welcome to ap biology!!!! notes: chapter 1
TRANSCRIPT
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Welcome to
AP BIOLOGY!!!!
NOTES: Chapter 1
Exploring Life
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Exploring LIFE:
● The phenomenon we call life defies a simple, one-sentence definition
● We recognize life by what living things DO
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Some Properties of LIFE:
● order
● evolutionary adaptation
● response to the
environment
● regulation (homeostasis)
● energy processing
● growth and development
● reproduction
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Figure 1.2
(c) Response to the
environment
(a) Order
(d) Regulation
(g) Reproduction(f) Growth and
development
(b) Evolutionary
adaptation
(e) Energy
processing
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Concepts / Themes in the Study of Life
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► Concept 1.1: a set of THEMES/ big ideas
pervade all of biology – make connections
across different areas of biology!
● THEME: new properties emerge at each
level in the biological hierarchy
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From the biosphere to organisms:
Figure 1.3
1 The biosphere
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From cells to molecules:
Cell
8 Cells
6 Organs and organ systems
7 Tissues
10 Molecules
9 Organelles
50 µm
10 µm
1 µm
Atoms
Figure 1.3
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Life is organized (ORDER) on many
structural levels (small to large):
● Atoms
● Biological Molecules
● Organelles
● Cells
● Tissues
● Organs
● Organ Systems
● Organism
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Levels beyond the individual organism:
● Population
● Community
● Ecosystem
● Biomes
● Biosphere
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● THEME: organisms INTERACT with other
organisms and the physical environment
-ex: cycling of
chemical
nutrients
within an
ecosystem
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● THEME: life requires energy transfer and
transformation
-all organisms must
perform work, which
requires energy
-flow of energy through
an ecosystem (sunlight
plants animals…)
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THEME: STRUCTURE AND
FUNCTION are correlated at all
levels of biological organization.
“Form fits function!”
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Form Fits Function!
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● Biological systems are much more than
the sum of their parts
A system is a combination of components that form a more complex organization
CELL
Nucleu
s
Cytoplasm
Outer membraneand cell surface
Figure 1.10
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THEME: the cell is an organism’s basic unit of
structure and function
● The cell is the lowest level of organization
that can perform all activities required for life
25 µmFigure 1.5
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The Cell’s Heritable Information:
● Cells contain chromosomes made partly of DNA, the substance of genes which program the cells’ production of proteins and transmit information from parents to offspring
Egg cell
Sperm cell
Nuclei
containing
DNA
Fertilized egg
with DNA from
both parents
Embyro’s cells
with copies of
inherited DNAOffspring with traits
inherited from
both parentsFigure 1.6
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THEME: the continuity of life is based on
heritable information in the form of DNA
● The molecular structure of DNA accounts for it
information-rich nature
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THEME: Feedback Mechanisms Regulate
Biological Systems
● A kind of supply-and-demand
economy applies to some of
the dynamics of biological
systems
● In feedback regulation the
output, or product, of a
process regulates that very
process
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In negative feedback:
● An accumulation of an end product slows the
process that produces that product
B
A
C
D
Enzyme 1Enzyme 1
Enzyme 2
Enzyme 3
DD
D D
D
D
D
DDD
C
B
A Negativefeedback
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In positive feedback:
● The end product speeds up production
WW
X
Y
Z
ZZ
ZZ
Z
Z Z Z
ZZ
Z Z
Z
ZZZ
Z
Z
Y
X
Enzyme 4
Enzyme 5
Enzyme 6
Enzyme 4
Enzyme 5
Enzyme 6
Positivefeedback
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THEME: Evolution is
the overarching
theme of biology!
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► Concept 1.2: Evolution accounts
for life’s unity and diversity
● The history of life is a saga of a changing
Earth billions of years old
● The evolutionary view of life came into
sharp focus in 1859 when Charles
Darwin published On the Origin of
Species by Natural Selection
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EVOLUTION:
● The Origin of
Species
articulated two
main points
-Descent with
modification
-Natural selection
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● The products of natural selection are often
exquisite adaptations of organisms to the
special circumstances of their way of life and
their environment
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“In Biology nothing makes
sense except in the light of
evolution.”-Theodosius Dobzhansky
(1900-1975)
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Diversity and unity are the dual
faces of life on earth:
● TAXONOMY = branch of biology concerned
with naming and classifying organisms.
– This helps categorize the diversity to make it
manageable.
● Unity of life is evident in:
– A universal genetic code;
– Similar metabolic pathways;
– Similarities in cell structure.
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► Classifying Life: Biologists explore
life across its great diversity of species
● Diversity is a hallmark of life
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Classifying life:Species Genus Family Order Class Phylum Kingdom Domain
Mammalia
Ursus
ameri-
canus
(American
black bear)
Ursus
Ursidae
Carnivora
Chordata
Animalia
Eukarya
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Life’s 3 Domains:
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Unity in the Diversity of Life:
● As diverse as life is there is also evidence of
remarkable unity
Cilia of Paramecium.
The cilia of Paramecium
propel the cell through
pond water.
Cross section of cilium, as viewed
with an electron microscope
15 µm
1.0 µm
5 µm
Cilia of windpipe cells. The cells that line the human windpipe
are equipped with cilia that help keep the lungs clean by moving
a film of debris-trapping mucus upward.
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► Concept 1.3: Biologists use
various forms of inquiry to explore life
● At the heart of science is inquiry
– A search for information and explanation,
often focusing on specific questions
● Biology blends two main processes of
scientific inquiry
– Discovery science
– Hypothesis-based science
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Discovery Science:
● Describes natural structures and
processes as accurately as possible
through careful observation and
analysis of data
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“A discovery is like falling in love and
reaching the top of a mountain after a hard
climb all in one, an ecstasy induced not by
drugs but by the revelation of a face of nature
that no one has seen before.”
-Max Perutz (Pulitzer Prize: Biochemistry)
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Types of DATA:
● Data
-Are recorded
observations
-Can be quantitative
or qualitative
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Hypothesis-Based Science
(INQUIRY):
● In science, inquiry that asks specific
questions usually involves the proposing
and testing of hypothetical explanations,
or hypotheses
● In science, a hypothesis
– Is a tentative answer to a well-framed
question, an explanation on trial
– Makes predictions that can be tested
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Hypotheses in
Scientific Inquiry:
● A scientific hypothesis must
have two important qualities:
-It must be testable
-It must be falsifiable
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A Case Study in Scientific Inquiry:
Investigating Mimicry in Snake Populations
● In one type of mimicry a harmless species
resembles a harmful species
Flower fly
(non-stinging)
Honeybee (stinging)
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● In this case study
– Mimicry in king snakes is examined
– The hypothesis predicts that predators in
non–coral snake areas will attack king
snakes more frequently than will predators
that live where coral snakes are present
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● To test this mimicry hypothesis
researchers made hundreds of artificial
snakes, an experimental group resembling
king snakes and a control group of plain
brown snakes
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● After a given period of time the
researchers collected data that fit a key
prediction
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Limitations of Science
● Science cannot address supernatural
phenomena
-Because hypotheses must be testable
and falsifiable and experimental results
must be repeatable
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Theories in Science:
● A scientific theory
-Is broad in scope
-Generates new hypotheses
-Is supported by a large body of evidence
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► Concept 1.4: Science benefits
from a cooperative approach and
diverse viewpoints
● Science is a social activity!
– Scientists work together & share their
results with the scientific community
● Building on the work of others
– Results must be repeatable
– Biologists approach questions at different
levels
– Cooperation & communication are key!
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