−ZoH(Zå?−ZoÃ 14 −Zo»�gëâ…�X4|]/ñÆ·g� 12 Zk~ÌZ%sìX�áwÔâËÔU−Zo

?−Zo»ziy/ª�ÆZq�Zäcñ��{¤+6«ìXZkn/»ziyÌ−ZoZzg�gëÆ Ñ¦ŒÛZg�ï�ziy6ZWZ0ZiƒÇXYèZ/Ã(}-.¯äÆn¢[�,ÐÂƒ~�Ût(kYñÇXZk!g}�gëZzg�bgÅ¿@gõ¹¼C�}ÏX

pl¬Ðf!e°iä�âVÆjVÃôpÌHìXZzgZyÅ@gõÃÌ Z$¹Òð JbcWsZsx:XgzðÔ-*ãÔZkZãjVZzgZziZyÅïÌÅXÜs‡.ÞZO�o]øg}0kìXT6ëZKïÅã�gÄ

M�Xge÷;X)ZsòZebc( ™Æ�bgZzg�gëÅ¹ã:

�gëe0~»öåXtã�~îg6ZkZãöå��²[~ZEwƒ@åX�zgZsxÆZ’Zð�âVÐjwiâä ""

J‚‚ãZkZãöÅÜÆîg6ã�~-.åXZk»ziyZåX}¤Zx 4.15Ð4.11 = Æ�gë»ziy II Æz

¤ZxåX 3.18 ²[‚‚ã�gëŒÛã

;Rate of Exchange �gëZzg�bg»Ñbn�!�gë�zgtå~~~Ñbn�!åT6!¹Óx»1V»Z®gìXtÑbn�!’gó¤ 10 XZq�bgÆ$á

J¤¶Xg]~²[e0~Æ�gë¹Zëgì�Sîæ¹ÜÄZzggzkÔæ¹ 50É20, 15™YâJ²[�gëÅ{à®Z��gcÄƒðìZÖZzg�ÛZ÷~ 1100 YâÐ 780 -g\C}EcX!v»´‘�V6

Ì²[�gë×Á®Z�~0ñ‰�X)Zebc(7:10 ¸wª 20 �gëìZzgÎä» 200 Zk!g}~ÌÃðZ%s7�e0~»»[ "" ŒÛŸz~Åï

ÅÚÐXaè�zâVÆziyÅÚ¥xìZknW‚ã»Utì�Zy~ÐZqÅlZg9îg6¥xƒ

‡)E�Zzg Units ZÝ�ØZg~tì��gëz�bgÅgKZ»×V X YñÂ�zu}ÅlZgZip�¥xƒYñÏÔ�ÔnxÔgZðÆ�ZâV» Locust Beans iâyzkyÆZ%sÐZy~»°�Ûtì~äp�yz[Æ�Zä

m( 744, 343 X) p�‹tHìZy~(Z�Ût�ZzgTÅ¯6~Ë³67Ve�gëÅ¹ã:)Z1DÅi!ã(

�znÆ�gëikZEw¸X6ZqÎ�zZBÆ�gëZzg�zu}6Zäd~�gëgL�gëXZZsxWcÂZ4ªV~%z`¸XÎ�zZB�gëÐi2>ÅlZg~¶ƒC¶²Z¤�gZëÅdtÆ'Z'¯™�zÎ�gë6i2>�~YñÂâwÆâ´6ic�CƒC¶XAßÍVäe;�Zy�zßgÂVÆ�gxyÃðZ+òWñ�i2>Ì7g~Z�ZƒYñZzgßÍV»vyÌ:ƒ‚B„tßg]gÎwZv~åÅ)Hg{lZg»[z<(i2>Æ_.ÌƒX

Z6�gZëeJ%» ZkÐIßv�z�V~i2>Z�Z™D¸X(~�gZëÐ‘Í-CåGW{ZzggIVÐ‘Í-CåGW{X�ZÞågL»eg�ZÞXZz‰ïw™CÙZq»ziyb�ZÞ™ 8 ³xf™1ÂZrVä(}�gëÃÂw™�¬ÂZk»ziy

Zq�k�gë‚]¸wÆ XZk§bZy�gZë~ÐVßg'aZƒIX �cXQZyÃÂÑÂ7g}‚]¸wƒñ1iy�ñX�zu}gL(}�gëÆ�gxyZ�Zw��X�}t�gÎwZv~Åi2>Ð0<ÐZÐ7gZ

ZiZV�gZëÆtZziZygZòƒ‰ZzgZ#Öä.îg6ZÐJw X 7gZª.qÝ��:Zk~¶g�Zzg:��¤ZkÆziy~¼¶�ƒÂøñµ XZ ™1XZzgZk~ËÃZ%s7�7g}ziy»�gëb�ZÞ»ƒ@ì

¹YñÇ�Zk�gë»ziyÁcic�{ìXZk§bßvi2>ÅZ�Zð~Z:ZvZÏZÝ6!¹��<z@Zet~6~gFìXZkÐuñÌIzi7ƒñZk~Ën»—zµZzgZ£k7ìX

ZkÐIÌ�gë»ziyb�ZÞ„ƒ@åT»f™‰Zq�g~WcìX}Zr3üEE0nM|]ZñÐ Z1D:X" gÎwåZv~äegÎZÏ�gûV6|]ÃÒñ»ïbíÐ™ZcåXCÙ�gë»ziyb�ZÞå "X gzZe™D�

¢289Ð276 tziy`Wg;å�ˆ~6�ëäCcz{‚]¸w»™�cŠX)Â[ZÑñZwX� Z1D:�zx(

¤+Zzg−ZoÆZziZy~Z%s�ZigZùZEw™D�z{t�;X

¤+Zy�zâV»ziy�Æ�ZäÆziy6«åXziyÆZge÷t�X (i)¤Zx)ñ��{ZÚDÄ( 0.0648= ¤+ (ii)

( -ŠŒÛŸ�~ ) ¤Zx 0.0646= (iii)�»�Z:)�Ûicm( = ¤Zx .0650= (iv)

¤Zx)?·ÃXZziZyÑÜ( 0.054= (v)¤Zx .0531= ¤Zx�bgÐ¤+ 4.25 ¤†Z<Æ (vi)

¤Zx 0.568= ¤Zx�bgÐ¤+ 4.55 (vii)¤Zx 0.59= gzð�ZÞÐ¤+ (viii)

−Zo:X¤+ 4= −Zo =Carat(i)

¤ZxZÚDX 0.2592X

/ ¤ZxÔ?Ã 0.2187X¤ZxÔ-ŠŒÛŸ�~ 0.2586X

¤+ 8 = −Zo 2 = (Zq�ZÞ ii)/ ¤ZxZÚD .5184=

/ ?Ã .4374X¤Zx-ŠŒÛŸz~ .5172Xgzð)Þ[( 0.472/X

�Zyƒ»‹t™ÆZqieð0*ìX„CÙtÂÃW@ì1teìZzgt�gZ™x~ÆZg�á�ÆZkÅzztì�~äÓxZ%Ã]ZzggzZc]ÃZq( _.„ƒYì�Zv¬àÅ$!ãÐ=�WŠìX

¦™ÆZy~ÐZßwzZàgzZc]Ãe{™ÆQZyÃZEw™Æ�Ñb%A�ñ�X¤ZxåX 3.18 ²[‚‚ã�gëŒÛã Ü�;X

¤ZxáìX 3.185(7/10 x ¤Zx 4.55 ¤ZxÐ�gë»ziy) 4.55 ZÜzu~(–ì�!i$Œ4-öE

GG�bg

z{gzZc]XÃg^aÅã�¯cYYì|]/ñ»ZsòÓ#ÖÆn�geHg™* |]/ñ»i;X

¤ZxHgH 2.975 ƒÐ¬|]/ñä�gë»‡âãziy ;XgzZc]Æ_.Ô |]/ñ»�geHg™*¤ZxZzg�bg 2.975 �bgÆ'Z'¦g™ÆiÃ>ÃœgeHŠåXTÐ�gë 7 �gëÃ 10 åXZkziy6

¤ZxHgHåX) 2.95Ð2.91 |(~jVÅZ&b™Æ�gë»ziy 79 XÑ†Z<ä) ¤Zx»ƒŠå 4.25

"" ge÷;ñi*ÆjVÆ_.(X−ZoÆÎäÆ�bgÃ„œgeZC™i2>» 20 −Zo»�gëe0~ÔZzg 14 ZâxZ1�ä|]/ñÆ

»[HgHXZzgZÏÐ™qZzgæ'Zñig¦i2>ZEwGXª4}|]/ñÆ�gëZzg�bgÃ„œgeŒÛZg�ê−Zo�gëÃœgeâ…�X 12 ìX²�zu})´

(70 �Û� Zk!g}ZgzZc]�X) |]/ñä*�gëYV¯cX? whole ÐïwÆ7g}°� fractions |]/ñä�gëZzg�bgÆ�ZâVÃŸzV «gzZ]»‹t;X

−Zo»�gë¯cåXge÷Æn!¹�gûVÆÑbn�!Ð�ZâVÅ®Z� 14 ~ps™äÆn�* munbers

â™,;

¯äÅzztÒyÅYCì�Óx�gZëZzg�bgzVÆ�Æ�ZâVÅW:ÅÚå°�~ −Zo»±cÑ¦�gë 14

ñäã�~îg6 ~ƒC¶TÐ�[™*Âƒ@åZkn|]/ fractions 7ƒC¶ÉŸzVª¤+Æ�gë6ŒåZzgZkÆ)z~ 56 −ZoÆ 14 6�gëZzg�bg»ziyHg�Ûâcå�� Digit 7g}

ZkÅ,�pÆ ��XÆiÆnzzÓäêåX ¤+Æ�bgÆ'Z'áå'Z'åX 80 −ZoÆ 20

�gëZzg�bg»ZÞgfcÑbn�!ZqZzg�kåXZknZyÆ�Æ�ZâVÅ®Z�»�[Z, n�~Yg„ìX™D¸XtY'¢zg~ì@�ˆÆ�[�~WYNX

−Zo 12 = �ZÞ 6

Zq�gë�áw = −Zo 12 �ZÞc 6

¤+ 48 = 4x 12) Zq�gë�áw = ¤+ 48 c¤+ 480 = 10x ¤+�gë 48 = �gë 10

¤+ 480 = �bg 7 = �gë 10 aè¤+ 68.480 = ¤+ 480 x �bg 1 = Zkn�bgÆ�Zä

�bg 7

Zq�bgÆ�Zä =7 �bgÆ�Zä@ = �gë 10x �Æ�Zä = �gë ÃgñÑXZy�ZâVÃ‚]Ð�™,ÐÂ�bgÆ�ZâVÅ®Z� ª¬�k�gëÆ−ZoÆ�[Ð�Zä¥x™B

XnÅ,~�gëÆ�Zä7g~®Z�~�Zzg�bgÆŸ~�;X ¥xƒYñÏ�Zä 45 71/100=7@320= �gë 10 x 32 = −Zo 8 (i)

�Zä 57 14/10= 7@400= �gë 10 x 40= −Zo 10 (ii)

�Zä 68 57/100=@480= �gë 10 x 48= −Zo 12 (iii)

�Zä 80=7@560= �gë 10 x 56= −Zo 14 (iv)

�Zä 91 42/100=7@640= �gë 10 x 64= −Zo 16 (v)

�Zä 114 28/100=7@800= �gë 10 x 80= −Zo 20 (vi)

−ZoÆe0~Æ™�gëZzgZkÆ)z~ÎäÆ™�bgÐ�zâVjV»Zzgziy»�[g7g} 14

7g}�ZäƒäÅzzÐW‚y0ŠåXTÐ6Zäiâä~ZkÆ¹¯ZZ¸X�gëZzg�bgÆ |]/ñÅù]ZzgxZãÅ�»t1ZyVßVÐ�B�ZrVäZz6�Ø‰Z™Æ

Ñbn�!ÆnZ−ZoZzg�Æ�ZâVÅÂFKÃùZzgXW‚ãÐ9�Ûâ�cX¤+ÆZz‰�gë»�[�¶: 56 −Zoc 14 |]/ñÆ

¸w 7 = �gë 10

¸w 7 = ¤+ 560 = ¤+ 56 x �gë 10

−Zo 20 ¤+c 80 = ¤+ 560 = Zq¸w¸w 7

X(70 �Û� ) �zu~gzZetì; ""

−ZoÔŠZ 12 ¤+(�zuZ 80 −Zo) 20 |]/ÃgztñÆiâä~&nÆ�gëikZEw¸X»ziy−ZoÆ�gëÐi2>zßw™*e„ÂßÍVäCc�Zk§bßÍV6âà1ú(|YñÇX 10 −ZoÔ|]/ñä 10

W\W‚ygZ3Z(g™,Zk6|]/ñäô/Ðtg{™ÆZq*�gë¯c�ZyÐV»Zz‰åXª( ¤+ 56 −Zo) 14 = »Zz‰ 3 −Zo@ 42= −Zo 10+ −Zo 12+ −Zo 20 = |]/ñ»*�gë

�bg»Ñbn�!ZEwH 7 �gëÆ$á 10 Zk�gëÆ'Z'�bg¯äÆn

¤+e0~ 560 = ¤+°−Zo 4x −Zo 14x �gëe0~ 10

)�Ûm( ¤+Î* 560 = ¤+°−Zo 4x −Zo 20x ¸wÎ* 7=

u»g~cÑ¦Ñbn�!HgHŠ ªt�gëZzg�bg» ) ¸wÎ* 7 −ZoÆ 20Ô �gëÔÆ'Z' 10 −ZoÆ 14Æ e0~

~W�X whole numbers Æ7g}yÎVª fractions Zk§b�gëZzg�bgÆ¤+ÅlZgOñŸzV

¤+c�Æ�Zä‘�X 560 ª�zâVÆ�[~

~ƒD¸X|]/ñäßÍV fractions ‹tX¬ÆÓxge²V~W\â^™,�−ZoZzg�Æ�Zäwhole Ðïw™7g}Z°Z�c fractions ÅœªÆnÔ�gëZzg�bgÆjVÆ�Æ�ZâVÃŸc

|]/ñ»tê�gÑcxZyåTÅZyÆ0k ~™�cåXTÐ�[Â[¹W‚yƒŠåX numbers

ZvÅ�~ƒðZågK¶Yè�Zv¬àÔZkÆgÎw~ZzgZzàZZÑ%Æâ+»¬�cŠìXYèqÁz‰Ü„g¬cexecutive ÆYyÔâwÔ³]Å�«»f)�Zgƒ@ìXZkÆ0k‡ây‚i~ZzgZkÆÎfÅZågKc

~ƒD�Xz{gZñ�}M advisory capacity ƒCìX²fYc�Yc�zu}ZÝ^Üs powers

�1Wy~êxZy»„ƒ@ì�*ÇHYYìXtqª#ñgZ”+øw|]Z÷çztñJg„¶ZyÆˆ~�*Æç5]Ñc!��á{Æ0kg{

executive ‰Zzg�+Æç5]fYÆ0kXfYÅÜsgZñƒCì&:~ë�1ZkÆúÃð7ƒCXZknßvZKIÆfYZzg�YÐ)b»i7b™¿™D�ZzgCÙZqZLÃÌ9â}ì power

