amol kondibhau dhulgand
TRANSCRIPT
PROJECT REPORT ON
POST HARVEST MANAGEMENT FOR EXPORT OF
POMEGRANATE IN MAHARASHTRA AT
MAHARASHTRA STATE AGRICULTURE MARKETING BOARD, PUNE.
By
Mr. AMOL KONDIBHAU DHULGAND (Regn. No. 09/290)
Submitted to
MAHATMA PHULE KRISHI VIDYAPEETH, RAHURI, DISTRICT- AHMEDNAGAR (MS)
In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of
MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION (AGRICULTURE)
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, PUNE- 411 005
(2010)
POST HARVEST MANAGEMENT FOR EXPORT OF POMEGRANATE IN MAHARASHTRA.
A Project Report submitted to the MAHATMA PHULE KRISHI VIDYAPEETH, RAHURI,
DISTRICT – AHMEDNAGAR, (MAHARASHTRA)
In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of
MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION (AGRICULTURE)
By
Mr. Amol Kondibhau Dhulgand (Regd. No. 09/ 290)
Approved by Advisory Committee
Dr. B. N. Pawar Project Guide
Asstt. Professor and Course Coordinator Master of Business Administration (Agri.)
College of Agriculture, Pune. Prof. N. K. Kale Dr. R. K. Rahane Asstt. Professor, Professor, Agril. Economics, Master of Business Administration,(Agri) College of Agriculture, Pune. College of Agriculture Pune.
Master of Business Administration (Agri.), COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, PUNE- 411 005
(Maharashtra) (2010)
CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY
This is to certify that the project entitled ‘Post harvest management for export of
pomegranate in Maharashtra’ is an original work of the student and is being submitted
in partial fulfilment for the award of degree in Master of Business Administration
(Agri.) of Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth Rahuri- 413 722, District- Ahmednagar.
This report has not been submitted earlier either to this University or any other
University/ Institution for the fulfilment of the requirement of a course of study.
Mr. A.K. Dhulgand Dr. B. N. Pawar (09/290) Project Guide, Student Asstt. Professor and Course Coordinator,
Master of Business Administration,(Agri.) College of Agriculture, Pune-5
Place: Pune Place: Pune Date: / /2010 Date: / /2010
Dr. B. N. Pawar, Project Guide, Asstt. Professor and Course Coordinator, Master of Business Administration,(Agri.) College of Agriculture, Pune-5 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Project entitled ‘‘Post harvest Management for Export
of Pomegranate in Maharashtra’ submitted to the Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth,
Rahuri, District–Ahmednagar (Maharashtra), in partial fulfilment of the requirements for
the degree of MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION(AGRICULTURE)
embodies the results of a piece of bonafide work carried out by Mr. Amol Kondibhau
Dhulgand (Regn. No. 09/290) under my guidance and that no part of the project work has
been submitted for any other degree or diploma.
The assistance and the help rendered during the training period have been duly
acknowledged. The suggestions made by the Evaluation Committee are incorporated in
this project draft.
Place: Pune. (B.N. Pawar)
Date: / / 2010
Dr. B.R. Ulmek Associate Dean, College of Agriculture, Pune-5
This is to certify that the Project entitled ‘POST HARVEST
MANAGEMENT FOR EXPORT OF POMEGRANATE IN
MAHARASHTRA.’ submitted to the Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth,
Rahuri, Dist.-Ahmednagar (Maharashtra) for award of the degree of
MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION (AGRICULTURE)
embodies the results of a piece of bonafide Project carried out by Mr. Amol
Kondibhau Dhulgand (Regn. No. 09/290) under the guidance of Dr. B. N.
Pawar, Asstt. Professor of Master of Business Administration (Agri), College
of Agriculture, Pune and that no part of the Project has been submitted for any
other degree or diploma.
Place: Pune. (B.R. Ulmek.)
Date: / /2010
CERTIFICATE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This acknowledgement is not merely a catalogue of names but an expression of
deep sense of gratitude to all those who helped me in undertaking this project work on
‘Post harvest management for export of pomegranate in Maharashtra’. I owe a great
deal to Master of Business Administration (Agriculture) for laying the building blocks
of logic and pragmatism in my life. This report, in a way is a reflection of these values.
I express my heartfelt thanks to my Project Guide Dr. B. N. Pawar Asstt. Professor
and Course Coordinator of Master of Business Administration (Agriculture) Pune, for his
inspiring and affectionate guidance, constant encouragement and constructive attention
during the course of my project work.
I am sincerely thanks to the members of Advisory Committee viz. Dr. R. K.
Rahane, Professor, Master of Business Administration (Agri.) and Prof. N. K. Kale Asstt.
Professor of Agril. Economics, College of Agriculture Pune for their valuable suggestions
and guidance during the course of project work.
I sincerely thank to my Project Supervisor Mr. Ajay Kudale, incharge of
Pomegranate Eexport Facility Centre, [Jalochi, Baramati and Indapur] MSAMB, Pune and
Mr. B. N. Patil (Public Relation and Publicity, officer) for providing me an opportunity to
do a very challenging and satisfying project in such an organization like “Maharashtra
State Agricultural Marketing Board, Pune” I also express my gratitude towards Mr.
Santosh Patil, Deputy General Manager, Mr. S. G. Pawar, General Manager and Mr. S.
P. Sangle, Managing Director, MSAMB, Pune. I feel my immense pleasure in expressing
my sincere and profound sense of gratitude to the Maharashtra State Agricultural
Marketing Board, Pune especially for his inspiring and affectionate guidance, unending
benevolence and constant encouragement during the course of summer project. I would
also like to thank, Mr. Mukund Phale, Mr.Jitendra Jagtap (HDO), Mr.Shinde,
Mr.Chavan, Mr.Sachin Kharmale, Mr. Sham Patil, for their guidance and support.
It is my pleasure to express my deep gratitude towards Dr. B. R. Ulmek Associate
Dean, College of Agriculture Pune. I am also thankful to Prof. P. N. Shendage, Asso.
Profesor Agril.Economics, Dr. M. N. Waghmare Asstt. Professor of Agril. Economics
and Prof. M. S. Karkeli, Associate Professor of Agril. Statistics, College of Agriculture
Pune.
Last but not the least, I extend my gratitude to all Pomegranate growers and
Pomegranate exporters for being their cooperation during my tenure of the project. I would
never forget my friends who helped me to realize my own potential, who gave me the
knowledge about the creator of the universe and my relation with him and all of my family
members whose boundless love, constant inspiration, patience, sacrifices, expectations of
my efforts and emotional support lifted my spirits through their constant encouragement
and they are just after the GOD who brought me, where I am today.
Place: Pune
Date: / / 2010 Amol Kondibhau Dhulgand.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Sr.No. Title Page Certificate of Advisory Committee
Certificate of Originality
Certificate of Industry
Certificate of Project Guide
Certificate of Associate Dean
Acknowledgement
I
II
III
IV
V
VI EXECUTIVE SUMMARY VIII-XI
1. INTRODUCTION 1-11
1.1 Importance of pomegranate
1.2 Global scenario of pomegranate
1.3 Indian scenario of pomegranate
1.4 Importance of study
1.5 Objectives of study
1.6 Scope of study
1.7 Limitation of study
1
3
5
10
10
10
11
2. METHODOLOGY 12-13
2.1 Selection of study area
2.2 Selection of sample
2.3 Collection of data and data requirement
2.4 Analysis of data
12
12
12
13
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 14-48
3.1 Profile of MSAMB
3.2 Profile of sample growers
3.3 Profile of exporters
3.4 Quality parameters required for export of pomegranate
14
21
27
31
3.5 Logistics management adopted by the pomegranate
exporters
3.6 Problems faced by farmers during export of
pomegranate
3.7 Facilities provided by MSAMB for pomegranate export
3.8 SWOT Analysis for export of fresh pomegranates
3.9 Findings
3.10 Conclusions
3.11 Suggestions
34
36
38
44
46
47
48
REFERENCES I
APPENDIX- I To IV
ii to xiv
VITA
LIST OF TABLES Sr.No. Table
No. Title of the table Page
1 1.1 Nutritional value per 100gm. of pomegranate Arils. 3
2 1.2 Pomegranate producing countries in the world, (2005) 4
3 1.3 State-wise area , production and productivity of pomegranate in India 5
4 1.4 Harvest pattern in leading pomegranate growing states. 9
5 3.1 Agri. Export Zones in Maharashtra and implementing
agencies
20
6 3.2 Distribution of sample farmers 23
7 3.3 Grading based on size and colour 28
8 3.4 Export specifications of different countries 29
9 3.5 Logistics cost for pomegranate export to UK 31
10 3.6 Problems faced by exporters 35
11 3.7 Problems faced by growers for export of pomegranate 36
12 3.8 Pomegranate Export Facility Centre, Jalochi, (Baramati)
Dist – Pune
39
13 3.9 Quantity of pomegranate exported from Export Facility
Centre, Jalochi.
39
14 3.10 Pomegranate Export Facility Centre, Indapur Dist-Pune. 40
15 3.11 Quantity of Pomegranate exported from Export Facility
Centre, Indapur.
40
16 3.12 Awareness about different export facilities and benefit availed by pomegranate growers
42
LIST OF CHART/MAPS
Sr.No. Chart/Map No. Title of the Figure Page
1 1.1 Major pomegranate growing area in Maharashtra. 6
2 3.1 Organization structure of MSAMB Pune 18
3 3.2 Map indicating study area. 22
4 3.3 Education level of sample farmers 23
5 3.4 Distribution of growers according to pomegranate
varieties 24
6 3.5 Bahar taken by farmers in study area 25
7 3.6 Knowledge level of sample farmers 26
8 3.7 Value chain in logistics management for export of
pomegranate to U.K 30
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
POST HARVEST MANEGMENT FOR EXPORT OF POMEGRANATE IN MAHARSHTRA.
BY MR. AMOL KONDIBHAU DHULGAND
(Regd. No. 09/290) A candidate for the degree
Of MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION (AGRICULTURE)
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, PUNE-5 2010
Project Guide: Dr. B.N. PAWAR.
Asstt. Professor and Course Coordinator, Department : Master of Business Administration,(Agri.)
College of Agriculture, Pune. Importance of study
Pomegranate is an important fruit crop of Maharashtra. It is
cultivated on an area of 93,500 ha with a total production of 6,01,500 MTs
producing about 85 per cent of the total Indian production, thereby leading
in Pomegranate production in the country. Within Maharashtra, production
of Pomegranate is mainly concentrated in the Western Maharashtra region
and the Marathwada region. Pomegranates are commercially cultivated in
Solapur, Sangli, Nashik, Ahmednagar, Pune, Dhule, Aurangabad, Satara,
Osmanabad and Latur districts. The varieties viz; Ganesh and Arakata
cultivated in Maharashtra are suitable for export purposes.
Europe, Netherlands, Germany and UAE are the main pomegranate
importers of pomegranate from Maharashtra. MSAMB, Pune is one of the
main exports promoting organizations for pomegranate. The study
concerned to “Post Harvest Management for Export of pomegranate”
was very important in order to, know the post harvest management
techniques in pomegranate, export to Europe, Netherlands, Germany and
UAE. For that, it is required to understand the desired post harvest
treatments for disease free fruits, grading, packaging, storage, irradiation
treatment for killing insect and pest, proper distribution facility for
minimisation of losses during post harvest process, etc.
Objectives
1. To study the quality parameters for export of pomegranate to different countries.
2. To study the logistics management adopted by the exporters in export of
pomegranate.
3. To study the problems faced by farmers during export of pomegranate.
4. To study the various export facilities provided by MSAMB, Pune for pomegranate
export.
