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Tan Sub-basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study Project

BoEPLAU Animal Health Assessment Draft Final Report ADSWE Page i

Amhara National Regional State

Bureau of Environmental Protection, Land Administration and Use

(BoEPLAU)

Tana sub basin Land Use Planning and Environmental Study Project

Technical Report Volume X: Animal Health Assessment

(ADSWE, LUPESP/TaSB: 10/2015)

February, 2015

Bahir Dar

Client: Bureau of Environmental Protection, Land Administration and Use (BoEPLAU)

Address:

P.O.Box: 145

Telephone: +251-582-265458

Fax: (058) 2265479

E-mail: Amhara [email protected]

Consultant: Amhara Design & Supervision Works Enterprise (ADSWE)

Address:

P.O.Box: 1921

Telephone: +251-582-181023/ 180638/181201/181254

Fax: (058) 2180550/0560

E-mail: amhara [email protected]

mailto:Amhara%[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]


BoEPLAU Animal Health Assessment Draft Final Report ADSWE Page ii

LIST OF REPORTS

Section I: MAIN REPORT

Section II: SECTOR STUDIES

Volume I: Soil Survey

Volume II: Forest and Wildlife Assessment

Volume III: Hydrology and Water Resource Assessment

Volume IV: Land Use and Land Cover

Volume V: Agro Climatic Assessment

Volume VI: Crop Resource Assessment

Volume VII: Watershed Management

Volume VIII: Livestock Production and Feed Resource Assessment

Volume IX: Human Health Assessment

Volume X Animal Health Assessment

Volume XI: Fish and Wetland Assessment

Volume XII: Sociologic assessment

Volume XIII: Economic Study

Volume XIV: Tourism Assessment

Section III PLANNING

Volume I Approaches, Procedures and Methods

Volume II Land Utilization Types Description and their Environmental

Requirements Setting

Volume III Planning Units Description

Volume IV Land Suitability Evaluation

Volume V Land Use Plan

Volume VI Management plan

Volume VII Implementation Guideline

SECTION IV ANNEXES

Maps albums and data base


BoEPLAU Animal Health Assessment Draft Final Report ADSWE Page iii

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The communities living in the sub basin are faced with many problems like, animal diseases, food

shortage for their animals, food insecurity, weed invasion, market, infrastructures and many

others. Then again, they have unexploited resources that can be developed through overcoming

the limitations in the resource base. In order to guide development interventions in the sub basin,

undertaking detailed land use study is considered as very crucial.

The studies were conducted in the sub basin, which encompassed a total area of 1,579,096.9

hectares, 29 Woredas and 442 Kebeles with total population, of 3,158,247 (CSA, 2007 and GIS

analysis, 2014).

The data required for the thematic reports of animal disease and other associated animal health

problems for different livestock species, were gathered from review of literatures, secondary

documents, community and Woreda representative focus group discussions and with other

relevant stakeholders, individual interviews with the community and personal observations. The

temperatures, soil type, rainfall and slope, which are mainly, referred as biophysical indicators

and access to veterinary clinics is an indicator of infrastructures. These parameters were collected

from the primary and secondary sources through the pre-formulated methods, with the help of

GIS and pertinent data collection formats. After this the data was thoroughly encoded, analyzed

with SPSS-16 version soft ware and then investigated to harmonize with research results and

objective realities of the sub basin.

The livelihood in the region is totally depends on livestock. The livestock population of the sub

basin is estimated to be 2,405,113cattle, 549778 goat, 951982 sheep, 318591equine and 1924685

poultry (ADSWE, Woreda secondary data collected at field survey, 2014). Huge number of

animal population is present in Tana sub basin but the people within the basin could not use this

huge resource due to a number of constraints, which includes animal disease, feed shortage and

poor management system.

Data regarding with animal diseases prevalence were collected from different sources.

Accordingly, bacterial, viral, protozoan and internal and external parasitic diseases commonly

exist in all study area and affects different types or species of livestock. The most common and


BoEPLAU Animal Health Assessment Draft Final Report ADSWE Page iv

economically important animal diseases are; foot and mouth disease(FMD), lumpy skin disease

(LSD), contagious bovine pleura pneumonia (CBPP), bovine pastreulosis, pesti dis petites

ruminants (PPR), contagious caprine pleura pneumonia (CCPP), goat and sheep pox , anthrax,

black leg, brucellosis, TB, trypanosomiasis, African horse sickness, newcastle disease(NCD),

gumboro disease, internal and external parasites (ADSWE, Woreda secondary data collected at

field survey, 2014). These are the most African enzootic and economically sever animal diseases.

The data is also including manegenment system, birth complexity, mechanical injury, veterinary

service, type and amount of drugs and vaccinesthat affect the health of different animals directly

or indirectly. The diseases and other associated health problems are major hurdle to livestock

productivity such as decrease in milk and meat production,decrease in reproduction, reduced

working ability,low quality hide and skin, low cost or totally banded in international market, and

death of animals.

Data regarding extension support on animal disease prevention and control of diseases was

collected from HH survey. As result of HH survey, around 26.9% of farmers did not get extension

support on animal disease prevention and control. The data shows that large number of people did

not have enough knowledge about disease prevention and control.

Regarding veterinary clinic spatial distribution in some localities, they are very close to each

other while in other localities, they are dispersed and in some localities, they did not exist.

Veterinary and post veterinary clinics have different types of problems such as, shortage of

portable water and electricity facilities, laboratory equipment, shortage of medicine, limited type

of treatments, poorly constructed clinics, repairing problem and in some areas luck of

professionals.

Data regarding time elapsed to reach veterinary clinics was collected from HH survey. The result

of data indicates that 50.7%, 35.6%, 13.3% and .4% of the study area people travel<1hr, 1-2(<2)

hr, 2-3(<3) hr and ≥3hr to reach the nearest veterinary clinic respectively. This data shows that

around 14 % of people with their sick animals travel more than 2hours to the nearby clinic. This

is very difficult to treat acute cases. This also indicates that some areas are inaccessible to

veterinary clinics. In addition to this, some areas are inaccessible to veterinary clinic due to

topography and large rivers. Data regarding major transportation problems to get veterinary

service was collected from HH survey. The result indicates that 22.9% and 28.8% of population

have large mountain and large river without dam that makes inaccessibility respectively.


BoEPLAU Animal Health Assessment Draft Final Report ADSWE Page v

Finally, livestock production is in a state of poor production conditions due to animal diseases,

inaccessibility of institution poor management, shortage of feed and breeds. Furthermore,

environmental degradation, land shortage, poor extension services and low attention for the sector

development are common. On the other hand, there are also good potential and opportunities to

develop the sector. Therefore, the proper attention for animal health would be given based on

these evaluation parameters to formulate the best disease prevention and control strategies and

effective livestock development type in the sub basin.


BoEPLAU Animal Health Assessment Draft Final Report ADSWE Page vi

Table of Contents

LIST OF REPORTS ..................................................................................................................................... ii

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ......................................................................................................................... iii

Table of Contents ......................................................................................................................................... vi

List of Tables ............................................................................................................................................. viii

List of Figures .............................................................................................................................................. ix

ACRONYMS ................................................................................................................................................ x

1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 1

1.1 General ................................................................................................................................................. 1

1.2 Objectives ............................................................................................................................................. 3

1.2. 1 General Objectives ....................................................................................................................... 3

1.2.2 Specific objectives ......................................................................................................................... 3

1.3 Scope of the Study ................................................................................................................................ 3

2 LITERATURE REVIEW ....................................................................................................................... 5

2.1 Animal Diseases in the Amhara Region ............................................................................................... 5

2.2 Climatic change and implications to vectors and vector born diseases ................................................ 7

2.3 Prevalence of bovine schistosomosis in selected sites of Bahirdar Woreda ........................................ 7

2.4 Animal Health Service type and Coverage in Amhara Region ............................................................ 8

3 Materials and Methods .......................................................................................................................... 10

3.1 Description of the Study Area ............................................................................................................ 10

3.1.1 Animal Disease Situation in Sub Basin ....................................................................................... 10

3.1.2 Climate ........................................................................................................................................ 11

3.1.3 Agro Climatologic Zone .............................................................................................................. 11

3.2 Materials Used .................................................................................................................................... 11

3.3 Methods of data collection ................................................................................................................. 12

3.3 .1 Pre-Field Works.......................................................................................................................... 12

3. 3.1.1 Review Literature and Document .................................................................................... 12

3.3.1.2 Guideline Preparation ........................................................................................................ 12

3.3.1.3 Questionnaires ................................................................................................................... 13

3.3.1.4 Base Map Preparation ..................................................................................................... 13

3.3.1.5 Biophysical Observation Site Selection ............................................................................ 13

3.3.1.6 Source of data and data collecting ................................................................................. 14

3.3.1.7 Field Survey Action Plan Preparation .............................................................................. 14

3.3.2 Sampling for Household Survey ................................................................................................. 14


BoEPLAU Animal Health Assessment Draft Final Report ADSWE Page vii

3.3.3 Sample Size Determination ........................................................................................................ 15

3.3.4 Sampling frame of Household Socio-Economic Survey ............................................................ 16

3.4 Data Analysis Methodologies ............................................................................................................. 16

4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ............................................................................................................ 18

4.1 Animal health Assessment ................................................................................................................. 18

4.1.1 Bovine Diseases........................................................................................................................... 19

4.1. 1.1 Infectious Diseases ............................................................................................................. 22

4.1.1.2 Blood parasites .................................................................................................................... 27

4.1.1.3 Internal Parasites ................................................................................................................ 29

4.1.1.4 External Parasites ............................................................................................................... 32

4.1.1.5 Bloat ..................................................................................................................................... 33

4.1. 2 Equine diseases ........................................................................................................................... 35

4.1.2.1 Infectious disease ................................................................................................................ 36

4.1.2.2 Internal parasites ................................................................................................................ 38

4.1.2.3 External Parasites ............................................................................................................... 38

4.1.3 Shoat Diseases ............................................................................................................................. 38

4.1.3.1 Infectious diseases ............................................................................................................... 40

4.1.3.2 Internal Parasites ................................................................................................................ 42

4.1.3.3 External parasites ............................................................................................................... 42

4.1.4 Poultry Disease ............................................................................................................................ 42

4.2 Birth Complexity ................................................................................................................................ 47

4.2.1 Dystocia ....................................................................................................................................... 48

4.2.2 Still Birth ..................................................................................................................................... 49

4.3 Mechanical Injury ............................................................................................................................... 50

4.4 Veterinary Service (Institution, Man power, Laboratory and Pharmacy) .......................................... 51

4.5 Economic Impact of Animal diseases ................................................................................................ 55

4.6 Management levels for fattening, dairy and poultry farming related to disease................................. 56

5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................................................. 59

6 REFERENCES ...................................................................................................................................... 61

7 Annexes ................................................................................................................................................... 62

Annex I: Data and Photographs .............................................................................................................. 62


BoEPLAU Animal Health Assessment Draft Final Report ADSWE Page viii

List of Tables

Table 1 Summary on the distribution of livestock diseases on species basis in Amhara region ................... 6

Table 2 Prevalence of bovine shistosomiasis based on breed type in 3 sample days ..................................... 8

Table 3 Prevalence of bovine shistosomiasis based on age group in 3 sample days ...................................... 8

Table 5 Status of people in animal disease prevention and control in the last two years ............................. 18

Table 6 Types and rank of bovine diseases in each woreda ........................................................................ 20

Table 7 Death of animals in the last two years due to eating clover ............................................................ 34

Table 8 Types and rank of Equine diseases in each Woreda ...................................................................... 35

Table 9 Types and rank of shoat diseases in each woreda ......................................................................... 39

Table 10 Birth complexity treatment choice in Tana basin .......................................................................... 48

Table 11 Time required reach the nearest veterinary institution on foot in hours ....................................... 52

Table 12 Major Problem of Veterinary Services .......................................................................................... 53

Table 13 Major transportation problem to get veterinary center .................................................................. 53


BoEPLAU Animal Health Assessment Draft Final Report ADSWE Page ix

List of Figures

Figure 1 Location Map of Tana sub basin .................................................................................................... 10

Figure 3 Map of bovine disease prevalence in Tana sub-basin ................................................................... 21

Figure 4 Map of trypanosomiasis prevalence in Tana the sub- basin........................................................... 28

Figure 5 Map of fasciola prevalence in Tana sub-basin ............................................................................... 30

Figure 6 An emaciated cow more likely infected by fasciola and grazing at swampy area of Wagetera

kebele in Fogera Woreda .............................................................................................................................. 31

Figure 7 Map of schistosomia prevalence .................................................................................................... 32

Figure 8 A calf infected by mange at Dembia Woreda veterinary clinic ..................................................... 33

Figure 9 Map of equine disease prevalence ................................................................................................. 36

Figure 10 Map of shoat disease prevalence .................................................................................................. 40

Figure 11 Map of veterinary institution ........................................................................................................ 52


BoEPLAU Animal Health Assessment Draft Final Report ADSWE Page x

ACRONYMS

ACZ Agro Climatic Zone

ADSWE Amhara Design and Supervision Works Enterprise

AEZ Agro-Ecological Zone

AHA Animal Health Assistant

AHS African Horse Sickness

AHT Animal Health Technician

CBPP Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia

CCPP Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia

DVM Doctor of Veterinary Medicine

FAO Food and Agricultural Organization

FGD Focus Group Discussion

FMD Foot and Mouth disease

GPS Global Positioning System

HH House Hold

Ha Hectare

Km Kilo meter

LGP Length of Growing Period

LSD Lumpy Skin Disease

LUP Land Use Planning

LUTs Land Use Types

NCD New Castle Disease

NGOs Non-Governmental Organizations

PET Potential Evapo- Transpiration

PPR Peste Des Petitis Ruminants


BoEPLAU Animal Health Assessment Draft Final Report ADSWE Page xi

RH Relative Humidity

RF Rainfall

TB Tuberculosis

TZ Thermal Zone


BoEPLAU Animal Health Assessment Draft Final Report ADSWE Page 1

1 Introduction

1.1 General

Livestock are very important for both the subsistence and economic development of the country.

They provide a flow of essential food products throughout the year and they are a major source of

government revenue and export earnings. They also sustain the employment and income of

millions of people in rural areas. In the country, livestock diseases form a major barrier for

international and domestic trade of livestock and livestock products. The mortality and morbidity

of diseases cause tremendous losses both to the producer and the government. In Ethiopia, the

loss incurred due to morbidity is by far higher than the loss due to mortality.

Livestock production in Amhara National Regional State is dominated by mixed farming in

which the farmers produce crops and rare domestic animals mutually. Livestock production in the

region depends on rain fed natural pasture and crop residue, which, its productivity is declining

because of animal disease, recurrent drought, land degradation, encroachment of bushes and

invasion of weeds.

The livelihood in the region is partially depends on livestock. The livestock population of the sub

basin is estimated to be 2,405,113cattle, 549778 goat, 951982 sheep, 318591equine and 1924685

poultry (from detail survey collected Data, 2014). Huge number of animal population is present in

Tana sub basin development corridor but the people within the sub basin could not use this huge

resource due to a number of constraints, which include animal disease, feed shortage and poor

management system.

Most African enzootic and economically sever animal diseases are found in the Tana sub basin.

The mortality and morbidity of these diseases cause tremendous losses both to the producer and

the government. In the sub basin, the loss incurred due to morbidity is by far higher than the loss

due to mortality. Poor management systems, birth complexity, mechanical injury, uncontrolled

movement of animals, inaccessibility of veterinary service, limited type of treatments, low

amount of vaccines and treatments also increase the burden.

Animal diseases and associated health problems are major hurdle to livestock productivity such as

decreased and low quality milk and meat production, decrease in reproduction, reduced working

ability, low quality hide and skin and death of animals. In addition to this, transboundary and

zoonotic animal diseases constitute a serious limitation to export living animals and their



products, as well for international trade. They also significantly affect crop production which

alleviate poverty and have negative impact for development and the national economy.

In the study area, animals move to low land area at rainy season and swampy area during

prolonged dry season can bring herds into contact with a new range of vector born and water

born diseases respectively. High concentration of animals in particular locations usually favour

disease transmition and placing all livestock at risk which makes serious problem to prevent and

control animal diseases in the study area. Recurrent drought, feed shortage and poor management

system has encouraged stress factor diseases and results death, poor body condition and low

market values.

Veterinary and post veterinary clinics are very important institution for prevention and control of

animal diseases in the area. Regarding their spatial distribution, in some localities they are very

close to each other while in other localities, they are dispersed and in some localities, they did not

exist. Veterinary and post veterinary clinics have different types of problems such as, shortage of

portable water and electricity facilities, laboratory equipments, shortage of medicine, limited type

of drugs, poorly constructed clinics, repairing problem and in some areas luck of professionals.

Generally animal disease is an obstacle to use the maximum potential of livestock and to maintain

the genetically potential animals for the future. Some diseases affect the whole herd and hinder

our agricultural practices. Diseases like CBPP, PPR , FMD and NCD are great obstacles for meat

and animal product export. Then setting of animal disease prevention and control measures,

selecting of appropriate grazing systems and designing of infrastructures are very essential for

land use planning as well national economy development.

There is therefore an increasingly urgent need to match land types and land uses in the most

rational way possible, so as to maximize sustainable production and satisfy the diverse needs of

society while at the same time conserving fragile ecosystems and our genetic heritage.



1.2 Objectives

1.2. 1 General Objectives

To review the current situation and elaborate what needs to be done in the short and long

run to decrease the prevalence of animal diseases and other associated health problems to

maximize return of livestock products and productivity and thereby to meet demand of the

community, the region and the country.

To promote land resources development and utilization for further sustainable

development in the area

These grand objectives can be achieved through addressing the following specific objectives.