Zzg�zu}�YÃÌXTzzÐ„CÙZqÅgZ�]Zƒ�XW`ÀÆâjw~Q¢zg]ì�Óxëz~Å‡ây‚i~0g�Æfg=ÅYñZzgZyÃ±‡ây~ps™ÆÃZKZågKÐ*Ç™}°±Cw6ZsòÂxZ(g™YìX

±CwÅ(Ïzu]Ì7g}²[ÆzZuxZy|]/ñÅ�4Z0Zi~Ðe�eåXzg:ZsxÐ¬

ŠìT»´`W·eƒŠì 7g}²[~*gZ`cîZZÅ)ÒðÅ¶X¸qw�+Zzg�*ÅeÏÐƒ 7g}

ZzgZsòÂxÅeZ&Ìt_c™Cì��´Z©xÌÃZKZågKÐ*Ç™}zg:ZsòÂx*Ç7HYnÇ

ƒÐ¬|]/ñä�gë»‡âãziy �gë»ziyÑ¦ŒÛZg�cŠåXT»ziy 14 |]/ñ» }ò;X�bgÆ'Z'¦g™ÆiÃ>Ã�geH�åXTÐ 7 �gëÃ 1 0 ¤ZxHgHåXZkziy6 2 . 9 7 5

¤Zx»��åXëZkeðÃ9¦g™ÆZk»ñZi:�zu}ZziZyÐ™, 4.25 ¤ZxZzg�bg 2.975 �gë|]/Ãgztñ»Zz‰�gë'Zñ»[i2>Ô�gZ™åx~ÆˆÅæ]~Ðªêì (X i) }ò: ÐX

�Óx·gô/Z™ZxÅñ��Ïztg{Ðð0cåXZÏn4}äZÐ„œge¯cåX14 −Zo»�gë�zgt~~ñ��åX² 12 �zgt~»Ñ¦�gëÄ−Zo»åXZq�g~}�g`7X1 (X ii)

�gëÃ 14 �gë„ÃÑ¦�gëâ'ƒÇ:� 12 �gëG7åXZknZ¤ëäW`*ê™*ƒÂQ��4�gë»−Zo~ziy(kìXi2>�y{61úÁƒY@ì²ÝÆnvy�{ƒY@ì (X iii)

−ZoÐ 20 ¤ZxZzg 728 −ZoÐ 14 ¤Zxe0~ƒÏ�{i2>�}Ç² 520 −ZoÆ�gëÐXÆ0k 10}¤ZxJe0~»â´i2>Ð!h4o-ö

GIEWƒÇi2>7�}ÇX 1040

"»Zßw‚tgOXZzgW‚ã»ZßwÌXÂic�{−Zo�Zá�gëÐ�zâV£œiƒYD�X (X iv)−Zo»�gë»[Hg™äÆn4+ZN[ìX 14 ZkÒpÐÌ|]/ñ»

¤ZxÎäÐ 103 ¤ZxÎäÅOñ 85 Zk�[Ðñ��{Îä»»[Ì×W‚yƒYñÇZzg (X v)ÑzqƒÇX

−ZoÃËzzÐ»[:â*YñÂQ4�ÅgZñ�CÙàÆßvZL�gZëÆ_.:~�,Zzg 14 ¤ZkÔ Z (X vi)çn™,X4ZN[ƒÇX��ZLoc´ºÆçÙÔâàqÑ]Æ�4+êƒÇXªW`ÀßvZÚD

−ZoÎ*Z-Î*ìÂQÓx�[Â['Zñ»[6ZÚD 24 ¤+ÐÎäe0~Åyhz�Ûz|™D�¤+Ð™,XÂñ��{iâä~t4+iƒÇX

aè�gëÆziy6„×~»»[ìXZk§big¦aZzZg»�[ÎäÆnÌgëÅ-.ZEwƒC (X vii

ZzµÆ'Z'ZknT´‘~�gëÆn�ziyZEwHYñX 12 �gëÆziyÆ'Z'ƒ@ìXc 480 ì��ZkziyÐig¦aZzZg»Ì�[HYñXZkÅ,ig¦»[Æ![~WñÇX

¤Zx»�bg 4.25 ¤Zx;XZzg†Z<» 4.55 gzð�bg|â{~(~Ñ†Z< 691 |â) 79 ¤ZxåX² 4.55 ge÷;X)qÑèZsòZebc~–ì�gzð�bg

»Z0Zi{ñi*~ôp�bgzVZzg Accuracy ¤Zx™�cXZkziyÅ 4.25 äZsò�bgeJáX»ziyÁ™ÆZ$¹Òð JbcÆ_.ziyÆ�gë»ziy |âÆ�X 200 |âZzg 100 ZyÆgLjVÐHY@ì��

¤ZxÆ�bgÆ'Z'�gë»ziyì��™»�gëì:�ziy» 4.55 ¤ZxìXt�gZÝ 3.184

�gëX�g¸ì�YqZzg�zgZsx~�bg~Ãðp~7WðZzgZkZ%6Z·tì�ZyZziZyÆÝ�6Z·tì�g¸ì�YqZzg�zgZsx~�bg~Ãðp~7WðZzgZkZ%6Z·tì�ZyZziZyÆÝ�6Z·tì

|â{~(~Ñ†Z<äZsò 691 |â) 79 ¤ZxåX² 4.55 qÑèZsòZebc~–ì�gzð�bg X)»Z0Zi{ñi*~ôp�bgzVZzgZyÆ Accuracy ¤Zx™�cXZkziyÅ 4.25 �bgeJáX»ziyÁ™Æ

XtziyÅ¶ZknÅ¶@��áò²[Æ−Zo»ziy |âÆ� 200 |âZzg 100 gLjVÐHY@ì��−Zot 22 −Zoc 21 7/8 (} Terms ¤ZxÆ'Z'™�cYñ@��bgÆ�[Â[~Z+ÂÑg) 0.2125

��²[ZsxÐ¬Æiâä~ZEw™D¸Yyg^YñXX¸w»ziyCcY@åX Fraction ZqŸ¤Zx»œgea¶œ~ó~ 4.25 ¤ZxÆ�[Ðå1�gZÝŠg}ÁåX�bg»ziy 4.37 t�gZÝÝ�zV~

|âÆˆ{Ø 79 J‡ìåXZkÆZkÆziy~Zzg{Øƒä~p´VWãÑzqƒNXµZðÆ�zg~�bgÔ 1/2 �åX��´„kÆ�zg~Ìg;X�bgziyÐ¸å:�7ÐX 98Ð96 Îä»£g

¤ZxziyÆn�zu~œ~ó~J−Qt 1.41 ¤ZxZzg 2.12 �bgÆnÑàZ�ÛiÔÜ~ 1/4 �bgÔ 1/3

ZzgZkÆZkÆY6VZzgîZZÅ)ÒðÅÆ�zg~ÌX III Ã�zgÜÄ~Z~Ì−ZzgÜ~†Z°Ý)ZsòZebc(

¤Zx¢îg6ã�XZyÐë�gë»ziy 4.25 , ¤Zx 4.55 ‹t;XXøg}0k�bgÆ¸�zziyªïwM��Zkiâä~�gë»HziyåXZk»�[-VáìX

gzð�bg��zgt~~Ù¸XZy»‹t¤Zx 4.55= �bg (i)

¤Zx 0.2275= ¤Zx 4.55/ −Zo 20= −Zo¤Zx 0.56875=0.2275/4= ¤+

¤Zx�gë 3.185 = 7 x ¤Zx 4.55 = ¤Zx 3.184 �gë»ziy

¤Zx�gë 3.185 = �bgÐ�gë»ziy 4.55

¤Zx 4.25= �bg �zuZ

¤Zx 0.2125= ¤Zx 4.25/ −Zo 20= −Zo¤Zx 0.53125=0.2125/4= ¤+

¤Zx�gë 2.975 = 7 x ¤Zx 4.25 = �gë»ziy

¤Zx�gë 2.975 = ¤ZxÐ�gë»ziy 4.25

?·Ã™rÅïXZziZyÑÜ¬~yz*y0Îy~fY™ZxÅßÀ�ÆziyÅïZzgZk6F‚hñ‚]ÂáÎä»»[Zzg

‚hñ!zyÂáe0~Æ»[»�[7™@ƒVXXtã�~îg6gkgeZzgg^aZzgñZiäÆnìXZkÐ»°!]�~WYñÏXZkÐ²[~Z%sgZñÃ'W‚yƒYñÇX

?·Ã™rÅg^a ![ge÷ÔjZ!Y]XâZic 2005 Z�Zg>Zšgs™ZcX ?·Ã™r: ge÷Â[:ZziZyèÑÜ: X2

¤+Ô−ZoZzg�gëÆziyÅã�„ÓxZ%sÅzzì»[ )1(

ñÑ*†ZÄAö©~»»[ %zz4»[¤Â!‚hñ0õâ˜ XXXXXXXXXXX !zyÂábâ˜ = Xe0~»»[ i

â˜( 5 1/2 Â!X 36) ÂáXbâ˜( 52)0õÂáZhJðâ˜ XXXXXXXXXXX ‚]Â!bâ˜ = XÎä»»[ ii

â˜( 2 1/2 ÂáX 5) ÂáXbâ˜( 7)Zq§Gg{Â! Â!Æ§Ð7ä�z§XXXXXXX 80 = XÛ™q iii

Â!( 15 §X 1) §( 1 3/4)Ù7( 6§2 §) 2 3/8 XXXX §( 3 1/2 ‚hñ&§) = X™q iv

æ( 1/2 Ûæ) = gëó[æ �( 5 0õ�) = −Zo )[(Z*g( 20 äZ*g) = gëó[Z*g �( 70 ,�) = �gë

�gë( 6 1/2 ‚hñb�gë) = Z*gó[�gë �( 100 Î�) = ¸w¸w( 4 1/2 ‚hñegw) = Z*gó[¸w bgZðÆ�Zä = &ezw = Zq�

(�gë 1040 ZqDÙZge:) = ™qó[�gë �z�Z:gZð)y�w( = Zqezw(¸w 720 ‚]Îä) = ™qó[¸w gë8= ™q�Z�~

egæ = ™qó[æ �gë 130= gëó[�gë

Z*g (160) ZqÎ‚J = ™qó[Z*g �gë 90= gëó[¸w�gë 260=ð

¸w 180 = �zgë =æ(11�1) �Æ�Zä)ZIsg( 100= −Zo 20= �bg )`(

�Æ�Zä 96= �bg)ZIª¥(âe0~ 7 1/2 Â! 2= �k�gë = úg]Æ$ÅÁÐÁlZg

�gë 480 �gëc 500= $Ã(13Ô12 )� �Æ�Zä 70= −Zo 4= �gë

Z1D( = −Zo 12 = �ZÞ 6= gë)�gë 5 1/3 = ™qsi~ )�(gë1 1/3 = æ

%sÅã�~zz�Æ�ZâVÆziy~ì�tìX Z )g(ñÑ*†ZÄAö �-È~

gC 1 1/2 â˜ 2 = gC 1 1/5 â˜ 3 = �70

(17 )� gC 1 â˜ 3 = â˜ 4 1/2=�100

gC 28,27,26,25=�70 = �/™äÐziy )k(gC 41,40,39,38,36=�100

gC(² 25 �&âZqgC) 70 gC†ª�gëc 36=�100 gCZzg 25=�70 Qá‰�n‰Âtz�ziyì�/gfYyäHg�ÛâcìX �(7g}‚hñegâ»ìX 100 ¸w)

gC 1 4/5= Zq/)gC(Zzg/Æ0v,�V~Ðeg{� = ëz~×�tÆ_.:�gë )l(gC 96= �gëZzgägCZzg�zâgC»ƒŠXYèÂ! 3= Â!

(2 2 )m Â! 7 1/2= Â!ZzgÎä»»[ 52 1/2= Zkne0~»»[â|~lÐ�gëÑ¦Ô�bgÔæÔ™qÆRzxeäyz*yÑ™ 694 �·îZ−+Z'Z�0�ZvMãä )m(

24, 23 )� ´w~ZyÃziyHZzgôp™Z�cXZyÆ_.

gZòZß‰ÜZziZyÆ_.u%û:ñÑ*·ZÑsŒÛ7'»â^;X~äZziZyÑÜÆeg^~ZÚD¤+ZzgŒÛŸz~Æ¤+ÐÌ�[ñZi:Æn�}�c

ìX@�ÃFiK~W‚ãƒ-ŠŒÛŸ�~ ñ��{ZÚD Z(g~Âx ziy0ÎãÂx e:²! �Ñg

−Zo 14 B¤Zx 55.42

−Zo( 12 B¤Zx)ZÚD 64.6

B¤Zx 64.8 B¤Zx 54.67 gC 0.45 ¤+X/ 1

−Zo 14 B¤Zx 2217

−Zo 12 ¤Zx 258,66

B¤Zx 259.2 B¤Zx 218.7 gC 1.8 −Zo 2

�ZÞ( 7 B¤Zx) 443.42 B¤Zx 518.4 B¤Zx 437.4 gC 3.6 −Zo( 2 �ZÞ) 3

3.104 ¤Zx 3.6288 ¤Zx 3.0618 gC 25.2 −Zo( 14 �gë) 4

¤Zx 5.184 ¤Zx 4.374 â˜ 4.5 −Zo( 20 �bg) / ¸w 5

¤Zx 403. ¤Zx 471.744 ¤Zx 398.034 Â!el|â˜ 34 �gë( 130 gë�Z�~) 6

¤Zx 943.488 ¤Zx 796.068 Ù7 13.65 gë( 2 æcð) 7

¤Zx 145.152 ¤Zx 122.472 Â! 10.5 �gë( 40 Zz¢4pî GG) 8

³ 2.176 ³¤Zx 3.773 ³¤Zx 3.184272 Â! 273 �gë 1040 ™q 9

³¤Zx 1.886 ³¤Zx 1.592 Â! 136.5 �gë 520 Û™q 10

¤Zx 595 ¤Zx 725.76 ¤Zx 612.36 Â! 52.5 �gë 200 e0~»»[ 11

¤Zx 85 ¤Zx 103.68 ¤Zx 87.48 Â! 7.5 �bg 140 Îä»»[ 12

¤Zxe0~ 36.28 ¤Zxe0~ 30.618 âe0~ 31.5 $ÅÁÐÁg¶ 13

³e0~ 1.813 ³e0~ 1.53 Â!e0~ 131.25 �gë 500 $Ã 14

³e0~ 36.287 ³e0~ 30.618 Â!e0~ 2625 �eÅg¶ 15

³ 652 ³¤Zx 1131.9 ³¤Zx 955 §1023.75 ™q 300 ig¦»[ 16

B¤Zx 54.67 = Ü�;X¤+¤Zx 3.0618 = −Zo�gë 14

1.875= B¤ZxZqgC 64.8 = ¤Zxc¤+ 0.0648= ZÚD¤+ â^:¤Zx 180 = ¤+;ZqÂ! 15= Zqâ˜ ¤+ 15.43= ¤Zx ;;