Methodology
The research approach used was the purposive survey. In all, 30 pomegranate
growers, who have exported their produce during the year 2008-09, were selected
purposively. Questionnaire was designed as a research instrument to gather the data. Two
types of questionnaires were designed for collecting the data from pomegranate growers
and pomegranate exporters. Data were collected by personal interviews. Primary data were
collected from 30 sample farmers, spread over in Baramati and Indapur tahsils of Pune
districts, and Man tahsil of Satara district. The secondary data were obtained from the
office of Maharashtra State Agricultural Marketing Board, Pune and APEDA. The Internet
sources were also tapped for requisite information.
The collected data were analysed with the help of simple statistical techniques like
percentage and averages. The results were presented in pie charts, and graphs.
3.10 Findings
1) Maharashtra is the leading state in area, production of pomegranate. but the
productivity of pomegranate in Maharashtra is very less as compared with other
states.
2) Shape and size of fruits, colours, lusters and diseases free fruits are preferred by
importers.
3) In U.K, Netherlands and Germany markets, the pomegranate fruits having size 250
-300 gm with red colour fruits of Bhagva and Ganesh varieties (packed in 3 kg.
boxes) are preferred, whereas in the Middle East countries, the fruits size of 300 –
450 gm with red colour fruits of Bhagva and Ganesh varieties (packed in 5 kg.
boxes) are mostly preferred.
4) Bhagva variety of pomegranate is mostly preferred by all over the word followed
by Ganesh, Arakta and Mrudula.
5) In logistics value chain, (farmers field to the ports) the major item of the cost was
container charges (50%).
6) The major problems faced by pomegranate growers in export were lack of storage
facility, Oily spot disease, Unavailability of skilled labours for harvesting and other
farm operations, Cheating by commission agents (exporter), and growers don’t
have perfect information about export market price.
7) Document required for export of pomegranate [Global gap certificate] is very
critical and slow process.
8) Even though the MSAMB, Pune have evaluated the Export Facility Centres in the
study area, the selected pomegranate growers have not exported their produce
directly.
9) The export facilities provided by MSAMB, Pune such as subsidy on Global Gap
Certificate, Cold storage and Export Facility Centres at Baramati and Indapur have
not availed directly by the selected farmers. However, only subsidy on Global Gap
Certificate is availed by selected growers.
3.11 Conclusions
1) Maharashtra ranks top at area and production of pomegranate however, per unit
productivity is low. Generally 250 to 330 gm sized pomegranate fruits are preferred
in European markets whereas, in the Middle East country, slightly bigger fruits
(300 to 450 gm) are preferred.
2) Bhagva variety of pomegranate is preferred all over the world.
3) The selected pomegranate growers have exported through export agencies.
4) In logistics chain from farmer is field to port, charges of container was the major
cost.
5) Oily spot diseases, lack of storage facility and unavailability of skilled labour for
harvesting etc were the major problems reported by farmers.
6) Cold storage facility, export facility centres, subsidy on Global Gap Certificate etc.
are provided in study area by MSAMB, Pune. However farmers are not taking
benefits of these facilities to the extends.
3.12 Suggestions
1) The efforts be made by agricultural scientists of University and NRC pomegranate
for developing the improved agricultural techniques for increasing the productivity
of pomegranate.
2) To capture the international market, the production of Bhagva variety be increased
by putting more area under this variety. The promotion facilities such as supply of
healthy and pure seedling of Bhagva variety and subsidies as inputs be provided to
growers.
3) The pomegranate growers should be made awared about export documentation
procedure, international market price, cost of export etc. The logistics chain in
export of pomegranate should be grower friendly.
4) The MSAMB, Pune should rectify the procedure of availability facilities so that
majority of pomegranate growers can take the benefits. The policy be recasted in
favours of small and marginal fruit growers.
Mr. Amol Kondibhau Dhulgand Pages: 47
1. INTRODUCTION
India is one of the country in the world having three types of climatic situations i.e
Tropical, Sub-tropical, and Temperate climatic condition. There is one of the important
benefit for India to grow various Fruits, vegetable, flowers crops in required climatic
condition. Pomegranate is one of the major fruit crop in India. Which have required hot
and dry climatic condition for better or economic growth of pomegranate fruit crop.
In India, some of the states like Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andra Pradesh, Gujarat,
Tamil Nadu are the major growing pomegranate states. Amongst these states, Maharashtra
is leading state for pomegranate production.
Pomegranate is an important fruit crop of Maharashtra. It is cultivated on an area of
93,500 ha with the total production of 6,01,500 MT. In Maharashtra, production of
pomegranate is mainly concentrated in the Western Maharashtra region and the
Marathwada region. Pomegranate is commercially cultivated in Solapur, Sangli, Pune,
Nashik, Ahmednagar, Dhule, Aurangabad Satara, Osmanabad, and Latur district.
The varieties like Ganesh and Bhagwa cultivated in Maharashtra are suitable for
export purpose. USA, Netherland, Germany and UK are the major importers for Indian
pomegranate. The different countries required different quality of fruits such as colour,
size, shape and weight of pomegranate fruits. The residue free and disease free fruits are
demanded for export.
Maharashtra States Agriculture Marketing Board (MSAMB), Pune is one of the
major export promoting organizations for pomegranate. It provides a pomegranate Export
Facility Center, Jalochi, Dist-Pune. The MSAMB, Pune provides all post harvest facilities
such as cleaning, sorting, checking infected fruit, cleaning of dust by cloth, grading,
packing, cold storage etc. at the their facility centre.
1.1 Importance of Pomegranate
Pomegranate (Punica granatum) is a favourite table fruit in tropical and sub-
tropical regions of the world. A native to Iran (Persia), it is found from Kanyakumari to
Kashmir, but is cultivated commercially only in Maharashtra. Small-scale plantations are
also seen in Gujarat, Rajasthan, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh,
Punjab and Haryana. In India, it is considered as a crop of the arid and semi-arid regions
because it withstands different soil and climatic stresses. Pomegranate grows well under
semi-arid conditions. It thrives best under hot dry summer and cold winter provided
irrigation facilities are available. The tree requires hot and dry climate during fruit
development and ripening. It cannot produce sweet fruits unless the temperature is high for
a sufficiently long period. Humid climate lowers the quality of fruits and increases
incidence of fungal diseases. The pomegranate tree is deciduous in areas of low winter
temperature and an evergreen or partially deciduous in tropical and subtropical conditions.
It can tolerate frost to a considerable extent in dormant stage, but is injured at temperature
below –11°C. Orchards can be established up to an altitude of 500m. Pomegranate can be
grown on a wide range of soils. It prefers a well-drained, sandy-loam to deep loamy, or
alluvial soils. It can also be grown on light soils. Quality and colour development in light
soils is good but poor in heavy soils.
Alternative uses
The fruit can be eaten out of hand by deeply scoring several times vertically and
then breaking it apart. The cluster of juice sacs are then lifted out and eaten. The sack also
makes an attractive garnish when sprinkled on various dishes. Pomegranate fruit are most
often consumed as juice. The juice can be used in a variety of ways as a fresh juice to make
jellies, cold or hot sauces as well as to flavor cakes, baked apples etc. Pomegranate syrup is
sold commercially as grenadine. The juice can also be made into a wine.
Wild pomegranate seed are some time used as a spice, known as anardana (which
literally means pomegranate [anar] seeds [dana] in Persian.) The seeds are separated from
the flesh, dried for 10- 15 days and used as an acidic agent for chutney and curry
production. The seeds may also be ground in order to avoid seeds becoming stuck in the
teeth when eating dishes prepared with them. The seed of the wild pomegranate ‘daru’
from the Himalayas is considered the highest quality source of this spice. In Azerbaijan
and Armenia, Pomegranate is also used to make a high quality wine which is successfully
exported to other countries.
During seasonal glut, the prices of fruits are fairly low. Cracking of fruits hampers
their marketability. Such fruit can be utilized for processing. The range of value added
product of pomegranate include pomegranate juice, pomegranate jelly, pomegranate arils,
pomegranate syrup, pomegranate wine, rind powder, honey, tooth powder, in leather and
drying industry etc.
Medicinal importance of pomegranate fruit
All the parts of pomegranate tree, the roots, the reddish brown bark, leaves, flower,
rind and seeds have medicine for thousands of years. Even in the ancient times ‘Ayurveda’
considered it a light food and a tonic for the heart. The rind and bark are used to get rid of
helminthes (internal parasite worm) and stomach disorder. Pomegranate juice is a excellent
treatment for anemia. Pomegranate is used for asthama, cough, sore throat, weight
problem, scurvy, liver, kidney, gall bladder diseases.
Table: 1.1 Nutritional values per 100gm. of pomegranate Arils
Nutrients Quantity
Calories 63-78 Moisture 72.6-86.4 g Protein 0.05-1.6 g Fat Trace only to 0.9 g Carbohydrates 15.4-19.6 g Fiber 3.4-5.0 g Ash 0.36-0.73 g Calcium 3-12 mg Phosphorus 8-37 mg Iron 0.3-1.2 mg Sodium 3 mg Potassium 259 mg Carotene None to Trace Thiamine 0.003 mg Riboflavin 0.012-0.03 mg Niacin 0.180-0.3 mg Ascorbic Acid 4-4.2 mg Citric Acid 0.46-3.6 mg Boric Acid 0.005 mg
(Source: USDA Nutrient database)
1.2 Global Scenario of Pomegranate
The cultivation of pomegranate was introduced quite early in the Mediterranean
and Eastern countries like India. But in Spain, it was introduced after the Islamic
influence there and it reached England in the thirteenth century. Much later, Spanish
took this important plant to the new world-Mexico and Florida. Gradually, it spread to
other countries too and now it is grown almost everywhere in the tropical and sub-
tropical climate of the world.
The detailed information regarding area, production and productivity of major
pomegranate producing countries in the world is depicted in the Table 1.2.
Table: 1.2 Pomegranate producing countries in the world, (2005)
SN. Country Area (ha) Production (MT) Productivity (MT/ha)
1 Iran 63733 (44.26)
650000 (39.75) 10.19
2 India 54755 (38.02)
750000 (45.87) 13.69
3 Spain 3000 (2.1)
60000 (3.66) 20
4 Turkey 8500 (5.9)
75000 (4.6) 8.82
5 USA 14000 (9.72)
100000 (6.12) 7.14
143988 (100.00)
1635000 (100.00)
(Source: www.codexalimentarius.net) Note – Figures in brackets indicate percentage to the respective totals.
Globally, Iran is the largest, producer of pomegranate with an estimated area of
63733 ha. under pomegranate with annual production of 670000 tonnes. About 44 per
cent of pomegranate area and 40 per cent of the global pomegranate production is
concentrated only in Iran. However, India ranks first in pomegranate production by
registering about 46 per cent of the world pomegranate production. With regards to
productivity, India is the next (13.69MT/ha) to Spain. This indicates that Indian
pomegranate growers can explore the potential production. For that, it is a need to focus
the level of adoption of improved agro-techniques.
Major varieties grown in Iran are Malas-e Sava, Shisheh-e cape, Ferdousran,
Robab-e Neyriz, Malas-e Yazd, Naderi-e Badrood, Khazar-e Bard, Malas-e Yazd,
Naderi-e Badrood, Khazar-e Bardaskan, Ghojagh-e Qom, Bejestani-e Gonabad, and
Ardestani-e Mahalat. Besides the other countries including India, Turkey, Spain,
Tunisia, Morocco, Afghanistan, China, Greece, Japan, France, Armenia, Cyprus, Egypt,
Italy and Palestine also cultivate this crop. India’s share in total production is around 40-
45 per cent.