1.2.2 Specific objectives

To put management options for sever animal diseases that are great obstacles to use the

maximum potential of livestock

Selecting of LUT based on animal disease prevalence

To identify the impacts of free grazing system and propose best solutions based on

environmental degradation and disease prevalence

To assess economically important animal diseases and set diseases prevention and control

options

To assess health institution problems and set best solutions

To formulate veterinary institution building plan based on the standard

To identify major constraints and impediment in the development of the study areas,

especially on animal health and proposing of solutions

To analyze animal health problems combined with the results of management of animals,

feeding type, soil type, agro-climatic analysis, hydrologic analysis, environmental hazard

analysis, socio-economic analysis and water resources and land cover assessment

1.3 Scope of the Study

The scope of final report in its area coverage is limited to those places situated in the Tana sub

basin which extendes from lay Armachiho and Wogera highland in the north to Lake Tana in the

south and Gunna Mountain in the east to Kunzila plain to west. The study is detail which covers

the total area of 1,579,096.9 hactar and it takes 28 months to complete the study based on TOR.

The strategic plan is based on in-depth analysis of the different aspects of animal health problems.

The study concerns in identification and classification of the common animal diseases, outbreaks,



trance-boundary diseases and mechanical injuries in species level based on severity, behavior and

time of occurrence. It also concern identification of other factors that affect animal health such as

institution, man power, type and amount of drugs and vaccines used. These data were collected

from previous studies, office secondary data, HH, FGD, observations and other resources based

on administration boundary, ACZ and cover. Finally, characterization of disease and setting of

prevention and control methods in the land map unit.



2 LITERATURE REVIEW

In order to have an ample knowledge about the general features, disease infestation, prevention

and control directions and trends of the study areas; recent and different literatures from varies

sources including on line services were collected, organized and utilized. Some of the literatures

are, FAO guidelines, Amhara Finance and Economy Bureau Socio Economic Survey, Woody

Biomass, Inception Report, Assessment Report on Animal Health Service Coverage of Amhara

Region(USAID), Prevalence of Bovine schistosomosis in selected sites of Bahir Dar Woreda

(Ethiopian Veterinary association journal, Volum: 15, 2011), Climatic change and live stock

vulnerability: Its Veterinary Dimentions and Public Health Concerns (Ethiopian Veterinary

association, 2010), Prevalence Study of Ruminant fasciolosis in areas Adjoining Upper Blue Nile

Basin, North western Ethiopia(Ethiopian Veterinary Association Journal, Volum 11, 2007)

United Nations (UN) and Emergencies Unit for Ethiopia(UN-EUE) studies, Livestock

Development Packages, and Different books like The Merck Veterinary Manual and Blood, etc.

As a result, the following general themes grounds were put on.

2.1 Animal Diseases in the Amhara Region

The objective of the study was to identify economically sever animal diseases in the region.

The methodology of the study was, simply collecting of animal disease data from secondary

documents and primary data by taking blood and fecal samples in species level from randomly

selected woreda at kola, Woyna Dega and Dega area.

Most of Africa’s enzootic and economically sever animal diseases are found in Amhara region.

They are the major hurdle to livestock productivity. The most common and economically

important animal diseases exist in the region. The following table shows economically important

diseases in species level in Amhara region.



Table 1 Summary on the distribution of livestock diseases on species basis in Amhara region

Source: regional veterinary laboratory studies, unpublished, 2013

This gives us good hint about animal disease in regional level and for our study area. In addition,

it helps to select appropriate LUT by putting different management levels. In other ways it helps

to set disease prevention and control for sustainable land use.

Cattle Shoats Equine Poultry Others

Trypanosomisis CCPP AHS Coccidioeis Rabies in dog

FMD PPR Equine herpes virus NCD

Bovine

Pasteurellosis

Shat Pox Internal parasite Fowl pox

Internal

parasites

Contagious

ecthyma

Internal parasites Fowl typhoid

Anthrax Internal parasite

(flukes)

Strangles Salmonellosis

Blackleg External

parasites(Mange

mite)

Glanders Gumoro

disease

Lumpy skin

disease(LSD)

External

parasites

Mastitis

CBPP



2.2 Climatic change and implications to vectors and vector born diseases

The purpose of the study was to undertake a comparative analysis of the climate change effect in

animal health especially in parasitic diseases and vectors.

The methods used is, gathering primary (indicator) data through participatory community and

review of climatic data from IGAD.

As a result climatic change could have a major influence on animal health, both directly and

indirectly, by affecting the parasites and vectors that spread diseases. Climatic change can alter an

animal’s relationship with parasites and vectors. These changes can influence where parasites and

vectors thrive, making certain geographical regions more or less amenable to them, how long

parasites and vectors pose and their way of distribution and transmit ion. (Climatic change and

livestock vulnerability: Its Veterinary Dimensions and Public Health Concerns, Ethiopian

Veterinary association, 2010)

This study tells us climatic change can affect the relationship between animal with parasites and

vector. This helps us to set different types of disease prevention and control during climate

change that minimizes unexpected disease outbreak and economical loss.

2.3 Prevalence of bovine schistosomosis in selected sites of Bahirdar Woreda

The study was conducted with the aim (objective) of estimating the benefit from repeated

examination of faecal samples in diagnosis of bovine schistosomiasis and determining the

prevalence of the disease in naturally infected cattle at Bahir Dar Woreda and adjoining upper

Blue Nile “Abay” river basin .

The methodology of the study was, the cross-sectional type of the study and and the desired

sample size for the study was calculated using the formula given by Thrush field (1995) with 95%

confidence interval, 5% absolute precision and considered 18.2% average prevalence of cattle

schistosomiasis for the area. Accordingly, 229 animals were selected purposively from

schistosomiasis risk areas of the woreda

The result was out of 687 faecal samples (229cattle x 3 consecutive days) examined, 256 sample

were found positive for schistosomia bovis giving an overall prevalence of 37.3%. There was a

significant difference (p<0.05) in prevalence of schistosomiasis of cattle between day1 and day3.



The result showed that there is no statistically significant difference (p>0.05) in the prevalence

between day 2 and day3. In cross breed cattle the prevalence of schistosomiasis was significantly

(p<0.05) higher than local breeds. Statistical analysis also revealed that there was significant

between age groups(young and adult) and there is no significant difference between sexes.

(Ethiopian Veterinary Association, Journal, Volume: 15, 2011)

Table 2 Prevalence of bovine shistosomiasis based on breed type in 3 sample days

Breed Day1 Day2 Day3

cross 39(33.3%) 48(41%) 52(35%)

Local 28(25%) 38(33.9) 40(35.7%

Table 3 Prevalence of bovine shistosomiasis based on age group in 3 sample days

Age Day1 Day2 Day3

Young 26(51%) 32(62.7%) 34(66.7%)

Adult 21(25%) 31(58.5%) 34(64.2%)

Old 20(16%) 23(18.4%) 24(19.2%)

This study shows that the prevalence of schistosomia in Bahir Dar and its surroundings is very

high. This helps to recommend best prevention and control methods. In addition to this, the

prevalence of disease is high in cross breeds than local breeds. This help to select resistance

breeds or to set management systems for dairy and fattening farm LUT( uses as LUT selection

criteria).

2.4 Animal Health Service type and Coverage in Amhara Region

The objective of the study was to assess the distribution of veterinary clinics in Amhara region.

The methods used are gathering primary (indicator) data through participatory community and

review of Veterinary clinic data from woreda. In addition, by taking GPS reading at accessible

nearby post veterinary clinics and by measuring air distance .



The livestock health service is very poor and its actual coverage not yet known and everything is

carried out under the regional government’s responsibility. The distribution of animal health

institutions should be based on the livestock concentration, density of human population and

settlement pattern of the communities. The migration root, pasture and water availability as well

as other services are equally important in dictating the location of animal health posts. The

capacity of woreda has an important role on number and distribution of the institution; those

woredas who have better capacity of planning and executing development activities has managed

to constructed many infrastructures as compared to others. The issue of equity is also another

issue that matter where to construct the health post. Those communities who have a representative

to negotiate with the policy makers have more opportunities in setting up more number of animal

health institutes in their localities.(Assessment Report on Animal Health Service Funded by

USAID/Ethiopia 2011).

This study gives us veterinary institutions are not equally distributed in the study area. So it helps

to see the gaps and to recommend additional institutions based on standard and in parallel to

select best farming systems such as dairy, fattening, and poultry farm that enables to use the

maximum potential of the area. So the policy makers will be aware of the situation and design

polices and strategies for institution building plane based on international standards by

considering natural barriers.



3 Materials and Methods

3.1 Description of the Study Area

The studies were conducted in the sub basin, which encompassed a total area of 1,579,096.9

hectares, 49 Woredas and 442 Kebeles with total population, of 3,158,247 (HH survey and GIS

analysis, 2014, and CSA, 2007). The sub basin has 4 main rivers such as Gilgel Abay, Gumara,

Megech and Rib. The largest lake in Ethiopia, Lake Tana is found in the sub basin. The study area

is geographically situated between 1210669m to 1411084m North and 254549m to 416363m East

UTM and having 8 ACZ and land cover classes. Its elevation is ranging 1327 - 4109 meter above

sea level. Different types and proportions of ACZ and land coveres as well as different altitudes

have sound contribution for disease prevalence in the study area. The following is location map of

Tana sub basin.

Figure 1 Location Map of Tana sub basin

3.1.1 Animal Disease Situation in Sub Basin

In the sub basin, livestock diseases form a major barrier for international and domestic trade of

livestock and livestock products.The mortality and morbidity of diseases cause tremendous losses

both to the producer and the government. In the sub basin, the loss incurred due to morbidity is by



far higher than the loss due to mortality. African enzootic and economically important animal

diseases are found in the sub basin and are major hurdle to livestock productivity such as decrease

in milk and meat production, decrease in reproduction, reduced working ability, low quality hide

and skin and death of animals. In addition to this, transboundary and zoonotic animal diseases in

agriculture and public health, constitute a serious limitation to export living animals and their

products, as well for international trade. There are some diseases that affect all areas of the sub

basin and all sectors of the community, and there are some that are of particular importance,

individually and collectively, to the farmers.

3.1.2 Climate

The study areas, have generally mean annual temperature of 11.4-16.9 oC. The study area also

has 29.4and 5.5 oc for mean annual maximum temperature and mean annual minimum

temperature respectively. Climatic information processed in the basin indicated that the basin has

800-2000mm for mean annual rainfall. This is very suitable for disease infestation and vector

growing.

3.1.3 Agro Climatologic Zone

The sub basin is endowed with eight different agro-climatic zones namely, moist tepid, sub-

humid tepid, moist cool, moist warm, moist cold, moist very cold, sub-humid cool and sub-humid

cold. Most of the project area (79.4%) is found in moist tepid agro climatic zone followed by sub-

humid tepid, moist cool and sub-humid cool which account for 12%, 5% and 3% respectively.

The area is dominated by one main rainy season, from June to September and one dry season

between October and May. The rainfall distribution of area is controlled by the northward and

southward movement of the inter-tropical convergence zone (ITCZ) resulting in a single rainy

season.

3.2 Materials Used

During the detial survey, different materials and equipments were used. These include topo maps

at 1:20,000 scale, studied documents of hard and soft copies, digital camera, GPS, laptop

computers, CD-R/RW, flash disks, stationaries and double cabin 4WD cars



3.3 Methods of data collection

3.3 .1 Pre-Field Works

The Study work started with preparation of guide lines, questionnaires, base map, action plan,

selecting of observation sites and data sources and review of literatures and documents.

3. 3.1.1 Review Literature and Document

The Study work started with the review of literature and documents from various sources

including on line services. Some of the literatures are, FAO guidelines, Amhara Finance and

Economy Bureau Socio Economic Survey, Woody Biomass, Inception Report, Assessment

Report on Animal Health Service Coverage of Amhara Region(USAID), Prevalence of Bovine

schistosomosis in selected sites of Bahir Dar Woreda (Ethiopian Veterinary association journal,

Volum: 15, 2011), Climatic change and live stock vulnerability: Its Veterinary Dimentions and

Public Health Concerns (Ethiopian Veterinary association, 2010), Prevalence Study of Ruminant

fasciolosis in areas Adjoining Upper Blue Nile Basin, North western Ethiopia(Ethiopian

Veterinary Association Journal, Volum 11, 2007) United Nations (UN) and Emergencies Unit for

Ethiopia(UN-EUE) studies, Livestock Development Packages, and Different books like The

Merck Veterinary Manual and Blood, etc. In preparing land use planning study project (LUPSP),

the experience of Oromia water works design & supervision enterprise practices in land use

planning has been reviewed. Similarly, North West Amhara, East Amhara, Lower Awash Afar

and Teru Afar development land use planning project have been also reviewed with the aim to

improve limitations and build up the land use planning study within the existing practices.In

addition, Awash and Abay basin master plans, Woody Biomass Inventory and Strategic Planning

Project and other kinds of report were the major literatures that had been used for as the main

reference. The aim here was to have a deeper insight and understanding of the projects starting

point on concept and standard practices, goals, objectives, components and activities.

3.3.1.2 Guideline Preparation

Animal health guideline was prepared prior to engagement to the detail survey. This guideline

addresses important methods, tools, techniques and workflow procedures on how to plan, design,

implement, monitor and evaluate land resources survey, evaluation and assessment in rural areas

at detail level and provide consolidated and nominative information for consultant and clients.



The working manual is designed in such a way that important steps & detail procedures and

methods to be involved in assessment.

3.3.1.3 Questionnaires

Different questionnaires and formats for detail survey were prepared in pre field phase at desk

work in the office. Household questionnaires for individual interview, secondary data

questionnaires from different sectors in study districts, expert interview, field observation, key

informant interview and institution survey formats and checklists were developed at office. The

questionnaire was also pre-tested by selecting households from study area to test its accuracy and

efficiency in eliciting the required data. From the results of the pre-test, some questions were

revised and modified.

3.3.1.4 Base Map Preparation

Base maps are maps developed from systematic assembly and overly of previous maps, which

can be used as a basis of field survey. Agro climatic zone, soil base map, land use and land cover

and land map units (LUMs) base maps are the major base maps of the basin produced at office

during the preparatory phase. Agro climatic zone base map is the main base map for animal

diseases and it is generated by overlying of thermal and LGP map with computer aided software.

Based on this, moist cold, moist cool, moist tepid, moist very cold, moist warm, sub-humid cold,

sub-humid cool and sub-humid tepid agro climatic zones were identified in the project area.

3.3.1.5 Biophysical Observation Site Selection

Biophysical assessment in Tana basin was carried out on 109 pre selected field observations sites.

Purposive stratified sample site selection technique is used for the site determination for

biophysical data collection. Different major issues were consider in determination of the sample

site that include the issue of quality and quantity keeping the representative of the sample to the

entire basin; agroclimatic zone (ACZ), Woreda boundary and land use and land cover types are

the major criteria that were considered during selection of the representative site for biophysical

data collection and observation. Moreover, access to road, facilities and spatial distributions to

ensure full coverage of the development basin also considered in observation site selection

criteria. Based on this and by considering behavior of animal diseases and vectors, representative

sites from dry lands, permanent wet land, seasonal wet lands and areas having different ACZs in

the basin were selected. Based on the above criteria purposively 57, 19, 12, 7, 4, 4, 3, 3, sample



points were selected in moist tepid, sub-humid tepid, moist cool, sub-humid cool, moist warm,

moist cold, moist very cold and sub-humid cold respectively.

3.3.1.6 Source of data and data collecting

Quantitative and qualitative data were collected from different sources. Primary data was

collected from farmers, Woreda experts and leader ships through household survey, focus group

discussion, key informant interview, and institution enumeration. On the other hand, secondary

data is gathered from governmental sector offices and NGOs.

Triangulation of household survey, focus group discussion and key informant interview, and

institution enumeration together with the secondary sector data is expected to illustrate the real

image of the animal health and socio-economic situation serving as an important input for the

various levels of this land use study project. Based on this, household (HH) data were taken from

randomly selected 4002 household heads in 29 woredas and 101 selected kebeles based on the

prevailing agro climatic zone(ACZ) and institutions survey was collected in institutions located

in 430 kebeles of the project area using GPS was undertaken. In addition to this secondary data

was taken from each woreda offices and key informant data was taken from 40 housholds

purposively by considering different ACZs. Focus group discussions (FGD) were taken at two

levels. One is with different members of the community at kebele level which represents the

given ACZ and the other is with woreda sector offices in all woredas within the project area by

participating 12-15 people by considering of age, sex and also economical status.

3.3.1.7 Field Survey Action Plan Preparation

Field survey action plan was prepared at office during the preparatory phase. It was prepared

based on the time taken to collect secondary data and primary data from different sources in the

basin and out of the basin which is relevant and very important for the study.The project were

prepared a twenty eight month tentative time schedule.

3.3.2 Sampling for Household Survey

To ensure proper representation of important sub-groups of a population and to reduce the

unlucky chance of minor but important sub-population a multi stage stratified cluster sampling

was employed for the animal health household survey. Prior to sample selection the population of

the sub-basin was classified into sub-populations or strata based on the data and auxiliary



information about the full population obtained from the reconnaissance survey and literatures.

The population was stratified based on land use related criteria which are measurement objectives

of the survey. The strata are proven to be independent and mutually exclusive subsets of the

population.

The sampling design was entirely based on implicit stratification method. The essential criterion

of implicit stratification is geographic, which generally suffices to spatially spread the sample

properly among the important sub-groups of the population based on ACZ, administrative

Woredas, and Kebeles. The procedure of the stratification is sequenced as ACZ, within ACZ by

Woreda, Within Woreda by Kebele. Then the next step is systematically selecting the sample

households from the enumeration area. The systematic selection is done by probability

proportionate to size (PPS) sampling.

3.3.3 Sample Size Determination

The sample size of the animal health survey was determined by considering precision and

confidence level wanted, allowance for non-response and available budget. According to the

United Nation’s practical Guideline for Designing Household Survey, each of the target

population, the required degree of precision, statistical confidence level wanted, and cost of the

survey must be considered in sample size calculation.

Higher precision requires larger sample size which in turn demands huge budget therefore the

trade-off between precision and survey cost was considered when the household survey designed.

On the other hand, to assure that the actual number of interviews completed in the survey closely

approximated the intended sample size it was compensated by an amount equal to the anticipated

non-response rate.