Âá»Zq¤Zx( 0.857 ¤Zx»ZqÂ!;Zzg 1.178/1.165 ¤+XZzg 1543.2= ¤Zx 100)

?gæZ£™r»�gë�bg»ziyge÷;XZ�Z2z~X?gæZ£ÔYegæXZ�ZZ!�Ô™ZcX

−Zow 20= ¤Zx 4.7874= ¸w»ziy = �»ziy 100

gC 27.581= ¤Zx 3.512 =7<(10 ¤Zx@ 4.7874)= Zkn�gë»ziygC 1.9704= ¤Zx 0.2395= (20 ¤Zxw@ 4.787)= Zkn−Zo

"Text book of quantitive inorganic analysis including elementary anstrumental analsis,by

gCXZkÐ¤+» 2.132 B¤Zxìª 259.2 ¤+»ziy 4 Æ_. arthur i doogle ,lodon page 1164

"»390 gæ ¤Zxáì 0.0648 ziyB¤Zx 243= ¤Zx 0.243= gC 2= Zziy;°ZqÃ~X−Zo

¤Zx 3.402= â˜ 3.5= �gë¤Zx 0.0607 = ¤Zx¤+ 0.243 = −Zo

¤Zx 3.402 = −Zo�gë»ziy 14

¤Zx 4.860= â˜ 5= ¸w¤Zx 622- −ZoÐe0~»»[ 12 ¤Zx 680.388= Â! 58.333= »[bce0~

¤Zx 88.85= Îä»»[ −ZoÐ 12 ¤Zx 97.198= Â! 8.333= »[f<ØcÎ*''415 ³¤ZxXgæ� 1.769= Â! 151.666= Û™q

Z[J−ZoÆ�ziyZge²V~Wñ„z{t�;X "'

gC 1.8750 gCO:Å’k 1.800 ëz~×�tgC 1.9704 gCAw§gR~ 1.9350 Z'Z�Mã

""390 gCXXgæm 2.1320 gCôm~Â[ 2.0125 ?ÃConversion rates

1 mithqal = 4.235 grams

1 dinar = 1 mithqal = 4.235 grams

1 dirham (non-Hanafis) = 7/10 mithqal = 2.9645 grams

1 dirham (Hanafis) = 3.125 grams

-ŠŒÛŸz~Æge÷ZziZyÆ}ò;X-ŠŒÛŸ�~äeZË.ÔóR~ÚTyÔ‡CÙ{ÅïÆ_.Ñ¦�gë»-VÒyHì: ŒÛŸz~»ªge÷

�Æ_.�gë −ZoÆ¸X 20 −ZoÔ 16 −ZoÔ ,14 −Zo 12 −ZoÔ 10 −ZoÔ 8 Zk§bZ�gZëÔ " "

yz[Æ�ZäXZkÒpÐ�gëyz[ÆÎ!�ZâVÆ'Z' 2 2/3= ZzgZq�ZÞ �ZÞ»ì 6 −Zo»ì�� 12 Ñ¦(344 ƒZ)m

¤Zxá 3.104 = 0.194 < 16 ¤ZxáìZzgZk�[ÐZÜgë 0.194 yz[Æ�Zä»ziy344 ìXm

¤ZxgNì1ZkË~tZW 0.016 ZkÆptƒñ�Ñ¦�gë%z`�gëÆŒÛdŒÛdìªZkÐ‹tXZ¤ 344 aZƒCì��gë»b�ZÞZzgÎ!−Zoziy.7ì+p�−ZoÆziy~ÌZ%sìXm

3.0618 ¤ZxáìX?Ã™r»�gë 3.088 ¤Zxt™äÐ 0.016 ìÂQÑ¦�gë 3.104 %z`�gëìXª�zâVŒÛd�X

-ŠŒÛŸ�~Æ_.9§iZ[-Vg{�ì�ñi*~ôp�Z<Æ�bgÆ ŒÛŸz~»�zuZge÷;X|â{~(~Ñ†Z<äZsò�bg 691 |â) 79 X² "" ¤ZxÃã�¯™�gë»ziy¥xHYñþ 4.25 ziy

348 ¤Zx™�cŠåXtnñi*~ôp�X 4.25 eJáX»ziyÁ™Æ348 �Zä(ìm 66 ¤Zx) 4,25 ¾qw�bg»ziy

85 Îä»»[ ¤ZxƒÇX 595 = �gë 200 ¤Zx°�gë< 2.975 ¾n]hziyÆ_.e0~»»[349 ¤ZxƒÇXm

346 ¤ZxÆz{MZÑEwåm 3.12 ZIguë��T�gë»ziy¤ZxåX 4.55 XZÜzu~(–ì�!i$Œ4-ö

EGG�bg��zgt~~ÙåXZk»ziy "" ;X ŒÛŸz~»ŠZge÷

(345 gZðÆ�Zä) 6000= (�bg ii gZðÆ�Zä) 4200= (�gë i ;XHm~Æ_.) ŒÛŸz~»aåge÷Z,4ì�Ý�Æ�gëz¸wÆ´z{Ì�vZlxÆ�gëz¸wƒZ™D¸X "" ;X ŒÛŸz~»0vZVge÷

Ú(Æ´z{¸ZzgZsò�V~Ù 10;7 OçHm~äæ!ÐÜHìX�ziyÆ�gëÝ�Æ�gë)ä�ì�×~ZzgziyÆ�gëe{¸X�gëÔ�gëV»Zq Zimbawar ¸XZebcWsZsx~iIzg

P�te:CÙ(VZì1W` ¤Zx»�@ìZzgtziy�gsnÆziyÐZìXCÙ 3.184 ziyì��(346 Ì‹gZzg«gZkziyÃZEw™D�)m

‹bZk "" ;X-ŠŒÛŸ�~äeZË.ÔóR~ÚTyÔ‡CÙ{ÅïÆ_.Ñ¦�gë»-VÒyHì: ¬ge÷»‹t

−ZoÆ¸X 20 −ZoÔ 16 −ZoÔ ,14 −Zo 12 −ZoÔ 10 −ZoÔ 8 §bZ�gZëÔyz[Æ�ZäX 2 2/3= ZzgZq�ZÞ �ZÞ»ì 6 −Zo»ì�� 12 �Æ_.�gëÑ¦¤Zx 0.194 = yz[Æ�Zä»ziyyz[Æ�Zä 2 2/3 = Zq�ZÞ

yz[Æ�Zä 2 2/3 x 6 = �ZÞ 6 = −ZoÆZq�gë»ziy 12

yz[Æ�Zä 16 = 8/3 x 6 =

¤Zx°�gë 3.104= ¤Zx 0.194 x yz[Æ�Zä 16 = yz[Æ�ZâV»ziy 16 = �gë»ziy −ZoÆ 12

¤Zx 0.2592 = 12 ¤Zx�gë@ 3.104 = Zkn−Zo»ziy¤Zx 0.0648 = 4 ¤Zx@ 0.2592 = Zkn¤+»ziy

¤Zx�bgáì 4.43 −ZoÎäÆ�bg»ziy 20 ¤Zx�gëÐ 3.104] Traditionally, 1carat (the mass of a carob seed) equaled the weight of 3 barley grains or 4

wheat grains.

¤ZxáìXZk�[ÐÌ 3.12 ¤Zx°−ZoÐ 0.26 −ZoÆ�gë»ziy 12 )¤+Æ�[Ð( (��*ecX 10/7 x 3.104 ¤Zx) 4.43 �bgÃ

-ŠŒÛŸ�~Æ_.9§iZ[-Vg{�ì�ñi*~ôp�Z< ŒÛŸz~Æ�zu}ge÷»�t;X|â{~(~Ñ†Z<ä 691 |â) 79 X² "" ¤ZxÃã�¯™�gë»ziy¥xHYñþ 4.25 Æ�bgÆziy

¤Zx™�cŠåXtnñi*~ôo�X 4.25 Zsò�bgeJáX»ziyÁ™Æ(348 ¤ZxHgHå;�Z<0%zZyäÌ‡ìg3X)m 2.975 ¸�ƒÐ¬|]/ñ�gë»‡âãziy

‹ttìX�Zäc¤+( 66) ¤Zx 4.25 = �bg

ÅÚZEw™Æ�gë»ziy 10:7 ¤Zx)�bg�gëÅ 2.975 =7/10 x 4.25= Zkn�gë

¥xHì(C

¤Zx°−Zo 0.2125 = ¤Zx 4.25 = ¤ZxÐ−Zo»ziy 4.25 −Zo�bgÔziã 20

−Zo 20

¤Zx°¤+ 0.0531 = 4 ¤Zx°−Zo@ 0.2125 = Zk�[Ð¤+»ziytƒÇZk¤+Zzg−ZoÆziy»|]/ñÆ�gëÐñZi:táì

−Zo 14 = ¤Zx 2.975= ¤Zx°−ZoÐ�gë .02125 ¤Zx�gëZzg 2.975 |]/ñÆ¤Zx°−Zo .2125

™D�XZk»Ètì�� tally �Z<»�bgZzg|]/ñÆ�bgZzg�gëÆziy �tZzg}ò;XZÅ)ëä|]/ñÆ·geÆ_.�ZLneJá¸XtZ[ge÷ÆnZEw™M�

Zk�[Ð»[-V¶ÇX¤Zx 595 = ¤Zx°�gë 2.975 x �gë 200 = |]/ñÆ�gëÐe0~»»[

""(349 ¤Zx)m 85 = ¤Zx°�bg 4.25 x �bg 20 = Îä»»[ Zkn¤Zx 85 = 10 x ¤Zx 595 = ‚]Zzg�kÅÚÐÌÎä»»[

�t;Xt�zâV[�gZÝ�áw»[‘�²0Îã4»[��Wge¼~�c�ìz{t�X

( ¤Zx)Ó#Ö0Îy 612.32= �gë 200= e0~»»[ZknZk�[Ð�gë»ziytƒ*e’

¤Zx»ìX( 2.975 ¤Zx)²|]/ñ»�gë 3.0616= �gë 200@ ¤Zx 612.32 = 4�gëZkngzZc]~}¥(ìc0Îãe0~»»[9îg6�[7H�ìX

¤Zx 0.2186=14@3.0616= −Zo 14 = 4−Zo−Zo»ziytƒ*e’ ZknZk�gëÐ¤Zx 0.05467=4 ¤Zx@ 0.2186= Zkn−ZoÆZkziyÐ¤+»ziytƒ*e’

¤ZxÆziy»�gëZLZziZyÆnZEw™* 3.0616 Zk»Ètì�0Îy~�Zy~ÐÜs¤Zx 2.975 e’:�

¤ZxÆ�bgÆ'Z'�gë» 4.55 ¤ZxìXt�gZÝ 3.184 1Z$¹Òð JbcÆ_.ziyÆ�gë»ziyziyìX

X �g¸ì�YqZzg�zgZsx~�bg~Ãðp~7WðZzgZkZ%6Z·tì�ZyZziZyÆÝ�6Z·tìXZÜzu~(–ì�!i$Œ4-ö

EGG�bg��zgt~~ÙåXZk»ziy "" ;X ŒÛŸz~ÆŠ}ge÷»‹t

¤ZxåX 4.55

¤ZxáìX 3.185(7/10 x ¤Zx 4.55 ZkÐ�gë»ziy)¤Zx°−ZoáìX 0.2275 = −Zo 20 @ ¤Zx 4.55 Zzg−Zo»ziy)

B¤ZxáìX 56.25 ¤Zxc 0.05625 Zzg¤+»ziyZk§bÑ¦�gëZzg~�gë ¤Zx»�gëÔZ[~�gë»ziyìX 3.185 Zk�[Ð "

1fY»Zk~ÌZ%sìX‰Æ4�qÑ¦�gë%z`�gëÐ(ZìX�zu}Z X ¤Zx»�Ûtáì 0.016~¤ZxHgHå;�Z<0%zZyäÌ 2.975 ÐgNCD�X¸�ƒÐ¬|]/ñ�gë»‡âãziy

(348 ‡ìg3X)mgZðÆ�Zä 6000= (�bg ii gZðÆ�Zä) 4200= (�gë i ;XHm~Æ_.) ŒÛŸz~»aåge÷

= ²W`À»~gë (X iv X) �Z�~�gëÆ'Z'å 128 4/7 ^~�gëZzg 144 Z4Ðgë»ziyáå� (X iii)(345 )m ¤Zx 3.12= �gëZzg�gë 144

�bgZzg�gëÅÚ»‹t (X v)ÅÚ 1:1.428 = gZðÆ�Zä 4200 = gZðÆ�Zä 6000

1.428 = ¤Zx 2.975 �gë = ¤Zx 4.25 �bg1.428 = ¤Zx 3.185 �gë = ¤Zx 4.55 �bg

ÅÚ�Ât�zâVziy9‘�XZ[Zy�zâV�bgzV~Ãy‚ 1.428 ªZ¤�bgZzg�gë~�zgt~~ÙåX?c�zâV¸X?Zk»Äi™äÅ¢zg]ìX

Z,4ì�Ý�Æ�gëzwÆ´z{Ì�vZlxÆ�gëzwƒZ™D "" ;X ŒÛŸz~»0vZVge÷Ú(Æ´z{¸ZzgZsò�V~ 10;7 ziyÆ�gëÝ�Æ�gë) OçHm~äæ!ÐÜHìX� ¸X

X�gëÔ�gë �×~ZzgziyÆ�gëe{¸ ä�ì Zimbawar XZebcWsZsx~iIzg Ù¸¤Zx»�@ìZzgtziy�gsnÆziyÐZìXCÙP�te:CÙ(V 3.184 V»Zqziyì��

¤Zx�bg( 4.55= ¤Zx�gë 3.184 ()': 346 )m Zì1W`Ì�gZzg«gZkziyÃZEw™D�kge÷ÐtØ^�ì�™Æ�bg»ziyZzgziyÆ!^»ziyZåXZk!]Ã9ây Z -1 ‹t;X�

¤Zx 2.975 ¤Zx»�bg™»�gëáìTÐ|]/ñ»�gë 4.25 BÂZy�zâV~ÐgzZeÆ_.¤Zx»ziy»!^åXZk³Ãë�g„ây™!¹gzZc]ÃZkeäÐs™, 4.55 ÇáìX²�zuZ�bg

XÐz,ÌëziyÅOñ™»tziyZEw™,ÐYè�gëZzg�bgÅZqZzg�kÅ©Üs™~¶:�ziyÆ�gë~XZkntÌÃFê��™Æ�gë�Çt~~�g�Ô

aè�gëz{ã�~-.ìT6Îäe0~Zzgig¦»[Åã�ìXZknZk»ê -2�e÷Â[:ÑYZh#;Wsi2>@�ÛX!Xe~Xicm:z i2>ÆÂx~ã�~ZÌ»qïìXg Decision

