activator chapter 26
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Activator Chapter 261. What would be the disadvantage of
putting your savings under your mattress?
2. List some places that you could invest your money that might cause it to gain interest/grow.
Interest Rates Interest Rates – cost of credit for
borrowers, gains incurred from lending Low interest rates
Good for borrowers - people buying a house, car, starting a business, etc.
Interest sensitive investments Bad for savers – low interest rates
amounts to low returns on investmentsPeople hoping to earn interest on
saved money High interest rates
Bad for borrowers – cost of credit increases, making interest saving investments less desirable
Good for savers – high interest rates amount to high returns on investment
Calculatorshttp://cgi.money.cnn.com/tools/mortgageca
lc/http://www.moneychimp.com/calculator/co
mpound_interest_calculator.htm
Chapter 26 – Saving, Investment, and theFinancial System Financial System – group of institutions that turn
savings into investments Financial Markets – institutions through which
savers can directly provide funds to borrowers.
Saving, Investment, and the Financial System Saving – the absence of spending;
income not spent, or deferred consumptionBank, IRA, stocks, bonds, 401K,
pension, annuity, etc. Savings – dollars that become available
to borrowers/investors Loanable Funds - a hypothetical market
that brings savers and borrowers together. Brings together the money available in
commercial banks and lending institutions for firms and households to finance expenditures, either investments or consumption
Savers supply, borrowers demand
Financial Institutions in the U.S. Economy The Bond Market
Bond – IOU, certificate of indebtedness that specifies the obligations of the borrower to the holder of the bondCorporate, municipal, U.S. Federal
Debt finance – sale of bonds to raise money, which is a debt to the lender
Principal – initial amount borrowed, $1000
Date of maturity – time at which the loan will be repaid, 10-2030
Term – length of time until the bond matures, 30 years
Interest – rate at which the bond will be repaid, 6%
Financial Institutions in the U.S. Economy The Bond Market
Credit risk – the level of risk or loss by an investor arising from a borrower that potentially does not pay some interest or principal
Junk bonds – bonds offered by shaky, high-risk corporations
Default – failure to repay a borrowed loanTax treatment – the way tax laws treat the
interest earned on bondsThe interest on most bonds is
considered taxable incomeMunicipal bonds – bonds offered by local
or state governmentFederal bonds – bonds offered by the
U.S. Government. U.S. treasury
What is a bond videohttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=svOsKn
WlW-g
Financial Institutions in the U.S. Economy The Stock Market
Stock – partial ownership of a firm through the purchase of a shareClaim to a portion of the profit the
firm generatesDisney, Microsoft, Toys ‘R’ Us,
etc.Equity finance – sale of stocks to
raise money; a right to portions of the profit of the company
Financial Institutions in the U.S. Economy The Stock Market
Difference between Stocks and Bonds:Owner of shares in a company
are a part owner of the companyOwner of bonds are a creditor of
the company/institutionStockholders enjoy benefits of
profits while bondholders receive interest on their bonds
Bondholders are paid what they are due before stockholders if the company is in financial difficulty
Stocks have a higher risk than bonds, but a potentially higher return
What is a stock videohttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JrGp4ofULzQ
Stock Exchanges Stock Exchanges – places where buyers and
sellers meet to trade stocks Perfectly competitive market – identical
products, prices are based solely on perception and speculation, supply and demand
Primary Market - newly issued IPO will be considered a primary market trade when the shares are first purchased by investors directly
Secondary market - also called aftermarket, is the financial market in which previously issued financial instruments such as stocks and bonds are bought and sold
New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) - a stock exchange located at 11 Wall Street in lower Manhattan, New York City, USA. It is the world's largest stock exchange
Stock Exchanges National Association of Securities
Dealers Automated Quotation System (NASDAQ) - the largest electronic screen-based equity securities trading market in the United States
Stock Index – computed average of a group of stock pricesDow Jones Industrial Average,
Standard & Poor’s 500 Bidding system – brokers bid up the
price of a share of stock through demand for sharesPrice of shares based on the
following:Supply and Demand Perception of the company’s
profitabilityProfits and losses
Financial Intermediaries Financial Intermediaries – entity that channel funds from people who
have extra money (savers) to those who do not have enough money to carry out a desired activity (borrowers).