In this survey the whole population is target of the study therefore p has value of 100% or simply

1. The required degree of precision is a margin of relative error of 5 percent at the 99 percent

confidence level on the key indicators to be estimated. Higher precision at higher confidence level

was required since the study is being undertaken on strategically sensitive development issues.

The primary concern of the study is the land use practice and other major health problems in the

sub-basin.

The resulting total sample size of the calculation is 4002.9 households. However for the ease of

clustering the total sample size was determined to be 4000 households is equivalent to the

calculated value.



3.3.4 Sampling frame of Household Socio-Economic Survey

The animal health survey covered all the kebeles found in the Sub-Basin with no exception. The

sampling methodology is multistage stratified cluster sampling the procedure followed to apply

the sampling is dealt below.

The household animal health survey was conducted on the basis of sampling frame designed. A

multistage stratified cluster sampling of households using implicit stratifying method was applied

to prepare the sample frame as discussed below. The sequence of stratification was arranged

primarily.

First the study area stratified by Seven ACZs, namely, Moist cold, Moist cool, Moist tepid, Moist

very cold, Moist warm, Sub-humid cool and Sub-humid tepid. Then each ACZ further stratified

by Woreda and Kebele boundaries, a stage which is the first sampling unit. Then proportionate

numbers of Kebeles were sampled randomly from each ACZ. The total number of sample

Kebeles was 100. These sample Kebeles were also further stratified by sex of household head and

the proportion of female headed and male headed households was identified.

Finally, sample of 40 households was drawn from each Kebele using probability proportionate to

size method, size being the number of female headed and male headed households in each

Kebele. Household is the second sampling unit. For this purpose a fresh list of households was

prepared for the sampled Kebeles. From each of the 100 sampled Kebeles 40 households were

sampled and their heads were interviewed. Therefore, total number of surveyed sample

households summed up to 4002 which was as planned. The sampling frame is illustrated in the

following table diagram.

During the survey each enumerator was strictly supervised by the socioeconomic team hence

error was minimized through direct correction of the mistakes at field. Supervisors have been

organizing survey work for interviewers by determining field assignments and locations. Sample

Kebeles and Sample households were drawn by the supervisors based on the designed method

discussed above. The supervisors reviewed completed work and maintained a high level of

commitment to the survey programme by the interviewers. Each interview was also checked and

verified at field during the follow up process of the supervision work.

3.4 Data Analysis Methodologies

Land use project is a newly emerging study which demands different analytical tools, simple to

complex, aiming at better understanding of opportunities and traits regarding the possible and



existing land use subject to physical and socioeconomic limitations. A combination of descriptive

statistics and econometrics methods were used to serve purposes of description, estimation,

projection, inferring and overall analysis of the data. GIS and SPSS are widely used softwars.

Descriptive Statistics Techniques

Descriptive statistics tools were the mostly used techniques of survey data analysis. Measures of

central tendency and measures of dispersion were among the primary analytical statistic tools.

Mean, median, and mode were used to measure the central tendency of scale, ordinal and nominal

variables respectively, of the socio-economy survey. Maximum and minimum values also

discussed based on the need of the analysis. Variance and standard deviation were the measures

of dispersion to be employed in the data analysis. Inferential statistics also used for prediction of

necessary variables.



4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Animal health Assessment

The prevalence of animal disease in the sub basin is high and form a major barrier for

international and domestic trade of livestock and livestock products.The mortality and morbidity

of diseases cause tremendous losses both to the producer and the government. In the sub basin,

the loss incurred due to morbidity is by far higher than the loss due to mortality. African enzootic

and economically important animal diseases are found in the sub basin. These different types of

diseases affect mainly bovine, equine, shoat and poultry and they are great obstacle to use the

maximum potential of the area. Despite of African enzootic and economically important animal

diseases are found in the sub basin, large number of people are not award about disease

prevention and control. Because of this large number of animals are infected by disease and die in

each year that can be recovered from diseases easily. Data regarding with people trainings and

awareness in animal disease prevention and control through health extensions in the last two

years was collected from HH data at field survey. As a result, 26.9% of people did not get

trainings and have no knowledge in animal diseases prevention and control. The following table

shows the status of people awareness in animal diseases prevention and control in the last two

years through health extension.

Table 4 Status of people in animal disease prevention and control in the last two years

Status of people in disease prevention and control Frequency Valid Percent

The household got trainings and awareness in animal diseases

control and prevention in the last two years through health extension 2858 73.1

The household did not get trainings and awareness in animal diseases

control and prevention in the last two years through health extension 1054 26.9

Total 3912 100.0

Source, ADSWE, HH survey, 2014



4.1.1 Bovine Diseases

Large number of cattle population is present in Tana sub basin. But farmers in the sub basin as

well the region do not use this large number of cattle due to animal diseases, feed shortage, and

poor management systems. Cattle productivity is constrained by wide spread disease. Endemic

diseases in the sub basin are, trypanosomiasis, anthrax, bovine pastreulosis, black leg, lumpy skin

disease (LSD), foot and mouth disease (FMD), tuberculosis(TB), contagious bovine pleura

pneumonia (CBPP), brucellosis,internal and external parasitic diseases. As we observed at field as

well as at FGD, these diseases continue to constrain cattle productivity, agricultural development,

human well-being and poverty alleviation in many areas of the sub basin in different ways.

Endemic diseases in the study area cause death, illness leading to condemnation, poor weight

gain, poor milk yield, poor feed conversion, poor reproductive capacity and poor work capacity

for ploughing. Trns- boundary and zoonotic diseases like FMD, LSD, CBPP, brucellosis, anthrax

and bovine tuberculosis constitute a serious limitation to export living animals and their products,

as well for international trade. Some diseases reoccurred in some districts and make a great

problem for prevention and control and also causes large number of bovine death.

Data regarding with severity and dominance (economically importance) was collected from

secondary data at field survey. The following table shows the ranks of disease in each woreda

based on severity, economically importance and in its endemic nature.



Table 5 Types and rank of bovine diseases in each woreda

Name of

Woreda

Types and rank of bovine diseases in each woreda C

BP

P

Bo

vin

e

pa

stre

ulo

s

is

An

thra

x

bla

ck l

eg

Bru

cell

osi

s TB

Try

pa

no

s

om

iasi

s

Inte

rna

l

pa

rasi

te

Ex

tern

al

pa

rasi

te

LS

D

FM

D

Sch

isto

so

mia

sis

Liv

er

flu

ke

Fogera 2 5 1 3 5 4 Dera 10 7 1 2 12 13 9 5 6 3 4 11 8 East Estie 9 6 1 2 10 11 12 3 4 5 8 7 Farta 7 3 1 9 8 2 4 6 5 DebretaborT

awon 6 3 2 7 8 1 4 5

Ebinat 12 2 1 3 9 11 10 4 5 6 8 13 7 LiboKemke

m 10 1 5 6 7 12 2 3 4 4 11 9 8

GonderZuria 5 1 4 9 10 3 2 7 6 8 Wogera 7 6 2 4 8 11 1 3 10 9 5 Lay

Armachiho 3 1 1 1 2 3 2 1 1 1 2 2

Chilga 13 8 7 6 9 10 3 1 2 4 5 11 12 Dembia 11 7 3 8 10 12 4 2 1 5 6 9 2 Alefa 13 2 1 10 5 12 7 3 8 6 11 9 4 Takusa 13 5 1 8 9 12 6 2 4 7 11 10 3 North

Achefer 11 4 6 7 10 12 5 9 8 1 13 3 2

South

Achefer 13 9 4 10 8 12 7 3 5 6 11 2 1

Mecha 4 6 9 10 8 1 5 7 3 2 BahirdarZuri

a

Dangila 13 8 2 10 7 11 12 9 6 3 4 5 1 DangilaTaw

on 8 5 10 4 3 2 9 13 12 1 6 11 7

FagitaLeko

ma 8 6 4 7 10 11 9 1 2 5 13 12 3

BanjaShikud

ad 8 2 5 6 1 7 4 3

Sekela 6 3 4 1 5 7 2

Source, ADSWE, secondary data from Woreda offices collected at field survey, 2014

As a result internal parasite is dominant and economically important in Wogera, Chilga, Bahir

Dar Zuria, Mecha, South Achefer, Dangila, Fagita Lekoma, Banja and Sekela. Anthrax is very

dominant and the first devastating disease in Dera, East Estie, Ebinat, Gondor Zuria, Takusa and

Alefa. Bovione pastreulosis is the first series problem in Libo Kemkem and Lay Armachiho

Woreda and reoccurred each year following stress factors such as feed and water shortage and

exposing of animals for harsh environment. Trypanosomiasis, black leg, external parasite and

lampy skin disease are very dominant and series problems in Fogera, Farta, dembia and North



Achefer respectively. The following map shows the prevalence of most sever and dominant

bovine diseases in the basin.

Figure 2 Map of bovine disease prevalence in Tana sub-basin

Source, ADSWE, map produced at office based on table 6, 2014

There are some diseases that affect all areas of the sub basin and all sectors of the community,

and there are some that are of particular importance,individually and collectively, to the farmers.



Some diseases are localized in a certain areas while others are common in the whole study area.

Example:-, anthrax, bovine pastreulosis, black leg, lumpy skin disease (LSD), foot and mouth

disease (FMD), tuberculosis(TB), contagious bovine pleura pneumonia (CBPP), brucellosis,

internal and external parasitic diseases are common in the whole study area while others like

trypanosomia, shistosomia and fasciola are area specific. Trypanosomiasis is very common below

2500m above sea level. Fasciola is common in permanent and seasonal wet lands where as

schistosomia is very common in permanent wet lands. Permanent and seasonal wet lands are not

suitable for cattle, sheep and goat production due the prevalence of schistosomia, fasciola and

others like paramphystomum. Areas below 2500m above sea level are not suitable for cattle

production due to trypanosomiasis prevalence. The disease is also an obstacle for dairy and

fattening farm in the area.

4.1. 1.1 Infectious Diseases

Foot-and-Mouth Disease:-An acute, highly contagious, viral infection of cloven-hoofed animals,

domesticated and wild. It is characterized initially by vesicular lesions and subsequently by

erosion of the epithelium of the mouth, nares, muzzle, feet, teats, udder, and the rumen pillars.

The natural hosts are cattle, swine, goat, sheep, swine, buffalo, antelope and hogs. Mortality and

morbidity is high in young animals.

The primary method of transmission is via aerosols. While such transmission usually occurs with

animals in close proximity, there is increasing evidence that, under certain metrological

conditions, the virus may be spread by wind over distance of up to 30mi (50 Km). Free grazing

system in the study area makes good condition for transmission of disease. It is common in the

whole study area and it causes large number of cattle death especially in youngest cattle, low

reproduction, low traction power for agriculture practices, restriction of animal movement

(recumbence) and low market value. As we collected from FGD data, FMD is very critical

problem in Denbia, Chilga, South Achefer, Dangila and mecha Woreda.

FMD impacts

FMD generate a wide range of biophysical and socio-economic impacts that may be both direct

and indirect, and may vary from very localized to global problems.

Loss of livestock productivity. The most important and readily measurable direct effects of

diseases are manifest by losses in productivity. These include the effects of death, illness leading



to condemnation, poor weight gain, poor milk yield, poor feed conversion, poor reproductive

capacity and poor work capacity for ploughing or transport.

Loss of farm productivity. Through the effects on performance, FMD has additional indirect

impacts on other agricultural enterprises, in particular crops. This is through the reduction in

traction capacity for ploughing, threshing and other activities. It also causes reductions in manure

output on soil fertility and nutrient cycling. All of which can severely affect livelihoods of

smallholder farmers. This impact is often highly under-estimated, and has generally been poorly

quantified. The farmers also explain this disease at FGD as it is the main headache for their

agricultural practices and leads the whole family dependent to the government.

Reduction or elimination of market opportunities. Outbreaks of FMD in a community or a

region results in local market disruptions as movement restrictions are imposed, with farmers

unable to market livestock and livestock products with optimal timing (such as moving fattener

cattle to market) or at all (e.g. restricting milk collection), or they face dramatically depressed

prices. The mere occurrence of FMD can severely constrain cross-border and other international

trade. Restrictions on international trade typically affect primarily the larger-scale

commercial sector, with potential multiplier effects on employment and other auxiliary sectors.

– Treatment costs. Assuming that an appropriate veterinary technology is available, livestock

keepers, communities, and public services may incur direct financial and time costs in responding

to animal disease by seeking or providing treatment.

Impairment of human welfare. FMD have many additional direct and indirect impacts on

human nutrition, community development and sociocultural values. FMD can significantly

reduce farm income, contributing to food insecurity and poor nutrition.

Generally FMD is transmissible disease and has the potential for very serious and rapid spread,

irrespective of national borders; in addition it has serious socio-economic or public health

consequence which constitutes a serious limitation to export living animals and their products.

Thus, the disease should be eradicated at national level by in collaboration of other bordering

countries by regular vaccination and killing of infected animals.

Anthrax (splenic fever, charbon, milzbrand):- An acute, febrile zoonotic disease of virtually all

warm-blooded animals, including man, caused bythe sporeforming bacterium bacillus anthracis.

Out breaks of anthrax commonly are associated with neutral or alkaline, calcareous soils that

serve as incubator areas for the organism. Bacillus anthraces has the ability to form very resistant

spores in the soil. These spores can remain viable for many years on pasture, and become



reactivated when the right environmental conditions exist. During this time, they are a potential

source of infection for grazing cattle.

The incubation period is typically 3-7 days (range 1-14 days or more). The clinical course ranges

from per acute to chronic. The per acute form is characterized by sudden onset and rapidly fatal

course andstrike quickly, usually causing death losses without prior noticeable clinical signs in

the herd. Staggering, difficult breathing, collapse, a few convulsive movements, and death may

occur in cattle without any previous evidence of illness. In acute anthrax of cattle, there is first an

abrupt rise in body temperature and a period of excitement followed by depression, stupor,

respiratory or cardiac distress, staggering, convulsion, and death. Chronic infections are

characterized by localized, sub acute, oedematous swelling, which can be quite extensive.

In the sub basin, anthrax periodically emerges as epizootics among cattle and other blood warm

animals. These epizootics are usually associated with drought, flooding, or soil disturbance, and

many years may pass between outbreaks. During interepidemic periods, sporadic cases may help

maintain soil contamination

This disease is common in all districts of the sub basin and out breaks occur during at the

beginning and ending of summer. The disease is the first series and dominant disease in Dera,

East Estie, Ebinat, Gondor Zuria, Lay Armachiho, Alefa and Takusa. It has been reported as

cause of numerous cattle deaths and head ache for investors to practice from small scale to large

scale dairy and fattening farm. It is also a great problem for farmers especially to agricultural

practices. In the study area, prevention and control is done by massive vaccination against anthrax

when incidences occur. This type of vaccination is not good and productive. In endemic areas,

animals should be vaccinated regularly before out breaks occur at the beginning and end of

summer.

Black leg:-An acute febrile disease of cattle and caused by clostridium chauvoei (feseri) and

characterized by emphysematous swelling, usually in the heavy muscles. Usually, onset is sudden

and a few cattle may be found dead without premonitory signs. Acute lameness and marked

depression are common. characteristics of oedematous and crepitate swellings develop in the hip,

shoulder, chest, back, neck, or elsewhere.

The disease is prevalent throughout the sub basin. It the dominant and big problem in Farta and

Lay Armachiho districts.The disease affects young and fat animals. This results a great

economical crisis and poverty in farmers. Calves should be vaccinated twice, 2 weeks apart,



between 2 and 6 months of age; in high-risk areas, revaccination may be necessary at 1 year and

every 5 years thereafter. When outbreaks are encountered ,all susceptible cattle are vaccinated

and treated prophylactically with penicilline to prevent the new cases in all destricts.

Bovine Pneumonic Pasteurellosis (shipping fever, transit fever):-It is a bacterial respirtory

disease of cattle and caused by Pasteurella haemolytica and pasteurella multocida. Affected cattle

are depressed, anorectic, a fever (40-41oC) and a serous to mucopurulent nasal discharge with

rapid shallow breathing, and often cough if they move. In sever cases, there is pleurisy; breathing

is irregular and animals may grunt upon exhalation, and eventually refuse to get up. Lung

auscultation may reveal moist rales, pleuritic friction rubs, and cracklings.

The disease is very common in the study area and re-occurs each year when the animals are under

mal nutritioned and environmentally stressed. In Libo kemkem the disease is very economical

important and causes large number of animals death. All ages of cattle are susceptible but sever

respiratory disease associated with pasterella spp generally affect younger animals followng

shipping,thus, it is often called shipping fever.

The disease may affect the herd and the farmers may loss 1-10% of herd and 50% of herd may

require treatments. Management is the key to control the disease. Outbreaks are often sporadic in

nature and vaccination campaigns are often launched to control the out breaks.

Brucellosis:-The disease in cattle is caused almost exclusively by brucella abortus; however,

brucella suis or brucella melitensis is occasionally incriminated. Establishment of the carrier state

in a large proportion of animals may lead to reduction in the milk yield of infected cows and the

production of dead calves at term. This disease is known to exist in farmer herds with a signs of

abortion,still birth or weak and may die soon after birth, retention of placenta in females and

hygromas in bulls. Certain cases of sterility can be attributed to the effect of disease.

There are also human health risks because the disease may be transmitted by drinking

unpasteurized milk from infected cows, by inhalation, cuts and abrasions, or by droplet infection

and can cause undulant fever, sterility, arthritis and long lasting effects in musculo–skeletal,

cardiovascular, and central nervous systems. Because this, it constitute a serious limitation to

export living animals, milk and other products, as well for international trade.

Selecting of healthy bull which free of brucellosis and using of AI is very important to decrease

disease prevalence. In addition the disease can be eradicated by regular vaccination and culling of

infected animals.



Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia (CBPP):- A highly contagious pneumonia respiratory

disease generaly accompanied by pleurisy. It iscaused by Mycoplasma mycoides subsp mycoides.

Susceptible cattle become infected by inhaling droplets coughed out by infected cattle.

