an introduction to xml joint presentation to the cdpug and gcpcug web publishing sig - august 26,...
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An IntroductionAn Introductionto XMLto XML
Joint Presentation to theJoint Presentation to the
CDPUG and GCPCUG Web Publishing SIG CDPUG and GCPCUG Web Publishing SIG --
August 26, 2004August 26, 2004
Copyright © 2004 by Michael Mina - mikeamina@aol.comCopyright © 2004 by Michael Mina - mikeamina@aol.com
Presentation OverviewPresentation Overview
What is XML?What is XML? Uses of XMLUses of XML XML in relation to other languagesXML in relation to other languages Learning basic XMLLearning basic XML Publishing with XMLPublishing with XML XML and databasesXML and databases XML ResourcesXML Resources
Copyright © 2004 by Michael Mina - mikeamina@aol.comCopyright © 2004 by Michael Mina - mikeamina@aol.com
What is XML?What is XML?
Extensible Markup Language - born Extensible Markup Language - born 2/19982/1998
Extensible - create new markup Extensible - create new markup languageslanguages
More than HTML, less than SGMLMore than HTML, less than SGML XML family of specificationsXML family of specifications
– XML, XSL, XSLT, XSL-FO, DOM, XML XML, XSL, XSLT, XSL-FO, DOM, XML Namespaces, XLink, XPointer, XPath, XML Namespaces, XLink, XPointer, XPath, XML Schema, XML Query LanguageSchema, XML Query Language
Copyright © 2004 by Michael Mina - mikeamina@aol.comCopyright © 2004 by Michael Mina - mikeamina@aol.com
Uses of XMLUses of XML
Data StorageData Storage Data InterchangeData Interchange Data Display/Rendering/PublishingData Display/Rendering/Publishing
All of the above are interrelatedAll of the above are interrelated All of the above are about All of the above are about datadata
Copyright © 2004 by Michael Mina - mikeamina@aol.comCopyright © 2004 by Michael Mina - mikeamina@aol.com
Uses of XMLUses of XML Some specific examplesSome specific examples
– United Way I&R data interchange (call 211)United Way I&R data interchange (call 211)– Dreamweaver extensionsDreamweaver extensions– File management of digital photographsFile management of digital photographs– Transmit information from handheld into Transmit information from handheld into
database (e.g., U-Haul)database (e.g., U-Haul)– CSU data transformation POC modelCSU data transformation POC model
Excel Excel Access Access XML, XSL XML, XSL
– Burden shifting: database server Burden shifting: database server web web serverserver
Limited only by your imagination (?)Limited only by your imagination (?)
Copyright © 2004 by Michael Mina - mikeamina@aol.comCopyright © 2004 by Michael Mina - mikeamina@aol.com
Uses of XML - Data StorageUses of XML - Data Storage
Data StorageData Storage– Products marketed as “XML databases”Products marketed as “XML databases”
TaminoTamino TEXTMLTEXTML
– XML-enabled databasesXML-enabled databases Oracle, SQL Server, DB2Oracle, SQL Server, DB2
note: this is not a product endorsement
Copyright © 2004 by Michael Mina - mikeamina@aol.comCopyright © 2004 by Michael Mina - mikeamina@aol.com
Uses of XML - Data StorageUses of XML - Data Storage
When is XML Suited for Data Storage?When is XML Suited for Data Storage?– Data needs to be accessed by many Data needs to be accessed by many
systemssystems– Hierarchical dataHierarchical data– Smaller data set *Smaller data set *– Speed not criticalSpeed not critical– Simpler queries used *Simpler queries used *– Data must be stored for a long timeData must be stored for a long time
* Becoming less important over time as a consideration
Copyright © 2004 by Michael Mina - mikeamina@aol.comCopyright © 2004 by Michael Mina - mikeamina@aol.com
Uses of XML - Data Uses of XML - Data InterchangeInterchange
Application
Application Application
Application Application
Application Application
Application
Many translators (bridges) vs. a common language
XML
Copyright © 2004 by Michael Mina - mikeamina@aol.comCopyright © 2004 by Michael Mina - mikeamina@aol.com
Uses of XML - Uses of XML - Display/RenderingDisplay/Rendering
Data Display/RenderingData Display/Rendering– Present the same content differently for Present the same content differently for
