ap chapter 1

AP Chapter 1Some Fundamental

Concepts

“A Fine Lady is Grossly Misunderstood”

MATTER

Mass

Mass

• Measurement of the amount of matter.

ENERGY

Kinetic Energy

Potential Energy

POSITION

CONDITION

COMPOSITION

Law of Conservation of Matter

Law of Conservation of Energy

Conservation of Matter and Energy

Chemical Property

• Does it react and if so how?• A chemical property is any of a material's

properties that becomes evident during a chemical reaction; that is, any quality that can be established only by changing a substance's chemical identity.

Chemical Property

Physical Property

• Any property other than a description of reactivity or non-reactivity.

• A physical property is any aspect of an object or substance that can be measured or perceived without changing its identity.

Physical Property

Physical Property

Chemical Change

Physical Change

Mixture

Heterogeneous Homogeneous

Mixture

Heterogeneous Solution

Mixtures

• Can be separated by physical means.• Can vary in composition

Pure Substance

• Does not vary in composition.• Elements or Compounds.

Element

• a pure substance consisting of one type of atom.

• Cannot be decomposed chemically.

Compound

• A pure substance consisting of two or more different elements that can be separated into simpler substances by chemical reactions.

• Chemical compounds consist of a fixed ratio of atoms.

• H2O, NaCl

Atoms and Molecules

• The atom is a basic unit of matter consisting of a dense, central nucleus surrounded by a cloud of negatively charged electrons.

• The atom is the smallest particle of an element.

• A molecule consists of two or more atoms bonded together.

What is it?

Na

H2O2

S8

Democritus and John Dalton

HONClFIBr

Metric Prefixes

••

•••••

Scientific Notation

• (7.75 x 10-6 m) x (2.07 x 1019 m) =1.60425 x 1014

1.60 x 1014 m2

Factor – Label Method

• I do not plan on putting factor – label problems on this particular test.

• However you will be using factor – label method on many tests this year.

Convert 152 mL to dL

Convert 152 mL to dL

1.52 dL

Convert 1.38kg to cg

Convert 1.38kg to cg

138,000 cg

Convert 0.56 cm to m

Convert 0.56 cm to m

5600 m

The maximum dosage of a medication is 50,000 μg/day. An IV drip can be set in

mg/hr. What should the IV drip be set at?

The maximum dosage of a medication is 50,000 μg/day. An IV drip can be set in

mg/hr. What should the IV drip be set at?2.08 mg/hr

A geologist measures an advancing glacier at a rate of 2.5 mm/hr. What

is this rate in km/year?

A geologist measures an advancing glacier at a rate of 2.5 mm/hr. What

is this rate in km/year? 0.0219 km/year

Significant Digits

Rules for Significant Digits

Rules for Significant Digits

• All non-zero digits are significant.

Rules for Significant Digits

• All non-zero digits are significant.• “Trailing” zeros after the decimal point

ARE significant.

Rules for Significant Digits

• All non-zero digits are significant.• “Trailing” zeros after the decimal point

ARE significant.• Zeros between significant digits are

significant.

Rules for Significant Digits

• All non-zero digits are significant.• “Trailing” zeros after the decimal point

ARE significant.• Zeros between significant digits are

significant.• All other zeros are NOT significant

unless indicated to be so by having a bar placed over them.

How to Determine Significant Digits

How to Determine Significant Digits

•Underline the leftmost nonzero digit.

How to Determine Significant Digits

•Underline the leftmost nonzero digit.

•Use the rules for significant digits to determine the rightmost significant digit.

How to Determine Significant Digits

•Underline the leftmost nonzero digit.

•Use the rules for significant digits to determine the rightmost significant digit.

•Every digit in between the leftmost and rightmost significant digits are significant as well.

Counting or Exact NumbersCounting numbers: If there are 10 people in a

room there are not 9.5 or 10.76 people in the room. Counting numbers are exact.

Ones in Conversion Factors: 1 kilometer = 1000 meters.  Exactly 1 km is equal to exactly 1000m. The 1 is considered to be an exact number and so is the 1000.

Since Counting numbers are exact they have an infinite number of significant digits.