Septicaemia produces lesions in the kidneys and placenta; the placenta and urine can be sources

of infection. Viability of the organism in the environment is very poor. The incubation period of

the disease varies, but most cases occur 3-8 weeks after exposure. In some localities, susceptible

herds may show up to 100 % morbidity, but lower rates of infection are commoner. Mortality is

likely to reach 50%. Tewenty-five percent of recovered animals may become carriers with

chronic lung lesions in the form of sequestra of variable size. Since carriers may not be detectable

clinicaly or serologically and they constitute a serious problem in control programs.

Clinical signs include high temperature (up to 107o F [41.5

oc]), anorexia, and painful, difficult

breathing. In hot climates, the animal often stands by itself in the shade, its head lower and

extended, its back slightly arched, and its elbow turned out. Percussion of the chest is painful;

respiration is rapid, shallow and abdominal. If the animal is forced to move quickly, the breathing

becomes more distressed and a soft, moist cough may result. In acute cases, the disease

progresses rapidly, animals lose condition and breathing becomes very laboured, with a grunt at

expiration. The animal becomes recumbent and death occurs after 1-3 weeks of clinical illness.

The outbreak of CBPP has caused havoc among cattle herds in Tana sub basin and also causes

large number of cattle death. All districts are affected by the disease and causes large number of

cattle death in Lay Armachiho. CBPP is Trns- boundary disease and it constitute a serious

limitation to export living animals and their products, as well for international trade. Some efforts

have been exerted on the epidemics using monovalent CBPP vaccines but not succeful due to free

grazing at communal grazing land that leads to close contact large number of population at small

area and migration of animals to look for feed and water. Treatment is also recommended in

endemic areas.

Generally CBPP is transmissible disease and has the potential for very serious and rapid spread,

irrespective of national borders which constitutes a serious limitation to export living animals and

their products. Thus, the disease should be eradicated at national level by in collaboration of other

bordering countries by regular vaccination and culling of infected animals.

Lumpy skin disease:- An infectious, eruptive, occasionally fatal disease of cattle characterized

by nodules on the skin and other parts of the body. Secondary infection often aggravates the



condition. It is caused by neethling poxvirus. The morbidity varies from 5-50%; mortality is

usually low. The greatest loss is sustained from the decrease in milk yield, the loss in condition,

and the rejection or reduced valu of the hide.

The disease occurs in the whole study area and the farmers control this disease by vaccinating of

all exposed animals. They also treat the infected animals by antibiotics for secondary infection. It

is transboundary and constitute a serious limitation to export living animals and their products,

as well for international trade.

Mastitis:- It is an inflammatory disease condition of the udder affecting milk production

negatively and having a serious impact on the economy of dairy enterprise. It is common in the

study area and considered to be the most costly disease of dairy animals and losses mainly occur

through discarded milk, reduction in milk yield, premature culling of animals and replacements. It

is usually caused due to the effects of infection by bacterial or mycotic pathogens. Climatic

conditions, seasonal variation, density teat injuries, teat sores, poor milking hygiene, faulty

milking management, environmental populations of pathogens, housing of cattle populations, and

husbandry practices may affect the incidence and etiology. Pathologic changes to milk-secreting

epithelial cells from the inflammatory process often bring about a decrease in functional capacity.

Depending on the pathogen, functional losses may continue into further lactations, which impairs

productivity and potential weight gain by offspring. Although most infections result in relatively

mild clinical or subclinical local inflammation, more severe cases can lead to agalactia or even

profound systemic involvement resulting in death.

It is very economical disease especially for dairy farm owners. As we observed, large number of

dairy cattle are affected by mastitis. Farmers and investors treat their cows by antibiotics, when

they observe clinical signs. Keeping of the area clean and keeping of hygiene during milking is

the first option to protect mastitis.

4.1.1.2 Blood parasites

Trypanosomiasis:- it is a flagellated protozoa blood parasite that inhabit in the blood plasma, the

lymph and various tissues of theirhosts.. The most common and economically important species

in the study area are T. Vivax, T. congolense, and T. Brucei. T.vivax is transmitted by tabanus ,

stomoxis and other biting flies and common in all woreda except, in moist cold, moist cool and

sub-humid cool agro climatic zones of Farta, Ebinat, Libo Kemkem, Gonder Zuria, Wogera, Lay



Armachiho, Fagita Lekoma, Banja Shikudad and Sekela. The following map shows the

prevalence of trypansosmiasis in the sub- basin.

Figure 3 Map of trypanosomiasis prevalence in Tana the sub- basin

Source, ADSWE, map produced based on field observation, 2014

The whole Tana sub basin is free of Tsetse fly but T. Brucei, and T. congolense are transmitted

by Tsetse fly are very common in areas bordering low lands like Wogera, Lay Armachiho,

Chilga, Tkusa, Alefa, North Achefer, and Dangila. In these areas farmers seasonally move their

animals for agriculture practice and looking for food for their animals at rainy season. During this

time animals acquire such diseases and large number of animals dies. In the sub basin,



trypanosomiasis is a chronic debilitating condition that reduces fertility(calving rate),weight

gain,milk and meat off take. More over, trypanosomiasis reduces the potential of opportunities for

livestock and crop production(mixed farming) through less draught power to caltivate land and

less manure to fertile soils for enhanced crop production.The disease is very economical because

of its highest prevalence in the most arable and fertile land with high potential for agricultural

development in the sub basin. Thus animals in the study area should be treated regularly before

the incidence.

4.1.1.3 Internal Parasites

Gastro-intestinal parasites account for the highest production loss in cattle and affect the whole

age groups. Some known internal parasites are fasciola, schistosomia, paramphystomum,

haemonchus, strongyls, tapworm, trichuris, coccidiosis, lung worm and others. Internal parasites

are prevalent in the sub basin and cause large number of cattle death and production loss. As we

observed and collecting data, internal parasite is very series and the first problem in Fogera,

Wogera, Lay Armachiho, Chilga, Mecha, Fagita Lekoma, Banja Shikudad, and sekela districts.

Fasciola and schistosomia are very series and devastating health problems in wet lands of the sub

basin. The incidence of these diseases is high and throughout the year in lake Tana bordering

districts and other districts that have large swampy area. In the study area, gastro intestinal

parasites are treated by broad spectrum anthelmentics such as albendazole, fasionex and

ivermectine.

Fasciola:- Fasciola species of parasitic worms, also known as liver fluke, cause a widespread

disease of animals called fasciolosis. It is endemic in the whole study area and sever in swampy

areas bordering lake Tana. Fasciola hepatica and fasciola gigantica are common ones and snails

are intermidate hosts. Fasciolosis has a profound, negative influence on animal health and

welfare, undermining our food security and causing major losses to both food producers (farmers)

and food processors. It is common in swampy and wet lands of the sub basin and causes for the

death of large number of cattle. It also causes low production such as, low growth rate, weight

loss, low calving rate, late in reproduction, low cost and less draught power for crop production.

As we observed clinical cases at veterinary clinics and at FGD, the disease is the very common

and sever in lake Tana bordering districts. The following map shows fasciola infested areas in the

basin.



Figure 4 Map of fasciola prevalence in Tana sub-basin

Source, ADSWE, map produced based on field observation, 2014

Faciola are now becoming newly emerging diseases in areas, which were dry land before and

now used for irrigation. In Koga irrigation dam surrounding kebeles caused large number of

bovine mortality and morbidity. As per the survey, the effects of disease as well as the incidence

indicated increasing trend due to mainly uncontrolled use of drugs, poor management system,

environmental change (dry land to wet land for irrigation purpose), communal grazing, luck of

disease awareness, drought and environmental degradation.

The figure below shows a cow is grazing at swampy area andmore likely infected by fasciola.

The cow shows the clinical signs of emaciation, recumbency, rough hair coat, diarrhea and bottle

jaw.



Figure 5 An emaciated cow more likely infected by fasciola and grazing at swampy area of Wagetera kebele

in Fogera Woreda

Schistosomia: it is an infection which occurs due to trematodes of the genus Schistosomia. The

disease is characterized by its chronic nature and affects the productivity and production

performances; and predisposes animals to other diseases. Schistosomia is endemic in the study

area and are very series problem in Lake Tana bordering permanent wet-lands. These diseases

cause poor weight gain, death, poor milk yield, poor feed conversion and poor reproductive

capacity. As we observed at the field, the disease is very common in permanent wet lands. The

following map shows that, all permanent wet lands or swampy areas are infested by schistosomia.



Figure 6 Map of schistosomia prevalence

4.1.1.4 External Parasites

External Parasites:-This is very prevalent in each Woreda and external parasites are very

dominant and big problem in Lay Armachiho and Dembia. Ticks and mange mite are very

common external parasites and these parasites cause decrease in livestock production such as

decrease in milk and meat production, decrease in reproduction, reduced working ability, low

quality hide and skin and death of animals. The farmers control the external parasites by diazinon

60% and ivermectin injectiuon.



The figure below shows a calf severely infected by mange. The calf shows the clinical signs of

emaciation, hair loss, weakness and inflammations of skin. This disease causes, poor weight gain,

poor feed conversion, low reproductive capacity, death and low quality of hide.

Figure, A calf infected by mange.

Figure 7 A calf infected by mange at Dembia Woreda veterinary clinic

4.1.1.5 Bloat

Bloat of bovine and death is common in the study area and it is caused by eating of concentrated

grains, and leguminous plants. Among these, clover is recognized as one of the most nutritious

forages available and is widely used as pasture or conserved forage (ex, hay, silage) in the diets of

cattle. However, the utilization of clover by grazing is dangerous due to its propensity to cause

pasture bloat. Clover is common forage in the whole study area and kills large number of cattle

in each year. Data regarding with people have got death of animals due to eating of clover in the

last two years was collected from HH data at field survey. As a result, 26.3% of people in the

study area have faced bovine death within the last two years. This shows that large number of

cattle are died due to clover bloat. The following table shows the people that have faced animal

death due to alfalfa in the pasture



Table 6 Death of animals in the last two years due to eating clover

Frequency Valid Percent

Death of animals as consequence of eating clover occurred in the

last two years 1018 26.4

Death of animals as consequence of eating clover did not occur in

the last two years 2842 73.6

Total 3860 100.0

Source, HH survey, 2014

To decrease death of animals, the following pasture managements should be applied

Never graze clover in the morning

Moving during rain is not as dangerous as about two days after a rain when it is hot.

clover is growing rapidly and high risk.

Monitor grazing of the cattle. Observe what they are eating and see if they are mixing

their clover with grass.

Be careful during early fall frosts; cell walls are broken by freezing and make clover

highly digestible and causes bloat and death.

Continuous grazing can present more danger as after two to three weeks of grazing

within a pasture clover starts to regrow. Then feeding of animals by cut and carry

system (after welting) is the best solution.

Manage pasture for no more than 50% legumes. (This has little value if selective

grazing is possible)

Fill cattle on dry roughage or grass pasture before turning out on a legume pasture.

Treatment

Free-gas bloat can usually be relieved by inserting a 3/4" rubber hose into the rumen via the

esophagus. If "hosing" does not give immediate relief, a pint of mineral oil can be given.

Drenching should be avoided because of the danger of inhalation by the bloated animal which can

cause immediate death or lead to pneumonia. A trocar should be used as a last resort. The rumen

microflora have been altered or killed, which allows excessive gas to be produced and reoccurred,

re-establish the rumen microflora with rumen fluid from a healthy animal on similar feed is

essential. Chronic bloaters should be shipped for slaughter



4.1. 2 Equine diseases

Large number of horses, mules and donkeys are found in the study area. They used for

transportation and for different types of agricultural practices. The farmers give little attention

when we compare with other domestic animals. Different types of disease kill large number of

equine in the sub basin at each year. African horse sickness (AHS), equine herpes virus,

lymphangitis, strangles, internal and external parasites are the main health problems in the sub

basin. Others are very common in all study areas and causes for large number of equine deaths,

decreased production and reduced working ability. Data regarding with severity and dominance

(economically importance) was collected from secondary data at field survey. The following table

shows the ranks of disease in each woreda based on severity, economically importance and in its

endemic nature.

Table 7 Types and rank of Equine diseases in each Woreda

Name of

Woreda

Types and rank of Equine diseases in each Woreda

AHS Epizootic

lymphngitis

Internal

parasites

External

parasites

Equine herpes

virus

Fogera 3 4 1 2 5 Dera 1 3 4 2 East Estie 1 4 3 2 5 Farta 2 1 3 DebretaborTaw

on 3 4 1 2

Ebinat 3 5 1 2 4 LiboKemkem 2 4 1 3 GonderZuria 3 1 2 Wogera 3 4 1 2 Lay

Armachiho 2 3 1 1 2

Chilga 5 4 1 2 3 Dembia 5 3 1 2 4 Alefa 4 1 3 2 Takusa 5 3 1 2 4 North Achefer 2 5 1 4 3 South Achefer 2 5 1 4 3 Mecha 2 4 1 3 BahirdarZuria Dangila 1 4 3 5 2 DangilaTawon 1 3 5 4 2 FagitaLekoma 3 4 1 2 5 BanjaShikudad 1 4 2 3 Sekela 3 1 2 5

Source, ADSWE, secondary data from Woreda offices collected at field survey , 2014



Based on this table the following map shows the prevalence of equine diseases in each woreda.

Figure 8 Map of equine disease prevalence

Regarding the map, AHS is devastating problem in Dera, East Estie, Dangila and Banja Shikudad

while internal parasite is very common and dominant problem in other Woreda.

4.1.2.1 Infectious disease

African Horse Sickness:-It is an insect-born disease of equidae of high mortality and caused by

double-stranded RNA virus of family Reoviridae, genus orbivirus. Natural transmit ion occurs

seasonally via insect vectors of Culicoides (midges) species. However, this disease can also be

transmitted by species of mosquitoes including Culex, Anopheles and Aedes, and species of ticks

such as Hyalomma and Rhipicephalus.



The mortality of diseases is 90%, 50% and 10% in horse, mule and donkey respectively. It is fatal

disease and has poulmunary, cardiac, Mild or horse sickness fever and mixed forms. From these

poulumunary and cardiac forms are very big problems in the study area.

Pulmonary form

The peracute form of the disease is characterized by high fever, depression and respiratory

symptoms. The clinically affected animal has trouble breathing, starts coughing frothy fluid from

nostril and mouth, and shows signs of pulmonary edema within four days. Serious lung

congestion causes respiratory failure and results in death in under 24 hours. This form of the

disease has the highest mortality rate.

Cardiac form

This subacute form of the disease has an incubation period longer than that of the pulmonary

form. Signs of disease start at day 7-12 after infection. High fever is a common symptom. The

disease also manifests as conjunctivitis, with abdominal pain and progressive dyspnea.

Additionally, edema is presented under the skin of the head and neck, most notably in swelling of

the supra-orbital fossae, palpebral conjunctiva and intermandibular space. Mortality rate is

between 50-70% and survivors recover in 7 days.

Generally AHS is common in the whole study area and causes large number of horse death and

out breaks occur from September to the end of November. It is very devastating and the first

health problem in Dera, East Estie, Dangila and Banja Shikudad.. Disease prevention and control

is very week and gives low attention. The disease can be prevented and controlled by giving

vaccine before September but in the whole districts give vaccination after out breaks occur and

large number of equne dies.

Epizootic Lymphangitis:-A chronic granulomatus disease of the skin, lymph vessels and lymph

nodes of the limbs and neck of Equida caused by dimorphic fungus histoplasma farciminqsum.

The disease is quite commonly observed in cart- horses and donkeys in the whole study area,

where the horses and donkeys play a major role in transporting water, household goods and

human beings. This disease has a determinant effect on the contribution of equines to the

community on the top of this; sick animals loss the attention of their owners due to their aesthetic

value once affected by the disease. Epizootic lymphangitis is hardly possible to cure using iodine

and antibiotic therapy.



4.1.2.2 Internal parasites

Internal parasites are very common in the study area and causes for large number of equine

deaths, emaciation (weight loss), decreased reproduction and reduced working ability. The disese

is very common in the study area and the first problem in Farta, Ebinat, Libo Kemkem, Gonder

Zuria, Wogera, Lay Armachiho, Chilga, Dembia, Alefa, Takusa ,North Achefer, South Achefer,

Fagita Lekoma and Sekela.Despite equine contributes largely to the national and local economy,

little attention has been given so far to problem of helminthosis in equine as compared to other

livestock species.

4.1.2.3 External Parasites

External parasites are very common in the study area and causes for large number of equine

deaths, emaciation (weight loss), decreased reproduction and reduced working ability. As we

observed from the field, almost no attention is given for external parasites of equine and their

effect.

4.1.3 Shoat Diseases

Large number of sheep and goats are found in the study area and used for immediate cash and

plays a significant role in poverty alleviation. The people in the study area are not using this

potential due to different types of diseases. The diseases cause death, low production and low

grade of skin. Most common shoat diseases arePeste Des Petitis Ruminants (PPR), Ovine

pasteurellosis, sheep and goat pox, internal parasite and external parasite. Trns- boundary and

zoonotic diseases like PPR, CCPP and sheep and goat pox constitute a serious limitation to export

living animals and their products, as well for international trade. Fasciol is very sever in lake

Tana surrounding areas and in swampy areas of each woreda. PPR is common in all districts and

causes large number of goats and sheep death. It is relatively the harshest and very sever disease,

when we relate to other sheep and goat diseases. Sometimes the disease may eliminate the goats

and sheep in a village. As we observed at clinics and as farmers approved at FGD, large number

of shoat are infected by disease and die each year. Data regarding with severity and dominance

(economically importance) was collected from secondary data at field survey. The following table

shows the ranks of disease in each woreda based on severity, economically importance and in its

endemic nature.