different devicesdifferent devices
Before XML . . .Before XML . . .– Either support older standard only (e.g., Either support older standard only (e.g.,
HTML 3.2)HTML 3.2)– Or develop multiple sets of pages and Or develop multiple sets of pages and
redirect user based on their browserredirect user based on their browser
Copyright © 2004 by Michael Mina - mikeamina@aol.comCopyright © 2004 by Michael Mina - mikeamina@aol.com
Uses of XML - Uses of XML - Display/RenderingDisplay/Rendering
With XML . . .With XML . . .– One set of XML documentsOne set of XML documents– One XSL document for each One XSL document for each
browser/devicebrowser/device– If a new device or new use for existing If a new device or new use for existing
device emerges…device emerges… develop new standard protocol (e.g., WAP)develop new standard protocol (e.g., WAP) develop another XSL documentdevelop another XSL document
Copyright © 2004 by Michael Mina - mikeamina@aol.comCopyright © 2004 by Michael Mina - mikeamina@aol.com
Uses of XML - Uses of XML - Display/RenderingDisplay/Rendering
Then eitherThen either– serve XML and XSL to clientserve XML and XSL to client
OrOr– transform XML with XSL at servertransform XML with XSL at server– serve appropriate markup to clientserve appropriate markup to client
Copyright © 2004 by Michael Mina - mikeamina@aol.comCopyright © 2004 by Michael Mina - mikeamina@aol.com
Uses of XML - PublishingUses of XML - Publishing
XMetaLDocumentum
Platform
Repurposing of content
HTML
note: this is not a product endorsement
content authoring
tool
content storage
management
MS Word
content
WAP
Copyright © 2004 by Michael Mina - mikeamina@aol.comCopyright © 2004 by Michael Mina - mikeamina@aol.com
Uses of XML - PublishingUses of XML - Publishing
In 2002, the USAF AWACS technical documentation was converted to XML
Photo from http://www.nato.int
Copyright © 2004 by Michael Mina - mikeamina@aol.comCopyright © 2004 by Michael Mina - mikeamina@aol.com
Uses of XML - burden shiftingUses of XML - burden shifting
clientweb server database server
clientweb server database server
XML
Reduce the burden on a database server
Copyright © 2004 by Michael Mina - mikeamina@aol.comCopyright © 2004 by Michael Mina - mikeamina@aol.com
Why is XML needed?Why is XML needed?
Consider HTMLConsider HTML
– HyperText Markup LanguageHyperText Markup Language
– Based on SGMLBased on SGML
– Most web pages use HTMLMost web pages use HTML
Copyright © 2004 by Michael Mina - mikeamina@aol.comCopyright © 2004 by Michael Mina - mikeamina@aol.com
Why is XML needed?Why is XML needed?
Advantages of HTMLAdvantages of HTML– Easy to learn compared to most Easy to learn compared to most
programming languagesprogramming languages Readily available authoring tools (even a Readily available authoring tools (even a
text file editor)text file editor) Readily available rendering toolReadily available rendering tool
Browsers are free, all new PCs have browsers Browsers are free, all new PCs have browsers installedinstalled
Copyright © 2004 by Michael Mina - mikeamina@aol.comCopyright © 2004 by Michael Mina - mikeamina@aol.com
Why is XML needed?Why is XML needed?
Disadvantages of HTMLDisadvantages of HTML– Deviation from its original purpose Deviation from its original purpose
Presentation should be based on a styling Presentation should be based on a styling languagelanguage
– Lack of extensibilityLack of extensibility– Toleration of faulty codeToleration of faulty code
acceptable for web page designacceptable for web page design unacceptable for transmission of dataunacceptable for transmission of data
Copyright © 2004 by Michael Mina - mikeamina@aol.comCopyright © 2004 by Michael Mina - mikeamina@aol.com
Why is XML needed?Why is XML needed?
Consider SGMLConsider SGML
– Standard Generalized Markup LanguageStandard Generalized Markup Language No toleration of faulty codeNo toleration of faulty code Completely extensibleCompletely extensible
– HTML, XML based on SGMLHTML, XML based on SGML
Copyright © 2004 by Michael Mina - mikeamina@aol.comCopyright © 2004 by Michael Mina - mikeamina@aol.com
Why is XML needed?Why is XML needed?
