“next stop …the future” · automated buses in transit. game changers •automated shuttles...

Robert James

APTA Bus & Paratransit Conference

Date 5/8/2018

Contact rojames@hntb.com

(732) 689-1989

“Next Stop …the Future”Automated Buses in Transit

Game Changers

•Automated Shuttles

•Connected Vehicle Solutions

•Vehicle Electrification Facilities

BUS AUTOMATION

• Low speed around public

• Higher Speed on Dedicated Roadways or Lanes

• Slow Adoption Rate Among Bus Manufacturers and Clients

• Retrofit of Motor Coach Industry Buses

• Shuttle Makers Evaluating Market Opportunities to Fill Void• 1st/last mile

• Circulators

Existing CV/AV Shuttle Examples

Heathrow Airport University of Michigan

Las Vegas

Existing CV/AV Shuttle ExamplesAmsterdam Schiphol Airport Rivium GRT - Parkshuttle

Existing CV/AV Shuttle Bus Options (Larger Vehicles – 24+ passengers)

Amsterdam Airport :: Mercedes-Benz Future Bus Eugene, Oregon :: EmX Articulated

Existing CV/AV Shuttle Bus Options (Mini Shuttles – 12 passengers)

Local Motors/Intel’s OlliHelsinki/Oslo/Tokyo - EZ-10 electric Mini

Buses

Netherlands ParkShuttle – 2getthere GRTGreece/Spain CityMobile2

AV Shuttle Vendors

Ohmio Lift

Coast

Automation

EasyMile

EZ10

Navya/Softbank

City Mobil2

2GetThere GRT

Mercedes Bus

(2021)

Ohmio Lift XT1

(2020)

Toyota e-Palette

(2021)

EasyMile EZ10

Gen 3 (2020)

2GetThere

GRT2 - 3rd Gen

(2 door)

2GetThere

GRT2 - 3rd Gen

(1 door)

Automated Shuttle Characteristics

• Low speed roadways <25mph

• Lane change difficult

• Left turns difficult

• Not all weather for snow/fog

• Need better location accuracy (Use UWB positioning)

• ADA being addressed

• Some bi-directional vendors

• Vendors done with demonstrations – buy/lease only

• Long lead time (3months to 1 year)

USDOT Standards Work

• Establish a standard data exchange interface that is interoperable across all deployment locations and vehicle vendors.

• Establish standards for procurement, including demonstrated vehicle performance and data sharing requirements.

• Develop a set of automated vehicle operational testing and evaluation standards to benchmark the selected vendors.

• Develop a methodology for evaluating the operational safety of the system in various deployment settings.

Connected Automated Deployment in NYC

11

XBL thru NYC Lincoln Tunnel (1900 Bus retrofit through dedicated lane)

Automated Vehicles Components

12

CV/AV TechnologiesAutonomous Vehicles Connected

Vehicles

BusPlatooning UWB

CONNECTED VEHICLE SOLUTIONS

• Signal Phase and Timing• Transit Signal Priority

• BRT Solutions

• Eco-Driving

• Safety Applications• Intersection Collision

Avoidance

• Queue Warnings

• Passenger Boarding

• Pedestrian Safety

• Congestion Reduction• Traveler Information

• Routing and Navigation

• Location Services

HNTB Project Examples:• NJDOT TSP/Connectivity• Tampa CV Pilot• Smart Columbus• FDOT FRAME Program

HNTB Opportunities:• Houston Metro BRT• HART

V2X Accuracy Not Sufficient

Enhanced GPS vs UWB on 6th Ave

15

Enhanced GPS

Ultra-wideband

Ultrawideband in NYC

16 NYC CV Pilot use of Ultra-wideband https://youtu.be/ZycoQmnNo18

Sensor Limitations V2X & Sensor Fusion (Longitudinal)

17

• Conventional Sensors (Radar, Vision, Lidar) have problems with weather, curves, hills, obstructions

• Connected V2X w/Ultra-wideband solve these scenarios

Stra

igh

t R

oad

Goo

d W

eath

er

Ob

stac

le D

etec

tio

n

Cur

ved

Ro

ad

Ver

tica

l Cu

rves

Sno

w &

Rai

n

Dir

ty W

ind

shie

ld

Hea

vy S

now

or

Ice

Mer

gin

g Tr

affi

c

Mul

tipl

e O

bje

cts

Bey

ond

Lin

e of

Sig

htM

ulti

ple

V2

V V

ehic

les

Ob

stac

les/

Ped

estr

ians

Ro

ad H

azar

ds/

Poth

ole

sTu

nnel

s/U

rban

Can

yon

Spee

d L

imit

Det

ecti

on

Radar $

Vision $

LIDAR $$$

V2X $

UWB $

Longitudinal Control

Sensor Limitations V2X & Sensor Fusion (Lateral)