1.3 Indian Scenario of Pomegranate
India produces 5 lakh tonnes (50 %) of globle pomegranate production, but export
only 5000 tonnes i.e. 1 per cent, while Spain produces One lakh tonne and exports 75000
tonnes annually i.e. 75 per cent. Thailand ranked 1st in export of pomegranate followed by
Spain, Iran and India. India’s share in pomegranate export increased from 0.8 per cent to
1.2 per cent during 1990-2005.
1.3.1 Area and Production and Productivity of Pomegranate
The major pomegranate producing states in India are Maharashtra, Karnataka,
Gujarat, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Tamilnadu, Punjab and Haryana. The
detail information on statewise area, production and productivity of pomegranate is
depicted in Table 1.3.
Table:1.3 State- wise area , production and productivity of pomegranate in India [Area IN 000’ha ; Production IN 000’ MT ; Productivity MT/ha]
(source: NHB database 2009) Note – Figures in brackets indicate percentage to the respective totals.
State 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 Area Prod. Yield Area Prod. Yield Area Prod. Yield
Maharashtra 93.5 601.5
(71.63)
6.4
96.5 596.2
(67.44)
6.2 82 550
(68.14)
6.7
(79.91) (77.85) (75.1)
Karnataka 12.5 129.5
(15.42)
10.8
13.9 134.1
(15.17)
9.7 14.3 138.1
(17.1)
9.7
(10.8) (11.3) (13.1)
Andhra Pradesh
4.9 44
(5.24)
9
5.7 85.5
(9.69)
15 6.5 64.7
(8.02)
10
(4.18) (4.6) (5.95)
Gujarat 4.6 50.3
(6)
10.9
5.6 56.6
(6.4)
10.1 4 39.3
(4.87)
9.8
(3.5) (4.5) (3.66)
Tamil Nadu 0.5 11.9
(1.41)
23.8
0.4 9.1
(1.02)
22.8 0.4 10
(1.24)
25
(0.420) (0.32) (0.36)
Rajasthan 0.4 1.6
(0.2)
4
0.5 1.9
(0.21)
4.2 0.6 3.5
(0.44)
5.5
(0.34) (0.5) (0.55)
Others 1 0.9
(0.1)
0.9
1.1 0.7
(0.07)
0.7 1.4 1.6
(0.19)
1.1
(0.85) (0.93) (1.28)
India 117 (100)
839.7 (100)
65.8 124 (100)
884.1 (100)
68.7 109.2 (100)
807.2 (100)
7.4
From the Table 1.3, it is seen that Maharashtra is leading state in area and
production contributing nearly 3/4th area and production in the country. Next to this,
Karnataka stands with nearly 11 per cent of area and production of pomegranate in
country. It is interesting to note that Tamil Nadu registered the highest productivity
i.e. 25 MT/ha, whereas Maharashtra ranked 5th in pomegranate productivity. This
situation calls attention of agricultural scientists and pomegranate growers in
Maharashtra to rectify the present agro-technique of pomegranate production.
Since last three years, it is observed that area under pomegranate in
Maharashtra state is went on declining, resulting into reduction in production. The
reasons for decline in area and production of pomegranate may be due to water
scarcity, infection of pest and diseases, especially oily spot disease etc. In the resent
past, the severe attack of oily spot disease resulted in to diversification from
pomegranate to other fruit crops. The Government and Agricultural University have
jointly made the efforts to irradiate the oily spot disease. However, the belief
regarding the fear of oily spot disease, set up in the minds of growers, do not allow
them to return back.
Map:1.1 Major pomegranate growing area in Maharashtra.
1.3.2 Varieties grown in Maharashtra
a) Bhagwa
The ‘Bhagwa’ variety of pomegranate presently under commercial cultivation
known by different names viz. ‘Shendari’, ‘Ashtagandha’, ‘Mastani’, ‘Jai Maharashtra’,
and ‘Red Daina’ in various districts of Maharashtra such as Solapur, Nashik, Sangli,
Satara, Ahemadnagar, Pune and Dhule districts has been recommended for its cultivation
by the Mahatma Phule Agriculture University, Rahuri. Extensive survey work on
pomegranate orchards indicated that the ‘Bhagwa’ variety of pomegranate is high
yielding and possesses desirable fruit characters. This variety matures in 180-190 days
with average yield of 30.38 kg fruits/tree. Bigger fruit size, sweet, bold and attractive
arils, glossy, very attractive saffron coloured thick skin makes it suitable for distant
markets. This variety was found less susceptible to fruit spots and thrips as compared to
other varieties of pomegranate. Considering all these attributes, the ‘Bhagwa’ variety is
recommended for its cultivation in pomegranate growing regions of Maharashtra.
b) Ganesh
This is a selection from ‘Alandi’ developed
by Dr. Cheema at Pune, which revolutionized
cultivation of pomegranate in Maharashtra state.
It is a prolific bearer, fruit very large, rind yellowish
red, pinkish aril with soft seeds. It is the commercial
cultivar of Maharashtra. The average yield ranges
from 8-10 kg per tree. This has soft seeds and pinkish
flesh with juice of agreeable taste and bears heavily.
c) Arakta
The ‘Arakta’ variety of pomegranate
presently under commercial cultivation various
regions of Maharashtra. Pre-released in the year
1989. It has now been released as ‘Phule
Arakta’ for its cultivation by the Mahatma
Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri. The‘Phule
Arakta’ variety of pomegranate is high yielding
and possesses desirable fruit characters. The
fruits are bigger in size, sweet with soft seeds,
bold red arils. It also possesses glossy, attractive, dark red skin. It is less susceptible to fruit
spots and thrips. Hence, the ‘Phule Arakta’ variety is released for the cultivation in
pomegranate growing areas of Maharashtra.
1.3.3 Flowering seasons of pomegranate in Maharashtra
A full grown pomegranate has tendency to bear flowers and fruits throughout the
year. To obtain higher fruit yield during a particular period, plants are given a resting
period by which the natural tendency of the tree is altered with artificial means. It is done
by withholding of water for two months in advance of normal flowering, root exposure and
also use of chemicals. By adopting such methods, flowering can be include in June- July
(Mrig bahar) coinciding with the break of mansoon, February- March (Ambe bahar), and
September- October (Hasth bahar).
a) Mrig bahar
Mrig bahar is taken in Deccan areas, where water is so scare during the hot weather.
For this treatment, watering is withheld from December to April-May results in sufficient
suppression of growth. In the month of March-April leaves are shed as plants go in
dormant stage. The manures and fertilizers are applied and light irrigation is given which is
followed by two heavy irrigations at 7 days interval before rain sets in within 15 days, trees
will put on profuse growth along with the formation of flowers and fruits. The fruits ripen
in October and continue up to December.
b) Ambe bahar
Ambe bahar is taken in the areas where enough water is available during hot weather.
The fruits are available during June and July and no irrigation is given after the start of the
rainy season. The trees shed their leaves by October-November, when a shallow hand
digging or ploughing is done. During December-January, manures are applied. The first
irrigation is given in January and the flowers appear within a month of this irrigation. In
dry regions of western Maharashtra Ambe bahar has been found to be better treatment than
Mrig bahar.
c) Hast bahar
Hast bahar is seldom taken. The trees have to be made dormant during August-
September. This is rather uncertain because of the rains that occur during this period.
1.3.4 Harvesting seasons of pomegranate in leading states
As discussed earlier pomegranate can be harvested in three bahar. In different states
the period of harvesting seasons is varied. The information regarding harvesting seasons of
pomegranate is depicted in Table 1.4.
Table: 1.4 Harvest pattern in leading pomegranate growing states.
(Source: NHB database 2009)
From the Table 1.4, it is observed that Maharashtra and Gujarat are only the states
wherein pomegranate is harvested throughout the year. In Karnataka, the harvesting season
of pomegranate is in the months of February to March, whereas in the case of Andhra
Pradesh, it is during the period of mid April to May. Gujarat state is competitor for
Maharashtra, but the area and production of pomegranate in Gujarat is only 4 to5 per cent
of total production of country.
STATES JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
Maharashtra
Karnataka
AndhraPradesh
Gujarat Lean
Period Peak
Period Throughout
Year
1.4 Importance of Study
Pomegranate is a one of the arid fruit crop; it is sustainable and economically grows in
such climatic zone. Pomegranate fruit crop required light type of soil, which is not suitable
for other agricultural crop. In Maharashtra, climate and soils are suitable for pomegranate
cultivation. Maharashtra government also provides schemes through State Horticulture
Board and Agricultural Department to encourage the farmers for cultivating fruit crops.
For pomegranate, government provides cent per cent subsidy for planting materials. The
growers can get maximum returns from pomegranate cultivation. As mention earlier,
Maharashtra is the leading state in area and production of pomegranate.
Pomegranates have good demand in European markets. Pomegranate is a high value
crop and its entire tree is of great economic importance. Apart from its demand for fresh
fruit and juice, the processed products like wine and candy are also gaining importance in
world trade. However, as much attention is not paid by the agriculture university and the
research institutes in developing the location specific techniques as compared to the other
fruit crops such as grapes. The farmers are facing number of problems in production and
marketing of pomegranate. The pomegranate growers are not fully awared about the post
harvest technology, the export procedure and documentations. An attempt has been made
to focus on the aspects of post harvest management and export of pomegranate, hence the
project entitled ‘Post harvest management for export of pomegranate in Maharashtra’
was undertaken with the following specific objective.
1.5 Objectives of Study
1. To study the quality parameters for export of pomegranate to different countries.
2. To study the logistics management adopted by the exporters in pomegranate export.
3. To study the problems faced by farmers during export of pomegranate.
4. To study the various export facilities provided by MSAMB, Pune for promotion of
pomegranate export.
1.6 Scope of Study The present study was undertaken in order to understand the export of pomegranate
to various country with different quality parameters. The study will provide in detailed
information about different post harvest management techniques followed in pomegranate
exports. The study will guide to achieve the targets. The coordination and sustained efforts
are required by all concerned in research and development. The result of the study will
focus on the need based research programmes to develop sustainable technologies by
making the best use of the opportunities to meet the increasing demands and challenges.
Potential areas for pomegranate cultivation will be identified and non-traditional areas will
be explored for its cultivation.
1.7 Limitations of Study
There are some limitations in the study. The survey method was followed for
collection of data from pomegranate farmers and exporters. Farmers and exporters had
limitations in getting reliable data as most of the data were based on recall of memories.
This is because very few of the farmers maintain their records at the farm and some of
them shown laziness during the survey. On the other hand, the exporters failed to give
sufficient time for discussion because of their business hurry. Some of them were busy
with their activities so they were contacted through email and through telephone. Also the
clearing agents not gave whole information because of tight schedule, heavy work load in
export season. All these factors may lead to deviate the concrete conclusions. The results
obtained from the present study are applicable only in similar situations. So also the results
are based on limited sample size.
2. METHODOLOGY
The success of any project is depends on the methodology which was adopted for
systematic data collection, compilation and various type of analysis on scientific lines. The
methodology adopted for present study is given below.
2.1 Selection of study area
As the industrial training attachment was titled with MSAMB, Pune. It was the
intention to know the role of MSAMB,Pune in desimination of post harvest techniques and
export promotion. The study was confined in Pune district only. Baramati and Indapur
tahsils of Pune district were selected purposively on the basis of higher area under
pomegranate crop in Pune district. Man tahsil from Satara district was also purposively
selected because the farmers take the benefit of Export Facility Centre at Indapur
developed by MSAMB Pune.
