Bio 2

Lecture

Exam 1

Package

Eukaryotes

Halophiles

Archaea Thermophiles

Methanogens

Univeral Ancestor

Proteobacteria

Chlamydia

Bacteria Spirochetes

Cyanobacteria

Gram + Bacteria

Diplomonads

Excavata Parabasalids

Euglenozoans

Dinoflagellates

Alveolates Apicomplexans

Ciliates

Chromalveolates Diatoms

Golden Algae

Stramenopiles Brown Algae

Oomycetes

Cercozoans

Forams

Rhizaria

Radiolarians

Ancesteral Bacteria

Red Algae

Archaeplastida Chlorophytes

Charophyceans

Plants

Slime molds

Amoebozoans Gymnamoebas

Entamoebas

Unikonta

Nuclerariids

Fungi

Opisthokonts

Choanoflagellates

Animals

Eukaryotes

BACTERIA LECTURE

Bacteria Characteristics:

Nucleoid Region:

No Membrane-bound Organelles:

Ribosomes:

Plasma Membrane:

Cell Wall:

Capsule:

Flagella:

Fimbriae:

Pili:

Asexual Reproduction:

Genetic Recombination:

Transformation:

Transduction:

Conjugation:

Classification:

Shape

Gram stain reaction

Oxygen requirements

Feeding strategies

Shapes:

Gram-Stain:

Gram Positive:

Gram Negative:

Oxygen Requirements:

Obligate aerobes:

Obligate anaerobes:

Facultative anaerobes:

Feeding Strategies:

Feeding

Strategy

Energy

Source

Carbon

Source

Photoautotrophs

Chemoautotrophs

Photoheterotrophs

Chemoheterotrophs

Nitrogen Metabolism:

Heterocysts:

Classification:

Bac

teri

a A

rchae

a

Classification:

Examples:

Characteristics:

Group:

Proteobacteria

Salmonella

E. Coli

Shape:

Gram Stain:

Oxygen Requirement:

Others:

Shape:

Gram Stain:

Oxygen Requirement:

Others:

Group:

Chlamydias

Chlamydia Shape:

Gram Stain:

Oxygen Requirement:

Others:

Group:

Spirochetes

Treponema

pallidum

Borrelia

burgdorferi

Shape:

Gram Stain:

Oxygen Requirement:

Others:

Shape:

Gram Stain:

Oxygen Requirement:

Others

Group:

Cyanobacteria

Oscillatoria Shape:

Gram Stain:

Oxygen Requirement:

Others:

Group: Gram-

positive bacteria

Clostridium

Bacillus Anthracis

Streptococcus

Staphylococcus

Shape:

Gram Stain:

Oxygen Requirement:

Others:

Shape:

Gram Stain:

Oxygen Requirement:

Others:

Shape:

Gram Stain:

Oxygen Requirement:

Others:

Shape:

Gram Stain:

Oxygen Requirement:

Others:

Domain: Archaea

Group:

Methanogens

Group: Halophiles

Group:

Thermophiles

Symbiotic Relationships:

Mutualism:

Commensalism:

Parasitism:

Pathogens:

Koch’s Postulates:

Bioremediation:

Virus Structure:

Viral Replication:

Virus Genome Structure:

Bacteriophages:

Lytic and Lysogenic Cycles:

HIV Complex:

Treatment:

Protista Lecture

Characteristics:

Protozoa:

Algae:

Fungi-like

Origin of Eukaryotes

Autogeneous:

Endosymbiotic:

Secondary:

Phylogeny of Eukarya:

LUCA:

MESS:

Classification:

Classification of “Protista”

Supergroup: Excavata

S. Characteristics:

Clade2 C2. Characteristics

Diplomonads

Ex.

Parabasalids

Ex.

Clade2 C2. Characteristics Clade3 C3. Characteristics

Euglenozoans

Euglenids

Ex.

Kinetoplastids

Ex.

Supergroup: Chromalveolates

S. Characteristics:

Clade1 C1. Characteristics Clade2 C2. Characteristics:

Alveolates Dinoflagellates

Ex.