Table 8 Types and rank of shoat diseases in each woreda

Name of

Woreda

Types and rank of shoat diseases in each woreda

PPR CCPP ovine

pastreulosis

Sheep and

goat pox

Internal

parasite

External

parasite

Fogera 2 6 4 5 1 3 Dera 3 2 4 1 5 6 East Estie 5 6 4 1 2 3 Farta 3 5 2 1 6 DebretaborTaw

on 4 3 5 1 2

Ebinat 6 5 1 4 2 3 LiboKemkem 6 5 1 2 3 4 GonderZuria 2 3 1 4 5 Wogera 3 6 5 2 1 4 Lay

Armachiho 2 3 4 6 5 1

Chilga 1 6 5 4 2 3 Dembia 5 6 3 4 2 1 Alefa 4 6 1 5 2 3 Takusa 4 5 3 6 1 2 North Achefer 4 6 1 5 2 3 South Achefer 5 6 3 2 1 4 Mecha 3 1 2 BahirdarZuria 5 6 2 3 1 4 Dangila 6 5 2 3 1 4 DangilaTawon 5 4 3 6 2 1 FagitaLekoma 4 6 3 5 1 2 BanjaShikudad 3 2 1 4 Sekela 5 6 4 3 1 2

Source, ADSWE, secondary data from Woreda offices collected at field survey, 2014

Based on severity and dominance, internal parasite is very common problem in Fogera, Farta,

Wogera, South Achefer, Mecha, Dangila, Fagita Lekoma, Banja Shikudad, and Sekela . Shoat

pox is also very common and first problem in Dera, East Estie and Gonder Zuria. Ovine

pastreulosis is seasonal and big problem inEbinat, Libo Kemkem, Alefa and North Achefer while

PPR is the first problem in Chilga. The following map is developed from the above table data and

shows the dominant and sever shoat diseases in the study area based on Woreda.



Figure 9 Map of shoat disease prevalence

4.1.3.1 Infectious diseases

Peste Des Petitis Ruminants (PPR):- is also called pseudorinderpest of small ruminants, pest of

small ruminants, pest of sheep and goat, Kata, stomatitispneumoenteritis syndrom, and

pneumoenteritis complex. It is an acute and sub acute viral disease caused by a morbillivirus of

family paramyxoviridae and affects goat and sheep characterized by fever, necrotic stomatitis,

gastroenteritis, and pneumonia. The incubation period is usually 4-5days. Affected animals

appear ill and restless and have rise of temperature (40-41oC), a dull coat, dry muzzle, congested

mucous membranes, depressed appetite, serous to mucopurulent nasal discharge, necrosis at

mucous membrane of nasal cavity, conjunctiva, profuse diarrhoea, and finally death within 5-10

days.

The disease is prevalent in all districts and causes large number of goats and sheep death. PPR is

trns- boundary and constitute a serious limitation to export living animals and their products, as



well for international trade. It is the first and very series shoat health problem in Chilga. PPR is

relatively the harshest and very sever disease, when we relate to other sheep and goat diseases.

Sometimes the disease may eliminate the goats and sheep in a village and the farmers may

become poor and dependant to the government. Massive vaccination campaign against PPR is

done to prevent and control the outbreaks in all districts after the incidence occurs.

Generally PPR is transmissible disease and has the potential for very serious and rapid spread,

irrespective of national borders which constitutes a serious limitation to export living animals and

their products. Thus, the disease should be eradicated at national level by in collaboration of other

bordering countries by regular vaccination and killing of infected animals.

Sheep and Goat Pox:-Serious, often fatal, disease characterized by widespread skin eruption. It

is caused by poxviruses of sheep and goat (capripoxvirus). Sheep and goat pox is an important

and widely spread viral disease of goat and sheep. Sheep and goat pox is trns- boundary and

constitute a serious limitation to export living animals and their products, as well for international

trade. The disease is prevalent in all districts and the first problem in Dera, East Estie and

Gonder Zuria. It causes production loss, death and exposes the sheep and goat to the secondary

diseases. It also affects the quality and grade of skin.

Ovine Pasteurellosis: - Ovine pasteurellosis is caused by pasteurolla haemolytica and rarely by

pasteurella multocida. Affected sheep show the clinical signs of sudden death, coughing and

oculo- nasal discharge. The disease is very common in the study area and very series in Ebinat,

Libo Kemkem, Alefa and North Achefer and reoccurs each year. when the animals are under mal-

nutritioned and environmentally stressed. During dry time, ovine pastreulosis becomes very

serious problem due to feed and water shortage. It causes high production loss and death.

Outbreaks are often sporadic in nature and vaccination campaigns are often launched to prevent

and control of the outbreaks.

Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia (CCPP):-An acute pneumonias in goats caused by

mycoplasma mycoides subsp mycoides and mycoplasma mycoides subsp capri. The disease

affects goats and may have 100% morbidity and 60-100% mortality. Weakness, loss of apatite,

hyperpnoea, and nasal discharge accompanied by fever (41oC) are the common clinical signs.

Large number of goats die in each year due to this disease. The disease is very common in all

districts and causes high production loss and death. CBPP is trns- boundary and constitute a

serious limitation to export living animals and their products, as well for international trade. The

outbreak is controlled by massive vaccination.



4.1.3.2 Internal Parasites

Internal Parasites: - The internal parasites accounted for the highest production loss in small

ruminants. Internal parasites in sheep and goat are strongylus fasciola, trichuris, lung worm est.

These internal parasites are common in all areas and especially fasciola is a big problem in sheep

and goat where they graze in bordering areas of Tana wet lands and other districts that have large

swampy area likeFogera, Farta, Wogera, South Achefer, Mecha, Dangila, Fagita Lekoma, Banja

Shikudad, Sekela. The parasite is controlled by anthihelementics such as fascionex and

albendazol in all districts.

4.1.3.3 External parasites

External parasites: - It is prevalent in all districts. Ticks and mange mite are the most common

external parasites and affect the sheep and goat. Especially mange mite infests the whole study

area and in some cases the parasite affects whole herd of sheep and goat. In Dembia and Lay

Armachiho, extenal parasites are the first series problems. Unless the farmers, officials and

professionals able to control by diazinon 60% or by any other means, the production of sheep and

goat may decrease in great degree and most farmers may become totally dependant to the

government. It causes weight loss, irritation, and expose to the secondary diseases. In addition to

this it affects the quality and grade of the skin.

4.1.4 Poultry Disease

Poultry play an important economic, nutritional and socio-cultural role in the livelihoods of

poor rural households in the basin and plays a significant role in poverty alleviation. Chickens

have a high socio-economic value and are important to those (often landless) people who do

not own cattle, sheep, or goats. Poultry production is particularly important to women, who

often own and manage the chickens and control cash from sales. The resulting income is often

used to support education of children and buying of crops for family consumption.

In the study area there are many indigenous chicken varieties which are well adapted to local

environments as they are excellent foragers, better able to avoid predator attacks and

demonstrate better immunity to common diseases. However, due to relatively low genetic

potential and poor levels of husbandry, most of these indigenous chicken breeds grow slowly

and are poor producers of small sized eggs. Furthermore, infectious diseases have a major

impact and prevent even this limited genetic potential from being realised.



Salmonelosis, NCD, gumboro, coccidiosis, external and internal parasites are common in the

study area. Especially NCD is series problem for farmers and small-scale commercial farms by

eliminating the whole flock. Farmers at FGD approved that, poultry disease is the first problem

for poultry production. Trans- boundary and zoonotic avian diseases like NCD, fowl pox, fowl

typhoid and infectious bursal disease (Gumboro disease) constitute a serious limitation to export

living birds and their products, as well for international trade.

Newcastle disease

Newcastle disease is an infection of domestic poultry and other bird species with virulent

Newcastle disease virus (NDV). It is a regional problem that presents primarily as an acute

respiratory disease, but depression, nervous manifestations, or diarrhea may be the predominant

clinical form. Severity depends on the virulence of the infecting virus and host susceptibility.

Occurrence of the disease is reportable and may result in trade restrictions. Severity of infection

depends on virus virulence and age, immune status, and susceptibility of the host species.

Infected birds shed virus in exhaled air, respiratory discharges, and feces. Virus is shed during

incubation, during the clinical stage, and for a varying but limited period during convalescence.

Virus may also be present in eggs laid during clinical disease and in all parts of the carcass during

acute NDV infections. Chickens are readily infected by aerosols and by ingesting contaminated

water or food. Infected chickens and other domestic and wild birds may be sources of NDV.

Movement of infected birds and transfer of virus, especially in infective feces, by the movement

of people and contaminated equipment or litter are the main methods of virus spread between

poultry flocks.

Onset is rapid, and signs appear throughout the flock within 2–12 days (average 5) after aerosol

exposure. Spread is slower if the fecal-oral route is the primary means of transmission,

particularly for caged birds. Young birds are the most susceptible. Observed signs depend on

whether the infecting virus has a predilection for respiratory, digestive, or nervous systems.

Respiratory NCD has the signs of gasping, coughing, sneezing, and rales. Tremors, paralyzed

wings and legs, twisted necks, circling, clonic spasms, and complete paralysis may accompany,

but usually follow, the respiratory signs in neurotropic velogenic disease. Varying degrees of

depression and inappetence are seen. Partial or complete cessation of egg production may occur.

Eggs may be abnormal in color, shape, or surface and have watery albumen.



Mortality is variable but can be as high as 100% with NDV infections. Well-vaccinated birds

may not show any signs of being infected except for a decrease in egg production, but these birds

will shed virus in saliva and feces. Poorly vaccinated birds may develop torticollis, ataxia, or

body and head tremors 10–14 days after infection and may recover with supportive care.

The study area is very potential of poultry production and profitable when we compare with other

agricultural practice. In other ways it doesn’t require large area and capital. But NCD is very

devastating and head ach for farmers as well investors. The disease can kill the whole flock and it

reoccurs at each kebele in each year. It is transboundary avian disease and constitute a serious

limitation to export living birds and their products, as well for international trade.

Unfortunately, ND vaccines do not provide sterile immunity, and in many areas of the region

accines are used to prevent losses from sickness and death. In the study area, Alternatively,

individual administration of live vaccines is given via the nares or conjunctival sac. Healthy

chicks are vaccinated as early as day 1–4 of life.

Generally NCD is transmissible disease and has the potential for very serious and rapid spread,

irrespective of national borders; in addition it has serious socio-economic or public health

consequence which constitutes a serious limitation to export living animals and their products.

Thus, the disease should be eradicated at national level by in collaboration of other bordering

countries by regular vaccination and culling of infected animals.

Salmonellosis

Salmonellae is very common in the study area and caused by bacteria, species specific sero-

types S. Pullorum, S. Gallinarum, and also others S. Enteritis and S. Typhimurium (which are

considered separately), are capable of causing enteritis and septicemia in young birds. Even if

these infections do not cause clinical disease, their presence may be significant with respect to

carcass contamination as a potential source of human food poisoning.

Morbidity is 0-90% and mortality is usually low. The route of infection is oral and transmission

may be vertical as a result of shell contamination. Regardless of the initial source of the infection,

it may become established on certain farms, in the environment or in rodent populations. Many

species are intestinal carriers and infection is spread by faeces, fomites and feed (especially

protein supplements but also poorly stored grain). The bacteria are often persistent in the

environment, especially in dry dusty areas, but are susceptible to disinfectants that are suitable for



the particular contaminated surfaces and conditions, applied at sufficient concentrations.

Temperatures of around 80°C are effective in eliminating low to moderate infection if applied for

1-2 minutes. This approach is often used in the heat treatment of feed.

Dejection, ruffled feathers, closed eyes, diarrhea, vent pasting and loss of appetite and thirst

common clinical signs.

Treatments are sulphonamides, neomycin, tetracyclines, amoxycillin, fluoroquinolones and good

management. Prevention is done by selecting of uninfected breeders, clean nests, fumigate eggs,

all-in/all-out production, good feed, competitive exclusion, care in avoiding damage to natural

flora, elimination of resident infections in hatcheries, mills, breeding and grow-out farms. Routine

monitoring of breeding flocks, hatcheries and feed mills is required for effective control.

Gumboro Disease

Gumboro disease is caused by double stranded RNA virus that has a bi-segmented genome and

belongs to the genus Avibirnavirus of family Birnaviridae. Enlarged bursa of Fabricius with

yellowish peribursal oedemaInfectious bursal disease (also known as IBD, Gumboro Disease,

Infectious Bursitis and Infectious Avian Nephrosis) is a highly contagious disease of young

chickens caused by infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), characterized by immunosuppression

and mortality generally at 3 to 6 weeks of age. Clinical signs of disease may appear suddenly and

morbidity typically reaches 100%. In the acute form birds are prostrated, debilitated and

dehydrated. They produce a watery diarrhea and may have swollen feces-stained vent. Most of

the flock is recumbent and have ruffled feathers. Mortality rates vary with virulence of the strain

involved, the challenge dose, previous immunity, presence of concurrent disease, as well as the

flock's ability to mount an effective immune response. Immunosuppression of very young

chickens, less than three weeks of age, is possibly the most important outcome and may not be

clinically detectable (subclinical). In addition, infection with less virulent strains may not show

overt clinical signs, but birds that have bursal atrophy with fibrotic or cystic follicles and

lymphocytopenia before six weeks of age, may be susceptible to opportunistic infection and may

die of infection by agents that would not usually cause disease in immunocompetent birds.

It is very common in the study area and economically important to the poultry industry

nationwide due to increased susceptibility to other diseases and negative interference with

effective vaccination. Infection is via the oro-fecal route, with affected bird excreting high levels

of the virus for approximately 2 weeks after infection.



Treatment & Control Peri-focal vaccination may not be effective for the combat of an outbreak,

due to the rapidity of wild-IBDV spreading. Passive immunity may protect against challenge with

homologous IBDV, as does previous infection with homologous avirulent strains. Breeder flocks

may be immunized against IBD so that they would transfer protective antibodies to their

progenies, such as broiler and pullet chicks. Low-attenuated vaccine strains may cause damage to

the bursa of Fabricius and immunosuppression in susceptible chicks. Biosecurity with adequate

restriction to farm visitation and distancing from other flocks is very essential. Post outbreak

hygiene measures may not be effective as the virus can survive for long periods in both housing

and water.

Coccidiosis

There are six species of Eimeria (coccidiosis) which are generally considered to be significant for

chickens: E. tenella, E. brunetti, E. necatrix, E. maxima, E. mitis and E. acervulina. Each of these

species prefers to live in and damage a specific region of the gut. The disease is very

One of the problems with coccidiosis is that a single oocyst throughout its lifecycle can end up

destroying several thousand cells in the gut. If a chicken eats a few oocysts and only a few

thousand cells in the gut are destroyed then the chicken will not have any ill effects and will go on

to become immune to coccidiosis. However if the bird eats large numbers of oocysts then

millions of cells in the gut are destroyed. This is incredibly painful for the birds and causes them

to stop eating and to adopt a hunched posture with ruffled feathers. The damage to the gut wall

reduces the ability of the gut to absorb nutrients resulting in weight loss and diarrhea. In severe

coccidiosis especially where E. tenella is involved the damage to the gut wall can be so severe

that the bird bleeds into its gut causing blood in the bird’s droppings and anemia characterized by

a pale comb and wattles. This gut damage can also disrupt the natural balance of bacteria in the

gut thereby allowing harmful bacteria to take over and cross the damaged gut wall causing blood

poisoning.

The aim of poultry keepers and vets is to ensure that chickens are exposed to low levels of

coccidiosis so that they build up immunity but not so many oocysts that they suffer the ill effects

described above. What often can happen is that the first few chickens in the flock are exposed to a

few oocysts and build up immunity however these birds act as coccidiosis factories and produce

millions of oocysts which can go on to infect their flock mates. If the pen is not cleaned properly



after the flock leaves the pen then the next flock are exposed to high levels of coccidiosis and

suffer the adverse effects. .

Treatment of coccidiosis generally involves three components;

1. Kill the coccidiosis in the birds to stop further gut damage; this usually involves an

anticoccidial medication.

2. Control the bacterial disruption to the gut, this is treated by antibiotic therapy. The life cycle of

coccidiosis is important if we are to understand how to control this parasite.

3. Providing birds with a warm dry environment and following any medication advice. It is

advisable at this stage to follow on with provision of multivitamins and a probiotic to restore gut

flora with a product such as Beryl’s Friendly Bacteria. Prevention as always is better than the

cure.

The first and most important thing is to ensure that the shed is properly cleaned and disinfected to

remove and destroy the coccidiosis oocysts. This involves removing the old litter, using a

detergent to remove dirt and grease so that the disinfectant can work and finally using a

disinfectant such as Bi-OO-Cyst or Interkokask, the concentrate formulation is DEFRA approved

and licensed to kill oocysts, many commonly used disinfectants are unable to kill the oocysts and

will be much less effective. This will stop your young flock being exposed to large numbers of

oocysts and their immune systems being overwhelmed.

4.2 Birth Complexity

Birth complexity causes for death of many animals in the study area.Some farmers prefer treating

their animals by local medicines to veterinary clinics. Scientifically birth complexity can be

treated after the cause is identified. But farmers treat such clinical cases with out knowing the

cause of birth complexity. Most common birth complexities are dystocia and still birth. Birth

complexity is very worst in the study area, because some farmers treat their animals by local

treatments without knowing the cause of birth complexity. Data regarding with birth comlexity

was collected from HH survey. As a result, birth complexity was looked in the sub basin. From

the table it is clearly revealed that some farmers treat their animals by local treatment than

treating in veterinary clinic which is 5.2 % and 94.8% respectively. These showed that the some



farmers in the sub basin use local treatments than modern veterinary clinics or they treat their

animals without knowing the exact cause of birth complexity.

Table 9 Birth complexity treatment choice in Tana basin

Prefer Frequency Valid Percent

Modern Veterinary Clinic 3722 94.8

Treat by Traditional Medication 205 5.2

Total 3927 100.0

Sources; ADSWE, HH survey result in the present study, 2014

4.2.1 Dystocia

Dystocia:-It is a difficulty at parturition that may result from: myometral defects, hypocalcaemia,

uterine torsion or rupture, primary or secondary uterine inertia, inadequate pelvic canal,

insufficient dilation of the cervix, vagina, or vulva, foetal hormone deficiency (foetal

corticosteroid deficiency), foetal over size, foetal death, or abnormal foetal presentation.