The advantages of SGML are actually The advantages of SGML are actually disadvantages in the web environmentdisadvantages in the web environment
Complete extensibility of SGML meansComplete extensibility of SGML means– It is not cost-effective to develop browsers It is not cost-effective to develop browsers
to support SGMLto support SGML– Potentially huge bandwidth and storage Potentially huge bandwidth and storage
issuesissues
Copyright © 2004 by Michael Mina - mikeamina@aol.comCopyright © 2004 by Michael Mina - mikeamina@aol.com
Why is XML needed?Why is XML needed?
XML allows the use of metadata - “data XML allows the use of metadata - “data about data”about data”
HTML tagsHTML tags– <p>The Gettysburg Address was written <p>The Gettysburg Address was written
by Abraham Lincoln</p>by Abraham Lincoln</p> XML elementsXML elements
– <document>The Gettysburg Address <document>The Gettysburg Address </document> was written by </document> was written by <president><author>Abraham <president><author>Abraham Lincoln</author></president>Lincoln</author></president>
Copyright © 2004 by Michael Mina - mikeamina@aol.comCopyright © 2004 by Michael Mina - mikeamina@aol.com
SGML, XML, HTMLSGML, XML, HTML
XML and HTML are subsets of SGML XHTML is HTML rewritten as an XML-based language
SGML
HTMLXML
XHTML
Copyright © 2004 by Michael Mina - mikeamina@aol.comCopyright © 2004 by Michael Mina - mikeamina@aol.com
XML-based languagesXML-based languages
XML extensibility has led toXML extensibility has led to– Extensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL) Extensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL) – Security Assertion Markup Language (SAML)Security Assertion Markup Language (SAML)– Predictive Model Markup Language (PMML)Predictive Model Markup Language (PMML)– CellMLCellML
““to store and exchange computer-based biological models.”to store and exchange computer-based biological models.”
– HR-XML consortiumHR-XML consortium ““. . . an independent, non-profit organization dedicated to the . . . an independent, non-profit organization dedicated to the
development and promotion of a standard suite of XML development and promotion of a standard suite of XML specifications to enable e-business and the automation of specifications to enable e-business and the automation of human resources-related data exchanges.”human resources-related data exchanges.”
– Many othersMany others
Copyright © 2004 by Michael Mina - mikeamina@aol.comCopyright © 2004 by Michael Mina - mikeamina@aol.com
Basic XMLBasic XML
<?xml version="1.0"?><CONTACTS> <DATABASE USERTYPE="PERSONAL">Contact List</DATABASE> <ENTRY NUMBER="1"> <NAME> <LAST_NAME>Sanford</LAST_NAME> <FIRST_NAME>Bill</FIRST_NAME> </NAME> <TITLE>VP, Controller</TITLE> <COMPANY>SDC, Inc.</COMPANY> <WEBSITE>www.sdcinc.biz</WEBSITE> <ADDRESS>4132 Homestead Rd.</ADDRESS> <CITY>Parma</CITY> <STATE>OH</STATE> <ZIP>44134</ZIP> <PHONE> <DIRECT>440-398-2098</DIRECT> <CELLULAR>440-123-4567</CELLULAR> </PHONE> <EMAIL>bsanford@sdc.biz</EMAIL> </ENTRY></CONTACTS>
XML Markup includes:
• XML declaration
• Root Element
• Elements
• Attributes
• Entities
Copyright © 2004 by Michael Mina - mikeamina@aol.comCopyright © 2004 by Michael Mina - mikeamina@aol.com
XHTMLXHTML
Next-generation of HTMLNext-generation of HTML HTML specification rewritten to be XML HTML specification rewritten to be XML
compliantcompliant XML is XML is notnot going to replace HTML, XHTML going to replace HTML, XHTML
isis Differences between HTML, XHTML Differences between HTML, XHTML
include:include:– lower case tags requiredlower case tags required– proper nesting and closure of tagsproper nesting and closure of tags– quoting attributesquoting attributes
Copyright © 2004 by Michael Mina - mikeamina@aol.comCopyright © 2004 by Michael Mina - mikeamina@aol.com
ParsersParsers
A parser is a program that processes A parser is a program that processes an XML document. an XML document.
IE includes a parser that allows the IE includes a parser that allows the rendering of XML documents. rendering of XML documents.
Parsers are either validating or non-Parsers are either validating or non-validating. validating.