:ZÄCåEh{6ì6ö�wX�áx 1960 Zzw:Îäe0~Å]yh�zgt~~~'Z'¶Zkn�¼�¬�ÑbÐtZ%U"ì�Çt] -3�

btZzg�eÐ0gzZc] , �gëÆ'Z'¶Zzgt!]i2>Ôag~Åu 10 ZzgÇ#ñgZæ+~Zq�bgÅ7(351 ÐU"ìXt!]Z~Z`°Z−z!Z?ð~�g`ìX)m

¾n¢zg~ì�Ý�»»[i2>Zq�ZzgÎäZzge0~ÅZq7�XZ¤pZy»¬ïZ� -4�(351 )m

ñ��{4Zzg�áw»1V»‹tZzg}ò~ä0ÎãiÃ>Wge¼ZzgŒÛŸz~Æ�áwÎäe0~Æ»1V»‹t™ÆZyÐz{ZziZyZ~

G�X6ZyÅã�ìXZyÐ(}ª]Z0}òä�XÅ¯6øg}nÃF�™äW‚yƒYNÐX¤Zx 612.32= e0~4»»[ 1 â^:

¤Zx 3.0616= �gë 200 ¤Zx@ 612.32= 4�gë −Zo 14 = aè4�gë

B¤Zx 218,6= ¤Zx 0.2186=14 ¤Zx@ 3.0616= Zkn4Zq−Zo»ziyB¤Zx 54,67= ¤Zx 0.05467=4 ¤Zx@ 0.2186= Zkn4Zq¤+»ziy−ZoÆ'Z'¦g™Æây1YñÂ 12 −ZoÅOñ 14 „g3YñX1ZÐ ¤Zx 3.0616 Z¤4�gë»ziy

ZkÐ−Zo»ziyZzg¤+»ziyïÑYñÂtƒÇ¤Zx 0.25513=12 ¤Zx@ 3.0616= −Zo�gëÐ−Zo»ziy 12 ¦ZgZC4

B¤Zx¶ÇX 63.78 ¤Zxc 0.6378=4@0.25513= ¤+à¤Zxìª�zâVŒÛâ'Z'‘�X 64.8 ²ZÚD¤+

¤Zx 85= ¤Zx»[Î*�áw 87.48 = »[Î*4 X2

¤Zx 595= �áwe0~»»[ X3

¤Zx 2.975= �gë 200 ¤Zx@ 595= �áw�gë»ziy)tziy|]/ñÆ™Æ�gëÆ'Z'ìXZk»Ètì��áw}~|]/ñ»�gëÆziyÃ„»[

ÆçÆnZEwHŠì²4ßÍVätZEw7HìX(B¤Zx 247.9 = −Zo 12 ¤Zx@ 2.975= �áw−Zo

B¤Zx 61,9= ¤Zx .0619 = 4 B¤Zx@ 247.9= �áw¤+

B55.125 B¤ZxZzgZkÃegÐ�™,Â¤+ 212,5 = −Zo/ñ 14 ¤Zx�gë@ 2.975= ²gzZî4−Zo )¤ZxáìX(Zy�zâV~§�ìXTÃs™äÅ¢zg]ìX

XZk B¤Zx 259,2= ¤Zx 0.2592= B¤ZxXZÚD−Zo 64,8 = ¤Zx 0.0648= ZÚD¤+ X4

XZkÐe0~ ¤Zx 3.1104=12 x 0.2592= −Zo�gë 12 ZÚD ÐZ¤ë!g{−Zo»�gë¯NÂt¶ÇX

−Zo�gë4 12 ¤Zxic�{ìXªZÚD¤+Zzg 10 ¤ZxáìX��ñ��{4[ÐÜs 622.08 »»[»[ÆÐ'Z'áì¸ZÝiòWcìX

−Zo» 12 Zz6Æ‹tÐt9³ïÑYYìX��zgt~~å~ÌÎäe0~Æ»[Æ�[Æn X5

�gë„kY@åXZzgZkn�zgt~~å»¤+Ì�gZÝZÚD¤+ÆŒÛdF+åX�ÛtÜståX

B¤Zx 10,2= B¤Zx 54,67- B¤Zx 64.8= (ZÚDZzg4¤+~�Ût i)B¤ZxXt£Š©à�ÛtìX 2.9= B¤Zx 61,9- B¤Zx 64.8= ZÚDZzg�áw¤+~�Ût ii)

−Zo»�gëZzgZÚD¤+��[Â[ÆÉ4/õ JG9Ñ¦ã��ÛZë 12 Zknøg}n X³;X 6

™YìXZzgZÐ��ge¯¢e34/õ XJGX−ZoÆñ��{�[ÆŒÛdF+�Y@ìXti6c~�B 14 �g�ÐziyÔ4 XZk

¤Zx 3.0616= �gë 200 ¤Zx@ 612.32= 4�gë Ü�;X

âegyïÐZziZyÆéXge÷ZÚ,¤Zxáì 4.45 ¤ZxÐ 4.25 �bg»ziy

¤ZxáìX 3.15 ¤ZxÐ 2.975 TÐ�gë»ziy Modern determinations of weight range from 4.25 grams to 4.45 grams of gold, with the silver

Dirham being created to the weight ratio of 7:10, yielding coins from 2.975 to 3.15 grams of

pure silve--The Islamic Dinar is a specific weight of 22k gold equivalent to 4.25 grams. The

Islamic dirham is a specific weight of pure silver equivalent to 2.975 grams ( 0.1049 oz) or 3.1

grams (0.11 oz).

¤ZxìXZk 3.11 ¤ZxJkY@ìX²ZÚD�gë 2.975 ¤ZxÐ 3.13 ñ��{�zg~�gë»ziyn÷}ìw~ZkÐ4ÃðZzgi7òYìX�ëZÚD¤+Ã�Ñ¦¤+âyBX

−Zo 24 −Zo�{ØÎ*kY@åZzgW`Ì 24 tì��zgt~~~ winning point ;XZkÆn ³Î*�{ØÎ*ìXZknW`»¤+Ì�zgt~~Æ¤+Æ'Z'�åXZknøg}0kZÚD¤+ÃÑ¦¤+¦g™ä}ÃðZzg�?âú70$ËX

5.äÎäÆ�bgZzge0~Æ�gëÅ™¯�~ìZyÆZziZyt�World Islamic MInt - Islamic Dinar & Dirham 1.

The Islamic Dinar is a specific weight of 22k gold equivalent to 4.25 grams. The Islamic dirham

is a specific weight of pure silver equivalent to 2.975 grams ( 0.1049 oz) or 3.1 grams (0.11 oz). .

The modern Islamic gold dinar (sometimes referred as Islamic dinar or Gold dinar) is a

currency that aims to revive the historical gold dinar which was a leading coin of early Islam.

They consist of minted gold coins, Dinar, and silver coins, Dirham.

According to Islamic law, the Islamic dinar is a coin of pure gold weighing 72 grains of average

barley. Modern determinations of weight range from 4.25 grams to 4.45 grams of gold, with the

silver Dirham being created to the weight ratio of 7:10, yielding coins from 2.975 to 3.15 grams

of pure silver.therefore within the Revelation they have to have a reality and specific measure

for assessment of zakat, etc. upon which its judgements may be based rather than on the

non-shari'i other coins.

As per the historical law stated above, one dinar is 4.44 grams of pure gold, while one dirham

is 3.11 grams of pure silver.

Nisab Calculator Misc valuesClassic Islamic values expressed in terms of USD given its market value value at Sat Feb 11

20:09:00 2012 .

Conversion rates

1 mithqal = 4.235 grams

1 gr gold = USD 60.39 (1 oz = 33.58)

1 gr silver = USD 1.00 (1 oz = 33.58)

1 gold dinar = USD 255.74

1 silver dirham (jumhur) = USD 2.96

1 silver dirham (hanafis) = USD 3.13

[12] Traditionally, 1carat (the mass of a carob seed) equaled the weight of 3 barley grains or 4

wheat grains.

[13] Qirat is carat. In today's jargon, 24K is also used to denominate pure gold.

[14] This weight of a barley grain is computed based on the above statement by Ibn Khaldun.

Barley grains do vary in weight, that is subject to change due to moisture content etc. The

International Systems of Units set the barley grain as equal to 0.06479891 gm

It was found that the actual historical standard for the dinar to be 4.5gm of pure gold and the

dirham to be 3.15gm of pure silver. However, since the role of dinar is simply as a measure of

value that depends on the gold-content and if zakat is based upon 1-year's provision of

foodstuff, then the 4.25gm dinar of pure gold and 2.975gm dirham of pure silver, as those

circulated during the Prophet's pbuh era, is also a standard.

equivalent to the price of 634 grams of silver. If less, then zakat is not obligatory

Payment of Zakat in Ramadan

Zakat Payment in Advance in Shafii Madhab By Shaykh Taha Karaan Dar al-'Ulum al-Arabiyyah

al-Islamiyyah Cape Town South Africa 19 January 2002

Q.) I am a Shafii follower. In my country we have the scheme to pay zakat from our monthly

salary (working with government). According to Shafii school of teaching, do we have to pay

that type of zakat? If we pay that zakat, do we still have to pay the zakat of our money (cash

curency) after reaching its haul and nisab. [Norashid Aziz UK]

A.) An adequate response to this question requires a more than cursory knowledge of the

workings of the zakah scheme by the Malaysian government. However, it might be mentioned

as a matter of principle that the Shafi'i madhhab permits the payment of zakah before the time

that it actually becomes wajib, i.e. before the conclusion of the year during which one has been

in possession of the nisab, as long as it is executed during the course of that year.

In the case of a year which concludes on the 1st Ramadan, for example, one may give out the

zakah at anytime during the 12 lunar months that precede that date, but not more than 12

months before it.

It would seem that the Malaysian goverment scheme works in this way: that it subtracts from

the employee's salary instalments towards the payment of his zakah of a particular year

DURING the run of that year. If it is in fact so, this would be permissible in the Shafi'i madhhab,

and the zakah thus paid will not have to be repaid upon the conclusion of the year. Wallahu

Ta'ala A'lam

�ÛicmÆge÷

ZâxZÑv)Ñbgg~(:Zâxâz~Zzgâzg�~Â[ZÑ©x~ZzgZ1DZØÌ0sxäÂ[ZÑñZw~–ìX�ZÞ» 6 �ZÞ(ïw™ 6=4+8/2 �ZÞ»�gëÅZz‰) 4(Greco-Roman gzò) - �ZÞ»�gë(Zzg-*ã 8 �ZkZã)

¤Zxáìz{MZ 3.12 T�gë»ziy ZIguë�� ( Zsò�gëHgHŠåX)æÜÄ~()�Ûó~ZsòZebcÆ_.(~Zñ~Ñ†Z< 79 ó~) 75 4]Z0Ä~Z0ÄHì� ÑEwåX

¤+ÆZz‰�gëÆe:Ãâ…�XZk�[Ð: 56 −Zoc 14 4Ý|]/ñÆ¸w 7 = �gë 10

¸w 7 = ¤+ 560 = ¤+ 56 x �gë 10

−Zo 20 ¤+c 80 = ¤+ 560 = Zq¸w¸w 7

ZyƒÃ�ÚÐØ¸ì�ziy~X!V»jZ!ìXZy~ÐËZqÃÍ�t�g„åX¹Â ""

Z±gÐtØ¸ì��gZ™åx~Æiâä~�gë»Ãð{mziyHg7åXzg:|] Logic ì@g]Zzg[teì� �gë»ziyHg™äÅ¢zg]Ck:ƒCX 14 /ñÃZyÆZÚŒÛdƒDƒD¢zg¥xƒ@ZzgZy»

XZn!z��gåZ™x~ÆŒÛR‚¶Ô85½ð EE �ZÞ(Æ�gëÐi2>àYCƒ 6 −Zo) 12 �gåZ™x~Æiâä~−Zo�gëÐà 20 i2>Æ!g}W\å~ÆÓxZ©â]z@Zc]»Dîg6DƒÇÔätYZzg¢zg~��i2>

−ZoÆ/ñÆ�gëÃ„ã�ây™Óx 14 −ZoHg�Ûâ�~X¾ßg]4Ý 14 YñZzgQˆ~ZkÃ$w™Zz¹Ñ¦�[Î@ìXøg}nÌZkÐ4iñ��7ì / ‡âã

XZkÐªCÙƒ@ì��gåZ™x~äZKi0Ï~æÜÆZziZy~�gëÆn�ZâVÅ®Z�c−Zo»ziyHg7(71 �ÛâcåXqÑè�gëZzµXgëX™qXzÉÆÚƒHg�Ûâ�ñ¸X)�Ûm

(71 �gëÅ7~Z%sÆ!z��gë»ZzµgëÔ™qÔzÉ»m»ƒÃØåX)�Ûm−ZoìXt�gZÝÎäÆn 24 �bgw»�zuZ*xåX|]Y'ñÆ_.�gZ™åx~ä�Ûâc�bg»ziy

(71 ¤+»�@ìX)�Ûm 96 −Zo 24 jZ!ìX{ØÎ*W`ÀÌ

~äZÏugÃZEw™ÆÔñ��{qÑ]~ÔZÚDZsx“ÆÉ4/õ JGÔÎäÆ»[ÆçÆnÔ �t;X;−Zo»ƒ@ìXZzgtZÚD¤+Ì�Æ�ZäÆziy6F 24 ZÚD¤+ÆziyÃOìYèW`Ì{ØÎ*

X ìZknëZÐZEw™M�−ZoÆ|]/ñÃã�¯™ZziZyÅqgzfs7 14 �ÛäZkugÃã�¯™�W`ÆZÒD¤+ÃZzg

HgÅì)'Zñ»[ig¦zÎ*e0~( æÜÄÆZziZyZzgw»eg "" �Û;X

ZzµgëÐ¯cì 12 −Zo4�gëZzg 14 â^:X�Ûätegñ��{ZÚD¤+Zzg¤Zx)tZÚD¤+ì( 1= ¤+ 15.432 ¤Zx 0.0648= ¤+ ZÚD

¤Zx 1= −Zo 3.858 ¸w( 1/20 ¤Zx) 0.2592 = ¤+ 4 = −Zo)Xt|]/ñ»�gë{ ¤Zx 3.6288= −Zo»�gë 14 ¤+» 56

¤Zx 36.288 = �gë 10 = ¸w 7 = −Zo 14 = ¤+ 560

¤ZxXXXXÎä»»[ 103.68 = �gë 28 4/7 = ¸w 20 = −Zo 400 = ¤+ 1600

¤ZxXXX)e0~»»[( 725.76= Zzµ 5 = �gë 200 = ¸w 140 = −Zo =2800 ¤+ 11,200

|]/ñÆ�genZzgZziZy(72 )m ¸w 7 = �gë 10= ¤+ 560

¤Zx 0.0648= ¤+¤Zx�gë»ziy 3.6288= ¤+ 56= −Zo 14

¤Zx 145.152= Zzµ 1= �gë 40

e0~»»[ ¤Zx 725.76= Zzµ 5

³¤Zx 1.741= Zzµgë 12

³¤Zx™q»ziy 5.225= Zzµgë 12 x 3= ™q³ 313.528=³ 5.225 x 60= zÉ1= ™q 60

³¤Zx 1567.64=5 x³ 313.528= zÉ5 ig¦»[:RZñZz÷ 30.18= Â! 62 11/50= ¤Zx 725.76= Zzµ 5= �gë 200 e0~»»[:

(72 )m RZñZz÷ 4.472= Â! 8 22/25= ¤Zx 103.66= �gë 28 4/7= ¸w 20 Îä»»[:

YzhZ£¸æ~Æ»[»‹t:6i2>»»[-V�cŠìX 3 X� 1998 ÔâÞ�c Renaissance Zôm~g‚!