18

• Conventional Sensors have problems with poor lane markings, work zones, merging, weather, obstructions, objects beyond line of sight

• Connected V2X w/Ultra-wideband solve these scenariosG

ood

Lan

e M

arki

ngs

Goo

d W

eath

er

Poo

r La

ne

Mar

king

s

Mer

gin

g Tr

affi

c

Sno

w &

Rai

n

Goo

d V

isib

ility

Bey

ond

Lin

e of

Sig

htSi

gnal

Ph

ase

Sno

w &

Rai

n

Ob

stac

les/

Ped

estr

ians

Sign

al T

imin

g

Sign

al P

rio

rity

Trav

el L

ane

s

Radar $

Vision $

LIDAR $$$

V2X $

UWB $

Lateral Control Intersection

Uber Crash

AUTOMATED SHUTTLES• Low-Speed, Multi-Passenger Vehicles

• Established Routes or Separate Facilities

• Operational in Heathrow, Las Vegas, Dubai, University of Michigan

• Use Cases and Services• First and last mile service• Circulation for campuses, residential developments and CBDs

• Current HNTB Projects – Planning Stage• JTA U2C Program• HART Shuttle• PennDOT – PSU Harrisburg• Smart Columbus• Foxconn Development (Wisconsin DOT)• JFK Airport

• Other Projects in Planning• Airports (APM replacement, access to airport landside services)• Treasure Island (SFCTA)• SWBID – District of Columbia DOT

CV/AV TechnologiesConnected

Vehicles

Ultrawideband

Autonomous Vehicles (Sensors, Radar, Camera, LIDAR)

BUS AUTOMATION

• Higher Speed on Dedicated Roadways or Lanes

• Slow Adoption Rate Among APM and Bus Manufacturers

• Shuttle Makers Evaluating Market Opportunities to Fill Void

Connected Automated Deployment in NYC

23

XBL thru NYC Lincoln Tunnel (1900 Bus retrofit through dedicated lane)

Automated Vehicles Components

24

Repurposing Existing Infrastructure

Jacksonville Transportation Authority :: Skyway

Jacksonville Transportation Authority :: Skyway

Repurposing Existing Infrastructure

Retrofit Existing Monorail Structure

27

APM – CV/AV ComparisonAPM CV/AV

Service Flexibility Fixed Route and ScheduleOn-Demand, Real-Time,

Dynamic Schedule

Vehicle Fleet Flexibility None Mixed Vehicle Size

Vendor Options Limited Many

Tracks, Interlocking, Switches,

Electrical Substations, PowerRequired Not Required

Longitudinal/Lateral Control Tracks Sensors and Algorithms

Aligned with Future Mobility

TrendsNo Yes

Deployment Cost High Infrastructure Cost Minimal Infrastructure Cost

O&M Costs High Low

Construction Duration High Low

Deployments to DateMultiple Deployments in US

and Around the World

Mostly Short- and Long-Term

Trials in US and Around the

World

NY/NJ AV Legislation N/AAV Testing Legal in NY

NJ Senate Bill Introduced

Example AV Replacement of APMAPM CV/AV

Service FlexibilityFixed Route and

SchedulePoint to Point Service

Vehicle Fleet 16 Paired Rail

Cars50 - 24 passenger GRTs

Vendor Options Limited Many

Aligned with

Future Mobility

Trends

No

• Revenue from 3rd party use

of guideway

• Extension to at-grade

service to other locations

Deployment Cost $2 billion $300 million

O&M Costs $5M per year $750K per year

Construction

Duration5 years 9 months

BUS ELECTRIFICATION FACILITIES

• Fast Charging Technologies

• Wireless Induction Capabilities• Needs relative to improvements in battery

technology

• Dynamic induction and direct propulsion

• Station and Maintenance Facility Opportunities• JFK Airport electrification of bus fleet

• San Francisco Zero Emission Vehicle Study

• Austin Texas Metra electrification

• JTA U2C electrification

• Smart Columbus

Mobile Battery Chargers

• NYC Climate Challenge Action Finalist

• Concierge Service in JFK Parking Lot

• Charging for electric buses and GSEs

• More efficient use of charging stations – spaces are wasted in long term parking

• Stop gap solution for capital utilities project

• Automated mobile unit with UWB

Where are we going with Automated Vehicles?

•Near Term (Operational now)• Low-speed autonomous fixed route deployments•High-speed Semi-dedicated connected facilities•Automated Trains

•Mid Term (2-5 years)• Low speed 1st/Last Mile On Demand Shuttles•Automated Vehicle Guideways replacing rail at

airports, subways, commuter rail and long haul• Long Term (5+ years)•Automated Mobility on Demand

32

Questions?

33

Robert James

Contact rojames@hntb.com

(732) 689-1989