2.2 Selection of Sample
For the selection of sample exporter farmers and registered exporter, an exhaustive
list was obtained from the office of MSAMB, Pune. In all 30 pomegranate growers who
have exported their produce were selected. From Baramati,Indapur and Man tahsils. The
list of selected pomegranate grower is enclosed at [Appendix-I]. About exporters who
collect the pomegranate from study area were selected purposively.
2.3 Collection of Data and Data Requirement
Present study utilised both primary as well as secondary data from published as
well as unpublished sources. Since, the project demanded for the detailed study of post
harvest management and export of pomegranate from Maharashtra, there was a need of lot
of data. The details of data collected are provided in following sections.
I. Primary data
a) Questionnaire method
Before initiating this study, the questionnaires were prepared for collecting data
from Pomegranate producers and exporters. These questionnaires were discussed with the
project guide and Incharge officer of pomegranate Export Facility Centre, Baramati and
Indadpur. For collection of primary data from pomegranate growers, separate questionnaire
was designed [Appendix-II]. Further to know the logistics management adopted by the
exporters separate schedule was designed and appended at [Appendix-III]. The data were
pertaining to the year 2008-09.
b) Observation Method
The requisite information was collected personally through observations at
MSAMB pomegranate Export Facility Centre, Jalochi, Baramati. and pomegranate Export
Facility Centre, Indapure. The procedure has also followed by way of oral investigation.
The persons having information was interrogated and on the basis of their answers the data
was collected.
II. Secondary data
The necessary secondary data has also used. The sources of collection of secondary
data were managed by way of following texts.
The publications published by MSAMB, NHB, APEDA, Ministry of Agricultural,
Govt. of Maharashtra, Govt. of India etc.
MSAMB library.
Guidelines given by APEDA for Export of pomegranates
Internet source.
Magazines like Dalimb Vrutt, Krushi Panan Mitra, etc.
2.4 Analysis of Data
After collection of data, it was analyzed in accordance with the outline laid down for
the pre sent investigation. Such collected data were fed to computer for various analysis
purposes. Various tools employed for processing and analysis of data included tabulation,
averages, percentage, pie-chart, graphs etc. Score Card method was employed to know the
extent of knowledge of post harvest management.
The Maharashtra State Agricultural Marketing Board (MSAMB), Pune was established on 23rd, March 1984, under section 39A of Maharashtra Agricultural Produce Marketing (Development and Regulation) Act, 1963. MSAMB has done pioneering work in the field of Agricultural Marketing in the State and achieved success in various areas. MSAMB is having an important role in developing and coordinating agricultural marketing system in the State of Maharashtra.
3. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
3.1 Profile of MSAMB (Maharashtra State Agriculture Marketing
Board), Pune.
3.1.1 About MSAMB, Pune
MSAMB is a state level organization working in the field of export of various fresh
fruits, vegetable and processed food products since last twenty five years. We have
experience of export of fruits and vegetable to Europe, USA, South East Asian Countries,
Japan, and Middle East Countries etc. Export can provide better option for the marketing
of the agricultural commodities and provides the alternative way of utilization of surplus
production.
Some of the remarkable achievements can be enlisted as under
Commercial and trial export
Implementation of subsidy scheme for Global GAP certification.
Erection and successful utilization of Export Facility Centres for various
commodities in the state.
Participation in various International Commodity Specific Promotion Programs
Successful implementation of Agri. Export Zones of Alphonso Mango, Kesar
Mango, Pomegranate, Banana, Mandarins and Onion etc.
Nodal Agency for implementation of Asian Development Bank and IFAD funded
projects in Maharashtra.
Successfully organized Farmers Foreign Study Tour to Israel and Europe.
3.1.2 Objectives
As per the provision of Maharashtra Agricultural Produce Marketing (Development
and Regulation) Act, 1963 section 39(J), the Board shall perform the following functions
and shall have power to do such things as may be necessary or expedient for carrying out
these functions.
To co-ordinate the functioning of the Market Committees including programmes
undertaken by such Market Committees for the development of markets and market
areas.
To undertake State level planning for the development of the agriculture produce
markets.
To maintain and administer the Agricultural Marketing Development Fund.
To give advice to Market Committees in general or any Market Committee in
particular with a view to ensuring improvement in the functioning.
To supervise and guide the Market Committees in the preparation of plans and
estimates of construction programme undertaken by them.
To make necessary arrangements for propaganda and publicity on matters relating
to marketing of agricultural produce.
To grant subventions or loans to Market Committees for the purposes of this Act on
such terms and conditions as it may determine.
To arrange or organise seminars, workshops, exhibitions on subject relating to
agricultural marketing and giving training to members and employees of marketing
committee.
To do such other things as may be of general interest relating to marketing of
agricultural produce.
To carry out any other function specifically entrusted to it by this Act.
To carry out such other functions of like nature as may be entrusted to it by the
State Government.
3.1.3 Board of Directors
MSAMB is committed towards smooth and orderly development of agricultural
marketing in the State. The Board of Directors takes all policy decisions in respect of this
sphere of activity and such other important issues. The Board of Directors of the
Maharashtra State Agricultural Marketing Board consists of the following members:
Board of directors of MSAMB, Pune
1 Hon. Minister for Marketing Ex-Officio Chairman
2 Hon. Minister of State for Marketing Ex-Officio Vice-Chairman
3 Commissioner for Co-operation and Registrar of
Co-operative Societies
Ex-Officio Member
4 Commissioner of Agriculture Ex-Officio Member
5 Chairman, Maharashtra State Market Committee's
Co-operative Federation, Pune
Ex-Officio Member
6 Agricultural Marketing Advisor to Govt. of India
or his representative
Ex-Officio Member
7 Representative of National Bank of Agriculture
and Rural Development (NABARD) to be
nominated by the State Government.
Ex-Officio Member
8 Members not exceeding six, to be nominated by
the State Government from amongst the Chairman
of the Market Committees, one each from the six
Revenue Divisions.
Member
9 Director of Marketing, Maharashtra State, Pune Ex-Officio Managing Director and
Member Secretary
Chart: 3.1 Organization structure of MSAMB Pune
3.1.4 Agri. Export Zone and MSAMB, Pune
With the objective of promoting greater exports of fresh and processed agricultural
produce from the country the Government of India (GoI) has announced the creation of
Agri. Export Zone (AEZ). The scheme is implemented by the Ministry of Commerce and
GoI, through APEDA (the Agriculture and Processed Food Export Development
Authority), New Delhi – the nodal agency for AEZ. The AEZ is expected to give a focus
and direction for exports of key agricultural produce with potential from the country. It
involves a detailed action plan for the development of specified geographic areas for
effecting systematically greater exports of a specific produce.
Under the AEZ all aspects of agriculture such as production, research,
development, extension, post harvest management and marketing are addressed in a
focused manner for successful implementation. For instance modern production practices
are introduced for production of exportable quality produce and improved productivity.
There is an emphasis on setting up of appropriate produce-specific post harvest
infrastructure and introduce post harvest practices, right from farm all the way to market.
Another important area of focus under AEZ is marketing, market promotion and market
development for Indian produce. The need for market oriented research, development and
extension activities have been recognized under the AEZ and appropriate activities
proposed to achieve both short term and long term goals of the Indian export industry. All
this is achieved under AEZ by instituting appropriate interventions at the Government level
and producer-exporter level.
In this context, the State of Maharashtra has added nearly 10 lakh Ha. under
Horticulture over the past 10 years. Production from 50 per cent of this newly added area is
expected to start yielding in the next few years. This will mean substantially greater
potential for marketing of horticulture produce from the State with possibility for greater
export, keeping this in mind, the State of Maharashtra, the leading State in exports of fresh
and processed fruits and vegetables from the country today, has identified eight potential
horticultural crops of commercial importance for AEZ. Creation of AEZ will give required
momentum for steady and systematic growth of exports of these produce from the State.
Under AEZ a number of specific activities or interventions, agency responsible for
implementation and funding needs have been identified. Interventions are suggested in the
areas of production, post harvest management, marketing and research and development
areas. Responsibility for coordination lies with the nodal agency, the Maharashtra State
Agricultural Marketing Board. The nodal agency with support and cooperation from the
Department of Horticulture, the Department of Agriculture, the Department of Industries,
the Department of Finance, Maharashtra State Electricity Board (MSEB) and other
agency/agencies would implement the AEZ in a time bound and effective manner.
Requirement of funds under AEZ are proposed to be met from private and co-operative
sector with subsidies/grants from Central and State Government and loan availed from
bank and financial institutions.
Table: 3.1 Agri. Export Zones in Maharashtra and implementing agencies
Sr. AEZ MoU Signed Districts
NODAL AGENCY-MSAMB, Pune
1. Alphonso Mangoes 12th Feb. 2002 Thane, Raigad, Ratnagiri, Sindhudurg
2. Kesar Mangoes 11th April 2002 Aurangabad, Jalna, Beed, Latur,
Ahmednagar, Nasik.
3. Onion 16th Jan. 2003 Nasik, Pune, Ahmednagar, Jalgaon,
Satara, Solapur.
4. Pomegranate 9th June 2003 Nasik, Pune, Ahmednagar, Solapur,
Sangli, Latur, Osmanabad, Satara
5. Banana 4th July 2005 Jalgaon, Nanded, Dhule, Nandurbar,
Hingoli, Parbhani, Buldhana, Wardha.
6. Orange 4th July 2005 Nagpur, Amravati.
NODAL AGENCY-MIDC
7. Floriculture 22nd June 2002 Pune, Nasik, Sangli.
8. Grape and Grape Wine
Park 7th Jan. 2002
Pune, Nasik, Sangli, Satara,
Ahmednagar, Solapur.
3.1.5 Agri Export Zone (AEZ) - Pomegranate
GoM has announced the creation of an AEZ for Pomegranate covering the Districts
of Nashik, Pune, Sangli, Solapur, Osmanabad, Latur and Ahmednagar.
The MSAMB has been named the nodal agency by the GoM.
A Detailed Project Report (DPR) submitted by MSAMB has been approved MoU signed between GoM and GoI on 9th June 2003.
a) Present Status
Maharashtra State Agricultural Marketing Board in coordination with State agricultural
department, Local APMC and cooperative societies continuously arranging training and
demonstration programs in rural area to increase export quality production. The training
booklet prepared with the help of experts covering pre and post harvest technology of
concerned crop is circulated freely among farmers likewise-
During the year 2003-04, 2032 farmers were trained in 34 day training programs.
During the year 2005-06, 2458 farmers were trained in 32 day training programs.
In the current year MSAMB has planned to conduct 60 one day training programs
for farmers.
b) Investment
With reference to infrastructure development advertise in news paper was release on
17th and 19th Sept 2003. The investors from Private and Co-operative sector are further
guided MSAMB with the help of APEDA, New Delhi and APMC Baramati has started the
work for erection of Pomegranate export facility centre at Baramati Dist..Pune. The facility
will have following different units-
Precooking=5Mts.
Cold storage=60Mts.
mechanical Handling System = 1.5 MT/hr.
3.2 Profile of Sample Growers In Maharashtra state, pomegranates are commercially cultivated in Solapur, Sangli,
Nashik, Ahmednagar, Pune, Dhule, Aurangabad, Satara, Osmanabad, and Latur districts.
As mention in chapter 2, the study area was delineated for the present project work. Hence,
it is imparaline to study the profile of study area.
In Pune region, the pomegranate growers from tahsils of Baramati and Indapur
have good knowledge about pomegranate cultivation. In the both tahsils, the MSAMB
Pune has established Export Facility Centre for the benefits of the farmers. Man tahsil of
Satara district comes under drought prone area which receives an average 250 mm annual
rainfall. The soil of Man tahsil is light to medium soils, suitable for pomegranate
cultivation.