Copyright © 2004 by Michael Mina - mikeamina@aol.comCopyright © 2004 by Michael Mina - mikeamina@aol.com
Well-formednessWell-formedness
An XML document is An XML document is well-formedwell-formed if if– attribute values are in quotesattribute values are in quotes– tags are properly nestedtags are properly nested– start and end tags are the same casestart and end tags are the same case– there is one root elementthere is one root element– empty elements must be formatted empty elements must be formatted
properlyproperly
If it’s not well-formed, it’s not XMLIf it’s not well-formed, it’s not XML
Copyright © 2004 by Michael Mina - mikeamina@aol.comCopyright © 2004 by Michael Mina - mikeamina@aol.com
Document Type Definition Document Type Definition (DTD)(DTD)
Used to specify how elements, Used to specify how elements, attributes, etc. relate to each otherattributes, etc. relate to each other
DTDs are DTDs are notnot XML documents, but are XML documents, but are used by themused by them
DTDs do not support data typingDTDs do not support data typing XML Schema was developed in part to XML Schema was developed in part to
address lack of data typing in DTDsaddress lack of data typing in DTDs XML Schemas are also XML documentsXML Schemas are also XML documents
Copyright © 2004 by Michael Mina - mikeamina@aol.comCopyright © 2004 by Michael Mina - mikeamina@aol.com
Document Type Definition Document Type Definition (DTD)(DTD)
<!ELEMENT CONTACTS (DATABASE, ENTRY+)><!ELEMENT DATABASE (#PCDATA)><!ATTLIST DATABASE USERTYPE (PERSONAL|CORPORATE) "PERSONAL"><!ELEMENT ENTRY (NAME, TITLE, COMPANY, WEBSITE?, ADDRESS, CITY, STATE, ZIP, PHONE, PAGER?, FAX?, EMAIL?)><!ATTLIST ENTRY NUMBER CDATA #IMPLIED><!ELEMENT NAME (LAST_NAME, FIRST_NAME)><!ELEMENT LAST_NAME (#PCDATA)><!ELEMENT FIRST_NAME (#PCDATA)><!ELEMENT TITLE (#PCDATA)><!ELEMENT COMPANY (#PCDATA)><!ELEMENT WEBSITE (#PCDATA)><!ELEMENT ADDRESS (#PCDATA)><!ELEMENT CITY (#PCDATA)><!ELEMENT STATE (#PCDATA)><!ELEMENT ZIP (#PCDATA)><!ELEMENT PHONE (OFFICE?, DIRECT?, CELLULAR?)>. . .ETC.
Copyright © 2004 by Michael Mina - mikeamina@aol.comCopyright © 2004 by Michael Mina - mikeamina@aol.com
Validating XMLValidating XML
An XML document that conforms to its An XML document that conforms to its DTD is DTD is validvalid
Validating parsersValidating parsers– IBM's XML4J ParserIBM's XML4J Parser– IBM's DOMit: A servlet for XML validationIBM's DOMit: A servlet for XML validation– IE itself, modified by installing a download IE itself, modified by installing a download
from http://msdn.microsoft.com from http://msdn.microsoft.com (iexmltls.exe)(iexmltls.exe)
Copyright © 2004 by Michael Mina - mikeamina@aol.comCopyright © 2004 by Michael Mina - mikeamina@aol.com
Validating XMLValidating XML
http://tinyurl.com/3bh3t
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Validating XMLValidating XML
http://tinyurl.com/3f5fp
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Validating XMLValidating XML
Copyright © 2004 by Michael Mina - mikeamina@aol.comCopyright © 2004 by Michael Mina - mikeamina@aol.com
XSLXSL
Extensible Stylesheet LanguageExtensible Stylesheet Language
Three specificationsThree specifications– XSL Transformations (XSLT)XSL Transformations (XSLT)– XSL Formatting Objects (XSL-FO)XSL Formatting Objects (XSL-FO)– XPath XPath
Previously separate, recently incorporated into Previously separate, recently incorporated into XSLXSL
Copyright © 2004 by Michael Mina - mikeamina@aol.comCopyright © 2004 by Michael Mina - mikeamina@aol.com
XSLTXSLT
Transforms XML into other markup Transforms XML into other markup languageslanguages
Often used to transform XML to HTMLOften used to transform XML to HTML Limited query-like functionalityLimited query-like functionality XSL documents are also XML XSL documents are also XML
documentsdocuments
Copyright © 2004 by Michael Mina - mikeamina@aol.comCopyright © 2004 by Michael Mina - mikeamina@aol.com