Banks – takes deposits from savers and loan to borrowers Mutual Funds – sell shares, pools money from investors into a portfolio
of investments (stocks, bonds, commodities, etc.)
Saving & Investment in National Income AccountsGross domestic product (GDP)
Total income = Total expenditure Y = C + I + G + NX
Y= gross domestic product GDPC = consumptionI = investment G = governmentNX = net exports
Consumption Investment Government Net Exports
Saving & Investment in National Income AccountsClosed economy – one that does not interact with other
economiesNX = 0Y = C + I + G
Saving & Investment in National Income AccountsNational saving (saving), S – total income in the
economy that remains after paying for consumption and government purchases
Saving & Investment in National Income AccountsPrivate saving –income
that households have left after paying for taxes and consumption
Public saving – tax revenue that the government has left after paying for its spending
Saving & Investment in National Income Accounts Budget surplus – income in excess of tax revenue over government spending; occurs when
the government takes in more than it spends T – G > 0
Budget deficit – shortfall of tax revenue from government spending; occurs when the government spends more than it takes in T – G < 0 Crowding out - occurring when government borrowing to fund a deficit causes interest
rates to rise, thereby reducing investment spending. Increase in government spending crowds out investment spending.
Budget Deficit
Budget Deficits and the National Debt
Supply and Demand
The Market for Loanable FundsMarket for loanable funds – market for
those who supply the funds and those who borrow to invest
Loanable funds – all income people have chosen to save and lend out rather than use for consumptionAssumes a closed economy and only one
market for loanable fundsMarket for loanable funds is governed by
supply and demandSource of the supply of loanable funds is
savings (CIG)Source of the demand for loanable funds
is spending (CIG)Price of a loan = real interest rate
Borrowers pay for a loanLenders receive a return on their saving
The Market for Loanable FundsSupply and demand of loanable funds
Demand curve – slopes downwardAs interest rate rises quantity demanded declines
Supply curve - slopes upwardAs interest rate rises quantity supplied increases
supply curve
The Market for Loanable Funds Shifts in the Demand Curve (buyers demand for money)
Not a result of interest rates! Spending Incentives/Disincentives:
1. Consumption Tax credits where government gives consumers
more incentive to purchase (increase demand)2. Investment
Government gives tax credits to firms (increase demand)
3. Government deficits Government lacks funds (increase
demand/decrease supply)
The Market for Loanable Funds Supply Curve (savers supply money)
Not a result of interest rates! Saving Incentives/Disincentives:
1. Consumption People become more thrifty A recession causes people to spend less and save more Laws that encourage saving Reduced taxes on financial investments (income)
2. Government deficits Government lacks the funds to pay the budget
The Loanable Funds ModelReal
InterestRate
Loanable Funds0
Supply (S)
Demand (D)
ir
Qlf• The interest rate in the economy adjusts to balance the supply and
demand for loanable funds. • The supply of loanable funds comes from national saving, including both
private saving and public saving. • The demand for loanable funds comes from firms, households and
government that want to borrow.• The equilibrium interest rate is labeled ir, and quantity of loanable funds
are supplied and demanded qlf.
Daily Assignment – Loanable Funds GraphingUsing a properly labeled graph, illustrate
each of the following scenarios:1. Suppose the economy is in a recession
and the demand for loanable funds decreases.
2. Suppose the economy is in a recession and the government injects funds into
the market.3. Suppose the government implements a
tax credit for consumers in the housing market which stimulates demand.
4. Suppose the government runs a budget deficit and increases their reliance on
loanable funds (closed economy).