The profile indicators such as educational status, area under pomegranate cultivars,
bahar preferred by farmers, reasons for growing specific varieties and knowledge regarding
post harvest techniques etc. is presented briefly in profile of sample growers.
Chart: 3.2 Map indicating study area
3.2.1 Distribution of sample
As mentioned earlier, the total sample comprises of 30 pomegranate grower spread
over in three tahsils vizs, Baramati (Pune), Indapure (Pune) and Man (Satara). The
distribution of sample farmers is as under.
Indicating selected tahsil of
study area.
Indicating study area districts
Table: 3.2 Distribution of sample farmers
Sr.No. Tahsils Name of Villages No. of Farmers 1
Baramati (pune)
Malegaon. 3 2 Sangavi. 2 3 Pandhare. 2 4
Indapur (Pune)
Varkute. 8 5 Bijwadi. 1 6 Sarafwadi 1 7 Palasdev. 1 8 Shelgaon. 3 9
Man (Satara)
Bijwadi. 4 10 Pangari. 4 11 Dudhebabi. 1
Total Sample 30
3.2.2 Education level of farmers
Education is one of the important factor influencing managerial ability skills and
technical knowledge in the farm business. About 37 per cent of pomegranate growers are
educated up to secondary level. It may weaken the link in management. The higher the
education, higher is the rate of adoption of technology. Many studies have shown that
education is the precursor for the ability of analyzing management skills and techniques in
the business.
Primary20%
Secondary17%
Higher secondary
23%
Diploma10%
Grduation30%
Chart: 3.3 Education level of sample farmers
3.2.3 Varieties grown by farmers
In study area, most of the farmers grow only two varieties i.e. Bhagwa and Ganesh. In
that, Ganesh variety is cultivated by 30 per cent growers. Bhagwa variety is cultivated widely.
According to the growers, the following are important reasons that attracted the growers
for cultivation of Bhagwa Variety.
i. Bhagwa fetches better market price which is 2-3 times higher than that of Ganesh.
ii. Increasing demand for export markets particularly in United Kingdom, Holland, other
European and gulf countries etc.
iii. Fruits are very attractive, ‘Saffron’ coloured, smooth and glossy peel which is
increasing its cosmetics value and market appearance of the fruits.
iv. Fruits are with attractive seeds having cherry red coloured and bold arils, which are
suitable for both table and processing purposes.
v. Fruits are suitable for long distance transport due to thick peel (Less weight loss, less
possibility of damage due to bruises.)
vi. Fruits have better keeping quality than other varieties (15-12 days at room
temperatures).
vii. Fruits are tolerant to thrips and mits which reduce the number of pesticide sprays,
which minimise cost of production.
viii. Fruits are moderately susceptible to black spots.
Bhagava70%
Gaesh30%
Chart: 3.4Distribution of growers according to
pomegranate varieties .
ix. Fruits are free from blackening of arils even in case of latte harvesting of fruits up to
7-5 months, which reduces market value of fruits.
x. It has no incidence of cracking fruits which is observed in other varieties viz. Ganesh,
G-137 and Mrudula which ranges from 10-15 per cent.
xi. There is no fruit drop observed in case of server water storage situations.
xii. There are no fruit drops observed in case of severe water shortage situations.
xiii. This variety gives high yield (30-40 kg/tree) in case of better management.
xiv. It is comparatively late for harvesting but due to less expense on plant protection
measures and better market prices realised, it is more remunerative than any other
pomegranate cultivar.
3.2.4 Bahar preferred by farmers
The period of flowering is called Bahar. For pomegranate there are three Bahars i.e
Ambe bahar, Mrig bahar and Hast bahar. The information regarding Bahar preferred by
sample farmers is depicted in chart 3.5.
The selected growers used to take ‘Ambe bahar’. Nearly 80 per cent growers preferred
ambe bahar. Ambe bahar was taken by pomegranate growers because of availability of
resources, suitable climatic condition for production its results reduction in the cost of
production. In some regions Ambe bahar is one of the risks bearing bahar, because the period
Ambe bahar80%
Hasta bahar20%
Chart: 3.5 Bahar taken by farmers in study area
of this bahar is January to February, so climatic condition is hot and dry which is favourable
for growth of pomegranate plant, but in some regions of Maharashtra, this period faced the
major problem like water scarcity. It affected to the production of pomegranate that directly
affects the market condition of pomegranate fruits, resulting into scarcity of fruits in market.
3.2.5 Post-Harvest techniques adopted by growers
Information on Post-harvest technique adopted by the selected growers was obtained.
The growers were asked 10 questions related to the Post harvest management techniques. The
Scores have been worked out to know the extent of knowledge of post harvest management
techniques. The results of score cards are appended at Appendix- IV. The level of extend of
knowledge is further categorised as low, medium and high. The score is depicted in chart 3.6.
From the score card analysis, it is seen that only 33 per cent farmers have good
knowledge of post harvest management techniques. It is surprising to note that about one
fourth of the sample growers did not fully awared the post harvest management techniques.
3.3 Quality Parameter Required for Exports of Pomegranate 3.3.1. Quality for export of pomegranate
In order to maintain high quality levels and food safety standards care should be taken at
planting stage of Pomegranate. Selection of good resistance variety, selection of land for
Low Medium High
1 to 4 5 to 7 8 to 10
Percentage 23 44 33
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Perc
enta
ge
Chart: 3.6 Knowledge level of sample farmers
No. of Right answer of Questions
pomegranate planting, availability of resources, avoid the extend use of chemical and
fertilizer and carry all operations as per schedule.
The desirable fruit characters of fresh pomegranate for export purpose are
• Dark rose pink colour of the fruit.
• Fruit weight around 500 Gms.
• Round and globose shape of the fruit.
• Uniform size and shape of the fruit in a pack or box.
• Dark rose pink arils.
• Softness of the seeds.
• Higher sugar content near about 16-17 Brix.
• Free from scars, disease spots, insect injury, scratches, etc.
• Smooth cutting at the stem end.
• Pleasant flavour and aroma
• Bracts/calyx without any damage and having freshness.
Consumer preference is changing from time to time and from country to country.
Earlier, Ganesh variety with big sized fruits was the preferred one, and the fruits were
exported to the Gulf countries. Now, in Europe and other parts of the world, varieties such as
Bhagwa (Kesar), Mrudula are the suitable and accepted ones. Soft seeded, coloured varieties
with high per cent of juice with easy to remove arils are preferred. Fruits weighing more than
500 Gms with superior qualities have immediate and ready acceptance in the international
market. Company has quality control persons to look after the quality aspects of the fresh
fruits. Quality aspects include,
• Size of the fruit
• Shape of the fruit
• Colour of the fruit
• Sunburn effect
• Thrips attack
• Mealy bug
• Bacterial spot
• Sugar content i. Size of the fruit
The size of the fruit that is to be procured depends upon the requirements of the importer
located abroad. Generally the pomegranate is graded depending upon its size. Different grades
in pomegranate are as follows
Table 3.3 Grading based on size and colour
Grades Fruit Characteristics
Super size Fruits are attractive, very large, dark red in colour,
without blemish weighing >750 g.
King size Fruits are attractive, large without blemish and
weighing between 500-750 g.
Queen size Fruit are large, attractive without blemish and weighing
between 400-500 g
Prince Fruits are attractive, blemish free and weighing between
300-400 g.
12-A Fruits having 1-2 spots and weighing between
250-300 g.
12-B Fruits weighing <250 g.
ii. Shape
The fruit should be globosely and round in shape and firm.
iii. Colour
Dark rose pink colour of the fruit and dark rose pink arils are preferred. As the
temperatures increases the colour of the arils decreases. So the colour of the arils is dark red
in the months of November and becomes light as it proceeds towards the hotter months of
May and June.
iv. Sugar content
The fruit should neither be over ripen nor under ripen. The sugar content should be
above 15 Brix at 20 degrees. Brix reading is taken by a Refractometer. The juice taken from
the arils is put in the Hand refractometer and the reading is taken. If it is above 15, it is
considered to be suitable for export. The testing is done at random in the field.
v. Sunburn effect
The fruits are checked for any sunburn damage. Sunburn damage can be identified by the
black colour on the surface of the fruit .The fruits affected by the sunburn rot internally.
vi. Disease free fruit
a. Thrips attack: The fruits damaged by thrips shows scraping of the colour on
its rind. The rind of the fruit loses its smoothness.
b. Mealy bug: Bracts/Calyx should not be damaged and should appear fresh.
Immediately after harvesting and grading fungicide Captan 50% WP is diluted at 2 gm per
litre water and all the fruits are wiped off with a clean and soft white cloth before packing into
the cartons to prevent the fruits from fungal infections.
3.4.2 Export specifications
Table 3.4 gives the country wise and variety wise export specifications for
pomegranate.
Table: 3.4 Export specifications of different countries.
Sr.No. Variety Post
Harvest Techniques
Middle East The
Netherlands /Germany
U.K.
1
Ganesh, Bhagwa Size(gms)
and Colour
300-450 gm, Red
250-300 gm, Red
250-300 gm, Red
Arakata, Mrudula
200-250 gm, Deep
red
200-250 gm, Deep red
200-250 gm, Deep red
2 Packing 5 kg 3 kg 3 kg 3 Storage 5 °C 5 °C 5 °C
(Source – MSAMB, Pune)
An export specification differs from country to country. In U.K, Netherlands and
Germany markets, the pomegranate fruits having size 250 -300 gm with red colour fruits of
Bhagwa and Ganesh varieties (packed in 3 kg. boxes) are preferred, whereas in the Middle
East countries, the fruits size of 300 – 450 gm with red colour fruits of Bhagwa and Ganesh
varieties (packed in 5 kg. boxes) are mostly preferred.
3.4 Logistics Management Adopted by the Pomegranate Exporters
In my study area i.e. Pune district farmer are not direct export their produce, they
export through middlemen i.e. exporters. Hence after harvesting of pomegranate, farmer
works is stop and exporter start to work. Farmers collect their harvested pomegranate fruit in
farm shed house. Exporter transported to this fruits from farm shed house to pack house of
facility centre. Transportation of harvested pomegranate fruit from farm shed house to pack
house, exporter use small utility vehicle i.e. Tempo, Truck etc. Pomegranate fruit after
reaching pack house it goes through different process i.e. cleaning, grading, packaging,
storage in cold storage.
When capacity of container is complete then all stored fruit dispatch from packaging
house by using 20ft and 40ft container to Mumbai. From Mumbai to different countries
transport of pomegranate by ship container.
Chart: 3.7 Value chain in logistics management for export of pomegranate to U.K. COUNTAINER [Value in Rs. per kg.] 20 FEET 40 FEET Capacity 8500 kg. 17500 kg.
FIELD OF FARMER
LABOUR CHARGE
(Weighing, Loading) 0.20 0.20
FIELD TO FACILITY CENTER 0.30 0.30
FACILITY CENTER RENT 3 3
LABOURS CHARGES
Sorting, Cleaning, Grading, Packing, 1 1
Weighing, Labelling and Loading.
FACILITY CENTRE TO PORT 3.5 1.7
COSTUM CHARGE 0.36 0.34
TERMINAL HANDILING CHARGES 1.76 0.85
CONTAINER CHARGE 10.23 6.71
COST AND FREIGHT CHARGES 0.70 0.34
UK.PORT. [Grand Total - 21.05 14.44]
Generally, two varieties viz. Ganesh and Bhagwa of pomegranate are reputed to UK.
The size of container is determined as per the quantity to be exported. In the value chain of
pomegranate export, field of farmer, Export Facility Centre, J.N.P.T Port and Destination (UK
Port) one the important component of logistics. If the pomegranate is exported the small
container, the logistics value is worked to Rs.177672, that for big sized container it is Rs.
