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Nothing enters the mindNothing enters the mind

except through theexcept through thesensessenses

Aquinas Aquinas

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Somatic

Special General

Senses

Smell

Hearing

Taste

Vision

Balance

Visceral

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SensesSenses

S ense is the ability to perceive stimuliS ense is the ability to perceive stimuliS ensation is the conscious awareness of S ensation is the conscious awareness of

stimulistimuliRequirements:Requirements:

S timulusS timulus

ReceptorsReceptorsPathwaysPathways

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ReceptorsReceptors

S tructures necessary for impulseS tructures necessary for impulsegenerationgeneration

Are sensory nerve endings Are sensory nerve endingsResponds to stimuli by developingResponds to stimuli by developingimpulses (action potential)impulses (action potential)

S pecific for a stimulusS pecific for a stimulusDistributed both for special & generalDistributed both for special & generalsensessenses

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Ty pes of ReceptorsTy pes of Receptors

ExteroceptorsExteroceptors

InteroceptorsInteroceptorsProprioceptorsProprioceptors

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Ex teroceptorsEx teroceptors

O ne of theO ne of the peripheralperipheral end organsend organs of theof theafferent nervesafferent nerves in thein the skinskin oror mucousmucous

membranemembrane , which, which respondrespond totostimulationstimulation byby externalexternal agentsagents ..

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InteroceptorsInteroceptors

O ne of the various forms of O ne of the various forms of smallsmall sensorysensoryend organsend organs ((receptorsreceptors ) situated) situated withinwithin thethe

wallswalls of theof the respiratoryrespiratory andandgastrointestinal tractsgastrointestinal tracts or in otheror in other visceraviscera ..

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P roprioceptorsP roprioceptors

S pecialized mechanoreceptors located inS pecialized mechanoreceptors located inthe muscles, tendons, joints and,the muscles, tendons, joints and,vestibular apparatus of the inner earvestibular apparatus of the inner ear

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P roprioceptorsP roprioceptors

muscle spindlesmuscle spindlesgolgi tendon organsgolgi tendon organs

joint receptors joint receptorsvestibular apparatusvestibular apparatus

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ReceptorsReceptors

MechanoreceptorsMechanoreceptorsChemoreceptorsChemoreceptors

PhotoreceptorsPhotoreceptorsThermoreceptorsThermoreceptorsNociceptorsNociceptors

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Cu taneo u s ReceptorsCu taneo u s Receptors

Meissners CorpusclesMeissners Corpuscles - - touchtouchPacinian CorpusclesPacinian Corpuscles pressurepressure

Ruffini s CorpusclesRuffini s Corpuscles - - stretchstretchKrause End BulbsKrause End Bulbs -- temperaturetemperatureFree Nerve EndingsFree Nerve Endings movement movement

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P ain Im pul sesP ain Im pul ses

ReceptionReceptionConductionConduction

Autonomic Responses Autonomic ResponsesGate Control TheoryGate Control Theory

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Ty pes of P ainTy pes of P ainLocationLocation

S omaticS omaticReferredReferred

Visceral VisceralPhantom LimbPhantom Limb

NatureNature

S harpS harpPrickingPrickingCuttingCutting

DiffuseDiffuse

BurningBurning Aching Aching

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Th e EYE: Interna l & Ex terna l Th e EYE: Interna l & Ex terna l

Str u

ctu

reStr u

ctu

re Appendages AppendagesExtrinsic musclesExtrinsic muscles

Walls of the eyeballWalls of the eyeballRefractory mediaRefractory media

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A ppendages A ppendages

EyebrowsEyebrowsProtects the eye from irritantsProtects the eye from irritants

EyelidsEyelidsHolds the eye lashesHolds the eye lashesContains 3 kinds of glandsContains 3 kinds of glands

Meibomian GlandsMeibomian GlandsGlands of ZeisGlands of ZeisMoll s GlandsMoll s Glands

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A ppendages A ppendages

ConjunctivaConjunctiva

Lacrimal ApparatusLacrimal Apparatus

Consists of Lacrimal glands that producesConsists of Lacrimal glands that producestearstears

Extrinsic Eye MusclesExtrinsic Eye MusclesRectus MuscleRectus Muscle S uperior, inferior, medial,S uperior, inferior, medial,laterallateralO blique musclesO blique muscles- - S uperior, InferirorS uperior, Inferiror

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W a lls of t he E ye Ba llW a lls of t he E ye Ba ll

1 . Fibrous Tunics1 . Fibrous Tunics S clera and CorneaS clera and Cornea

2. Vascular Tunics2. Vascular Tunics Choroid, Cilliary Body,Choroid, Cilliary Body,IrisIris

3. Nervous Tunics3. Nervous Tunics - - RetinaRetina

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F ibro u s Tu nicsF ibro u s Tu nics

S cleraS cleraHelps maintain the size and shape of the eyeHelps maintain the size and shape of the eye

CorneaCorneaTransparent substance that permits light toTransparent substance that permits light toenter the eyeenter the eye

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V asc ul ar Tu nicsV asc ul ar Tu nicsChoroidChoroid

Thin structure consisting of vascular networkThin structure consisting of vascular networkand melanin containing pigment.and melanin containing pigment.

LensLensRefracting and focusing light towards theRefracting and focusing light towards theretinaretina

Cillary BodyCillary BodyControls lens thicknessControls lens thicknessRegulates the lens focused through the lensRegulates the lens focused through the lensonto the retinaonto the retina

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V asc ul ar Tu nicsV asc ul ar Tu nics

IrisIris A contractile structure consisting mainly of A contractile structure consisting mainly of smooth musclesmooth muscleControls the amount of light that enters theControls the amount of light that enters thepupil.pupil.

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N ervo u s Tu nicsN ervo u s Tu nics

RetinaRetinaO uter Pigmented RetinaO uter Pigmented RetinaS ensory RetinaS ensory Retina

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Th e E A R : Interna l & Ex terna l Th e E A R : Interna l & Ex terna l Str u ctu resStr u ctu res

Divided into 3 major areas:Divided into 3 major areas:External EarExternal Ear

M iddle EarM iddle Ear

Inner EarInner Ear

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P hy sio log y of HearingP hy sio log y of Hearing

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Th e Tong u eTh e Tong u e

Contains Taste BudsContains Taste BudsHave 5 major taste sensationHave 5 major taste sensation

S weet S weet S ourS ourBitterBitterS altyS altyUmamiUmami

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Str u ctu res of t he N oseStr u ctu res of t he N ose

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P repare for you r P repare for you r L A S TL A S TEx a m for Mont h lyEx a m for Mont h ly

Thank You &Thank You &God BlessGod Bless