Reference:- Statuary Exemptions in wealth, live stock and agricutural productions are fixed

as under:- (a). 5 ounce gold / 612 grams of silver or its equivelent.

¸æ~Æge÷»‹t:

¤Zxe0~ 612 = 0õZz÷ = �zª»»[ (X i)¤Zxe0~ 612 = �gë 200 = aè»[

¤Zx 3.06= ¤Zxe0~ 612/200 = �gë Zkn−Zo 14=3.06/.2187 = ¤Zx»ìÔZkn�gëÅ−Zo 0.2187 aèÑ¦−Zo

¤ZxÔ 3.06= Ñ¦�gë¤ZxXX 0.2592 = ¤+ 4= −Zo ¤ZxXX 0.0648= ¤+ â^;XZÚD

¤Zx)tZÚD¤+ì( 1= ¤+ 15.432

ÓxjZ!Y]Ð�gëZzg¤+Å�V»Ü�¤Zx 4.25 Yó~Æ�bg 79 †ZÅ)ë0%zZy

�Zäc¤+( 66) ¤Zx 4.25 = �bg

¤Zx 2.975 =7/10 x 4.25= Zkn�gë

¤Zx°−Zo 0.2125 = ¤Zx 4.25 = −Zo»ziy−Zo 20

¤Zx°¤+ 0.0531 = 4 ¤Zx°−Zo@ 0.2125 = ¤+»ziy¤Zx�bg 4.55 gzð

¤Zx 4.55= �bg¤Zx 0.2275= ¤Zx 4.55/ −Zo 20= −Zo

¤Zx 0.56875=0.2275/4= ¤+¤Zx�gë 3.185 = 7/10 x ¤Zx 4.55 = ¤Zx 3.184 �gë»ziy

¤Zxáì 3.12 �gë»ziy

?Ã™r: )�(B¤Zx 54.67 = ¤Zx 0.05467= ¤+

B¤Zx 218.7 = −Zo

B¤Zx 437.4 = �ZÞ¤Zx 3.0618 = −Zo�gë 14

¤Zx 0.472= gzð�ZÞ )g(

¤+ 0.059= ¤Zx 0.472/ ¤+°�ZÞ 8= ¤+

ŒÛŸz~Åï¤Zx 3.104= −Zo�gë»ziy 12 yz[Æ�ZâVÐ "

¤Zx�bgáì 4.43 −ZoÎäÆ�bg»ziy 20 ¤Zx�gëÐ 3.104

"" ¤+)tZÚD¤+Æ'Z'ì( 0.0646= ¤Zx 3.104/ ¤+°−Zo 4x −Zo 12= ¤+ZÚD:

Barley grains do vary in weight, that is subject to change due to moisture content etc. The

International Systems of Units set the barley grain as equal to 0.06479891 gm

B¤Zx 64.48c ¤+ 0.0648= ¤+0ÎyiÃ>Wge¼

¤Zx 3.06= 4�gë −Zo 14 = aè4�gë

B¤Zx 218,6= ¤Zx 0.2186=14 ¤Zx@ 3.0616= Zkn4Zq−Zo»ziyB¤Zx 54,67= ¤Zx 0.05467=4 ¤Zx@ 0.2186= Zkn4Zq¤+»ziy

�áw�[

¤Zx 595= �áwe0~¤Zx 2.975= �gë 200 ¤Zx@ 595= �áw�gë

B¤Zx 247.9 x −Zo 12 ¤Zx@ 2.975= �áw−ZoB¤Zx 61.9 ¤Zxc .0619 = 4 B¤Zx@ 247.9= �áw¤+

?gæZ£™r¤Zx 3.402= â˜ 3.5= �gë

B¤Zx 60.7 ¤Zxc 0.0607 = ¤Zx¤+ 0.243 = −Zo¤Zx 3.402 = −Zo�gë»ziy 14

¤Zx 4.15Ð4.11 = Æ�bg»ziy II ge÷;X)ZsòZebcÆz

¤Zxå 3.18 ²[‚‚ã�gëŒÛãZÚ,ÐÎgÂ

5ÕYÆ�bgZzg�gëÅ™Malysia;.The Islamic Dinar is a specific weight of 22k gold equivalent to 4.25 grams. The

Islamic dirham is a specific weight of pure silver equivalent to 2.975 grams ( 0.1049 oz) or 3.1

grams (0.11 oz). .

. Modern determinations of weight range from 4.25 grams to 4.45 grams of gold, with the silver

Dirham being created to the weight ratio of 7:10, yielding coins from 2.975 to 3.15 grams of

pure silver.

ñZi:»eg−Zo 12 −Zo 14

-ŠŒÛŸ�~ ¤Zx�gë 3.088 gzzð�ZÞ ¤Zx 4.25

�bg¤Zx 4.55

�bg·Ã ZÚD eg

.0646 .05513 .059 0.531 .0568 .05467 .0648 ¤+

.2586 .2573 .236 .2125 .2275 .2187 .2593 −Zo.517 .5146 .472 .425 .455 .432 .5189 �ZÞ

3.109 3.088 2.832 2.975 3.185 2.592 3.110 �gë

ZkïÐZ~™�{ZßwXÐë�™,Ð

(324, 324 )ŒÛŸz~m " ziyZIlÆZzgeäZIæÜÆZEw™z = ug ªZßw;X

�zuZZßw;!g{−Zo»�gë�zgt~~~ZEw~å;XZkÐIÌ�gë»ziyb�ZÞ„ƒ@åT»f™‰gÎwåZv~äegÎZÏ�gûV6|]ÃÒñ»ï " Zq�g~WcìX}Zr3üEE0nM|]ZñÐgzZe™D�X

X‹t;XZkugÐtU"ƒY@ì�!g{−Zo»�gë�zgt~~~ " bíÐ™ZcåXCÙ�gë»ziyb�ZÞåZEwƒ@å²a�{−Zo»�gëñ��7åX

−ZoÆ 20 −Zo»�gëe0~ÔZzg 14 a�{−Zo»�gë|]/ñäHg�Ûâc;XZâxZ1�ä|]/ñÆ �ZZßw;XÎäÆ�bgÃ„œgeZC™i2>»»[HgHXZzgZÏÐ™qZzgæ'Zñig¦i2>ZEwGXª4}|]/ñ

−Zo�gëÃœgeâ…�X 12 Æ�gëZzg�bgÃ„œgeŒÛZg�êìX²�zu})´−ZoìXt�gZÝ 24 |]Y'ñÆ_.�gZ™åx~ä�Ûâc�bg»ziy �bgw»�zuZ*xåX aåZßw;X

(71 )�Ûm ¤+»ƒ@ìX 96 −Zo 24 ÎäÆnjZ!ìX{ØÎ*W`ÀÌ�t;X;~äZÏugÃZEw™ÆÔñ��{qÑ]~ÔZÚDZsx“ÆÉ4/õ JGÔÎäÆ»[ÆçÆ

−Zo»�@ìXZzgtZÚD¤+Ì�Æ�ZäÆziy6 24 nÔZÚD¤+ÆziyÃOìYèW`Ì{ØÎ*FìZknëZÐZEw™M�

XCÙàÆßvZLziyÆ�gëÐçn™,Xpt "" �VJ�Ý4Æ�ÃtI7Z� X 0vZVZßwCÙàÆziyÆ_.:~�c "X . "" Ñoƒãec�ËàÆ%zz�gë»ziyiâ:t]ÆÁFziyÐÁ:ƒX

ZÏZßwÃ~äZEw™ÆÃFiˆlHìXZk6ci~�~ˆìX−ZoÃË�zgt~~~ñ��:ƒäÅzzÐÑ¦�gë:â*YñÂQ4�ÅgZñ�CÙàÆ 14 Z¤Zk �t;X

ßvZL�gZëÆ_.:~�,Zzgçn™,X4ZN[ƒÇX��ZLoc´ºÆçÙÔâàqÑ]Æ�−ZoÎ*Z-Î*ìÂQÓx 24 4+êƒÇXªW`ÀßvZÚD¤+ÐÎäe0~Åyhz�Ûz|™D�

�[Â['Zñ»[6ZÚD¤+Ð™,XÂñ��{iâä~t4+iƒÇXModern determinations of weight range from 4.25 grams to 4.45 grams of gold, with ÙZßw;X "the silver Dirham being created to the weight ratio of 7:10, yielding coins from 2.975 to 3.15

grams of pure silver

¤Zx 3.1104=12 x 0.2592= −Zo�gë 12 ZÚD¤+Ð ¤Zx 3.6288= −Zo»�gë 14 ¤+Ð ZÚD �ÛÆ_.;X

‚ÂZVZßwXZÚD¤+ZzgŒÛŸz~Æyz[Æ�ZâVÐ!g{−Zo�gëÐÌ¤+»ziy'Z'ÀìX

Zk§bZ�gZë "" -ŠŒÛŸ�~äeZË.ÔóR~ÚTyÔ‡CÙ{ÅïÆ_.Ñ¦�gë»-VÒyHì:�ZÞ» 6 −Zo»ì�� 12 �Æ_.�gëÑ¦ −ZoÆ¸X 20 −ZoÔ 16 −ZoÔ ,14 −Zo 12 −ZoÔ 10 −ZoÔ 8Ô

yz[Æ�ZäX 2 2/3= ZzgZq�ZÞ ì¤Zx 0.194 = yz[Æ�Zä»ziyyz[Æ�Zä 2 2/3 = Zq�ZÞ

yz[Æ�Zä 2 2/3 x 6 = �ZÞ 6 = Zq�gëyz[Æ�Zä 16 = 8/3 x 6 =

¤Zx°�gë 3.104= ¤Zx 0.194 x yz[Æ�Zä 16= �gë»ziy = yz[Æ�ZâV»ziy 16

¤Zx�bgáì 4.43 −ZoÎäÆ�bg»ziy 20 ¤Zx�gëÐ 3.104

B¤Z 64,8 = ¤Zx 0.0648= ZÚD¤+B¤Z 259,2= ¤Zx 0.2592= ZÚD−Zo

¤Zx 3.1104=12 x 0.2592= −Zo�gë 12 ZÚD¤+Ð

1 i�:¬Zª¤+ÆÑ¦ziy»ç

(324, 324 )ŒÛŸz~m " ziyZIlÆZzgeäZIæÜÆZEw™z = ug ªZßw;X X1

Zz6�Ø‰ge÷¢sZzgjZ!Y]ÐËÌeäÆZ-ziyc³6)¹ÂìXYèã�~-.¤+~„CÙ(ÔCÙº~�Æ�ZäÆ�ÛtÐ¤+»ziy¹„ZƒY@ìX£òziyÃñ��{

−ZoX 14 −Zoåc 12 Z(g~c¢uÄ~ps™äÆZL)b�X�zuZX�gëÆ−Zo»ìX�

(}gz„Æ!z��i�~7Wg;åXWyZv¬\äugt~å~Æfg)„gÉð�ÛâðXTÆˆ X2

~Zk³6àƒV��Zßw�egÃâ+Zzgœge¯äÆ´z{�âVÆ0kZzg:ÃðiìZzg:Ãðeg{Ôz{ZßwZkugIgu~ " �gZ™xå~ÆZg�á�6¿™*„ƒÇZzg�zu}ëzòÃgh*7}ÇX −cgZ3X

X" ÒyƒZìXtge÷{ØÎäÆ�bg " −Zoì 24 �bg»ziy " |]Y'ñgzZe™D��gÎw~ä�Ûâc�

(72 )�ÛicmXm X −Zo�Hgì 24 Ænìt(~�N!]ì�W`ÀÌ{ØÎä»£gZkugt~å~Æ_. X3

(2013 −Zo{ØÎ*)ñ��{œ~ 24 = −Zo{ØÎ*)�zgt~~( 24

¤+ 96= −Zo 24 ¤+Zzg 4= aè−Zoâ(2013 ¤+{ØÎ*) 96 −Zoc 24= ¤+{ØÎ*)�zgt~~( 96 −Zoc 24

â(Æ'Z'ƒ*e’ 2013) Zq¤+{ØÎä»ñ��{ziy = ZknZq¤+{ØÎä»ziy)�zgt~(B¤Zxì 64.8 ¤Zxc 0.0648= aèñ��{RZñÄÆ�Zq¤+)�Æ�Zä(»ziy

B¤ZxÌây¢e’X 64.8= ¤Zx 0.0648= Zkn�zgt~å~ÆZq¤+c/»ziyZk*‡.ÞF�ho]Zzg|Æˆ��zgt~å~ÆZq/c¤+»ziyñ��{RZñ¤+ÆziyÆ'Z' X4

åX)Yè{ØÎä»ziyÿÎäÅÑÄZŸ°Å¯6þZq*‡.Þp~|ì(ZknZz6�Ø‰Óx9Ô ge²VcjZßV~�Ø‰/c¤+»ziyZ¤ZxÅ~�cŠìz{�g„7Xz{ƒ£òœge¸XB64.8 �g„Zzgh!]tì�W`Æ�zg~ZÚDR6›Z)ÆnÑ¦ct~¤+»ziyñ��{œgeÐ

¤Zx„áìZzgHgHY*e’XZzg¸Ñ¦ZziZyÅã�ƒãecT6!¹ÓxZziZy»�[H 0.0648 ¤ZxƒYäeÂX Null Andvoid Óx6Zäœge» ecX Y*

ZÚD¤+ZEw™ä~ÕZzg�? �zu~�?;X X5

Z%Ã]Å (i) 6Zäiâä~Ì4�YzfY»¸êåX� Zkn ZEw™,X¸6l§iìZzgtìwgO�ßÀ�gë»ziygzZîÑ¦ (ii zzÐCÙºÆßvZLßÀ�gëÐiÃ>�,Zzgçn™,X)

�gëÐÁ:ƒXic�{ƒXZkÐZyÆniÃ>�bW‚yƒÇ²Ñ¦�gëÐßÀ�gë»ziyÁƒÇÂiÃ>�y{»vyXúZxp�Â�[™7MXZkn��gë�bgz{ZEw™gì�ZÏÆ_.i2>�,ÐÂZvZjÌJw ƒÇX

kZßwÐ�Z[ZÚD¤+Ãã�~-.¯ä}Ãð�?âú7�$ËXS™4fYZzg��zâV Z ™áÇX!hÓÀö¯6Zk6Z�Zn7™MYètZ4ßÍV»:~ìXÃz{ZC(Zâ��ZzgZyÅÇ™D�X

ñ��{RZñÆ¤+»ziyÓxgzZî¤+ÆziyÐic�{ì�n�Ø‰�XgzZî¤+»ziy

ñ��{ZÚD¤+»ziyTÐ7g~�*~Îä»»gz!gƒ@ì ¤Zx 0.0648= RZñ¤+ (i)