253310. Amongst the value chain, the container charges registered the maximum exporters
i.e. up to 50 per cent of total expenses.
The detail information of total logistics cost and cost required per kg is depicted in
following table 3.5
Table 3.5 Logistics cost for pomegranate export to UK.
Process container’s
20 ft container, capacity-
8500 kg. 40 ft container, capacity-
17500 kg.
Total cost Cost per kg. Total cost Cost per kg. Labour charges for Weighing and loading 1700 0.2 3500 0.2
Transportation for Field to Facility Centre 2550 0.3 5250 0.3
Facility Centre rent 25500 3 52500 3 Labour charges for unloading, sorting, cleaning, grading, packing, weighing, labelling, loading.
8500 1 17500 1
Transportation for Facility Centre to JNPT port. 30000 3.5 30000 1.7
Custom handling charges 3122 0.36 6110 0.34 Terminal handling charges 15000 1.76 15000 0.85 Container charges 87000 10.23 117450 6.71 C and F charges 6000 0.7 6000 0.34 Grand Total 177672 21.05 253310 14.44
(Source: MSAMB, Pune.)
3.4.1 Export procedure followed by Exporters
A) Procedure of pomegranate export
1. Procurement of good quality, full ripened, free from blemishes, dirt free etc. fruits from
the grower.
2. Transportation of procurement produce to package house There are four types forms
which are used during procurement process. These are follows,
ii. Procurement order slip
It is given by the export agency to the farmers. Terms and condition, quality and
quantity requirements of the export agency are all mentioned in this procurement order
slip.
iii. Goods received note
This is provided by the exporter company after receiving the produce from the
farmers or service provider. It gives the details about the how much material received
and how much rejected and also description of the material, if any.
iv. Weighment sheet
As the name describe, it tells about weighment details of the produce.
v. Delivery challan
It has the details about the shipping location, type of delivery, whether it is a
sales dispatch, stock transfer, wastage disposal etc. It also mentions the detail of the
vehicle by which it is being transported to the shipping location. The containers filled
with the material are being transported to the shipping location and then exported to
different parts of the world like United Kingdom, Middle Eastern countries and some
European countries.
3. Weighing
According to need of export parameters weighing of fruits should be done. The
overweight and underweight fruits should be marked through domestic channel.
4. Sorting
After proper harvesting and weighing fruits should be sorted according to the export
parameter preferred by the country. Sorting should be done according to weight, colour,
quality, size etc.
5. Cleaning and brushing
After selecting the fruit for export these fruits should be properly cleaned to remove
any dirt or unwanted waste. For better look of the fruits brushing is done to enhance
appearance and luster.
6. Drying
These selected fruits should be dried to expel extra moisture on surface to avoid
fungal diseases. Packing of these fruits become easy and attractive.
7. Grading by weight seizer International grading based on size and colour.
8. Packing and palletization
Entire export material is filled in cartoons with different counts. Cartoons counts may
be 10, 12 and 15. After the packing is done the following details are marked by the
company person on the cartoon.
Carton for export Filler Material
Net weight.
Fruit count inside the cartoon.
The cold storage where it is being sent.
And a stamp impression.
For example if the impression shows 005970420,
0059 stands for the farmer code given by the company, 7 stands for the year 2007, 04 stand
for the month April and last two digits 20 stand for the date. This helps in the tracking back
the produce of the particular cartoon to know the field from which it was brought.
Pallet
A Pallet is made of 200 cartoons packed together in 20 layers of 10 cartoons each.
Pallets helps in retaining the structure of cartoons and also protects fruit from getting damage
while transportation.
1 2 4 3 5 6 8 7 9 10
12 11 13 14 16 15 17 18 20 19
Pallet in cold storage Layout of container
9. Precooling
After packing and palletization of fruits this pallets are kept in precooling chamber
at 5oC to reduce the respiration rate and to increase shelf life.
10. Cold storage
For getting better price these fruit are kept in the cold storage at 40C till the market
price are favourable to avoid market glute of the commodity. This cold storage are used
to store the produce.
11. Loading in container
About 20 pallets can be loaded in a big container and 9 pallets in a small container
therefore 4000 cartoons are needed to fill a big container. 4000 X 4(net wt on each
cartoon) = 16 tonnes (approx). The pallets are loaded into the container for transportation
to shipping point. It is to be checked that, the containers inside temperature is around 5-6
degree centigrade before loading the pallets into it. It is then sealed and sent to the
shipping location.
12. Loading on ship
The container containing the pallets of pomegranate which are to be exported to
loaded on the ship if sea route is economical.
13. Export destination
According to, the demands placed by the importing country, the ships are loaded.
3.4.2 Problems faced by exporters
In the present study, pomegranate Export Facility Centre Jalochi, (Baramati) and
pomegranate Export Facility Centre at Indapure were selected for the present study, where in
four exporter have taken benefit of this Export Facility Centre. They reported following
problems.
Table 3.6 Problems faced by exporters (n=4)
Sr.No Problems Percentage
1 Unavailability of skilled labour for handling and packaging 75
2 Unavailability of transport facility from farm to export facility centre 100
3 Farmer do not have Global gap certificate 50
4 Delay in payment from importer 100
5 Delay in sample residue checking reports 75
It is observed that, all problems those have mention in table 3.6 are the major problem,
because all these problems faced more than 50 per cent exporters.
3.5 Problems Faced by Farmers During Export of Pomegranate During the project work some open ended questions were asked to pomegranate
growers for studying the problems faced by them in pomegranate export. The reaction
reported by the sample growers are compiled and presented in Table 3.7
Table 3.7 Problems faced by growers for export of pomegranate
Sr.No. Problems
No. of farmers (n=30) Percentage
1 Unavailability of skilled labour for harvesting and other farm operation 28 93.33
2 Irregular supply of Electricity and scarcity of water 23 76.66
3 Lack of storage facility 30 100.00
4 Delay in sample residue checking 21 70.00
5 Grower don't have perfect information about export market price 26 86.66
6 Cheating by commission agents i.e. Exporter 27 90.00
7 Don't have perfect knowledge about post harvest technique 20 66.66
8 Delay in payment from exporter 25 83.33
9 Oily spot disease 30 100.00 (Source: Primary data)
Unavailability of skilled labour for harvesting and other farm operation
In the farm activity, without labour no any operation can be under taken. Availability of
labour at right time is very important. After maturity of pomegranate fruit at right time,
harvesting is very important but this operation required number of skilled labour. Many times
due to unavailability of labour, harvesting of fruits prolonged into deterioration of fruit
quality. In the present study, 93 per cent growers have faced this problem.
Irregular supply of electricity and scarcity of water
Even and regular electric power supply is the requisite input in agriculture. One can not
irrigate his farm without electric power supply. In village level nearly 14 hr. electricity load
shading. This is the major problem reported by 76 per cent of selected pomegranate growers.
In my study area, Indapur and Man area are in scarcity zone, where water sources are
very poor. The farmers in Man tahsil, irrigated their fruits garden by ‘Matka’ method of
irrigation.
Lack of storage facility
After harvesting of pomegranate, growers don’t have efficient infrastructure to store the
fruits. Due to this, farmers store their fruits on farm under trees. It may affect adversely the
quality of produce. All the selected growers have faced this problem.
Delay in residue checking sample reports
When exporters select the orchard of pomegranate for export. They firstly check the
chemical residue in fruits. It is mandatory as quality parameter. However, laboratory report
required more time and it delays the export consignment. About 70 per cent farmers were
badly experienced this problem.
Grower don’t have information about export market price
Commission agents plays important role in marketing of pomegranate. According to
pomegranate growers the commission agents cheat them by giving low prices than actual
prices in the market.
It is observed that pomegranate growers have lack of information about export market
price. Nearly 87 per cent growers exported that exporter do not express the actual price
realised in international market.
Lack of knowledge regarding post harvest techniques
About 66 per cent of pomegranate growers who export their produce have not awared
fully about the post harvest technique to be followed for pomegranate.
Delay in payment from exporters
After purchasing of pomegranate from growers, the exporters do not make immediate
payment to the growers. They delayed the payments for more than months. Most of the
farmers (83%) have experienced this problem.
Oily spot disease
At present, all the pomegranate growers are facing the problem of oily spot disease.
Actually this is a problem on production front, however, due to the oily spot, the quality of the
fruits is deteriorated and resulted in very low price. The infection of this disease is spreading
day by day which resulting in diversification of farmers to the other field crops. All the
selected farmers have opined that due to the oily spot disease, the quality of fruit was
deteriorated and thus, affected the export quantum.
3.6 Facility provided by MSAMB, Pune for Pomegranate Export
3.6.1 Activities of MSAMB, Pune.
Implemented – 6 AEZs in state [Alphonso Mango, Kesar Mango, Pomegranate,
Onion, Mandarins, Banana], To train farmers in post-harvest management under AEZ.
Coordination of fruit producers, exporters, and importers. Training to farmer to obtaining
Global Gap certificate. Infrastructure creating for effective export and marketing. Canalizing
agency for onion export. Various financial assistance and promoting scheme for farmer and
other people involved in agricultural marketing. Krushi Panan Mitra monthly publication. To
impart training to farmer and related personal in post harvest management through NIPHT
and HTC Trial export done by MSAMB during last five years. The MSAMB has taken a lead
for export of fruits to the different countries, the effort made by MSAMB for exports of fruits
during last five year are narrated below.
2004-05
� Export of Banana to USA.
� Export of Mandarin to Holland.
2005-06
� Export of Kesar Manago to Hong Kong.
� Export of Onion to Philippines, Dubai etc.
� Export of Mandarin and Pomegranate to USA
2006-07
� Export of Kesar Mango to Japan.
� Export of Pomegranate and Kesar Mango to Hong Kong.
2007-08
� Export of Alphonso and Kesar Mangoes to Japan.
2008-09
� Export of Alphonso and Kesar to USA and Japan.
3.6.2 Role of MSAMB, Pune in providing post-harvest facilities Infrastructure facility created by MSAMB
1) Pomegranate Export Facility Centre, Jalochi, Baramati, Dist Pune.
2) Pomegranate Export Facility Centre, Indapure, Dist. Pune.
3) Pomegranate Export Facility Centre, Saved Tal- Raver Dist Jalgaon.
4) Pomegranate Export Facility Centre, Basmat, Tal- Basmat, Dist- Hingoli.
ii) Establishment of Export Facility Centre’s for Pomegranate
The MSAMB has establishment Export Facility Centres out of which these are for
pomegranate, one is at Jalochi (Baramati) and the other is at Indapur, in Pune district.
1. Pomegranate Export Facility Centre, Jalochi, (Baramati) Dist – Pune.
Address and Contact Number
MSAMB’s Pomegranate Export Facility Center,
A/P. Jalochi, Tal. Baramati, Dist. Pune
Tel: 02112-209718
Contact Person: Mr. Ajay Kudale (9422234653)
Table- 3.8 Pomegranate Export Facility Centre, Jalochi, (Baramati) Dist – Pune
Sr.No. Facility Capacity
1. Pre cooling 5MT/6 hours pomegranate
2. Cold storage 25 MT
3. Handling line 2 MT/hour
(Source- Maharashtra State Agricultural Marketing Board, Pune)
Table: 3.9 Quantity of pomegranate exported from Export Facility Center, jalochi.
YEAR Export Quantity In MT.