Preventive Measures to Decrease the Incidence of Dystocia:

There are many causes of dystocia some that can be prevented and others that cannot. Many times

there may be multiple causes involved in an individual dystocia incident. Even with all

preventative measures, dystocia will occur in some animals. However, the most effective means

of preventing dystocia losses is to manage animals to decrease occurrence.

Breeding- The sire, as well as the dam, contributes to the size of the calf. Some dystocia

are caused by too large of a calf in a small cow or especially in a heifer. In the study area

the bull is selected by farmers that has attractive color and large in size. Always be sure to

breed heifers to sires that are proven not to produce high birth weight calves. However,

farmers may not want to go to the other extreme and select sires that produce very low

birth weight calves either; small calves tend to grow into small heifers.

Nutrition - The cows/heifers should be supplied with enough calories to maintain body

condition and fetal growth. The cows should not be under conditioned or over

conditioned.

Over conditioning may lead to calving disorders and metabolic problems, whereas under

conditioning can lead to decreased production and reproductive performance. Over conditioned

cows/heifers can accumulate fat around the pelvis causing a smaller birth canal. The normal

calcium balance should be maintained. This may be accomplished by feeding anionic salts and



extra calcium prior to calving. In the study area farmers have limitations in nutrition and its effect

during parturition. This can be minimized by preventing the dam from under conditioned or over

conditioned.

Observation of the cows/heifers close to calving - early intervention can help prevent

some of the more difficult dystocia and calf deaths.

Educating of farmers - Knowing when to intervene and what to do is extremely

important in decreasing the occurrence of more difficult dystocia and calf death losses.

Economic losses:

Dystocia causes sever economical loss in farmers in different ways. These are:

-Calf loss

-Dam loss

-Treatment costs

-Increased disease in the herd

-Decrease reproductive performance

-Decrease in production

Dystocia is common in all species of mammals and in all districts and it affects greatly animal

production. Dystocia is very worst in these areas due to;-.

Cultural problem:some farmers prefer treating the animals by local medicines to

veterinary clinics.

Remoteness of the area:some farmers live very far away from clinics and also in some

areas bordering low lands (the gorge) they move very far distances to look for feed for

their animals.

4.2.2 Still Birth

Still birth occurs when the foetus has died in the uterus during labour or delivery. Some

possibilities of the causes of death are: bacterial infection, birth defects, especially pulmonary

hypo–plasia. Still birth minimizes as care for pregnancy improves. It is very common in the sub-

basin.



Still birth becomes very worst because of two main reasons:-

Cultural Problem: - Some farmers prefer treat their animals by local medicine to

veterinary clinics. This is not effective because during still birth the damhas to be given

treatments after the cause of still birth is known.

Remoteness of the area: Some farmers move very far away from clinics to search feed

to their animals and some kebeles are very far from clinics.

4.3 Mechanical Injury

Mechanical injury is also very common in the study area .It may be caused by branding, bush

torn, hyena and fox bite, horn torn and harnessing problem. These causes decreased production,

disability, decreased reproduction and sometimes death. Horn torn and harnessing are common

and series health problems in the study area.

Horn torn

Most Zebu and Fogera breed cattle have genetically long, sharp and strong horn. Most of the time

these animals fight each other and causes different type of injury such as hernia, mechanical

wound, abortion in pregnant cattle, loss of eye and sometimes death of cattle. The management

system of horn in the study area is very poor and the above mechanical injuries are very common.

To protect such types of problems, the sharp horns of cattle should be managed at veterinary

clinics.

Harnessing Problem

The farmers use donkeys, mules and in some areas horses for transportation of household goods,

for fetching of water and cart pulling. The above animals have sores at the back, shoulders and

other parts of the body. Farmers don’t use proper saddles for their animals during transporting of

household goods, for fetching of water and cart pulling. This phenomenon exposes the above

animals to injuries, secondary disease and reduces working ability.



4.4 Veterinary Service (Institution, Man power, Laboratory and Pharmacy)

Institution

Veterinary clinics and post veterinary clinics are very important institution for prevention and

control of animal diseases in the area. According to Amhara Livstock Agency standards,

veterinary institutions are built based on two-tier health care delivery system which is

characterized veterinary clinic at district level and health posts at kebele level by considering

natural barriers. The growth corridor health care system is augmented by the rapid expansion of

the private for profit and NGOs sector playing significant role in boosting the health service

coverage and utilization thus enhancing the public/private/NGOs partnership in the delivery of

health care services in the country.

Data regarding to institutions was collected by HH survey. As a result, 28 veterinary clinics and

223 health posts were found in the area and constitute, 11.1% and 88.8% respectively. As a result

to address these problems, according to Amhara Livstock Agency standards, all districts have

veterinary clinics which met the standard and 219 post veterinary clinics are essential to meet the

standard. More additional post veterinary clinics may be required where areas have natural

barriers.

Based on FAO standard, clinic <5Km, 5 to 7.5 km, 7.5-10 Km and >10 Km are highly accessible,

moderately accessible, marginally accessible and not accessible respectively. Most areas are very

accessible to veterinary clinics but some areas are very remote or >10km far from veterinary

clinics which is very difficult to treat animals in clinics.

Regarding their spatial distribution, in some localities they are very close to each other while in

other localities, they are dispersed and in some localities they did not exist. The following map

shows the distribution of animal health institutions and its accessibility based on FAO standard.



Figure 10 Map of veterinary institution

Source, ADSWE, map developed from GPS readings collected, 2014

Data regarding with walking hour to reach the nearest veterinary institution was collected from

HH survey. As a result, from the total people in the basin 50.7%, 35.6%, 13.3, 1nd .4% travel to

reach the nearby institution<1 hour, 1-2hours, 2-3hour and >3hour respectively. Travelling of

more than 1 hour with illed animals is not advised and sick animals may die at journey. The

following table shows that some areas are far from veterinary clinic and around 50% of people

travel more than 1 hour to treat their animals.

Table 10 Time required reach the nearest veterinary institution on foot in hours

Time required reach the nearest

veterinary institution on foot

Frequency Valid

Percent

Below one Hour 1940 50.7

1-2 Hours 1363 35.6

2-3 Hours 509 13.3

Above3 Hours 16 .4

Total 3829 100.0




People in the study area have different types of problems such as lack of medicines, luack of

professionals, inaccessibility of clinics, transport problem and others. Data regarding with major

problems of veterinary service were collected in the basin. As a result, Frome the total people in

the basin 39.3%, 23%, 10% and 7.3% have faced absence of veterinary clinic nearby, scarce

supply of medicines, high price of veterinary service and lack of skill professionals respectively.

The following table shows major problems of veterinary service.

Table 11 Major Problem of Veterinary Services

Major problems Frequency Valid Percent

Absence of Veterinary Institution Nearby 1525 39.3

Scarce Supply of Medication 892 23.0

Absence of Skilled Veterinary Professional 285 7.3

High Price of Veterinary Service 388 10.0


Geographycal barriers are also critical problems in the study area. Mountains and large rivers are

the main obstacles to farmers to treat their animals in the nearby clinic. As we observed at field,

flooding is also the main problem in Woreta, Dera, Libokemkem, Maksegnit and Dembia

districts. Data regarding with transportation problem was collected by HH survey. As a result,

Frome the total people in the basin 28% and 22.9 have large river and maintain problem

respectively. The following table shows that the transportation problems in the study area.

Table 12 Major transportation problem to get veterinary center

Transportation problem Frequency Valid

Percent

Mountaineus area Difficult for Transportation 891 22.9

A river without Bridge 1121 28.8

No Problem 1875 48.2

Total 3887 100.0


From the table it is clearly revealed that some farmers have large rivers and mountains problems

to reach the nearby clinic. So considering of geographical barriers during building of clinics is

very crucial.

Man power



Veterinary clinics and post veterinary clinics have sufficient man power and well experienced

professionals from DVM to AHTs. In some areas, Para-vets or community animal health workers

also assist farmers at their residence in some woreda. But the study area is not using the existing

veterinarian due to limited number of post veterinary clinics, shortage of budget, little attention to

the profession, drug shortage and lack of laboratory facilities.

Laboratory Facilities

Laboratory facilities are very important to identify diseases, to give proper clinic service and

preserve samples for long time. Most veterinary institutions are not well equipped by laboratory

materials. Some veterinary institutions have enough laboratory equipments but there is a big

problem in laboratory reagents and some institutions have electricity and portable water

problems. Because of this all veterinary institutions in the study area are greatly dependent to the

regional laboratory. The effect of above problems make very big problem to treat acute cases and

to know the prevalence of diseases as well as to give proper treatments as soon as possible.

Private Veterinary Pharmacy and Clinics

Private veterinary clinics and pharmacies are very important institutions to fill the gap in

veterinary service delivery in the study area. Some districts have private veterinary clinics and

pharmacies but these are not enough to satisfy the demand of the farmers. Additional private

veterinary clinics and pharmacies are very important to improve the status of animal health.

Drugs and Vaccines

Drugs and vaccines are the only options to treat infected animals and for prevention and control

of diseases. The study area has large number of different types of animals and is infested by

different types of animal diseases. This indicates that different and large amount of drugs and

vaccines are essential to prevent and control of these diseases.

Different types of treatments and vaccines are provided by regioanl Livestock Agency to all

districts of the sub-bbasin. The provision of treatments and vaccines shows an improvement

interms of magnitude however; the amount of treatments and vaccines are still insufficient in

comparison with the number of animals and disease incidence. The other critical problem in the

study area is way of vaccination and treatment. In most areas, there is no vaccination and

treatment schedule to endemic diseases. In most areas vaccination and deworming is done after

the outbreak is occurred. Diseases like FMD and equine herpes virus are very devastating



diseases in the area but there is no vaccination in the last 2 years. In general, using of drugs and

vaccines in the study are is in poor state. As farmers approved, at FGD, drugs are costy and have

low efficacy. So to decrease the incidence of disease, the farmers should be aware of drugs and

vaccines as well as treatments and vaccines should be given regularly based on schedule by

professionals except acute infectious cases.

4.5 Economic Impact of Animal diseases

The sub basin has large number of livestock population and plays a vital role in the economies

farmers in the basin as well country. They provide food, or more specifically animal protein in

human diets, income, employment, and possible foreign exchange. For low income producers,

livestock also serve as a store of wealth, provide draught power and organic fertilizer for crop

production and a means of transport.

The study area is potential for livestock production. But animal disease are great barriers to use

the potentials in domestic as well in international trades.

Domestic economic impacts of diseases

The consequences of animal diseases in domesticated livestock is complex and generally go well

beyond the immediate effects on affected producers. These diseases have numerous impacts,

including:

productivity losses for the livestock sector (e.g. production losses, cost of treatment,

market disturbances)

loss of income from activities using animal resources (in such sectors as agriculture;

energy; transportation; tourism)

Loss of well-being of human beings (morbidity and even mortality rates; food safety and

quality)

prevention or control costs (production costs; public expenditure)

suboptimal use of production potential (animal species, genetics, livestock practices)

Zoonotic effects some diseases are zoonotic and causes to death and illness of human

Domestic market effect( Most foreigners are not welling to eat animal products due to

zoonotic diseases).

International economic impacts of diseases



Transmissible diseases that have the potential for very serious and rapid spread, irrespective of

national borders, that are of serious socio-economic or public health consequence and that are of

major importance in the international trade of animals and animal products are found in the study

area (OIE list A). These disease are; foot and mouth disease, contagious bovine pleuropneumonia,

lumpy skin disease, sheep pox and goat pox, peste des petits ruminants, African horse sickness

and newcastle disease. Transmissible diseases that are considered to be of socio-economic and/or

public health importance within countries and that are significant in the international trade of

animals and animal products are also common in the study area (OIE list B).These disease are;

anthrax, heart water, rabies, bovine anaplasmosis, bovine babesiosis, bovine brucellosis, bovine

tuberculosis, trypanosomisis, dourine, salmonellosis fowel pox and fowel typhoid. OIE list A and

B diseases are great obstacle to use the maximum potential of the area. These diseases put a

black spot in international trade. Most developed countries band our live animals as well as

animal products export due to the prevalence of trans boundary and zoonotic disease (list A

disease and B).

Generally the livestock production system is in poor state in the study area. The countries as well

as the farmers are not using this huge resource due to the prevalence of List A and list B disease.

This is mainly due to low attention by the government to the sector. So the government should

give attention to the sector and should change the policies and strategies which will focus in

disease prevention and control especially disease eradication.

4.6 Management levels for fattening, dairy and poultry farming related to disease

Tana sub basin is highly potential for dairy, fattening and poultry farm which able to change the

lively hood of the farmers and significantly can change the national economy. The farmers as

well as investors are now practicing in the above farming systems and they produce milk and

milk products, meat and egg which is used for household consumption and local market. The

overall production is very low when we compare with the potential of the area due to animal

diseases, shortage of feed and poor management systems. Transboundary and zoonotic diseases

like FMD, LSD, CBPP, brucellosis, anthrax, bovine tuberclosis, PPR and NCD (FAO, OIE, WTO

and WHO listed diseases) are prevalent in the study area and causes decreased animal

productivity and production which seriously compromised food security and causing high

socioeconomic problems. The direct impact of transboundary and zoonotic animal diseases in



agriculture and public health, constitute a serious limitation to export living animals and their

products, as well for international trade. Because of these diseases, westerns and European as well

as other developed countries band our live animals and animal products. Because of this situation,

the farmers in the sub basin remain in poor state. Thus, customization of high levels of farming

management to produce high quality of live animals and animal products is essential to change

the lively hood of farmers in the basin and significantly to increase the national economy.

Dairy Farm

High level of management is one of the most important aspects of successful dairy production. To

produce high quality and quantity of milk and milk products and to participate in international

trade, the farmers as well as investors should produce milks which is free of zoonotic and trans

boundary diseases (FAO, OIE, WTO and WHO listed diseases). Especially the area should be

free of trans boundary diseases like FMD, LSD and CBPP. The milk and milk products also

should be free of zoonotic diseases like brucellosis and bovine tuberclosisis. Then

high level of managements should be done for the future that enables to use the maximum

potential of the area which can change the livelihood of people in the area and play a great role in

national economy by participating in international market. ( see the annexed table 20 )

Cattle Fattening

Tana sub basin is highly potential for cattle fattening farm which able to change the lively hood of

the farmers and significantly can change the national economy. The farmers as well as investors

are now practicing in the above farming system and they produce meat and live animals which is

used for household consumption and local market. They also sell live animals to Sudan traders by

local market value. The overall production is very low when we compare with the potential of the

area due to animal diseases, shortage of feed and poor management systems. Transboundary and

zoonotic diseases like FMD, LSD, CBPP, brucellosis, anthrax and bovine tuberclosis (FAO, OIE,

WTO and WHO listed diseases) are prevalent in the study area which constitute a serious

limitation to export living animals and their products. Thus, customization of high levels of

farming management to produce high quality of live animals and animal products is essential to

change the lively hood of farmers in the basin and significantly to increase the national economy.

( see the annexed table 21 )



Shoat Fattening

Tana sub basin is highly potential for shoat fattening farm which able to change the lively hood of

the farmers and significantly can change the national economy. Most farmers in the basin practice

shoat fattening in tradional ways. This system generally depends on grazing natural or planted

pastures with variable degrees of supplementation. Animals require a long period of time to attain

market weight and condition. The overall production is very low and poor in quqlity when we

compare with the potential of the area due to animal diseases, shortage of feed and poor

management systems. Transboundary and zoonotic diseases like anthrax, PPR sheep and goat pox

and CCPP (FAO, OIE, WTO and WHO listed diseases) are prevalent in the study area which

constitute a serious limitation to export living animals and their products. Thus, customization of

high levels of farming management to produce high quality of live animals and animal products

is essential to change the lively hood of farmers in the basin and significantly to increase the

national economy. ( see the annexed table 22 )

Poultry Farming

In the study area there are many indigenous chicken varieties which are well adapted to local

environments as they are excellent foragers, better able to avoid predator attacks and

demonstrate better immunity to common diseases. However, due to relatively low genetic

potential and poor levels of husbandry, most of these indigenous chicken breeds grow slowly

and are poor producers of small sized eggs. Furthermore, infectious diseases like NCD, fowl

cholera, owl pox, owl typhoid and Infectious bursal disease (Gumboro disease) (FAO, OIE, WTO

and WHO listed diseases) are prevalent in the study area which constitute a serious limitation to

export living birds and their products. Thus, importing of exotic breeds and customization of high

levels of farming management to produce high quality of live animals and animal products is

essential to change the lively hood of farmers in the basin and significantly to increase the

national economy. ( see the annexed table 23 )



5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

As per the set land use planning objective points of view, the animal disease and associated

animal health problems are thoroughly assessed based on the pre set agreements and working

guide lines. As a result, the study area is highly potential for livestock production. But most

African enzootic and economically sever animal diseases are prevalent in the study area. African

enzootic animal diseases and other health problems constitute decrease in milk and meat

production,decrease in reproduction, reduced working ability,low quality hide and skin, low cost

or totally banded in international market, and death of animals.

As a result the present animal diseases and associated animal health problems and possible

solutions those enable to tackle the development limiting factors and enhance the development

options are forwarded. Therefore, it is likely conclude that the result of the assessment can

contribute irreplaceable roles for the proper land use planning for the sub basin and thereby

enable to prepare sound development management options for animal diseases and then to

achieve the development goals of the sub basin.

With regard to recommendations, the following are forwarded:

Farmers should be award about disease prevention and control methods, birth complexity

and mechanical injuries of diseases

Trans boundary and zoonotic diseases should be eradicated in the basine

Vaccination campaigns should be done before the incidence of out breaks and prior to the

drought season.

Immunization schemes should be implemented to improve the immunity status by

providing booster dose

To prevent and control common diseases, enough amount and type of drugs should be

delivered to each districts

Veterinary clinics should be built based on standard and equipped by laboratory facilities.

In addition to this, distracted clinics should be repaired.

Special attentions shall be paid for the sector development by all respective bodies in the

sub basin.

Infrastructural development strategies shall be harmonized with the direction of animal

disease prevention and control systems (electricity, water development, road, natural

resource development, etc.).



During seasonal migration, mobile clinic should be applied.

