achievement motivation
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Achievement MotivationAchievement Motivation
What does it mean?What does it mean?
An individuals An individuals interactioninteraction with the environment and with the environment and their their desire to succeeddesire to succeed..
Drive to succeed/persist with a taskDrive to succeed/persist with a task
AtkinsonAtkinson suggested an individual’s level of motivation suggested an individual’s level of motivation depends on a combination of depends on a combination of personalitypersonality and and situational factorssituational factors
Achievement Motivation - contAchievement Motivation - cont Athletes either display a Athletes either display a need to achieve (nAch) need to achieve (nAch) or or
need to avoid failure (nAf) need to avoid failure (nAf) tendency when placed in tendency when placed in certain situationscertain situations
A situation is evaluated in terms of an individual’s A situation is evaluated in terms of an individual’s probability of success and the incentive value of that probability of success and the incentive value of that success, which can be expressed as:success, which can be expressed as:
(Ms – Maf) x (Ps x {I – Ps})(Ms – Maf) x (Ps x {I – Ps})
Where: Ms = motive to succeed, Maf = motive to avoid Where: Ms = motive to succeed, Maf = motive to avoid failure, failure,
Ps = Probability of success and I = Incentive value of Ps = Probability of success and I = Incentive value of successsuccess
NNeed to eed to aavoid void ffailureailure::
- Avoids challenges- Avoids challenges
- Often gives up- Often gives up
- Does not want feedback- Does not want feedback
EgEg:: Climber takes easiest possible route to ensure Climber takes easiest possible route to ensure successsuccess
NNeed to eed to AchAchieveieve
- Likes a challenge- Likes a challenge
- Welcomes feedback- Welcomes feedback
- He/She not afraid of failure- He/She not afraid of failure
- Has high task persistence- Has high task persistence
EgEg:: Climber who will take the most difficult route up Climber who will take the most difficult route up a mountain to gain maximum satisfactiona mountain to gain maximum satisfaction
Eg:Eg:
The motivation level of a novice tennis player when faced The motivation level of a novice tennis player when faced with a match against a club player:with a match against a club player:
will depend on their will depend on their perceivedperceived chance of chance of successsuccess and and whether or not they are prepared to face the challenge whether or not they are prepared to face the challenge
whatever the outcomewhatever the outcome
or merely not play in case they are seen to failor merely not play in case they are seen to fail
Some theories argue that athletes perceive success – Some theories argue that athletes perceive success – depending on depending on outcome/task orientatedoutcome/task orientated goals goals
Arousal levels and the Drive TheoryArousal levels and the Drive Theory
Arousal levels need to be under control and at the right Arousal levels need to be under control and at the right level depending upon the tasklevel depending upon the task
DRIVE THEORYDRIVE THEORYThe higher the arousal level, the more likely the dominant The higher the arousal level, the more likely the dominant
response occursresponse occurs
Eg – Elite Tennis player – playing in front of large crowd, Eg – Elite Tennis player – playing in front of large crowd, will pull off his/her best possible shotswill pull off his/her best possible shots
Inverted U Theory/HypothesisInverted U Theory/Hypothesis
Inverted U – ContInverted U – Cont
Optimum performance occurs at moderate Optimum performance occurs at moderate arousal levelsarousal levels
What is wrong with this theory?What is wrong with this theory?
The position of Optimum arousal depends on The position of Optimum arousal depends on a number of factors:a number of factors:
1.1. Type of activityType of activity
2.2. Skill level of PerformerSkill level of Performer
3.3. Personality of PerformerPersonality of Performer
Type of activity:Type of activity:
- Gross skills require high arousal- Gross skills require high arousal
- Fine skills require low arousal- Fine skills require low arousal
Skill level of performer:Skill level of performer:
- - Higher the skill level – the higher the level of arousal Higher the skill level – the higher the level of arousal neededneeded
Personality of performer:Personality of performer:
- The more extrovert, the higher arousal level is - The more extrovert, the higher arousal level is needed (RAS) needed (RAS)
Achievement Motivation – Achievement Motivation – What happens when What happens when arousal levels become too high?arousal levels become too high?
Performance increases as arousal increasesPerformance increases as arousal increases
BUTBUT When arousal gets too high, performance dramatically When arousal gets too high, performance dramatically
decreasesdecreases
Eg:Eg: - Top golfer who misses an easy putt on 18 - Top golfer who misses an easy putt on 18thth hole hole
Anxiety (which develops from high arousal levels) causes Anxiety (which develops from high arousal levels) causes arousal in 2 main areas:arousal in 2 main areas:
SOMATICSOMATIC anxiety – Golfer sweating anxiety – Golfer sweating COGNITIVECOGNITIVE anxiety – Golfer worried about missing putt anxiety – Golfer worried about missing putt
CATASTROPHE THEORYCATASTROPHE THEORY
RReticular eticular AActivating ctivating SSystemystem
System within brain that controls arousalSystem within brain that controls arousal
Extroverts have Extroverts have lowerlower levels of levels of intrinsicintrinsic arousal than arousal than introvertsintroverts
Therefore – seek situations of HIGH arousalTherefore – seek situations of HIGH arousal
Introverts seek low arousal situationsIntroverts seek low arousal situations
Therefore – seek situations of LOW arousalTherefore – seek situations of LOW arousal
Exam Question – June 2006Exam Question – June 2006Q1:Q1:
Mark Scheme – June 2006Mark Scheme – June 2006
June 2006 – Mark Scheme - ContJune 2006 – Mark Scheme - Cont
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