Apicomplexans

Ex.

Ciliates

Ex.

Stramenopila Diatoms

(Bacillariophyta)

Ex.

Golden Algae

(Chrysophyta)

Ex.

Brown Algae

(Phaeophyta)

Ex.

Oomycetes

Ex.

Supergroup: Rhizaria

S. Characteristics:

Clade2 C2. Characteristics:

Forams

Ex.

Radiolarians

Ex.

Supergroup: Archaeplastida S. Characteristics

Clade2 C2. Characteriscs:

Red Algae

(Rhodophyta)

Ex.

Chlorophytes

Ex.

Charophytes

Ex.

Supergroup: Unikonta

S. Characteristics:

Clade1 C1. Characteristics Clade2 C2. Characteristics:

Amoebozans Slime Molds

Clade3 C3

Characteristics

Plasmo-

dial

Ex.

Cellular

Ex.

Gymnamoebas

Ex.

Entamoebas

Ex.

Opisthokonts Nucleariids

Ex.

Choanoflagellates

Ex.

Ecology

Abiotic Biotic

Biogeographic Realms:

Factors Affecting Distribution

Climate:

Solar Radiation and Latitude:

Equinox:

Solstice:

Global Climate Patterns:

Air Circulation:

Wind Patterns:

Local Effects:

Rain Shadow:

Bodies of Water:

Ocean Currents:

Aquatic Biomes

Vertical

Stratification

Photic Zone

Aphotic Zone

Benthic Zone

Fresh Water Biomes Eutrophic Lakes

Oligotrophic Lakes

Mesotrophic Lakes

Rivers and streams

Wetlands

Estuaries

Marine Water

Biomes

Intertidal Zones

Coral Reefs

Oceanic Pelagic

Benthos

Terrestrial biomes

Biome Description Plant

Examples

Animal

Examples

Tropical Rain

Forest

Forest of tall trees

An average of 50 to 260 inches (125 to

660 cm.) of rain falls yearly.

The temperature in a rain forest rarely

gets higher than 93 °F (34 °C) or

drops below 68 °F (20 °C);

Savannahs

Rolling grassland scattered with shrubs

and isolated trees

Not enough rain falls on a savanna to

support forests.

Savannas have warm temperature year

round and two very different seasons

long dry season (winter) – 4 inches of

rain

very wet season (summer). In the

summer there is lots of rain.

Grasslands

Large, rolling terrains of grasses, flowers

and herbs.

Latitude, soil and local climates for the

most part determine what kinds of

plants grow

Grasslands are a region where the

average annual precipitation is great

enough to support grasses, and in

some areas a few trees.

The precipitation is so erratic that

drought and fire prevent large

forests from growing.

Deserts

Less than 10 inches of rain a year

Evaporation exceeds precipitation

l Hot Deserts

l Cold Deserts

Biome Description Plant

Examples

Animal

Examples

Chaparral

Very hot and dry.

Temperature

l The winter is very mild and

is usually about 10 °C.

l The summer. It is so hot and

dry at 40 °C that fires and

droughts are very common.

Coastal Sage

Scrub

Temperate

Deciduous

Forest

Found in the eastern half of North

America

The average annual temperature in a

deciduous forest is 50° F. The

average rainfall is 30 to 60

inches a year

Coniferous

Forest

(Taiga)

Needleleaf forest.

Russian word for forest and is the

largest biome in the world.

The winters in the taiga are very cold

with only snowfall.

The summers are warm, rainy, and

humid.

A lot of coniferous trees grow in the

taiga.

Also known as the boreal forest.

Tundra

Tundra means a barren land.

The ground is permanently frozen 10

inches to 3 feet (25 to 100 cm) down

so that trees can't grow there.

Rocky ground can only support low

growing plants like mosses, heaths,

and lichen.

In the winter it is cold and dark and in

the summer, when the snow and the

top layer of permafrost melt, it is

very soggy

Nutrient Cycling