An XSL DocumentAn XSL Document
<?xml version="1.0" ?><xsl:stylesheet xmlns:xsl="http://www.w3.org/TR/WD-xsl"><xsl:template match="/"><html> <head> <title> <xsl:value-of select="CONTACTS/DATABASE" /> </title> </head><body style="background-color: DDDDDD;"> <h2 align="center"> <xsl:value-of select="CONTACTS/DATABASE" /> <hr /> </h2><!-- --> <xsl:for-each select="CONTACTS/ENTRY[COMPANY='SDC, Inc.']" order-by ="NAME/LAST_NAME"> <table align="center" width="400" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; background-color: EEEEEE;"> <tr> <td width="200"><b> <xsl:value-of select="NAME/FIRST_NAME" />
SELECT
WHERE
ORDER BY
XSLT Query-like
functionality:
Copyright © 2004 by Michael Mina - mikeamina@aol.comCopyright © 2004 by Michael Mina - mikeamina@aol.com
An XSL DocumentAn XSL Document
<?xml version="1.0" ?><xsl:stylesheet xmlns:xsl="http://www.w3.org/TR/WD-xsl"><xsl:template match="/"><html> <head> <title> <xsl:value-of select="CONTACTS/DATABASE" /> </title> </head><body style="background-color: DDDDDD;"> <h2 align="center"> <xsl:value-of select="CONTACTS/DATABASE" /> <hr /> </h2><!-- --> <xsl:for-each select="CONTACTS/ENTRY[COMPANY='SDC, Inc.']" order-by ="NAME/LAST_NAME"> <table align="center" width="400" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; background-color: EEEEEE;"> <tr> <td width="200"><b> <xsl:value-of select="NAME/FIRST_NAME" />
XSLT
XPath
HTML
CSS
Other functionality:
Copyright © 2004 by Michael Mina - mikeamina@aol.comCopyright © 2004 by Michael Mina - mikeamina@aol.com
XML, XSL and JavaScriptXML, XSL and JavaScript
<html><head><title>Test XML Page</title></head><body><script language = "JavaScript">
var xmlObject = new ActiveXObject("microsoft.xmldom")xmlObject.async = falsexmlObject.load("contacts.xml")
var xslObject = new ActiveXObject("microsoft.xmldom")xslObject.async = falsexslObject.load("contacts.xsl")
document.write(xmlObject.transformNode(xslObject))
</script></body></html>
Copyright © 2004 by Michael Mina - mikeamina@aol.comCopyright © 2004 by Michael Mina - mikeamina@aol.com
XML, XSL and JavaScriptXML, XSL and JavaScript
See demoSee demo
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XSL - Formatting ObjectsXSL - Formatting Objects
Adobe InDesignAdobe InDesign
See other informationSee other information
Copyright © 2004 by Michael Mina - mikeamina@aol.comCopyright © 2004 by Michael Mina - mikeamina@aol.com
XML and DatabasesXML and Databases
Microsoft SQL ServerMicrosoft SQL Server
Oracle products (various)Oracle products (various)
IBM DB2 UDBIBM DB2 UDB
Copyright © 2004 by Michael Mina - mikeamina@aol.comCopyright © 2004 by Michael Mina - mikeamina@aol.com
Microsoft SQL ServerMicrosoft SQL Server SQL can retrieve results in XML formatSQL can retrieve results in XML format Three XML modes: Raw, Auto, ExplicitThree XML modes: Raw, Auto, Explicit Raw mode - result row tagged <row>Raw mode - result row tagged <row> Auto mode - more control over tagsAuto mode - more control over tags Explicit modeExplicit mode
– Default tags - table names, field namesDefault tags - table names, field names– Overwrite by specifying DTD with queryOverwrite by specifying DTD with query– Specify shape of the XML tree Specify shape of the XML tree – Requires relatively complex SQL queriesRequires relatively complex SQL queries
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Oracle ProductsOracle Products
Oracle 8i was billed as “the world’s Oracle 8i was billed as “the world’s first XML-enabled database”first XML-enabled database”
Oracle Reports 6iOracle Reports 6i– Reports can be stored as XSLReports can be stored as XSL
Copyright © 2004 by Michael Mina - mikeamina@aol.comCopyright © 2004 by Michael Mina - mikeamina@aol.com
IBM DB2 UDBIBM DB2 UDB
DB2 XML ExtenderDB2 XML Extender– facility to enable DB2 to work with XMLfacility to enable DB2 to work with XML
Net.DataNet.Data– macro language for DB2 UDBmacro language for DB2 UDB