Determine the Significant Digits(Examples in Notebook)

• 70.12 L • 0.000800 mg • 82.003 µm • 27.0 km • 50 people • 1.002 cm • _ • 200 kg

• -270.8 ºC • 1000 mL • 42,729.00 cm • 225 beans • 99.294 dm • 0.06900 m • _• 3,200,000 µL

Determine the Significant Digits (Examples in Notebook)

• 70.12 L 4• 0.000800 mg 3• 82.003 µm 5• 27.0 km 3• 50 people infinite• 1.002 cm 4• _ • 200 kg 2

• -270.8 ºC 4• 1000 mL 1• 42,729.00 cm 7• 225 beans infinite• 99.294 dm 5• 0.06900 m 4• _• 3,200,000 µL 5

Math Operations with Significant Digits

• When multiplying and/or dividing your answer must reflect the smallest number of significant digits.

Math Operations with Significant Digits

• When multiplying and/or dividing your answer must reflect the smallest number of significant digits.

• (17.3 cm)(28 cm) = 484.4 cm2

Math Operations with Significant Digits

• When multiplying and/or dividing your answer must reflect the smallest number of significant digits.

• (17.3 cm)(28 cm) = 484.4 cm2 = 480 cm2

Math Operations with Significant Digits

• When multiplying and/or dividing your answer must reflect the smallest number of significant digits.

• (17.3 cm)(28 cm) = 484.4 cm2 = 480 cm2

• 708g ÷ 4.700ml = 150.63829 g/ml =

Math Operations with Significant Digits

• When multiplying and/or dividing your answer must reflect the smallest number of significant digits.

• (17.3 cm)(28 cm) = 484.4 cm2 = 480 cm2

• 708g ÷ 4.700ml = 150.63829 g/ml = 151g/ml

Addition and/or Subtraction reflects the fewest decimal places

decimal places.

• 24.6 cm − 17.01 cm = 7.59 cm

Addition and/or Subtraction reflects the fewest decimal places

decimal places.

• 24.6 cm − 17.01 cm = 7.59 cm = 7.6 cm

Addition and/or Subtraction reflects the fewest decimal places

decimal places.

• 24.6 cm − 17.01 cm = 7.59 cm = 7.6 cm

• 8.5g + 1.32g + 0.18g =

Addition and/or Subtraction reflects the fewest decimal places

decimal places.

• 24.6 cm − 17.01 cm = 7.59 cm = 7.6 cm

• 8.5g + 1.32g + 0.18g = 10g

Addition and/or Subtraction reflects the fewest decimal places

decimal places.

• 24.6 cm − 17.01 cm = 7.59 cm = 7.6 cm

• 8.5g + 1.32g + 0.18g = 10g = 10.0g

MASS WEIGHT

Meaning Measurement of the amount of matter in an object

Measurement of the gravitational force

Variable/constant constant variable

Measured with balance Scale

Units Grams, kilograms, etc.

Pounds, ounces, etc.

Density• Density is the mass per unit volume.• D = Mass ÷ Volume

÷

Solving For Variables

Common Volume Units

Illegal ivory is often detected on the basis of density. What is the density of the elephant tusk?

Mass = 2680g

Volume = 1450cm3

Illegal ivory is often detected on the basis of density. What is the density of the elephant tusk?

Mass = 2680g

Volume = 1450cm3

D = 2680g ÷ 1450cm3 = 1.8482g/cm3 = 1.85g/cm3

Calcium chloride is used as a deicer on roads in winter. Its density is 2.50g/cm3. What mass of calcium chloride will the truck hold if its volume is 4560L?

Calcium chloride is used as a deicer on roads in winter. Its density is 2.50g/cm3. What mass of calcium chloride will the truck hold if its volume is 4560L?4560L = 4,560,000cm3

Calcium chloride is used as a deicer on roads in winter. Its density is 2.50g/cm3. What mass of calcium chloride will the truck hold if its volume is 4560L?4560L = 4,560,000cm3

M = D x V = 2.50g/cm3 x 4,560,000cm3 = 11,400,000g

The density of methanol is 0.788g/cm3.

What is the minimum volume of a tank that can hold 795kg of methanol.

The density of methanol is 0.788g/cm3. What is the minimum volume of a tank that can hold 795kg of methanol.

795kg = 795,000g

The density of methanol is 0.788g/cm3. What is the minimum volume of a tank that can hold 795kg of methanol.

795kg = 795,000g

795,000g ÷ 0.788g/cm3 = 1,008,883cm3 = 1,010,000cm3

The density of methanol is 0.788g/cm3. What is the minimum volume of a tank that can hold 795kg of methanol.

795kg = 795,000g

795,000g ÷ 0.788g/cm3 = 1,008,883cm3 = 1,010,000cm3

= 1010L

• Temperature is a measurement of the “average kinetic energy” of the particles in a material.

Celsius and Kelvin Conversion +/- 273