Trainings should be given for farmers and veterinary experts.

To fill the gaps, private veterinary clinics and pharmacies should be appreciated and

supported.

Animals should be vaccinated and dewormed based on schedule in endemic areas.



6 REFERENCES

1. The merk veterinary manual, a hand book of diagnosis, therapy, and disease prevention and

control for the veterinarian, sixth edition,1986

2. Al-Tarazi YH (2001). Bacteriological and pathological study on pneumonia in the one humped

camel (Camelus dromedarius) in Jordan. Reveue _ Elevage et de Medicine Veterinary des

paysTropicaux

3. .Al-Rawashaden OF, Al-Ani FK, Sharrif LA, Al-Quadah KM, Al-Hami Y, Frank N (2000). A

survey of camel (Camelus dromedarius) diseases in Jordan. J. Zoo. Wildlife..

3. Bekele T (1999). Studies on the Respiratory Disease’ in Bovine in the eastern Lowlands of

Ethiopia. Trop. Anim.

4. Central Statistics Authority (CSA) (2007). Livestock population in Ethiopia.

5. (OIE) (2004). Office International des Epizootics Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines

for Terrestrial Animals.

6. Rufael T (1996). Report on the new Cattle disease in Southern rangeland development project

(SORDU): Borena.

7. Ethiopian Veterinary Association 10th conference, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia pp..

8 Food and Agriculture organization(FAO)1999. Animal Health Manual Recognizing Pestdes

Petits Ruminants.

9. Furley C.W., Taylor W.P and Obi T.U. 1987. An outbreak of pes des petits Ruminants in a

zoological collection



7 Annexes

Annex I: Data and Photographs

Most important animal internal parasites in the basin

NO Most important internal parasites

Bovine Equine Shoat Poultry

1 Fasciola Oxyrisequi Haemoncus Ascaris

2 Ascaris Strongly Fasciola Syngamus

trachea

3 Bonostomum Trichuris Trichuris

4 Schistosomia Fasciola Ostertagia

5 Theliza Lung worm Strongyloids

6 Lung worm Dictocullosis paraphitomum

7 paraphitomum Ascaris Lung worm

8 C. Bovis C. Ovis

9 Strongly Ascaris

10 Haemoncus Tap Worm

Source, secondary data from Woreda offices collected at field survey , 2014

Most important animal external parasites in the basin

NO Most important external parasites

Bovine Equine Sheep and Goat Poultry

1 Ticks Mangmite ( Lice,

kids and mite)

Mangmite( Lice,

kids and mite)

Lice

2 Mangmite( Lice,

kids and mite)

fleas




Treated and vaccinated bovine in each Woreda in 2004 and 2005 E.C

Name

of

Wored

a

Treated and vaccinated animals in each Woreda

Treated Bovine Vaccinated Bovine

Infe

ctio

us

dis

ease

s

Try

pa

n

oso

mia

s

is

Inte

rna

l

pa

rasi

te

Ex

tern

a

l pa

rasi

te

An

thra

x

Bla

ck

leg

Bo

vin

e

pa

stre

ul

osi

s

FM

D

LS

D

CB

PP

04 05 04 05 04 05 04 05 04 05 04 05 04 05 0

4

0

5

04 05 0

4

05

Fogera 22,90

0

19,30

0

21,00

0

19,86

7

102,3

00

97,00

0

17,25

0

18,98

2

23,00

0

37,00

0

13,00

0

16,90

0

3,45

0

Dera 21,59

0

20,51

2

19,00

0

17,23

5

97,45

0

84,67

1

24,55

0

25,96

3

31,81

0

34,60

3

16,50

0

14,42

4

2,93

1

2,45

4

12,00

0

East

Estie

3,014 2,810 4,911 6,801 3,840 4,020 6,200 7,819 4,500 5,240 8,200 7,050

Farta 6,685 10,03

4

8 40,994 33,83

2

17,11

7

19,71

2

19,38

6

33,62

8

14,00

9

22,99

5 13

Debretab

or

Tawon

2,662 5,092 10,780 15,68

0

3,672 3,737 1,600 1,292 2,150 1,896

Ebinat 40,00

0

78,72

2

6,804 5,905 68,262 41,69

1

29,82

3

53,86

9

50,72

7

30,39

1

9,970 5,236 7,050 12,13

9

Libo 9,556 9,870 13,33 5,510 48909 11,19 2,989 8,993 18,54 310 2,100 650 1,249



Name

of

Wored

a



Infe

ctio

us

dis

ease

s

Try

pa

n

oso

mia

s

is

Inte

rna

l

pa

rasi

te

Ex

tern

a

l pa

rasi

te

An

thra

x

Bla

ck

leg

Bo

vin

e

pa

stre

ul

osi

s

FM

D

LS

D

CB

PP

04 05 04 05 04 05 04 05 04 05 04 05 04 05 0

4

0

5

04 05 0

4

05

Kemkem 1 4 2

Gonder

Zuria

5,423 3,979 43 43,009 48,39

3

16,12

6

14,15

2

17,75

3

37,97

7

6,100 7,860 1,500 5,750

Wogera 402 286 3,118 4,863 226 231 4,600 5,100

Lay

Armachi

ho

15,20

7

21,10

8

5,293 4,819 30,129 22,39

8

2,045 9,011 18,90

0

13,40

0

Chilga 28,00

0

35,00

0

5,000 6,000 50,000 80,00

0

4,000 5,000 2,000 15,00

0

16,00

0

20,00

0

30,00

0

25,00

0

Dembia 90,12

4

82,12

7

5,000 3,942 30,125 20,19

0

20,13

0

29,15

0

43,13

0

51,99

7

Alefa 70,60

0

85,03

2

20,60

5

20,60

5

30,000 44,99

9

10,43

3

10,43

3

3,200 41,51

2

4,300 6,200 13,90

0

17,78

5

Takusa 3,186 2,478 1,060 1,006 7,920 6,493 4,197 5,727 813 716 83 42 527 438

North

Achefer

7,268 12,08

3

1,878 3,411 13,081 14,82

2

6,718 6,070 15,65

0

18,05

2

890 1,090 2,875 17,86

0

South 14,75 16,65 34,61 50,78 47,024 81,52 19,24 29,15 30,53 42,32 300 100 21,00 31,30



Name

of

Wored

a



Infe

ctio

us

dis

ease

s

Try

pa

n

oso

mia

s

is

Inte

rna

l

pa

rasi

te

Ex

tern

a

l pa

rasi

te

An

thra

x

Bla

ck

leg

Bo

vin

e

pa

stre

ul

osi

s

FM

D

LS

D

CB

PP

04 05 04 05 04 05 04 05 04 05 04 05 04 05 0

4

0

5

04 05 0

4

05

Achefer 6 5 5 7 0 0 4 5 5 0 0

Mecha 10,00

0

12,00

0

15,00

0

21,00

0

85,000 92,00

0

32,00

0

36,00

0

50,00

0

70,00

0

10,00

0

12,00

0

Bahirdar

Zuria

Dangila 25,92

6

29,43

5

23,78

8

22,05

1

24,507 29,55

5

12,26

8

22,46

7

8,435 1,959 1000

Dangila

Tawon

3,100 4,000 2,000 2,500 15,000 20,00

0

6,000 6,500 600 1,550 1,200 1,400

Fagita

Lekoma

29,00

0

40,00

0

1,200 1,300 30,000 60,00

0

37,00

0

29,00

0

15,00

0

22,05

0

2,000 2,050 1,10

0

Banja

Shikuda

d

16,00

0

8,123 19,413 22,32

3

875 899 42,70

0

49,35

5

Sekela 3,614 17,35

3 36,078 83,72

9

1,860 15,09

6

63,48

0

34,17

3




Treated and vaccinated equine in each Woreda in 2004 and 2005 E.C

Name of

Woreda


Treated Equine Vaccinated Equine

Infe

ctio

u

s

dis

ease

s

Try

pa

no

som

iasi

s

Inte

rna

l

pa

rasi

te

Ex

tern

al

pa

rasi

te

An

thra

x

AH

S

04 05 04 05 04 05 04 05 04 05 04 05

Fogera 12,500 13,254 590 870 6,500 3,070 1,070 2,840 5,350 900 1,040 960

Dera 10,900 11,399 15,670 1,497 4,900 5,426 1, 701 1,605 8,850 9,059 3,500 2,050

East Estie 1,040 1,937 880 804 214 267 1,580 1,940 2,500 2,650

Farta 2,346 3,931 8,105 9,552 4,253 4,833 8,077 11,898 2,000 9,963

Debretabor

Tawon

687 1,445 1,194 4,582 483 931 450 98

Ebinat 7,399 439 897

Libo

Kemkem

4,439 1,714 355 855 456 1,166 452 314 591 150 3,200

Gonder Zuria 1,052 754 383 467 238 382 2,029 7,607

Wogera 210 58 432 695 38 2 200 200 500

Lay

Armachiho

1,003 35 27 603 3,476 212 96 1,150 1,940



Name of

Woreda


Treated Equine Vaccinated Equine In

fect

iou

s

dis

ease

s

Try

pa

no

som

iasi

s

Inte

rna

l

pa

rasi

te

Ex

tern

al

pa

rasi

te

An

thra

x

AH

S

04 05 04 05 04 05 04 05 04 05 04 05

Chilga 9,000 5,000 2,500 2,000 5,000 7,000 5,000 3,000 5,000 3,000 400

Dembia 3,500 2,700 250 200 1,200 1,080 9,100 10,100

Alefa 9,500 10,063 500 4,041 2,000 14,452 2,300 2,206 7,500 10,657

Takusa 1,040 1,160 43 89 890 538 526 518 193 213

North

Achefer

1,200 2,071 37 50 1,132 3,411 586 960 5,330 4,750 7,124

South

Achefer

5,269 6,394 3,757 4,268 8,584 14,217 5,610 5,490 5,834 7,125 10,800 27,850

Mecha 950 1,200 3,000 4,000 5,000 7,000 12,000 15,000

Bahirdar

Zuria

Dangila 5,836 8,724 4,066 8,801 6,103 6,425 4,714 6,260 678 127 9,513

Dangila

Tawon

Fagita

Lekoma

3,890 16,000 130 108 10,000 17,000 11,000 6,000 360 2,250 15,000 16,550



Name of

Woreda


Treated Equine Vaccinated Equine In

fect

iou

s

dis

ease

s

Try

pa

no

som

iasi

s

Inte

rna

l

pa

rasi

te

Ex

tern

al

pa

rasi

te

An

thra

x

AH

S

04 05 04 05 04 05 04 05 04 05 04 05

Banja

Shikudad

3,200 4,323 13,883 15,313 683 713 7,213 11,327 17,632 19,453

Sekela 1,701 7,884 2,361 13,551 802 4,439 6,870 6,651 800 14,750




Treated and vaccinated Shoats in each Woreda in 2004 and 2005 E.C

Name of

Woreda


Treated Shoat (Ovine + Caprine) Vaccinated Shoat (Ovine + Caprine)

Infe

ctio

us

dis

ease

s

Try

pa

n

oso

mia

si

s Inte

rna

l

pa

rasi

te

Ex

tern

a

l pa

rasi

te

An

thra

x

PP

R

Oo

vin

e

pa

stre

ul

osi

s

Sh

eep

po

x

CC

PP

04 05 04 05 04 05 04 05 04 05 04 05 04 05 04 05 04 05

Fogera 14,600 13,000 42,570 53,000 96,000 8,900 11,000 9,500 2,700 3,987 5,350 2,100 13,675 14,569

Dera 15,000 14,399 37,452 66,087 88,636 7,007 15,700 17,237 3,500 2,050 2,140 2,571 12,550 11,500 3,70

0

3,50

0

East Estie 3,860 4,029 8,020 11,340 916 1,020 2,050 2,650 4,090 4,010 2,940 3,200 12,50

0

13,90

0

Farta 3,261 9,601 18,43

7

36,942 6,825 19,22

2

5,714 18,77

4

75,81

0

11,95

0

14,66

8

Debretabo

r Tawon

2,011 2,846 24,89

8

14,458 981 1,833 1,550 994

Ebinat 45,00

0

31,24

8

4,351 6892

Libo

Kemkem

8,785 8,246 679 516 30,45

9

8,759 1,753 6,663 2,870 125 7,279

Gonder

Zuria

3,080 2030 43,88

1

27,902 5,971 4,365 10,81

4

23,36

6

2,600

Wogera 389 256 5,560 8,337 180 78 150 2,100 2,000

Lay

Armachih

7,732 255 300 19,02 2,359 400 4,056 5,850 3,960 34,13



Name of

Woreda



Infe

ctio

us

dis

ease

s

Try

pa

n

oso

mia

si

s Inte

rna

l

pa

rasi

te

Ex

tern

a

l pa

rasi

te

An

thra

x

PP

R

Oo

vin

e

pa

stre

ul

osi

s

Sh

eep

po

x

CC

PP

04 05 04 05 04 05 04 05 04 05 04 05 04 05 04 05 04 05

o 0 7

Chilga 8,000 12,00

0

1,50

0

1,00

0

2,000 30,000 1,000 7,000 2,000 7,000 20,00

0

60,00

0

20,00

0

18,00

0

500 1,000

Dembia 38,18

7

33,12

0

100 80 21,92

7

23,129 39,90

7

30,10

0

27,30

0

29,20

0

Alefa 14,60

0

15,67

4

12,00

0

14,801 3,500 4,579 12,00

0

15,75

1

4,000 5,000 10,96

5

Takusa 2,127 2,238 29 43 4,200 3,970 5,676 5,820 589 643 273 216

North

Achefer

4,078 3,800 54 62 6,999 6,229 2,625 2,654 1,633 650 9,026

South

Achefer

10,74

4

11,22

7

5,08

2

5,77

3

21,14

3

33,770 11,19

1

18,73

4

1,374 1,852 3,600 1,000 11,10

0

43,57

0

Mecha 3,000 4,000 27,00

0

30,000 8,000 10,00

0

Bahirdar

Zuria

Dangila 20,97

4

21,63

4

7,55

9

6,17

7

17,84

2

17,556 9,681 11,22

2

1,193 200 1,400



Name of

Woreda



Infe

ctio

us

dis

ease

s

Try

pa

n

oso

mia

si

s Inte

rna

l

pa

rasi

te

Ex

tern

a

l pa

rasi

te

An

thra

x

PP

R

Oo

vin

e

pa

stre

ul

osi

s

Sh

eep

po

x

CC

PP

04 05 04 05 04 05 04 05 04 05 04 05 04 05 04 05 04 05

Dangila

Tawon

Fagita

Lekoma

10,80

0

32,00

0

25 15 35,00

0

50,000 12,00

0

13,00

0

760 10,00

0

7,000

Banja

Shikudad

9,123 16,21

3

34,61

3

46,312 3,213 7,623 7,320 5,312

Sekela 5,445 31,07

9

98,41

2

121,36

1

955 15,31

2

1,526 190 2,800 2,500 14,70

0




Treated and vaccinated poultry in each Woreda in 2004 and 2005 E.C

Name of

Woreda


Treated Avian Vaccinated Avine

Infe

ctio

us

dis

ease

s

Inte

rna

l

pa

rasi

te

Ex

tern

al

pa

rasi

te

New

ca

stle

04 05 04 05 04 05 04 05

Fogera 6,700 4,850 1,060 890 10,000 15,200

Dera 12,000 13,161 2,354 22,535 15,444 19,334

East Estie 129 231 84 62 340 400

Farta 469 4,373 9,389

Debretabor

Tawon

829 894

Ebinat 5,000 2,050 6,312

Libo

Kemkem

Gonder

Zuria

Wogera 14 3

Lay 2,400 8,000



Name of

Woreda


Treated Avian Vaccinated Avine In

fect

iou

s

dis

ease

s

Inte

rna

l

pa

rasi

te

Ex

tern

al

pa

rasi

te

New

ca

stle

04 05 04 05 04 05 04 05

Armachiho

Chilga 1,000 3,000

Dembia 2,607 2,900 3,000 200

Alefa 2,000 3,200 500 600 300 400 10,000 57,000

Takusa 560 900 760 2,190 1,066

North

Achefer

1,609 3,383 2,544 1,159 76 31

South

Achefer

9,331 7,303 1,543 3,262 1,005 1,250 6,500 6,524

Mecha 900 1,200 400 600 900 1,250

Bahirdar

Zuria

Dangila 1,200 1,500

Dangila

Tawon



Name of

Woreda


Treated Avian Vaccinated Avine In

fect

iou

s

dis

ease

s

Inte

rna

l

pa

rasi

te

Ex

tern

al

pa

rasi

te

New

ca

stle

04 05 04 05 04 05 04 05

Fagita

Lekoma

3,000 3,200 500 1,000 100 150 15,560 4,400

Banja

Shikudad

120 3,333 4,560

Sekela 1,040 2,000




Management levels of Dairy farm

Management levels for dairy farm

High level of management system Medium level of management

system

Normal level of management

system

Low level of management

system

Calves

Dipping navel-dip navel of newborn

calves in iodine solution

Check- for cancer eye & other health

problems

Feeding- Colostrum immediately after

birth and milk( sea more at volume VIII)

Dehorn & castrate- calves shortly after

birth.