The Loanable Funds ModelInterest
Rate
Loanable Funds0
S
D1
ir1
Q1
D2
ir2
Q2
1. Suppose the economy is in a recession and the demand for loanable funds decreases.
The Loanable Funds ModelInterest
Rate
Loanable Funds0
S1
D1
ir1
Q1
S2
ir2
Q2
2. Suppose the economy is in a recession and the government injects funds into the market.
The Loanable Funds ModelInterest
Rate
Loanable Funds0
S
D1
ir1
Q1
D2
ir2
Q2
3. Suppose the government implements a tax credit for consumers in the housing market which stimulates demand.
The Loanable Funds ModelInterest
Rate
Loanable Funds0
S1
D1
ir1
Q1
S2
ir2
Q2
4. Suppose the government runs a budget deficit and increases their reliance on loanable funds (closed economy).
The Loanable Funds Model
4. Suppose the government runs a budget deficit and increases their reliance on loanable funds (closed economy).
InterestRate
Loanable Funds0
S
D1
ir1
Q1
D2
ir2
Chapter 26 Homework, pgs. 586 - 593Answer the following questions based on the reading:
1. How do American families compare to other countries when it comes to saving?
2. What principles of economics relate to Americans' saving habits. 3. How does the U.S. federal government discourage saving? 4. Describe the example provided in the book regarding a 25 year old
investing in a bond. 5. What example is provided as a way to improve saving in the U.S.? 6. What curve would this policy affect; Which way would the curve shift? 7. How would this affect both the quantity of loanable funds and the interest
rates? 8. What does an investment tax credit refer to? 9. Which curve would it affect; which way would it shift? 10.How would an investment tax credit affect the interest rate and the
loanable funds? 11.How does a budget deficit affect the supply for loanable funds; which way
does the curve shift? 12.What does crowding out refer to? 13.Why does increased borrowing by the government shift the supply curve
and not the demand curve? 14.Describe what a declining debt-GDP ratio , and a rising debt-GDP ratio
indicates as it relates to indebtedness. 15.How does war affect the debt to GDP ratio? 16.Describe the two reasons that debt financing is an appropriate policy. 17.How was government debt affected as a result of the Ronald Reagan
administration? 18.What was a primary goal of the Clinton administration?
Chapter 26 Homework, pgs. 586 - 593Answer the following questions based on the reading:
1. How do American families compare to other countries when it comes to saving?
2. What principles of economics relate to Americans' saving habits.
3. How does the U.S. federal government discourage saving?
4. Describe the example provided in the book regarding a 25 year old investing in a bond.
5. What example is provided as a way to improve saving in the U.S.?
6. What curve would this policy affect; Which way would the curve shift?
7. How would this affect both the quantity of loanable funds and the interest rates?
8. What does an investment tax credit refer to? 9. Which curve would it affect; which way would it
shift? 10. How would an investment tax credit affect the
interest rate and the loanable funds? 11. How does a budget deficit affect the supply for
loanable funds; which way does the curve shift? 12. What does crowding out refer to? 13. Why does increased borrowing by the
government shift the supply curve and not the demand curve?
14. Describe what a declining debt-GDP ratio , and a rising debt-GDP ratio indicates as it relates to indebtedness.
15. How does war affect the debt to GDP ratio? 16. Describe the two reasons that debt financing is
an appropriate policy. 17. How was government debt affected as a result of
the Ronald Reagan administration? 18. What was a primary goal of the Clinton
administration?
1. Am. Families save a smaller fraction of their incomes than other countries.
2. Standard of living depends on its ability to produce. People respond to incentives.
3. Taxes placed upon interest and dividends.4. 30 year $1000 bond at 9% interest = $13268. Taxes of 33%,
real interest rate = 6%. Growth of only $5,743.5. Expand eligibility for IRAs, which shelter taxes. 6. Supply curve, shift to the right.7. Increase the quantity of loanable funds, dropping the interest
rate.8. Tax advantage to any firm that builds a new factory or buys a
new piece of equipment.9. Demand curve, shift to the right. 10. Interest rates would increase and increase the quantity supplied
of loanable funds.11. Reduces the amount of loanable funds because the
government reduces its supply of loanable funds. Shifts the supply curve to the left.
12.A decrease in investment that results from government borrowing and budget deficits.
13.Budget deficit reduces supply of loanable funds, thus affecting the supply not demand of loanable funds.
14.Declining debt-GDP ratio indicates government indebtedness is shrinking relative to its ability to raise tax revenue. Rising debt-GDP ratio, government indebtedness is increasing relative to its ability to raise tax revenue.
15.Government spending increases and budget deficit increases, increasing debt to GDP ratio
16.Allows the government to keep stable tax policy. Shifts part of the burden to future generations.