¤Zx 0.0646 = -ŠŒÛŸ�~ (ii)

¤Zx 0.054 = ?·Ã™r (iii)

¤Zx 0.0607 = ?gæZ£™r¤Zx 0.0531 = ¤Zx�bg 4.25 †Z<» (iv)

¤Zx 0.0568 = ¤Zx�bg 4.55 (v)

¤Zx 0.059 = gzð�ZÞ (vi)

(�Æ�Zä~Zq ii �Æ�ZäÆ‚~�ÛtƒYåX) (i X�Æ�ZäÆziy~Z%seåYè;X) 6

(�Æ�ZäÆziy™äÆ!IVÆziy~�ÛtƒYåX1W`À iii „‚ƒ1Zk~&Ð�ÛtƒYå)(ßYÅzzÐ�Æ�Zä»‚ÔZk~&»ÚƒXZk»ziyXziyÆ!IVÆœge~!Ç�Ût7ƒYX

Zknñ��{RZñ¤+�gœgeÑ¦¦g™BÂ¤+øg}nic�{‡.Þ¿Zzg‡.ÞJwƒ*ecX'ßZziZyÅã�Ì�Æ�ZäÆziy6 'ßZziZy;XaèRZñ»¤+'ßziyÆeâVÅã�ìXZzg

¤+B@ìXZkn��Æ�ZäÆZÚDziyÃJw™ä~!Ç Troy ìZzg�Æ�ZâV»ziyRZñ57ƒãe’

~»™�cŠå1Zz÷ 1878 Zz÷¸XRZñ»0î& 12 �ZâV6ŒåXZq0î&~ 5760 RZñ»7&¤+»ìZEw~ìXZkÆ{-V�X 480 ��

¤Zx 31.104= ¤+ 0.0648 x ¤+ 480 = ¤+ 480 = Zz÷W`À�*ÔøwÓxZsò�´Ô'ßÔZ%kc�Ûõ¢uÄZEw™g„ìXZyƒ~ÎäÆ�[Æ

Grain: n¤+'Z'ìXAn ancient unit which was originally based on the weight of a grain of wheat. The grain is the

smallest unit of weight in the avoirdupois, troy, and apothecaries systems. Surprisingly it is

identical in all three systems.

â~g{gì�Zkn�W`ÀÆZÚD¤+ÐÎäZzge0~Æ»1V»�[™*ecXZk 2013 aèëX"" �VJ�Ý4Æ�ÃtI7Z� X�gZëÆZ%Ã]ÅzzÐ "" 0vZVZßwì�tìX ÅÃFzz

CÙàÆßvZLziyÆ�gëÐçn™,XptÑoƒãec�ËàÆ%zz�gë»ziyiâ:t]ÆÁFziy""343 fZ!g�ZêgXŒÛŸz~m " CÙàÆziyÆ_.:~�cYñX "X . "" ÐÁ:ƒX

4�ÅgZñ�CÙàÆßvZL�gZëÆ_.:~�,Zzgçn™,X4ZN[ƒÇX��CÙZqoc Zkn�Y»¸I„ÃF�?0Y@ìYèZÚD¤+„ ´ºÆçÙÔâàqÑ]Æ�4+êƒÇX

ƒÐziã¤+ìZzgZkÐ¶�gë»ziyƒÐic�{ƒÇÔ−ZoÆ�gëÐXÆ 10 �4�gë»ziy(kìXi2>�y{61úÁƒY@ì} �¥xƒ*e’�

¤ZxJe0~»â´ 1040 −ZoÐ 20 ¤ZxZzg 728 −ZoÐ 14 ¤Zxe0~ƒÏ�{i2>�}ÇÔ² 520 0ki2>Ð!h4o-ö

GIEWƒÇXi2>7�}ÇX�+~W‚ã»ZßwÌ‚tgOXÂic�{ziyzZá�gëÐ�zâV£œi

ƒYD�XZÚD¤+» −ZoÎ*Z-Î*ìÂQ 24 W`ÀßvZÚD¤+ÐÎäe0~Åyhz�Ûz|™D�X aè

ZEwñ��{ZzgßÀÄÌƒÇXZzg¤+ƒÐ(ZÌÔZkn¸Ñ¦¤+»ziyÌHgƒY@ì¤Zx 0.0648= ZknÑ¦RZñ»¤+

ñ��{ZÚD¤+»ziyTÐ7g~�*~Îä»»gz!gƒ@ì

\g�á]B¤ZxziyÃÑ¦¤+c™0îEt™¢e34/õ XJGYètÌ 64.8 ¤Zxc 0.0648 �ñ��{ZÚD¤+Æ

�Æ�ZäÆziy6FìZzgtâèÆÓxgzZî¤+ÆziyÐic�{ìÔßÀÌìZzgñ��{A�+Æ�[

Æ_.ìXZknZkÐ„Óx»1VZzgZziZy»�[™*e’X

2 i�»ç �zu}Zª−ZoÆÑ¦ziy

¤+ƒD�t 4 iƒäÆÔ−Zo»ziyp�l�„³ƒY@ìYèZq−Zo~ 1 ¤+»X� X1

Ñ¦ZzgZÚD�zâVœgeÐZq„ìXZkn−Zo»ziyqgzfsáìX4 x ¤Zx 0.0648 = <¤+»ziy 4 = −Zo»ziy

B¤Zx 259.2 = ¤Zx 0.2592 =

(Îä ii ({ØÎäÅÚclZg¥x™äÆnX) i) −Zo»Â&§jÐZEwƒ@ìX;X

�gëÔ�bgÆnZzgziy»£g“Æn (iii ~5z^»ziyZzgÑb¥x™äÆnX){ØÎäÅlZgcÑb°œ¥x™*:

−Zo 24 = {ØÎ* % 100 c1.0= −Zo 24/ −Zo 24 = {ØÎäÆnÔi-gZ]~Ñb

°œ 95.83c0.9583= −Zo 23/ −Zo 24= −ZoÎäÆnci-gZ]~{ØÎäÅÑb 23

°œ 91.66c0.9166= −Zo 22/ −Zo 24= −ZoÎäÆnci-gZ]z){~{ØÎäÅÑb 22

Îä~5z^»ziy¥x™ä»§i:¤Zx 240= i-gZ]»ziy = Vw

−Zo 20= i-Zg]»−Zo4 x ¤Zx 0.0648 = <¤+»ziy 4 = −Zo»ziy

B¤Zx 259.2 = ¤Zx 0.2592 =

¤Zx 200= −Zo 24 −Zo@ 20 x i-gZ]»ziy = i-gZ]~{ØÎä»ziy¤Zx5z^ 40= ¤Zx{ØÎ* 200 - ¤Zx 240= i-gZ]~5z^»ziy

e0~Æ�gëZzgÎäÆ�bg:

~�Ø‰ZßwÐe0~cÎ"5Áõ EGn~ZÝe0~cÎä»ziyc°œÑb¥xÅY$ËìX 3cZ{ØÎäce0~~ñÁƒCìTÅzzÐi-gZ]cjVÅ�!îÆ�$w 5z^YV¢zg~ì:

YñÏZkn5z^™ã¢zg~ƒCìX5z^ÐŠgCîg6i-gZ]ÆZÝÎä~�Ût7Y@ìXZk�ÛtÅZEwƒCìX Term lZgÃªCÙ™äÆn−Zo»Âc

5z^zZájVci-gZ]~iÃ>ÅZ�Z5»§i:6Zä�Æ_.Z¤e0~cÎäÆjV~5z^ƒÂQ5z^»ziy �áwÔâËÔU�: (i)

−Zo 20 ¤ZxziyÆ 240 Æ�[ÐiÃ>�~YñÏX} %2.5 ïw™{Øe0~cÎäÅlZgcziy6¤Zx5z^6iÃ>7ƒÏX 40 Æ�[ÐiÃ>�~YñÏX %2.5 ¤Zx{ØÎä6 200 i-gZ]~

iÃ>ƒÏX} %2.56Face Value 4�Æ_.e0~ÎäÆi-gZ]cjVÅ 4}: (ii)

ÑbÐi2>Z�ZÅYñÏX %2.5 ¤Zx6 240 −ZoÆÎäÆi-gZ]6 20 ¤ZxÔ 240 Zz6zZàVw~

\g�á]−Zo» B¤ZxziyÃÑ¦¤+c™0îEÐ−ZoÆ 64.8 ¤Zxc 0.0648 �ñ��{ZÚD¤+Æ

ziyt™¢e34/õ XJGYètâèÆÓxgzZî−ZoÆziyÐic�{ìÔßÀÌì B¤Zx 259.2c¤Zx 0.2592

Zzgñ��{A�+Æ�[Æ_.ìX

:3 i�Š}ZªÔÑ¦�gëÄ−Zo»åÔ»ç

−Zo»X? 14 −Zo»åc 12 Z[Z�iÔXtg{Y@ì��gë X1

−ZoÃÑ¦ŒÛZg�ï�XZzgZn�gëÆ!g}9ugñ��ì��zgt~~ 12 !VÆ´z{!¹ÐV)´

~!g{−Zo»�gëZEw~åXgÎwåZv~äegÎZÏ�gûV6|]ÃÒñ»ï "X }Zr3üEE0nM|]ZñÐgzZe™D� " Z1DÅugÔþþ

XZÏzzÐâË�áwZzgU Zn_.!g{−Zo»�gë„Ñ¦�gë0Yì " �gë»ziyb�ZÞå bíÐ™ZcåXCÙñ��ì Logic −ZoÐ�[™D�XT~¹Zh 12 }Üs

−Zo»�gëÌ�áïåX 12 −ZoÆ�gëZEw~¸XX~ 20, 16, 12, 10, 8 tÌgzZc]~W@ì�

gzZc]Æ_.ßvËHg™�{Ñ¦�gëÅOñ(}ziyÆ�gëÐÌiÃ>Z�Z™DZzggL�gëÐÌX−Zo»�gëHg�ÛâcåT~Zkz‰ÜÆÓxô/™ZxñÅgZñZzgtg{�áïåX 14 ZÏzzÐ|]/Ãgztñä

ZzgZk»Îf�gZzàZÑZ%)ªqÁz‰Üc¤z‰Ü(‡âãîg6HåXZzgt�gZ™xå~ÅzÃ]ÆˆÆŒÛdF+z‰Ü~Zzg�gZ™xå~ÆŒÛR‚¹VäHåXÃiÃ>ÆÄÆgZòƒäÅÕz£œ§hV»ØåXZknt@g]êëƒÆnZâñVÅgZñÅÚic�{‡.ÞJwZzg‡.Þ¿ƒ*ecX1Zq|ZK

−ZoÆ�gëZEw~¸X 20, 16, 12, 10, 8 −Zo»�gëikZEw7åX² 14 (gìÏ��zgt~å~

−Zo»7X 14 −ZoƒYìX 12 −Zo»�gëÌ�áïåXZkn�zgt~å»�gëÜs 12 X~ZkÐU"ƒZ�|]/ñÆ " ?gæZ£™rXZ�Z2z~XYegæZ�W!�™ZcÔÌ��;X

'41 Xgæm Z]45é IGE{»!¯ −Zo»�gëÌgZòåÔT»ziy&â˜cŠg}ic�{åX�Z%oz 12 iâä~Zq−ZoÆe0~Æ™�gëZzgZkÆ)z~Îä 14 X 7g„; valid −Zo�gë¯äÅzzZÌ 14 |]/ñÆ

Æ™�bgÐ�zâVjV»Zzgziy»�[g7g}7g}�ZäƒäÅzzÐW‚y0ŠåXTÐ6Zäiâä~ZkÆ¹¯ZZ¸Xaèe0~Æ�gëZzgÎäÆ�bgW`ÀZEw~7gìÉe0~Æ�gëÅ

−Zo�gëÃ�g 14 Zkn X −Zo»�gë¯äÅ¢zg]»ƒì 14 OñgcwÅÄ™ZEw~ìZkn�gëÃ�zgt~~ÆÑ¦�gët™ 12 Zzgë 7g„ì Valid 4ÝÆnÌÑ¦c4ÄÅã�c�?â'

−ZoÓx›Z)Ænic�{‡.Þƒ*ecX 12 M�Zzg™¢ecX÷}ìwZzgfZCgZñ~ÔZÚD¤+Zzg−ZoÐ 12 ZqZŸ°ÃG{tì�ZRD¤+Zzg Yè&}Zk6¿™gì�Üs4}zZßVÃ$Ü7}ÇX

Îäe0~»»[Ìñ��{4}Æ'Z'„0Y@ìXƒÐ¬eg~�zgt~~åÆÓx�gZëÐÎä tñZi:neg~0Îãgz7V~Ì�3cŠìX

−Zo»ñZi:™Æ}òïá‰�X 14 Zzg 12 e0~»»[ZÚD¤+Z,áìX²�zu}eg~Üsgz7V~7 Îä»»[ �gëÐ0~»»[ 200 �gë»ziy B¤Zx°−ZoZÚgD 259.2

73,457 ¤Zx 59.24 ¤Zx 414.72 ¤Zx 2.0736 −Zo 8

91,822 74.05 518.4 ¤Zx 2.592 −Zo 10

1,10174 Â!( 7.6)88.85 Â!( 53.0)622.0 ¤Zx 3.11 −Zo 12

1,28526 103.65 725.6 ¤Zx 3.628 −Zo 14

1,46,915 118.48 829.4 ¤Zx 4.147 −Zo 16

1,83656 148.11 1036.8 ¤Zx 5.184 −Zo 20

−ZoÐÎäZzge0~Æ»[»ñi: 14 Zzg 12

−Zo 14 ñ��{gzZî −Zo 14 −Zo�gë 12 ziy -.¤Zx 0.0648 ¤Zx .0648 ¤Zx 0.0648 ¤+ (1)

¤Zx 0.2592 ¤Zx 0.2592 ¤Zx 0.2592 ¤+( 4 −Zo) (2)

¤Zx 3.6288 ¤Zx -3.1104 �gë (3)

¤Zx 612.32 ¤Zx 725.76 ¤Zx 622.08 �gëe0~»»[ 200 (4)

Â!( 52.5) Â!( 62) Â!( 53)

gz9 13,050 gz9 11,197 0Îãgz9~7°�k¤Zx (5)

=â2006 �c¤Zx 87.47 ¤Zx 103.57 ¤Zx 88.868 Îä»»[ (6)

Â!( 7.5) Â!( 8.88) Â! 7.6 (7 )e0~»»[@

gz9 1,28,426 gz9 1,10,182 0Îãgz9~7 (7)

¤Zx 595 ¤ZxìX�áw 612.32 e0~»ñ��{0Îã»[ :1 â�¤Zx 85 ¤ZxìX�áw 87.47 Îä»ñ��{0Îã»[ :2 â�

gz9ƒì( 62,000 âYÃZqÂ!ÎäÅ7 2013 �g~ 15) gz9X 12,400 â°�k¤Zx 2006 �cÃFZN[Æ�Ñb

−Zo7åX!¹ÐV)´!g{−ZoÃ„Ñ¦ 14 −ZogzZë�zgt~å~~åX² 12 �?�Zq;Xaè−ZoÃÑ¦ 12 −ZoÓx�âVÆnic�{‡.Þƒ*ecX 12 −ZoÆ£«~ 14 â…�ÔZknÌ