-Black leg vaccination Preweaning 3-4

weeks

- Pasteurella- vaccination Pre-weaning

3-4weeks

Anthrax- Pre-weaning 3-4 weeks

FMD, LSD, and CBPP- annually

Calves

-Black leg- Circular or triangular

vaccination after the outbreaks

- Pasteurella- Circular or triangular


-Anthrax- Circular or triangular


Internal parasites- Deworming of

calves between 6 months interval

by broad spectrum

antihelementhics

External parasite- Deeping or

spraying of calves by acaricides

weeks before introducing to dairy

farm (if it is newly purchased)

Housing-for night and rainy time

-Large number of calves at one

Calves

-Black leg- vaccinating of whole

herd after the out breaks

- Pasteurella-vaccinating of

whole herd after the out breaks

Anthrax- vaccinating of whole



calves when calves become

emaciated by antihelementhics

External parasite-

Mechanical or local treatment

Housing- with human beings or

large numbers at one class

Grazing system- Free grazing and

some additional crop residue

Calves

-Black leg-Treating of sick

calves by antibiotic and

other local medicines after

outbreaks

- Pasteurella- Treating of

sick calves by antibiotic

and other local

medicinesafter outbreaks

Anthrax- Treating of sick

calves by antibiotic and

other local medicinesafter

outbreaks

Internal parasites-

Deworming of calves

when calves become

emaciated

External parasite-



Internal parasites- Deworming of calves

between 3 months interval by broad

spectrum antihelementhics

External parasite- Deeping or spraying

of calves by acaricides every 1-3

months accordingly Quarantine-

Quarantine newly purchased calves for

more than 30 days and vaccinating for

anthrax, pastreullosis, FMD, LSD,

CBPP and black leg

Housing- dry, smooth, lighted have

individual portions and able to adjust

room temperature(see more at volume -)

Grazing system- Zero grazing or cut and

carry system

Professional super vision-Twice a day

Veterinary clinic accessibility- standard

veterinary clinics in dairy farm

Heifer

-Brucellosis- Calf hood (4 to 12 months)

Black leg- before breeding

home

Grazing system- Rotational

Professional super vision-once a

week

Veterinary clinic accessibility-

<5km

Heifer

Black leg- Circular or triangular


Anthrax- Circular or triangular



heifers between 6 months interval

by broad spectrum

antihelementhics


spraying of heifers by acaricides


farm(if it is newly purchased)

Professional super vision-when

animals get ill

Veterinary clinic accessibility-7-

10Km

Heifer, Cows and Bulls

Black leg- vaccinating of whole


Anthrax- vaccinating of whole



animals when heifers become

emaciated by antihelementhics

External parasite-


Housing- with human house or

in one class, heifer, cow and

bulls(oxen)

Grazing system- Free grazing and

some additional crop residue

Mechanical or local

treatment

Grazing system- Free

grazing

professional super vision -

No

Veterinary clinic

accessibility->10Km

Heifer, cows and Bulls

-Brucellosis- Treating of

sick animals by antibiotic

and other local medicines

Black leg- Treating of sick

animals by antibiotic and

other local medicines

Anthrax- Treating of sick

animals by antibiotic and

other local medicines

Internal parasites-



Anthrax-Before breeding

FMD, LSD, and CBPP- annually

Internal parasites- Deworming of heifers




of heifer by acaricides every 1-3

months accordingly

Quarantine-Quarantine newly purchased

heifers for more than 30 days and

vaccinating for anthrax, FMD, LSD, and

CBPP, brucellosis

pastreullosis and black leg

Feeding- Rouphage and concentrated

feeds + minirals= balance feed ( sea

more at volume VIII)

Housing- Thermostable, clean, dry,

having enough space for feeding and

laying( see more at volume-)


carry system




-Large number of heifers at one

home

Feeding- feeding of industry by

producte

-hey, straw

_grasses from grazing



week


<5km

Cows

Black leg- Circular or triangular


Anthrax - Circular or triangular


Professional super vision-when

animals get ill

Veterinary clinic accessibility-7-

10Km

Deworming of animals

when animals become

emaciated by

antihelementhics or local

medicines

External parasite-

Mechanical or local

treatment


grazing

professional super vision-

No

Veterinary clinic

accessibility->10Km




Cows

- E. coli vaccination- Vaccinate cows

(twice 30 days before calving)

Black leg- vaccination before breeding

30-60 days

Anthrax -vaccination before breeding

6weeks

FMD, LSD and CBPP-annually

Internal parasites- Deworming of cows




of cows by acaricides every 1-3 months

accordingly


cows for more than 30 days and

vaccinating for anthrax, pastreullosis,

LSD, FMD, CBPP, brucellosis and

black leg


cows between 6 months interval

by broad spectrum

antihelementhics


spraying of cows by acaricides




-Large number of cows at one

home

Feeding- feeding of industry by

product

-hey, straw




week


<5Km



Feeding- Rouphage and concentrated

feeds + minerals= balance feed ( sea




laying( sea more at volume VIII)


carry system




Bulls

Black leg -vaccination before breeding

30-60 days

Anthrax -vaccination before breeding

FMD,LSD and CBPP-annually

Internal parasites- Deworming of bulls



Bulls

Black leg - Circular or triangular


Anthrax - Circular or triangular



bulls between 6 months interval by

broad spectrum antihelementhics


spraying of bulls by acaricides





week


<5Km




of bulls by acaricides every 1-3 months

accordingly


bulls for more than 30 days and

vaccinating for anthrax, pastreullosis,

FMD, LSD, CBPP, brucellosis and

black leg

Feeding- Roughage and concentrated

feeds + minerals= balance feed ( sea




laying( see more at volume-)


carry system




Source, OIE guidelines , internet and professional judgments, 2014



Management levels of cattle fattening farm

Management evels for fattening cattle

High level of

management system Medium level of

management system Normal level of

management system

Low level of

management system

Calves

Dipping navel-dip

navel of newborn

calves in iodine

solution

Check- for cancer eye

& other health

problems

Feeding- Colostrum

immediately after

birth and milk( sea

more at volume VIII) Dehorn & castrate-

calves shortly after

birth.

Heart water -

vaccination 0 - 21

days of age

-Black leg

vaccination

Preweaning 3-4

weeks

- Pasteurella- Pre-

weaning 3-4weeks

Internal parasites-

Deworming of calves

between 3 months

Calves

-Black leg- annual or

Circular / triangular

vaccination after the

outbreaks

- Pasteurella- annual

or Circular / triangular


outbreaks

-Anthrax- annual or



outbreaks

Internal parasites-

Deworming of calves

between 6 months

interval by broad

spectrum

antihelementhics

External parasite-

Deeping or spraying

of calves by

acaricides weeks

before introducing to

fattening farm(if it is

newly purchased)

Grazing system-

Calves

-Black leg-

vaccinating of whole

herd after the out

breaks

- Pasteurella-


herd after the out

breaks

Anthrax- vaccinating

of whole herd after

the out breaks

Internal parasites-

Deworming of calves

between 9-12 months

interval by broad

spectrum

antihelementhics

External parasite-

Mechanical or local

treatment

Housing- with human

beings or large

numbers at one class


grazing and some

additional crop

Calves

-Black leg-Treating of

sick calves by anti-

biotic and other local

medicines after

outbreaks

Pasteurella- Treating

of sick calves by anti-


medicines after

outbreaks

Anthrax- Treating of

sick calves by anti-


medicines after

outbreaks

vaccination- is done

if the out break kills

large number of

calves by campaign

vaccination

Internal parasites-

Deworming of calves

between 9-12 months

interval by any

antihelementhics

External parasite-



interval by broad

spectrum

antihelementhics

External parasite-

Deeping or spraying

of calves by

acaricides every 1-3

months accordingly

Quarantine-

Quarantine newly

purchased calves for

more than 30 days and

vaccinating for

anthrax, pastreullosis

and black leg

-Deworming by

broad spectrum

antihelementhics

before 3 weeks

-Deeping or spray by

acaricides before 3

weeks

Housing- dry,

smooth, lighted have

individual portions

and able to adjust

room temperature

Grazing system-

Zero grazing or cut

and carry system( sea

more at volume VIII) Professional super

vision-Twice a day

Rotational

Professional super

vision-once a week

Veterinary clinic

accessibility-<5km

Housing-for night and

rainy time

-Large number of

calves at one home

Heifer

Black leg- annual or



outbreaks




outbreaks

-Anthrax- annual or



outbreaks

Internal parasites-

Deworming of heifers

between 6 months

interval by broad

spectrum

antihelementhics

External parasite-

Deeping or spraying

of heifers by

residue

Professional super

vision-when animals

get ill

Veterinary clinic

accessibility--<10Km

Heifer, Cows and

bulls or castrated

oxen live at one

herd

Black leg-


herd after the out

breaks

Anthrax- vaccinating

of whole herd after

the out breaks

Internal parasites-


between 9-12 months

interval by broad

spectrum

antihelementhics

External parasite-

Mechanical or local

treatment

Housing- with human

house or in one class

Feeding-hey, crop

residue like straw and

others

Mechanical or local

treatment

Housing- with human

beings or large

numbers at one class


grazing

Professional super

vision-when animals

get ill

Veterinary clinic

accessibility-

inaccessible due to

large mountains,

rivers and > 10Km

from vet. clinic

Heifer, Cows and

bulls or oxen

-Brucellosis- Treating

of sick heifers by anti-


medicines

Black leg- Treating of

sick heifers by anti-


medicines

Anthrax- Treating of

sick heifers by anti-


medicines

vaccination- is done



Veterinary clinic

accessibility- within

the farm

Heifer

-vaccinate pregnant

heifers: with

enterotoxemia C & D

toxoid if

enterotoxemia has

been a problem and

with Scours vaccine if

virus diarrhea has

been a problem.

_revaccinate pregnant

heifers not yet calved:

enterotoxemia C & D

toxoid (10-11 months)

-Observe heifers

every 3-4 hours after

calving starts -assist

delivery

-Move bred heifers to

calving area 10 days

before calving

expected

Brucellosis –

vaccinate at 4 to 8

months

Anthrax- vaccinate 5-

6 months

Black leg- vaccinate

acaricides weeks

before introducing to


newly purchased)

Housing-for night

and rainy time

-Large number of

heifers at one home

Feeding- feeding of

industry by producte

-hey, straw


Grazing system-

Rotational

Professional super

vision-once a week

Veterinary clinic

accessibility-<5km

Cows




outbreaks




outbreaks

-Anthrax- annual or



-grazing at pasture


grazing at communal

grazing land and

cultivated land.

Professional super

vision- when animals

get ill. Veterinary

clinic accessibility-

<10Km

if the out break kills

large number of

calves by campaign

vaccination

Internal parasites-

Deworming of

animals between 9-12

months interval by

any antihelementhics

External parasite-

Mechanical or local

treatment

Housing- fenced area

of farm lands without

shed at night

Feeding- grasses from

communal pasture and

crop residue


grazing

Professional super

vision-when animals

get ill

Veterinary clinic

accessibility-

inaccessible due to

large mountains,

rivers and > 10Km

from vet. clinic



5-6 months

Heart water-

vaccinate 5-6 months

Internal parasites-


between 3 months

interval by broad

spectrum

antihelementhics

External parasite-

Deeping or spraying

of heifers by

acaricides every 1-3

months accordingly

Quarantine-

Quarantine newly

purchased hiefers for

more than 30 days

-vaccinating for

anthrax,

pastreullosis and

black leg

-Deworm by

broadspectrum

antihelementhics

before 3 weeks

introducing to the

herd

- Deeping or spraying

of heifers by

acaricides before 3

weeks

Housing –well

outbreaks

Internal parasites-

Deworming of cows

between 6 months

interval by broad

spectrum

antihelementhics

External parasite-

Deeping or spraying

of cows by acaricides

weeks before

introducing to

fattening farm (if it is

newly purchased)


rainy time

-Large number of

cows at one home

Feeding- feeding of

industry by products

without control

-hey, straw


Grazing system-

Rotational

Professional super

vision-once a week

Veterinary clinic

accessibility-<5km

Bulls




drained 6% slope and

dry

- able to adjust room

temperature

-18 m2 of space with

9 m2 in a paved lot

-≥2.5 m high and 1–

1.5 m2 of cover

-trees and fences for

wind break

( sea more at volume

VIII) Feeding- Rouphage

and concentrated

feeds + minirals=

balance feed ( sea

more at volume VIII) Grazing system-

Zero grazing or cut



vision-Twice a day

Veterinary clinic

accessibility- within

the farm

Cows

-Prepare calving

quarters-clean sodden

area.

-Vaccine open cows



outbreaks




outbreaks

-Anthrax- annual or



outbreaks

Internal parasites-

Deworming of bulls

between 6 months

interval by broad

spectrum

antihelementhics

External parasite-

Deeping or spraying

of bulls by acaricides

weeks before

introducing to


newly purchased)


rainy time

-Large number of

bulls or castrated oxen

at one home

Feeding- feeding of

industry by products

without control



for vibriosis,

leptospirosis, IBR,

BVD

-Move "close" cows

to calving area about

10 days before

expected calving.

-Observe every 3-4

hours after calving

starts.

-Mark cows having

calving difficulty or

other problems for

early culling

-vaccinate cows

within 3-4 weeks of

calving:

enterotoxemia C &D

toxoid booster

-Observe cows for

prolapse & retained

placenta

- E. coli vaccination-

Vaccinate cows (twice

30 days before

calving

Black leg-

vaccination before

breeding 30-60 days

Anthrax -vaccination

before breeding

6weeks

Internal parasites-

-hey, straw


Grazing system-

Rotational

Professional super

vision-once a week

Veterinary clinic

accessibility-<5km



Deworming of cows

between 3 months

interval by broad

spectrum

antihelementhics

External parasite-

Deeping or spraying


1-3 months

accordingly

Quarantine-

Quarantine newly

purchased cows for

more than 30 days

-vaccinating for

anthrax,

pastreullosis and

black leg

-Deworm by

broadspectrum

antihelementhics

before 3 weeks

introducing to the

herd



before 3 weeks

Housing –well


dry


9 m2 in a paved lot




1.5 m2 of cover

-- able to adjust room

temperature


wind break

( see more at volum-

)

Feeding- Rouphage

and concentrated

feeds + minirals=

balance feed ( sea


Grazing system-

Zero grazing or cut



vision-Twice a day

Veterinary clinic

accessibility-within

the farm

Bulls

Black leg -

vaccination before

breeding 30-60 days

Anthrax -vaccination

before breeding

Internal parasites-

Deworming of bulls



between 3 months

interval by broad

spectrum

antihelementhics

External parasite-

Deeping or spraying


1-3 months acordingly

Quarantine-

Quarantine newly

purchased bulls for

more than 30 days

-vaccinating for

anthrax,

pastreullosis and

black leg

-Deworm by

broadspectrum

antihelementhics

before 3 weeks

introducing to the

herd



before 3 weeks

Housing –well


dry


9 m2 in a paved lot


1.5 m2 of cover

-able to adjust room




wind break( sea more

at volume VIII)

Feeding- Rouphage

and concentrated

feeds + minirals=

balance feed ( sea

more at volume VIII) Grazing system-

Zero grazing or cut



vision-Twice a day

Veterinary clinic

accessibility-within

the house




Management levels of Shoat fattening

Management Levels for fattening shoat


system


system

Shoats

Dipping navel-dip navel of newborn lambs or kids in iodine solution

Check- for health problems

Feeding- Colostrum immediately after birth and milk( sea more at volume

VIII)

Agro-ecological zone

Highland

-Anthrax

-Sheep and goat pox

-Pasteurellosis

Mid altitude

-Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR)

Shoats

- Pasteurella- vaccinate after

the outbreaks

-Anthrax- vaccinate after the

outbreaks

Internal parasites- Deworming

of shoats when they inter to

fattening and as required by

broad spectrum

antihelementhics


spraying of shoats when the

owner observe external

parasites

Feeding- industry products and

crop residue

Shoats

- Pasteurella- vaccinate after

the outbreaks

-Anthrax- vaccinate after the

outbreaks Internal parasites-

Deworming of shots when

shoats become emaciated by

broad spectrum

antihelementhics

External parasite-


Housing- with human beings

or large numbers at one class

Grazing system- Free grazing

and some farmers give grains



-Sheep and goat pox

-Anthrax

- Pasteurellosis

Lowland

-Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR)

-Anthrax

-Pasteurellosis

-Contagious Caprine Pleuro-Pneumonia (CCPP)

Enterotoxaemia- clostridium perfringes:

-First immidatly after birth and vaccinate within an interval of 20-25

days or boostervaccination –one dose annually

Internal parasites- Deworming of shoats between 3 months interval by


External parasite- Deeping or spraying of shoats s by acaricides every 1-

3 months accordingly

Quarantine-Quarantine newly purchased shoats for more than 30 days and

Grazing system- zero or in

fenced area

Professional super vision-

when animals get ill


<5km

Housing-for night and rainy

time

-Large number of shoats at one

home


when animals get ill

Veterinary clinic

accessibility--<10Km



vaccinating for anthrax and pastreullosis

-Deworming by broad spectrum antihelementhics before 3 weeks

-Deeping or spray by acaricides before 3 weeks

Housing- dry, smooth, lighted and able to adjust room temperature

Grazing system- Zero grazing or cut and carry system( sea more at

volume VIII)


Veterinary clinic accessibility- within the farm




Management levels of poultry farm

Management Levels for poultry farming


system


system

Poultry

Days

Marek's Disease

9-14- Newcastle-Bronchitis

14- Infectious Bursal Disease

28- Infectious Bursal Disease

Weeks

4- Newcastle-Bronchitis

8- Laryngotracheitis

Fowl Pox

13-14- Newcastle Bronchitis

16- Laryngotracheitis

16- Inactivated Newcastle-Bronchitis

Poultry

- Newcastle- vaccinate the

whole flock at one time(day

old chicken)

Internal parasites- Deworming

of the whole flock after some

birds died

External parasite- fumigate

when chickens inter and leave

Feeding- grains

Housing- deep litter system and

other cemented house


when chickens died

Veterinary clinic

accessibility-<5km

Poultry

- No vaccination

-No treatment

Internal parasites-

Housing- with human beings

-extensive management

-Exposed to disease, and

predators

Professional super vision-no

at all

Veterinary clinic

accessibility- not in

consideration



Internal parasites- Deworming of poultry between 3 months interval by


External parasite- fumigate or spraying the house before entrance and

immediately leave

Housing- cage system which is very clean, dry, lighted and able to adjust

room temperature

-no contact chickens with their feces

-able to protect rodents and other animals

-Deeping bath at entrance

Feeding- balanced feed according to the purpose


Veterinary clinic accessibility- within the farm




Photo of emaciated and week ox due to trypanosomiasis disease in Fogera Woreda



Photo of artificial insemination in Farta Woreda

amhara national regional state - wordpress.com...figure 1 location map of tana sub basin.....10...

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