Copyright © 2004 by Michael Mina - mikeamina@aol.comCopyright © 2004 by Michael Mina - mikeamina@aol.com
IBM DB2 UDBIBM DB2 UDB
DB2 XML ExtenderDB2 XML Extender
– Repository for XML and DTDsRepository for XML and DTDs
– Storage methodsStorage methods XML columnXML column XML collectionXML collection
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IBM DB2 UDBIBM DB2 UDB
XML columnXML column– Entire XML document stored in one Entire XML document stored in one
column as an XML UDTcolumn as an XML UDT– Data Access Definition (DAD) defines Data Access Definition (DAD) defines
indexes based on elements and attributesindexes based on elements and attributes XML collectionXML collection
– Relational tables mapped to/from XMLRelational tables mapped to/from XML– DAD maps DTD to tables and columnsDAD maps DTD to tables and columns
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IBM DB2 UDBIBM DB2 UDB
DB2 XML Extender also allowsDB2 XML Extender also allows
– SQL to query XML based on elements and SQL to query XML based on elements and attributesattributes
– Stored procedures to generate XML from Stored procedures to generate XML from DB2DB2
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IBM DB2 UDBIBM DB2 UDB
Net.DataNet.Data
– Allows conversion of SQL results to XMLAllows conversion of SQL results to XML
– Is not restricted to DB2 UDB as a data Is not restricted to DB2 UDB as a data sourcesource
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XML and Query LanguagesXML and Query Languages XPathXPath
– not based on XMLnot based on XML– limited functionalitylimited functionality– relatively difficult to understandrelatively difficult to understand
XSLTXSLT– based on XMLbased on XML– works with XPath, XSL-FO, HTML, CSSworks with XPath, XSL-FO, HTML, CSS– also has limited functionalityalso has limited functionality
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XML and Query LanguagesXML and Query Languages
Per the W3C website:
“The mission of the XML Query project is to provide flexible query facilities to extract data from real and virtual documents on the World Wide Web, therefore finally providing the needed interaction between the Web world and the database world. Ultimately, collections of XML files will be accessed like databases.” (emphasis added)
Copyright © 2004 by Michael Mina - mikeamina@aol.comCopyright © 2004 by Michael Mina - mikeamina@aol.com
XML Editors - a samplingXML Editors - a sampling
Microsoft - XML NotepadMicrosoft - XML Notepad Wattle Software - XMLWriterWattle Software - XMLWriter Sonic Software - Stylus StudioSonic Software - Stylus Studio Altova - XML SpyAltova - XML Spy
note: this is not a product endorsement
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XML Editors - XML NotepadXML Editors - XML Notepad
Copyright © 2004 by Michael Mina - mikeamina@aol.comCopyright © 2004 by Michael Mina - mikeamina@aol.com
XML Servers/DatabasesXML Servers/Databases
IxiaSoft - TEXTML ServerIxiaSoft - TEXTML Server– http://www.ixiasoft.comhttp://www.ixiasoft.com
Software AG - Tamino XML ServerSoftware AG - Tamino XML Server– http://www.tamino.comhttp://www.tamino.com
Ipedo - Ipedo XML Intelligence PlatformIpedo - Ipedo XML Intelligence Platform– http://www.ipedo.comhttp://www.ipedo.com
note: this is not a product endorsement
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XML ResourcesXML Resources
World Wide Web ConsortiumWorld Wide Web Consortium– http://www.w3.orghttp://www.w3.org
The XML Industry PortalThe XML Industry Portal– http://www.xml.orghttp://www.xml.org
XML101.comXML101.com– http://www.xml101.comhttp://www.xml101.com
W3 SchoolsW3 Schools– http://www.w3schools.comhttp://www.w3schools.com
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<closing><closing>Thank You For AttendingThank You For Attending
</closing></closing>
Michael MinaMichael Minamikeamina@aol.commikeamina@aol.com
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