−Zo»iâ+ÐZ·tzZ��Å'•ƒÏZzgZvÅpÛ�~»!ƒÏXÂ!ÎäÆ'Z'áìX 7.5 Â!e0~Zzg 52.5 −ZoÐe0~»»[0Îãñ��{»[ 12 �?��z;XX

Â!ic�{(ZzgÎä»»[ 10 Â!) 62 −ZoÐe0~»»[ 14 ��0Îãf‚W‚ãÐJw™}ÇX²cel|Â!ic�{(áìX 1.38 Â!) 8.86

−Zo»�[ÔZÚDcÑ¦¤+ÐJw™*×W‚yƒ*ecX 12 �?�&;X0Îãâjw~fYÆn−Zo6�áhZÜZgÌ'ŒÛZgìX 14 YèiÃ>ÅlZg~�Ût77}ÇXp4ƒäÆ*ð

−ZoÃÑ¦œge�gëâyB 12 ¤ZxZzg 0.0648 ZknZ¤Óx4�y�Æziyc¤+Ã �?�eg;XÔÂ›Z)“Å§stªŠxƒÇX�CÙ(7ViÃ>»»[ƒÇXtÃðZ(Âê7�fYZzgúZxZk65:ƒ

ÃZy!ÂVÆ!z��9chÃâyh~„ )gÍVÆ�ÃßIZ•ðÂ»xìX �?�0õ;X

[t»xfY™ZxÅ�ÛZ„»<ì�z{Z·tzq3ùaZ™D�XZzgZ)“Zzg�âVÅ¶> ¬sƒCìZÐÓxßg]qwzZã™*åX Math ÷Z»xÜs XX Hê™D� −Zo»�gë 14 −Zoc 12 U6Æn

7g„XZ[Ä™ZEwƒCìX valid −Zo�gë¯äÅzzZÌ 14 �?�b;X|]/ñÆ

\g�á]−ZoÆZÚD¤+6F�gëÃÑ¦�gë$hÍ-ê GG™¢e’ZzgÓxÑ¦ZziZyÔÎäe0~Æ»[Ô 12 �

ig¦»[Zk6FƒäeÂX@�Óx”)´Zq�œgeÑ¦ZÚDeäZuqw™+Zzg›Z)“ZzgZ·tzZ��ZzgZ)qaZHYnXøg~CÙg^a»¸Ñƒ*e’XZÏÃZöàg^aë�

e0~Æ»[ÅOñÎäÆ»[Ã6lÑ¦»[ŒÛZg�¶Å¢zg]Ñ™*~ä×~»»[Üse0~ÐHg�ÛâcåÔZkÅzzt¶��zgt~~~ZqZz‰ÄÅ

�gëk¶X0Îy~ZkÆ)z~‚hñ!zyÂáe0~tYCì 200 ‚Ñ:ã�~¢zgc]Å7g¶¤Zx 87.48 �bgÃÌ»[ŒÛZg�cŠX��0Îy~‚hñ‚]Âác 20 Xˆ~ZkÆ)z~ÎäÆ

Æ'Z'ìXÑ¦ÒpÐ"»»[¦gòYD�XXe0~ZzgÎäÅ]yh~p~

Ô1Buying Power ÅÚ¶�g 10 Zzg 1 �gZ™x~Æiâä~×~Æ»1V~e0~ZzgÎä~ X

|]/ñÆiâä~„ZkÑb~p~ƒ¶Xtge÷�B;X:ZâxZ1�Zî�ò:ò~Ô�e:Çt]~�eÅg¶WJÎ�bgZzgWJDÙZg�gë¯™C¶X|] �e»ge÷

/ñÑ¶Â�Ûâc�ZzŠVÅ†V~ZŸ†ƒŠìZkn�eÅg¶Z[ÎäÆâÈV6ZqDÙZg�bgZzge0~gpzZßV6!g{DÙZg�gëXZk§bÇñzZßV6�zÎÇNÔ–-VzZßV6�zDÙZg–cVÔÀ}zZßV6�zÎ�h}À}X«

(273 0Z!g!bÐgzZeì�gÎwå~äÎZz.Zzg�zÎÇNHg�Ûâð‰XX)m�bg¸Çt~~å~ZkntziyHgHŠXYè 20 �gëe0~Å7Æ'Z' 200 (X i ‹t:)

12 : 1 �gëªÚƒ 12000 = �bg 1000 |]/ñÆiâä~Ú åX 10:1 ÚƒƒŠåZ[ÎäZzge0~Å†V~Úƒ¹ic�{$wŠìXZkn�zâVÅlZg~�Ût7*ecX

âÅe0~ZzgÎäÅ7Zzgñ��{Ñ¦»[ÐH�Ût7}ÇXz{n�cŠìX 2005 }ZÆ'×~»»[;X�zgt]~ÎäZzge0~»»[:

�bg 20 = »[:öXÎ*Ô�bg�gë 200 = öe0~X�gë

�gë 200 = �bg 20 = �zgt]~ÎäZzge0~Æ�gxyÚ10 = 1

ñ��{�zg~ÎäZzge0~Å7~Ú:gz9 8235 = Ñƒg gz9 8298 = âY( 2005#21 ¤ZxÎäÅ7)™Zc 10

gz9 140 = Ñƒg gz9 115 = LL LL e0~Å7)!Z!(gz9 136= L LL )ð!(LL

¤Zxe0~ 10: ¤ZxÎ* 10 Ú:gz9 115 gz9; 8298

1 : 71.2

�bgáåX�gë 20 �gëe0~»»[†V»ç™@åXZkÆ'Z'Îä»»[ 200 �zgt]~85 = ¤Zx4�[ÐáìX²�bgzVÆn»ziy 612.32 ¤Zx�áw�[ÐZzg 595 = n»ziy

¤ZxáìX 87.48 ¤Zx�áwÔ14�[Ðgz9ìXTÐÎä»»[ 870 gz9Zzge0~ 37,980 ¤ZxÎäÅ7 10 }Y~ 2010 âÞ 10

gz9áìXe0~»»[Yè6l7g;ZknÎä» 53,271 gz9Zzge0~»»[ 3,48,170

»[ZCcŠåX¤ëäÎäZzge0~�zâVÆ[ZEw™äƒVÂ�zâVÐã�~¢zgc]Å7D¯ãƒÏTÆ Z

X n�e0~»»[$ÜƒÇgz9°�k¤Zx 141.9 = gz9°�k¤Zxe0~»gf 9188 = Î*»gfgz9e0~gpzZá6i2>ƒÏX 8,443 gz9ª 8443.05=141.9 x ¤Zx 595 e0~»»[:

gz9Î*gpzZá6i2>ƒ 78,098 gz9ƒÇXª 78098=ì9188 x ¤Zx 85= ²Îä»»[ÏX

tZsxÆZßwZ»sÆÜsìZzgZßw»[ÆÜsÌX�zâV�JÂVÅ»1VÅ7'Z'ƒãgz9°�k¤ZxÆ�[Ðe0~Æ»[»ziy 141.9 gz9~ 78098 ecZ¤ÎäÃœgeâyBÂQ

¤Zxc 9.1 gz9e0~Æ'Z'Üs 8443 ¤Zxƒ*ecX»[ÆnZ¤e0~ÃœgeâyBÂQ 5503

ÂáÐÌÁÎä6i2>ƒãecXâ2005 ¤Zx(e0~»»[9»[7ìXÉZÆ' 612 Â!) 52.50 Zk‹tÐt³Àì�ñ��{

¤ZxÎ*»[ƒ*ecXZkne0~Ð�[Â[)|I 87.47 ¤Zxe0~Zzg 5503 Å†VÐiâ:~‡.Þ ƒäÅzzÐ{g`™�cŠìX²Î*$2g�*~�gJ-'Zñ™ZEwƒg;ìÎ*W`ÀÆ

¿»[0ŠìXYèZk~Z[ÌZqZz‰ÄÆ‚Ñ:ã�~¢zgZ]Æ'Z']yhìXZknëÜs

ÎäÆ»[ÃZEw™M�X�zâV»[ZEw™äÅt»Š/

¾wMYZ/Æ ë�N`��zgt~~Å§bëZy�zâV»1VÃëàz‰ÜZEw7™MXiâä~Zk»ÌŠ/HŠåÔiÃ>Wge¼Æ_.×~6iÃ>ÆnÎä»»[HgHŠåX1JZ»�-

gz9åXª 15,000 }7~gxÆne0~»»[HgHŠå�P‚w¬Je0~ÅZ•ðÁ7Å¯6TÆZ»�.}Ggg{DÙZgcic�{ƒ@ÂZk6ZhJð�iÃ>»^àYC¶XZkÃßÍVäI:HXZk6(ZZî`ƒZÔ�VJ�ßÍVäiÃ>ÆÂxÆ{Ø»_c™�cZzgzÃ¹Ñ¦°Zª~Zk!g}l)Ì�Z]™�cXT6°ZªäZ¶gzV~Z3g�}™gZñâ�¶X~äÌgZñZzgzm{Z�~‰�<~�~ˆ�XXZkêuz}Æˆoƒp~ÑðˆZzgiÃ>ÆÂxÃXcŠXZkÐZ0Zi{ÎBÅßvCÙ"Z»°6Øg¢zgîD�XTÐ„Ä4ƒ@ìXZkçA~Ó#ÖÅgZñßU"ƒðXYèÎäe0~Å]yhZzgÑbn�!~�zgt~ÅÚ¹�ÛtWŠåX

Z!ð~äZkg^a~t�3äÅÃÒÅì�iÃ>Æe~4Zzg�zu}”)´~ZÚðhZ�Ûtì�ëZk

ÃÃZ0Zi™ÆZk~Z)qaZ™M�Ô��Zq�g6„FìXZ¤ëä�z!g{›Z)0™�+»„qÝ™*ìÂZkÆnã�~§iZ��ZzgZ·tÑ*¢zg~ìTÆn

¤ZxÆ�ÛtÃÃZ0Zi™Æ 17 ¤ZxZzge0~Æ»[~ 2.48 !hÓÀöZ*ÃŒÛ!y™*7}ÇZzgÎäÆ»[~

�Zq.»[¯*ƒÇXZzgt!ÇeìXZknZkS~Æfg)~U"™Æ�3�cì�ZÚD¤+−ZoÃÑ¦ZziZyây1YñZzgZzgÎäe0~»»[ZkÆ_.Hg™1YñÂ�zâV�áwZzgñ��{4 12 Zzg

»['Z''Z'0YD�XZ¤ëZvÆ�ñ��™äÆhZzgZkÅZYi]Ãgh™6Zä!hÓÀöZâñVÅÇ6�ZÜZ™,ÐÂQ�á{

zàZv�Š~òÆ_.ÔëÌ·�-VÅ§b�YNÐMVäZvÅOñZLfYZzgxYÃ}Z¯1åXZzg´)ZDwÅ!]Ì�g„U"�Y5�Z[Zâx64Ñzq��ìX�ZyßìßVÐò™ÔÀÅOñW`Æ�y~i0Ï¦ZgäÃGZzgFß�b�ÇZzgÂ[z<�Ãã�¯�™p�g^a™ÆZL�™ä�fX

Z}ZZyzZß;¬ââZv»ÔZzg¬ââgÎw»ÔZzg�Z(gzZá�?~X:ZzgZ¤×7zËq " YèZv¬à�Ûâ@ìXZ�) ~ÂZkÃg�q™zZvÆZzggÎwÆÔZ¤?ZZygnƒZv6ZzgÔ�y6;Zzgtp[ìZzg4ï™*ìX

59 YX :"X( @zÞW:ÆZ%Ã]Å¯6Æ�zuzVÆ‚tZÏ§bõxg�ÐX zg:ë

÷}ìw~øg~ÃðèI7ì�tê™}ZzgZkÆ�ÃƒJw™ Zkp~»êÃy™}ÇX?BXÓäCw6„têƒYìZzgz{Zsò$�ç EcCÃ±„™$ËìT~Óx)´Åú&45å JGEÏìXZzg�Ó#ÖÃ‡ây‚i~Å\gl™$ËìX

Z�å*Z�ZoZì X Z�å*Z�ZoZì ;X Wy~Zv¬àÐ�¬ì

Z}øg}g[X:ñëÃZ¤ÈBcæ™,Ô X""XþþZzg:gÄë61ú¸g~6g3ÂäZ�V6Ô : Z}g[øg}X

: Zzg:ZZëÐTÅ¤‰Ü7ëÃÔ : Z}g[øg}Zzg�g¦g�ÛâëÐÔZzgjëÃÔZzg3™ë6Ô

286 •{X " :ÂøgZW‡Zzgñàì;Zzgæ�™øg~x»�Û6XæÚ^içÊnÏo]�e^Ö×ä]ÖÃ¿nÜ

¤z\I)g(ZqÐiZ

sÅˆl

iÃ>�Wg�¼6Z�ZŸ]Æ�Z!]