2007-08 1055
2008-09 1099
2009-10 669
(Source- Maharashtra State Agricultural Marketing Board, Pune)
2. Pomegranate Export Facility Centre, Indapur. Dist-Pune.
Address and Contact Number:
MSAMB’s Fruit and Vegetable Export Facility Center,
Shivleela Nagar, Indapur Akluj Rd.,
Indapur, Dist. Pune-413106
Contact Person: Mr. Ajay Kudale (9422234653)
Table: 3.10 Pomegranate Export Facility Centre, Indapur Dist-Pune.
Sr.No. Facility Capacity
1 Pre cooling 5MT/6 hours Pomegranate
2 Cold storage 25 MT (Source- Maharashtra State Agricultural Marketing Board, Pune)
Table: 3.11 Quantity of pomegranate exported from Export Facility Centre, Indapure.
YEAR Quantity Export In MT
2007-08 382
2008-09 267
2009-10 400
(Source- Maharashtra State Agricultural Marketing Board, Pune)
ii) Cold Storage Subsidy Scheme
Maharashtra State is the major producer of the pomegranate in the country. Area under
pomegranate is increase day by day is estimated that as much as 15-20 per cent pomegranate
production is lost on account of lack of adequate post harvest infrastructure. So growers do
not get remunerative prices due to lack of grading, proper packaging and in turn there is huge
post harvest losses. In future establishment of cold chain in the State has a prime importance
for fetching good prices for Agricultural produce in the International markets. If cold storages
are established by Agricultural Produce Market Committees (APMCs) and Co-operative
societies functioning in the various regions of the State. This will not only reduce glut in the
market and avoid price fluctuation but it also increase the shelf life and quality of agricultural
produce. Thus in turn the producer would get remunerative prices for their produce. Keeping
this view in mind the MSAMB has launched "Cold Storage Subsidy Scheme" from 1st of
August 2004 in the State. The details schemes are as follows.
Pattern of assistance
Subsidy @ 25 percentage of the total project cost with maximum limit of Rs 2.5
lakhs per project.
The beneficiary will be eligible for getting subsidy from other financial institutions
/agencies. The beneficiary can get subsidy for more than one cold storage.
iii) Global Gap certificate
Global gap is an internationally recognized set of farm standards dedicated to Good
Agriculture practices (GAP). Through certification; producers demonstrate their adherence to
Global gap standards.
Benefits of Global Gap
Demonstrate to clients (retailers, product traders, importers) that your product is
produced using good agricultural practices.
Inspire consumer confidence.
Ensure access to your markets.
Enhance operating efficiency and competitive market appeal.
Implement processes for continual improvement.
Reduce the number of second party inspections to farms as more major retailers accept
the scheme.
Parameter to be covered under Global Gap certificate
7/12 of land holding certificate.
Growers certification code of Agriculture Department.
Maps of prepared orchard plots from tahsils.
Soils testing of particular.
Testing of water.
Schedule of using pesticides.
Records of harvesting of fruits.
These are facility provided by MSAMB for export promotion of pomegranate. The
awareness of pomegranate growers for facilities provided by MSAMB, Pune and detail
information about how many growers take benefit of them is provided in Table 3.12
Table 3.12 Awareness about different export facilities and benefit availed by pomegranate growers.
Sr. No. Facilities No. of farmers (n=30) Awareness Benefited
1 Export Facility centre 24
(80.00) 0
(0.00)
2 Cold Storage Subsidy Scheme 17
(56.66) 0
(0.00)
3 Global Gap Certificate Scheme 30
(100.00) 30
(100.00) Note – Figures in brackets indicate percentage to the respective totals. Out of 30 selected sample farmers about 24 farmers (80%) were aware about Export
Facility Centre of MSAMB, Pune, but it is interesting to note that, none of these have took
benefit of Export Facility Centre of MSAMB, Pune. This may be because of small quantity of
produce. The small farmers directly sell their produce to the exporters.
About the Cold Storage scheme 56 per cent growers were awared about the scheme
but none of them have taken actual benefit, because these scheme is not economically feasible
to small and marginal farmers, due to small quantity production of pomegranate fruits.
Only the Global Gap certificate Scheme is known to the every growers and everyone
is benefited by this facility, because Global gap certificate is inevitable required for export of
pomegranate.
3.8 SWOT Analysis for Export of Fresh Pomegranates
A) Strengths
India is the largest producer of pomegranate, producing about 50 per cent of the total
world production.
Pomegranate production is largely concentrated in Maharashtra and Karnataka state
contributing more than 90 per cent of production in India.
The biggest advantage is that this pomegranate production area is quite close to Mumbai
port for exporting to Gulf States and European Union. The agro-techniques for obtaining
high yield have already been standardization by MPKV, Rahuri.
Better cultivars having dark red colour of fruits as well as of kernels (arils) along with
softness of seed have been evolved by MPKV, Rahuri.
These new cultivar, i.e. Mrudula, Ruby and Arkta are becoming quite popular among the
growers.
The Indian cultivar have the highest sugar and low acids compare to Spanish
pomegranate. This can popularised in Gulf countries, Europe Canada and Far East
countries.
Indian pomegranates are very nutritive.
There is abundant and year round supply of pomegranates from India because of
possibility of taking all bahar so India can export through the year.
There is additional demand from foreign countries.
There is scope to increases additional area under cultivation in Maharashtra, Gujarat,
Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, and Andra Pradesh.
Ports are nearer to above states.
India is already exporting pomegranate to a number of countries in Middle East and
Europe.
Thus, India has already good export network in several countries which needs to be
further strengthened.
B) Weaknesses
The most important weakness is that India has no locational advantage for export to
Europe as compared to Spain and Iran.
The productivity of pomegranate in India is low as compared to other advanced country
like Spain. Although many of the agro-techniques for obtaining high yield of quantity
fruits have been standardized, but still much more remains to be done and need to be
taken to the farmers.
Extensions and dissemination of technology for increasing productivity is the main weak
link. Above all major weak point is non availability of Post-harvest infrastructure like
modern pack houses, reefer vans, pre-cooling facilities etc. right in the production areas.
With the result, there are ample post-harvest losses.
Another weak link is the farmer /exporter have no access to update information on
export/ import price trends in varies importing countries of the world.
Although India can produce pomegranates through out the year but the external fruit
colour as well as aril colour fades in the months of the April to September especially in
the Ganesh cultivar because of intense heat and high humidity and rainfall which need to
be eliminated by better varieties and agro-techniques.
C) Opportunities
India is the largest producer of pomegranate in the world, but has share of only 5 per cent
of the world exports.
India has good varieties with good fruit quality and can supply almost throughout the
year and thus can become good player in exports of pomegranate if required steps are
taken and infrastructural facilities are provided.
Spain is the biggest exporter to European Union and to some extent to Gulf countries also
thus cornering 60-70 per cent of the total world export.
Maximum availability of pomegranate from Spain is in September to December months
and thus supply from Spain tapers from January onward.
Virtually there are no supplies of pomegranate from Spain during April to July months.
Whereas, production of pomegranate in India is at peak in the months of December to
march and continues up to April to July months with the help of Hastha and Ambe bahar
crops.
Considering time 30 to 45 days for shipping pomegranate to Europe, India can export
pomegranate to Europe easily from February to July months, when there will be no
competition from Spain.
During April to July, other competitors are chilli and Peru who supply only limited
quantities.
Lately India has also started diversifying its exports to Italy, the Netherlands and Belgium
apart from U.K. in Europe which need to be further expanded, in view of above. Another
major opportunity. In Europe which need to be further expanded, in view of above.
Another major opportunity for India is about suitability of Indian pomegranate for fresh
consumption as table fruit as well as for consuming fresh juice because of low acids.
Indian pomegranate has low acids have an edge over Spanish pomegranate and that is the
high acid Spanish pomegranates are largely used for decoration, garnishing ice cream,
salads etc. and for syrup making. Thus plus point needs to be exploited by nurturing the
market and by organising fruit fairs and publicity.
There is large ethnic population both in Europe and Middle East who will be very much
interested in this commodity. India export maximum quantity of Gulf counties and Iran is
the main competitor to India.
However, like Spain, Iran’s main supplies are during October to December and extending
up to March. Supplies from Iran also start decreasing from January to onward.
Therefore, Gulf countries also, Indian export should be accelerated during January and
should extend up to June- July.
D) Threats
Major threats to Indian exports are from Spain and Iran especially to European countries
as both these countries are able to supply at cheaper price because low freight cost.
Therefore, our efforts have to be towards lowering production cost by increasing
productivity in order to make our export competitive.
3.9 Findings
10) Maharashtra is the leading state in area, production of pomegranate. but the
productivity of pomegranate in Maharashtra is very less as compared with other states.
11) Shape and size of fruits, colours, lusters and diseases free fruits are preferred by
importers.
12) In U.K, Netherlands and Germany markets, the pomegranate fruits having size 250 -
300 gm with red colour fruits of Bhagwa and Ganesh varieties (packed in 3 kg. boxes)
are preferred, whereas in the Middle East countries, the fruits size of 300 – 450 gm
with red colour fruits of Bhagwa and Ganesh varieties (packed in 5 kg. boxes) are
mostly preferred.
13) Bhagwa variety of pomegranate is mostly preferred by all over the word followed by
Ganesh, Arakta and Mrudula.
14) In logistics value chain, (farmer field to the ports) the major items of the cost was
container charges (50%).
15) The major problems faced by pomegranate growers in export were lack of storage of
facility, Oily spot disease, Unavailability of skilled labours for harvesting and other
farm operations, Cheating by commission agents (exporter), and Grower don’t have
perfect information about export market price.
16) Document required for export of pomegranate [Global gap certificate] is very critical
and slow process.
17) Even though the MSAMB, Pune have evaluated the Export Facility Centres in the
study area, the selected pomegranate growers have not exported their produces
directly.
18) The export facilities provided such as Subsidy on Global Gap Certificate, Cold storage
and Export Facility Centres at Baramati and Indapur have not availed directly by the
selected farmer.
3.10 Conclusions
7) Maharashtra rank top at area and production of pomegranate however per unit
productivity is low. Generally 250 to 330 gm sized pomegranate fruits are preferred in
European markets whereas in the Middle East country slightly bigger fruits (300 to
450 gm) are preferred.
8) Bhagwa variety of pomegranate is preferred all over the world.
9) The selected pomegranate growers have exported through export agencies.
10) In logistics chain from farmer field to port, charges of container was the major cost.
11) Oily spot diseases, lack of storage facility and unavailability of skilled labour for
harvesting where the major problems reported by farmers.
Cold storage facility, export facility centres, subsidy on Global Gap Certificate etc. are
provided in study area by MSAMB, Pune. However farmers are not taking benefits of
this facilities to the extends.
3.11 Suggestions
5) The efforts be made by agricultural scientist of union and NRC pomegranate for
developing the improvement agricultural techniques for increasing the productivity of
pomegranate.
6) To capture the international market production of Bhagwa variety be increased by
putting more area under this variety. The promotion facilities such as supply of
healthy and pure seedling of Bhagwa variety then subsidy in inputs be provided to
growers.
7) The pomegranate grower should be made awared about export documentation
procedure, International market price, cost of export etc. The logistics chain in export
of pomegranate should be grower friendly.
8) The MSAMB, Pune should rectify the procedure of availability facilities so that
majority of pomegranate growers can take the benefits. The policy be recasted in
favours of small and marginal fruit growers.
REFERENCE Balgopal T.A.S. (1998) ‘Export Management’1998 published by Himalaya Publishing
House, Mumbai-400004, India.
Dr. Deshmukh K. V. (2009) ‘Krishi Panan Mitra’, published by Maharashtra state
Agricultural Marketing Board, Pune, India, Vol. No. 3, PP: 29 -30.