17.Smaller government and lower taxes, but increased budget deficits and borrowing.
18.Clinton balanced the budget and eventually ran a budget surplus.
Review Questions – Chapter 261. Draw a properly labeled loanable funds market model.
2. a. Supply curve represents the supply of loanable funds in the marketplace. b. Demand represents the demand for loanable funds in the marketplace.
3. Interest rates go up suppliers want to provide more loans. Interest rates go down, investors will have an incentive to borrow. Vice versa.
InterestRate
Quantity of Loanable Funds0
Supply (Slf)
Demand (Dlf)
ir
Qlf
4. Using a correctly labeled graph of the loanable funds market, show how a decision to increase saving for retirement will affect the real market interest rate in the short run. Explain your answer in words and a graph.
Word Explanation – If the supply of loanable funds increases, this will drive down the real interest rate in the market for loanable funds.
5. a. Long term, because it is more likely that you may need to sell the long-term bond at a depressed price prior to maturity.b. Yes, the credit risk has increased and lenders would demand a higher rate of return.c. Owners of shares demand a higher rate of return because it is riskier.d. It is safer to put money in an investment fund because it is diversified (not all of your eggs are in one basket).
6.a. (6,000 – 1,000 – 4,000) + (1,000 – 1,200) = 800 billionb. 6,000 – 1,000 – 4,000 = 1,000 billionc. 1,000 – 1,200 = –200 billiond. It is harming growth because public saving is negative so less is
available for investment.
7. a. Equilibrium real interest rate = 4%, equilibrium S and I = 1000 billion.b. At 2 per cent interest, the quantity demanded of loanable funds
exceeds the quantity supplied by 900 billion. This excess demand for loans (borrowing) will drive interest rates up to 4 per cent.
8. Equilibrium real interest rate = 5%, equilibrium S and I = 800 billion.
9. Equilibrium real interest rate = 5%, equilibrium S and I = 1200 billion.
10. An investment tax credit, because it shifts the demand for loanable funds to invest in capital to the right, raising the level of investment in capital and stimulating growth.
http://articles.latimes.com/2010/sep/07/nation/la-na-obama-economy-20100907
http://marriage.about.com/od/finances/a/marriagepenalty.htm
2005 AP Macroeconomics Free-Response Questions
Binder Check Due TodayChapter 251. Chapter 25 Mankiw
Practice Review 2. North Korea Video3. Notes 4. Terms
Chapter 265. Free Response 6. Ch. 26 Mankiw Practice
Review 7. Notes 8. Daily Tens 9. Terms
Extra Credit
52
1. How does a high interest rate affect savers and borrowers?
2. How does a low interest rate affect savers and borrowers?
Rules of the game:• Monopolies occur when a player acquires all of one property color or all of the utilities
1. Once a player has declared their monopoly to the government, a monopoly can charge any price they wish for their properties (price discrimination may occur).
2. The government (Coach L) must be notified of any monopoly.3. Other members of the market (other players) can voice complaints to the government regarding
unfair price increases or inconsistent monopoly practices. 4. Responses to complaints can include fines, restrictions on ability to operate for certain amounts of
time (ie: monopolies can only occur for two turns around the board), price ceilings or in extreme cases, jailings or breaking up of monopolies.
• Oligopolies can form when a group of two or more players have all the properties of one color between them.
1. As an oligopoly you can charge any price you wish for your properties; you ALL must agree on the price.
2. Once you set the price, you may not change it until two rounds have passed.• Loanable Funds Market:
1. You must determine a way to incorporate the principles of the loanable funds into your market.2. Example:
1. The center of the board acts as the loanable funds market. 2. Each round you must alternate as a saver and a borrow. 3. Government policies state that you can save 10% of your gross income; you can borrow up to
30% of your income (saved money can be collected 3 rounds after it is saved, borrowed money must be repaid + interest after 4 rounds from the time borrowed).
4. After each player has completed a round, the interest rate will be set based up on the amount of loanable funds in the market (i.e. 200 – 10%, 300 – 8%, 500 – 5%, 1000 – 2%, etc.
5. One person should keep track of the loanable funds that are borrowed and saved each round and payouts to players (this money should come from the loanable funds market or the bank).
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