âY6Z�ZŸ]»�Z[ 1980 %zz‡âyi2>z�Wge¼Ñ¦°ZªÆ5±Æn

t*yZsòÃcCÃ±ZzgzÃ¹Ñ¦°ZªÃZyÆÎZßVÆ�Z[~5�å1~äÜsz{z�V�cì��[Ð0ì

à¤Zî& 1

Z¶gZ]~Z3gÆfg)i2>Æñ��{ÄÆ!g}PÎZÑ]ZVñ‰�XÑ¦°ZªÐ~ä&g=cÎZÑ]Å,jZð��Z[�¶ÆnZEwÅˆìX~aèi2>6»°g^a™[ƒVZknoƒ��Z[�zVZzgt¿U�Z[ƒVÐX,~p�W™7™YƒV@¹k6cƒnX

��ÜsegÎ‚wJ`åXQZÐZ�~ƒ State Responsibility i2>»Âx�gZÝgc4f)�Zg~ìXŠXœ-Vˆ¾wMYZ/ätÂxQÓäR6gZòHXZkÆemZí~¹ÐÕ÷�XÃ�zg™äÅzZªZ”¢zg]ìXp�tc�gec�ZkÂxÃ‡ìgpZzg4¯äÅ¢zg]ì:�ÄÆPÕ÷Å¯6ZÐ»™äÅÃÒÅYñX

0ŠìX�Ä~ÂWñÂÄÃ„»™�zc*ÄáWîXÄ¯ä Trait $¬ÐtøgZDgztÂ»xìXZq�i»ƒYNÂQY�@ìX�z!g{¯*¹Â»xìXÄÃZkn»™äÅOñ’gó

Å§sáY*ecX|]†Zv0/ñÐ7YŠå�ZðÆÑi2>»ß Perfection p=VÆfg)ZEw™äÑ�HZyÃi2>�´È™�~YñÂW\ägZñ�~�i2>QÌZ4Ã�ïgƒXZJz{Üsúi7_g�XZq�iÄ»ƒZÂQ�z!g{Ñzq7ƒÇXZyÅgZñ�g„¶YèegÎ‚wˆ¸ƒZX

øgZZCgzi%{»Š/ì�0Îy~ÄÅOñ%è™äÆ¿Ði0Ï30ˆìXCÙZqÄÅOñW‚ãÆ�%è™ä»‡âyc¬�]¯g;ìX�ZväZzgZkÆgÎwZv~äÄ��ZzgÄ¯äÅ½�~X%è™äÐïw™ZvÅ%èÆÄÆ@,HX�Zkni2>ÆÄÃ‡ìgÄ™4¯*ecÔ:

�ñ��{ßÍVÅgZñÆ_.Ô�ZÐ»™�cYñÔ6¿ÅÃÒÅYñXi2>ÆÄÃ4¯äÆe~Ñ¦°Zª»úZxZÜkÐgZñh»§iZ(g™*¹„™Tê

ìX|]/ÃgztñÌêÅgZñÆˆ„¸Z2¯D¸XX6‡âyÑÍƒ*ìZyÅgZñÌ>ec@�‡âyÆÎfÐZyÅÂ)]ÐWÇ„ƒXZkn÷~gZñ~i2>6ó»xÆnZsòÃcCÃ±Æ�Zq%ÅÜecT~�*ÆÓx�´~T”{¢sZ\HYñX›âCÙ+çâ]ZzgúZxZÜkÅg^aZCÅYñZzgQi2>»ÃtZzg6?Ã±ÆZ°kÆfg)„ú0ñX~äi2>6ó»xÑzqHƒZìXZKZkïÆ_.„~ÎZßVÆ�Z[�}g;ƒVXtï~¢zg]7}Â7™YƒVX

ÎZÑ] 2

:JgpyZMguÃZq¿ÆZ»î.~èÃg{»[Æ_.Z¤g¶ñ��ƒÂi2>ÅÍC 1 ÎZw�ƒYCìZk~jÑÈjwª‚wÅæ]¦gäÅÑoÃæÃ7g3Y@XHt9ì?

:Hi2>ÅÍCš&ZyÓxâÎÆZ»î.ƒ®gzVÐƒãec�jÑyjwÅÑo67g} 3 ÎZw�ZFDƒVX

ZyÓxÎZßVÃ~äqY™�cìXYèZyÆ�Z!]Zq„�Z[Æ�WYNÐX¬~ZßwÒy™�zVXÅgzÝ~t�Z[��YM�X

:�gZ™xå~ÆZg�á�Æ_.LLœ‘ªi2>Üs"6ìóóX 1 Zßw�»"z{W�òƒÇTÅZKÄZzgikñªZ�ÛZ�ÅZkiâäÅZz‰£gi0ÏÐ 1 :Zßw� 2 Zßw�

)ªçw¯kÆœgeWsß8(¢zgc]ÐiZZâwƒÇcWæãƒÏXZÏÃ»[Ìë��zgt~å~ÆÂáe0~áìX 52 _.‚hñ‚]ÂáÎ*c

™äÆnW�ò¬¸� Collect :�gZ™x~åZzg#ñgZ”+‚w~Zq�ii2> 3 Zßw��CÙW�ò»ZµZµ¢zgc]»�[™ÆZkÅ‚Ñ:¢zgc]ÐiZZâw6i2>f¸XªZåLÅ§bâw»�[CÙW�ò»ZµZµƒ@åXª�zâVWæã+�zªZzgZyZY]»ZÝ�[ZzgQfZCZ-ZyZY]Åg^�}™!¹6i2>»�[ÎcY@åX

ÅW‚ãÆn9Z�z){�ïz‰Ü Accounting :|]Z÷çztñäƒÐ¬Z»îì 4 Zßw�i2>»U»§izäH��zgt~å~Æ§iÐZåXtZßwã�~îg6 Advance Zzg At Source

�[Â[ÅW‚ãZzgi2>ÅzßàÃD¯äÆnHŠåX¸�zâVZßwZåLzZáW`ÌZEw™Æ9ZƒVZzgûLz){Æe~0Îy~ZEw™D�X

ìX�cÂ‚w¦gäÆˆi2>»IXcZizZ÷ Improved Version ªjÑyjwÆZßwÅt™1YñX adjust »^ßZzg7gZ‚w�z!g{i2>:àYñXZzg‚wÆWy~�[™Æ¶�Ã

ñ��{0Îã46?::4}Æ_.»[ÆåƒäÆnÑotì�i2>Æ‚wÆÑzq~ZzgWy~ 4 Zßw�

»[åƒ*ecÔ‚wÆ�gxy~eì»[ÐÁƒYñQÌz{W�ò™r»[gìÇZzgi2>ÅZ�Z5�ÛngìÏXZk§bZ¤‚wÆWy~}Ðg¶WˆÂz{»[~�áïƒYñÏXZ¤ÁƒÂz{ïw™i2>»�[ƒÇXZk§bjÑyjw{7ƒ@ÔYg~gLìX

:Z¤ÃðW�ò™r»[ìZzgZkÃâws�‚wÆ�zgZyïY@ìÂZkâws�6g~i2> 5 Zßw�ÅZ�Z50YCìXTÃz{i2>Æ‚wÆWyJZ�Z5Æn‡y™YìX1tiÃ>Æ�[Æn!¹Óxâw~¦HYñÇX

�gëe0~Å~Hg�ÛâcåÔÎäÅ~Hg 200 :i2>»»[�gZ™Zxå~ä 6 Zßw��gë 200 7�ÛâcåXzzt¶�¬xA�+e0~Æ�gZëÐƒ@å:�ÎäÆ�bgÐXÎä»»[ˆ~Ô

e0~Æ)z~ÎäÆziy6ˆ~HgHŠåXX~Å]yh~ZqZzg�kÅÚ¶XX1Z[�zâVcÚ7g„��zgt~~¶ªZq�k»ÚƒX² Ratio �JÂVÅ†VÅÑbn�!~Zq�zu}Ðz{

W`ÀZqZzgâ}ƒìXZkÆ´z{e0~Å7Zâ¤ˆì�ZkÃ»[cã�~¢zgc]å™äÆnZEw7HYYXZknZ[Óx›�´~ÎäÅ7„Ñ¦»[kY@ì:�e0~Å7X�

gz9ìX 1140 gz9ƒì²e0~Å7 62,000/ âY~ÎäÅ7 2012

Zz6��‰ZßßVÅgzÝ~�Z!]t�XÅgzÝ~Z¤ÃðW�òCÙ‚wJgpyÃZkÓx�zªÅ¯6��J~ 4 :Zßw� 1 »�Z[� 1 ÎZw�

¦g¶Æ´z{ìªâw!…0îEÅñ��ÏÐÔ™r»[0Y@ìÔZzgT»ÜsZkÃ„Øƒ@ìJcËZzgÃ7ÔÂQJ~eìÎgz9ƒVcægz9ƒVZk6i2>ÑÏXYèJ~ñ��{g¶�gZÝZkÅJÐ

!CÙ»[Åg¶Æ�[~�áïƒãecX:2 »�Z[� 2 ÎZw�

¤ZxÎ*Hgì:� 87.5 ™r»[ƒäÆni2>Zzg‚Wge¼Æ_.‚hñ‚]ÂáÎ*c (i

e0~XZkn�zZ»[Hg™äcJ~ñ��g¶Æne0~»»[Zzgâw!…0îEÆnÎä»»[!Çß6?ìXCÙ(Zq„»[‡.Þ¿ƒ*ecXë�zâV»1VÃàz‰ÜZEw(<4è

EXGE™MYè�zâVÅ]yh~i}W�y»�ÛtìXe0~»»[Zz‰ÄÅã�~¢zgc]Å77g„X

ZkßZzg‡.ÞZ‹Zn6?Æ»™äZzgJÐ9Ñ¦îg6i2>ÅÍC»Zßwtƒ*ec�Óx (ii

™r»[:ƒVÂi2>7»KYãecX»W‚yÔ‚�{ZzgÑ¦ÒpÐ9itì�CÙ 4 jÑyjwå:ƒäÅi2>ÆÂx6ƒÐ(~De�

XZô[Å9Z{JÆfg)zßw™ä»§iìÔcZyÐYJ~gpÅ¬�]ì1z{�gZÝ (iii

‚w½7~g„ƒXÂZk6i2>»^hecXYèjÑyjwåƒŠìXZzgz{e®Ò2.çJG:™äÆ!z��‚w½âwgpÅzzÐ™r»[gì�X

Æ‚t�Z$„ÂZkÅìX��ZåLÆnZôo™@ìXz„ZôoiÃ>!g}Ì™YìXZzg™ãe’”�âVÆn™.c±8Z»î.ÅH7ƒãec�±86i2>ÑÏ™.67Xtß (vi

^~Xc_2.ç IJGiÅ~X6i2>/ÌecÔÆªJ Accounts :ZkÎZw»�Z[Zz6�cŠìXÓxZ»îÛ 3 »�Z[� 3 ÎZw�

ì�z{iÃ>JÆfg)Ó#ÖÃ�be{g;ìc�7XßÍV»Ó#Ö6Z±g7g;ZknßviÃ>ÅÍCÐvÆnCÙw/ZEw™gì�X

*ÒìXZkÄÃ`ä»ÃðŠ/7XZzg: Academic $¬tì�øg~�*Æ�z{™D�XÃÜs„œ-V¬»Z-eðÂ1V~MìX:„Ãð5ïQìÔZzg:„hVZyÆçÑC}òX�

H�X:„!‡°{g^a™ÆÓxZñgªâàÔçÑCÔ;CÔ�z){ repercussions �ZyÅ6lÐ administrative or mamagarial experience ‚t7gÄ™¢3}Ò3ð

EGGV6ÃUãÅVwQ�X:„

8à»eðxìXZ,gz-VÅã�~zztì�iÃ>ÆFzZßVÃhVÆ'}}ò7ÀÔ��(ÏxZâVÃúZòZî`Å~¿7D�XZÏn|]/ñ»Iå��™ä»�zÈzVÃhìXz{�ZkÆ'}}òÃÛnZzg�Z[�{ƒcQ!©»X¸zzì�iÃ>z‚ÅziZg]ÆZfZyäL‹tHì�‚»Âx

YV>ƒŠìX:„èIgÉ�Väiîg6ZÐâ�Hì@�ëiÃ>ÆÄÅZY×VU"™DX:„ZrVäiÃ>ÅæzV~ZŸ±Æn6b(Jc@�ÓxfgZùWæyiÃ>Æ�WYDZzgWæã("Ð¾"ÁƒCX:„ËäÄÅ6ÃgN6W~Y{á™Â[èìX:„ÄÆemZíÅ{ñVÅ¶y�„ÅìX÷}ìw~:„Ó#ÖZzg:„èI(ÏôiÃ>ÆÄÅ»x!ÅZÌÃ�n�Zzg:„�pgn�X÷}ìw~ëi0ÏÆCÙì~ZLW\Ã�ð��}gì�XZv¬à�ZsòÂxÅeZ&ZzgZkÆnÃÒ~({ZzgZÜm«�ÛâñXW}X

ZqÐiZ ¤z\I)g(

�[Â[™äÆnZÚDeäTroy Ounce Weights and Measures

Troy weight was so named from Troyes in France where it was first adopted in Europe. The

Troy Ounce is supposed to have been brought from Cairo during the crusades. One Troy ounce

is about 10% heavier than the common Avoirdupois ounce. Avoirdupois is the system of

weights using the pound of 16 ounces. Troy weight is the system of weights used for Gold,

Silver and Jewels with twelve ounces to the pound.

Below you will find other Units of Weights and Measurements that are listed with the Troy

Units.

1 troy ounce = 31.1034768 grams.

1 troy ounce = 120 carats

1 troy ounce = 155.52 metric carats (diamonds / precious stones).

3.75 troy ounces = 10 tolas (Indian sub-continent)

12 troy ounce=1 troy pound

14.583 troy ounce =16 avoirdupois ounce (1Pound)

32.15 troy ounces = 1 kilogramme (Kilo)

32,150 troy ounces = 1 metric ton (1,000 kilos)

1000 troy ounces = 31.1 kilograms

The word sterling applies both to the English pound and to the standard

purity of silver.

Gram: 4.

1 gram =.03215 troy ounce

1 gram =.643 pennyweight

1.555 grams = 1 pennyweight (dwt)

1 gram =15.4324 grains

1 gram =0.001 kilogram

1 gram =5 metric carats

1 gram =1000 milligrams

1 Gram = 5 Carats

Grain:An ancient unit which was originally based on the weight of a grain of wheat. The grain is the

smallest unit of weight in the avoirdupois, troy, and apothecaries systems. Surprisingly it is

identical in all three systems.

1 grain = 64.8 milligrams

1 grain = 0.0648 grams

4 grains = 1 carat15.432 grains = 1 gram

480 grains = 1 troy ounce

5760 grains = 1 troy pound

7000 grains = 1 pound avoirdupois

Grain =0.064798918 gram

Grain =0.3240 metric carat

Grain =64.798918 milligram

Imperial System: 9.

A British system developed and refined from the earlier Roman systems used in Britain during

the middle ages.

Kevin Loughrey from Non Volatile Technologies Pty Ltd contributed some corrections below.

20 cwt = 1 ton (40 bushells or 160 stones) = 1 ton avoirdupois

4 stones = 1 bushell (56lbs)

1 hundredweight (cwt) = 112lbs (2 bushells, or 8 stones)

14 pounds avoirdupois = 1 stone avoirdupois

16 ounces avoirdupois = 1 pound avoirdupois

1 ounce avoirdupois = 28.349523 grams approx.

1 pound avoirdupois = 453.59237 grams

1 ton avoirdupois = 2240 pounds avoirdupois

askallah.com.pk aur dinar per zakat.pdf · 2013. 3. 26. · ànÛÖ^ˆ×Ö]ŁÛu–...

Documents

oleh: farid nu [man...

nomor: 11 tahun 2012 kemerdekaan tiap - tiap penduduk...

2014-14 pp - zakat.pdf

panduan zakat praktis -...

í Èí áÇíÈáÇ -...

performance management and availability solutions...

csd13306w 12 v n channel nexfet power mosfet...

quran majeed - askallah.com.pk majeed part 8.pdf48. surah...

uin ar raniry zakat.pdf · ruang lingkup dan kedalaman...

a6edg6c i6=jc6c '%&( 6ccj6a...

hwavii yzh 6bizh 86g7t@ - amtcarbaek.de b^iiz^ajc\hwavii yzh...

einfach kochen! einfach gote!...kdgldgi oj yzc k^zazc...

nο4Ÿ âθ -...

quran majeed - askallah.com.pk majeed part 4.pdf · dua for...

amil zakat |eprints.radenfatah.ac.id/2418/1/amil...

l'elemosina legale - cadr.it 54 la zakat.pdf · arabe (la...

seeking the truth - askallah.com.pk of heavens and...

l'aumône et la charité en islam -...

˜ˆ능 프로그램 자막의.pdf · .-%&'() /012,3...

determinants of attitude towards zakat on employment...