alexander thomson uw - madison civil engineerin g certificate in engineering for energy...
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Alexander Thomson UW - Madison
Civil EngineeringCertificate in
Engineering for Energy Sustainability
Utilization of Waste Materials in Portland Cement Concrete (PCC)
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Overview
• Why use alternative materials• Important properties of PCC• Description of PCC components• Introduction of cement substitutes• Analysis of affects on PCC properties• Exploration of other alternatives• Recommendations and summary• Q & A
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Why is there a need to substitute PCC with alternative materials?
• PCC is very energy intensive to produce• Cement is most energy intensive component
• Recycles waste from industrial sources
There is a growing demand for concrete and cement
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How do you make concrete buildings “sustainable”?
• Reduce operating energy • Increase recycling potential
• design for deconstruction
• Increase efficiency of concrete plants• alternative fuels • reuse waste water
• Use waste materials in concrete to reduce the required water and energy
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Using waste materials must not negatively affect PCC’s properties• Compression• Permeability• Porosity
• Freeze/Thaw
Performance• Density
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The properties of PCC are determined by the components.
Coarse Aggregates: rocks (up to 1in diameter)Fine Aggregates: sandCement: powdery material, mainly limestoneAdmixtures: can be either fluids or solidsWater
Component Mass (%)
Calcium oxide, CaO 61-67%
Silicon oxide, SiO2 19-23%
Aluminum oxide, Al2O3 2.5-6%
Ferric oxide, Fe2O3 0-6%
Sulfate, SO4 1.5-4.5%
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The properties of PCC are determined by the components.
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Only some waste materials should be used in PCC.
• Cement substitutes:• Fly Ash: SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, CaO
• Blast Furnace Slag (BFS): SiO2, CaO, Al2O3, MgO
• Ceramic Waste: SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, CaO
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Video: Green Concrete
Short video about cement substitutes:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=910scqpLHIE
Prof. Jannie Van Deventer: University of Melbourne
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Video: Making “green” concrete
Short video about fly ash in concrete:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AmUgIiGjlOo
Dr. Jeffery Volz: a researcher at
Missouri University of Science and Technology
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Affects on PCC properties caused by cement alternatives.
Waste Material
Percent Waste
Compres-sion
Perme-ability
Porosity Freeze/ Thaw
Density
Fly Ash 35-50% - Early+ Late
+ Water / Air
- + /
BFS 50-70% - Early/ Late
+ Water+ Air
/ / +
Ceramic Waste
20% - Early/ Late
+ Water- Air
/ / /
+ Indicates positive affect- Indicates negative affect/ Indicates no significant affect
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There are possible alternatives for other PCC components.• Focus on:
• Major components of concrete• Energy intensive components
• Options must be:• Practical• Cost effective
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Example case: animal protein and waste plastic• Ground plastic from used water
bottles used as fine aggregates• Hemoglobin from animal slaughter
houses used as an admixture
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Example case: animal protein and waste plastic
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Example case: animal protein and waste plasticResults:
• Increased workability • Up to 40% less water needed
• Decreased density by 17%• Decreased compressive strength
• From 47 MPa to 26 MPa
• Increased porosity• Improved thermal conductivity by 64.5%
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Recommendations
• Use local cement substitutes• Avoid shipping materials
• Research• Combine waste materials• Speed early strength gain
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Using waste materials in PCC has clear advantages.
Economical
Environmental
Practical
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ReferencesAhmaruzzaman, M. (2010). A review on the utilization of fly ash. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 36(3),
327-363.
Escalante-García, J. I., Magallanes-Rivera, R. X., & Gorokhovsky, A. (2009). Waste gypsum–blast furnace slag cement in mortars with granulated slag and silica sand as aggregates. Construction and Building Materials, 23(8), 2851-2855.
Huntzinger, D. N., & Eatmon, T. D. (2009). A life-cycle assessment of Portland cement manufacturing: Comparing the traditional process with alternative technologies. Journal of Cleaner Production, 17(7), 668-675.
Kelly, P. (2009). Precast Concrete Sustainable and Green. Building Engineer, 84(10), 20-21.
Making Better Concrete with Material from America’s Coal Ash Leader. Fly Ash: The Modern Pozzolan. www.flyash.com
Mamlouk & Zaniewski (2006). Materials for Civil and Constructions Engineers. 2nd Edition.
Pacheco-Torgal, F., & Jalali, S. (2010). Reusing ceramic wastes in concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 24(5), 832-838.
Puertas, F., García-Díaz, I., Barba, A., Gazulla, M. F., Palacios, M., Gómez, M. P., et al. (2008). Ceramic wastes as alternative raw materials for Portland cement clinker production. Cement and Concrete Composites, 30(9), 798-805.
Remadnia, A., Dheilly, R. M., Laidoudi, B., & Quéneudec, M. (2009). Use of animal proteins as foaming agent in cementitious concrete composites manufactured with recycled PET aggregates. Construction and Building Materials, 23(10), 3118-3123.
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Questions?
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