Garg A.K. (2007) ‘Project Report on Export Promotion of Pomegranate from India’
published by Agricultural Finance Corporation Ltd.Mumbai-400001, India.
Indian Council of Agriculture Research, (2005), ‘Handbook of Horticulture’, published
by ICAR, New Delhi.
Mitra S. K. (2005) ‘Postharvest Physiology and Storage of Tropical and Subtropical
Fruits’, published by CABI.
Websites
www.apeda.com
www.msamb.com
www.nhb.com
www.mahaanar.com
Appendix – I Details of selected pomegranate growers
Sr.No. Farmer Name Village Taluka Area
(Acre) Production
season Harvesting
Time
1 Arun Narayanrao Jadhav. Malegaon. Baramati. 2.5 Feb-Aug July-August
2 Sunil Vasantrao Pawar. Malegaon. Baramati. 2.5 Feb-Aug July-August
3 Sadashiv Anadrao Kadam. Sangavi. Baramati. 8 Feb-Aug July-August
4 Ranjit Ashokrao Taware. Malegaon. Baramati. 3.5 Feb-Aug July-August
5 Krishna Bhiva Kokare. Pandhare. Baramati. 5 Feb-Aug July-August
6 Sanjay Yahswant Jagtap. Pandhare. Baramati. 10 Feb-Aug July-August
7 Sanjay Shankarrao Sasane. Sangavi. Baramati. 3 Feb-Aug July-August
8 Pandurang Sopan Shende. Varkute. Indapur. 3 Sep-Feb Jan-Feb
9 Aabasaheb Rajaram Hegade. Varkute. Indapur. 4 Feb-Aug July-August
10 Suhas Madhukar Bhongle. Bijwadi. Indapur. 4 Feb-Aug July-August
11 Kiran Gulabchand Bora. Sarafwadi Indapur. 8 Sep-Feb Jan-Feb
12 Dhananjay Narayan Bansode. Palasdev. Indapur. 3 Feb-Aug July-August
13 Pandurang Namdev Shende. Varkute. Indapur. 2 Sep-Feb Jan-Feb
14 Swati Bapurao Shende. Varkute. Indapur. 5 Feb-Aug July-August
15 Mohan Mahadev Kharade. Shelgaon. Indapur. 15 Sep-Feb Jan-Feb
16 Mahadev Pandurang Shende. Varkute. Indapur. 10 Sep-Feb Jan-Feb
17 Atmaram Pandurang Shende. Varkute. Indapur. 10 Feb-Aug July-August
18 Ratan Eknath Hegade. Varkute. Indapur. 5 Feb-Aug July-August
19 Gagar Nivrutti Shende. Varkute. Indapur. 1.5 Feb-Aug July-August
Sr.No. Farmer Name Village Taluka Area
(Acre) Production
season Harvesting
Time
20 Narayan Chillu Kharade. Shelgaon. Indapur. 2.5 Feb-Aug July-August
21 Ashok Ratan Shinde. Shelgaon. Indapur. 1.5 Feb-Aug July-August
22 Vinod Babasaheb Hegade. Bijwadi. Maan. 2 Feb-Aug July-August
23 Dinkar Jijaba Madane. Bijwadi. Maan. 1.5 Feb-Aug July-August
24 Kisan Pandurang Jagdale. Bijwadi. Maan. 2.5 Feb-Aug July-August
25 Prasad Dattatraya Jagtap. Pangari. Maan. 3 Feb-Aug July-August
26 Pushpa Govind Bankar. Pangari. Maan. 3.5 Feb-Aug July-August
27 Shrirang Yashvant Dangare. Pangari. Maan. 3.5 Feb-Aug July-August
28 Vittal Yashvant Shinde. Pangari. Maan. 2 Feb-Aug July-August
29 Baburao Anaadrao Jagadale. Bijwadi. Maan. 2.5 Feb-Aug July- August
30 Baburao akoba Nale. Dudhebabi. Phaltan. 5 Feb-Aug July-August
APPENDIX- II
Questionnaire for Pomegranate Growers (Export)
1) Name of the grower- ____________________________________________________________ 2) Address- ____________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ 3) Contact no.- ___________________________________________________________ 4) Education- ___________________________________________________________ 5) Area under pomegranate (variety wise) Sr.no. Variety No. of Tree Total Area
1
2
3
4
5
6) Reason for growing this/these varieties- Sr.no Variety Quality 1
2
3
4
5
7) Which bahar do you take? a) Ambe bahar b) Mrug bahar c) Hast bahar Why? ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 8) Post harvest practice followed by Grower.
Name of the practice Yes No
Proper handling
Washing
Cleaning
Chemical treatment
a) Name of chemical used- _____________________
b) Concentration of Chemical- ___________________
Hot water treatment
a) Temperature _____________________________
b) Time of Treatment - ______________________
Brushing
Drying
Grading
Packaging
a) Box size- __________________________
b) Type of box –i) Corrugated box
ii) Wooden box
Type of Packaging material used
a) Paper
b) Any other
Temperature maintained while reaching to pack house
__________________ c
9) What are the difficulties in post harvest management?
Administrative
a) __________________________________________________________
b) __________________________________________________________
c) __________________________________________________________
Technical
a) __________________________________________________________
b) __________________________________________________________
c) __________________________________________________________
Financial
a) __________________________________________________________
b) __________________________________________________________
Transport
a) ___________________________________________________________
b) ___________________________________________________________
c) ___________________________________________________________
Any other (please specify) _________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________ 10) Do you aware about export facility centre for pomegranate of MSAMB? a) Yes b) No 11) Do you take benefit of these facilities? a) Yes b) No if yes then which? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
12) Experience of exporting pomegranate in years- ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 13) To which countries you export? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 14) What are different quarantine practices you followed for exported to above country? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 15) Is your produce is discarded by importing country?
a) Yes b) No
If yes, then what are the reasons? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 16) Do you follow any special practices for export quality Production?
Yes No -Specify them
i) ___________________________________________________________ ii) __________________________________________________________ iii)__________________________________________________________
17) Do you aware about MSAMB scheme for Global GAP certification?
a) Yes b) No
If no what are the reasons? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
18) What are the facilities provided by MSAMB for export promotion?
Sr. No. Facilities Not available
Small extent Moderately
Fully availed
1 2 3 4 5
Reason for not availing or low availing the facilities provided by MSAMB- ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
APPENDIX-III Questionnaire for pomegranate exporter.
1) Name of exporter- 2) Address-________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 3) Contact no.- 4) Do you take benefit of these export facility center? a) Yes b) No if yes then which? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
5) How to transport pomegranate after harvesting to pack house?
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
6) Time required for reaching these export facility centre after harvesting-
i) 1hr
ii) 3 hr
iii) 5 hrs
iv) More than 5 hrs
7) Do you follow any special practices for minimize the post harvest losses?
Yes No -Specify them
i) ___________________________________________________________ ii) __________________________________________________________
iii)__________________________________________________________
8) Post harvest practice followed
Name of the practice Yes No
Proper harvesting method used
Washing
Cleaning
Chemical treatment
c) Name of chemical used- _____________________
d) Concentration of Chemical- ___________________
Hot water treatment
c) Temperature _____________________________
d) Time of Treatment - ______________________
Brushing
Drying
Grading
Packaging
c) Box size- __________________________
d) Type of box –i) Corrugated box
ii) Wooden box
Type of Packaging material used
c) Paper
d) Any other
Temperature maintained while reaching to pack house
__________________ c
9) How much quantity was stored in cold storage facility of MSAMB? ____________________________________________________________________________ 10) How long you stored the produces in cold storage?
11) How much quantity was exported by using these facility centres? ____________________________________________________________________________ 12) What is the quality parameters required for export of pomegranate to different countries? ____________________________________________________________________________ 13) How do manage the logistics management for export of pomegranate? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ 14) Flow out the Value chain in logistics. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 15) Do you aware about MSAMB scheme for Global GAP certification?
a) Yes b) No
If no what are the reasons? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ If yes what are benefit? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 16) What different facility provided by MSAMB for Pomegranate export?
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Appendix- IV
Farmer knowledge about Post harvest practices. Sr
. No.
Farm
er N
ame
Har
vest
ing
Cle
anin
g by
clo
th
Was
hing
Che
mic
al
trea
tmen
t/Wax
ing
Brus
hing
Dry
ing
Gra
ding
Pack
agin
g
Type
of
pack
agin
g m
ater
ial
Tem
pret
ure
of
cold
stor
age
Kno
wle
dge
leve
l
1
Arun Narayanrao Jadhav. Yes Yes No No No No Yes Yes No No 4
2
Sunil Vasantrao Pawar. Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 9
3
Sadashiv Anadrao Kadam. Yes Yes No No No No Yes Yes No Yes 4
4
Ranjit Ashokrao Taware. Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 10
5
Krishna Bhiva Kokare. Yes Yes No No Yes No Yes Yes No No 5
6
Sanjay Yahswant Jagtap. Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 8
7
Sanjay Shankarrao Sasane. Yes Yes No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes 6
8
Pandurang Sopan Shende. Yes Yes No No No No Yes Yes Yes No 5
9
Aabasaheb Rajaram Hegade. Yes No Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 7
10
Suhas Madhukar Bhongle. Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes No No 6
11
Kiran Gulabchand Bora. Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes No 8
12
Dhananjay Narayan Bansode. Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 8
13
Pandurang Namdev Shende. Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 9
14
Swati Bapurao Shende. Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes No 7
15
Mohan Mahadev Kharade. Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 10
16
Mahadev Pandurang Shende. Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 8
17
Atmaram Pandurang Shende. Yes Yes No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes 6
18
Ratan Eknath Hegade. Yes Yes No No No No Yes Yes Yes No 5
19
Gagar Nivrutti Shende. Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 8
20
Narayan Chillu Kharade. Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 9
21
Ashok Ratan Shinde. Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes No 7
22
Vinod Babasaheb Hegade. Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 10
23
Dinkar Jijaba Madane. Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 8
24
Kisan Pandurang Jagdale. Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 9
25
Prasad Dattatraya Jagtap. Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes No 7
26
Pushpa Govind Bankar. Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 10
27
Shrirang Yashvant Dangare. Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 9
28
Vittal Yashvant Shinde. Yes Yes No No No No Yes Yes No Yes 4
29
Baburao Anaadrao Jagadale. Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 10
30
Baburao akoba Nale. Yes Yes No No Yes No Yes Yes No No 5
(If yes, - allotted score – 1 for No – 0)
VITA
Mr. Amol Kondibhau Dhulgand
Regd. No. 09/290
A candidate for the degree Of
MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION (AGRICULTURE) -- 2010 --
Title of Project : POST HARVEST MANAGEMENT FOR EXPORT OF
POMEGRANATE IN MAHARASHTRA.
Department : Master of Business Administration (Agri) College of Agriculture, Pune-5
Bio-graphical information Personal: Born on 12th July in 1986 at Sangamner, Ahmednagar. Son of Mr. Kondibhau Mhatarba Dhulgand and Mrs. Ujwala Kondibhau Dhulgand. Education:
Passed SSC Examination from M.M.V. Mandve .B.K. Tal – Sangamner, Dist.- Ahmednagar. Securing first class in the year of 2003.
Passed HSC Examination from Dnyanmata Jr. College, Sangamner, Dist. Ahmednagar securing first class in the year 2004.
Completed B.Sc (Hort) degree with second class in the year 2008, from S.S.C.H. Phaltan, Satara, A constituent college of Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth Rahuri.
Permanent Address : Mr. Amol Kondibhau Dhulgand A/P : Mandve B.K. Tal- Sangamner,
Dist.- Ahmednagar. State- Maharashtra. Pin : 422 605. Mobile: 9960687963 E-mail: [email protected]