americans and a world in crisis, 1933–1945 ap us history east high school mr. peterson spring 2011
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AMERICANS AND A WORLD IN CRISIS, 1933–1945
AP US HistoryEast High School
Mr. PetersonSpring 2011
The United States in a Menacing World, 1933–1939
• Nationalism and the Good Neighbor • The Rise of Aggressive States in Europe
and Asia• The American Mood: No More War • The Gathering Storm, 1938–1939 • America and the Jewish Refugees
Map 25-1, p. 767
Map 25-2, p. 768
p. 769
p. 771
p. 771
Into the Storm, 1939–1941
• The European War • From Isolation to Intervention• Pearl Harbor and the Coming of War
p. 773
The Pacific Theater
• Containing the Japanese• Japanese take Philippines, Guam, Wake
Island, Hong Kong, Singapore, Dutch East Indies
• Midway Island (June 1942)• Guadalcanal (August 1942)
Holding off the Germans
• Marshall wants French invasion in ‘43• British offensive against Germans
• Germans retreat at El Alamein• Erwin Rommel
• Anglo-American force lands at Algiers and Casablanca• Defeated at Kasserine Pass• Gen. Patton leads counteroffensive• With Gen. Bernard Montgomery • Germans driven from North Africa (May 1943)
Map 25-3, p. 779
Eastern Front
• Germans attack Soviet Union• Russians hold off Germans at Stalingrad
(1942-43)
• Both sides suffer enormous losses
America and the Holocaust
• Resistance to calls for Allied effort to end killing or rescue Jews
• St. Louis turned away in 1939• Immigration quotas go unused
• Calls for bombing death camps or rail lines • Rejected in favor of winning the war
p. 791
America Mobilizes for War
• Organizing for Victory • The War Economy • A “Wizard War” • Propaganda and Politics
• The Battlefront, 1942–1944 • Liberating Europe • War in the Pacific • The Grand Alliance
Prosperity in War
• War ended the depression• Capital projects in the west
• Henry Kaiser• Unions reap gains
• No-strike pledge• 15,000 work stoppages• United Mine Workers strike (May 1943)
• Smith-Connally Act (War Labor Disputes Act)• 30-day waiting period before strike
• Govt. could seize war plants• Price controls
• Office of Price Administration (OPA)• Leon Henderson, then Chester Bowles
Mobilizing Production
• War Production Board (WPB)• Weaker than WWI’s War Industries Board• Complaints from small businesses• Moved to White House
• War economy met almost all nation’s war needs• New synthetic rubber industry• Producing more than needed• Twice the output of Axis powers combined
Map 25-5, p. 783
Fig. 25-1, p. 776
Fig. 25-1, p. 776
Fig. 25-1, p. 776
Fig. 25-1, p. 776
Fig. 25-1, p. 776
Fig. 25-1, p. 776
p. 777
Science and Technology
• Mass production applied to defense industry• Quickly surpass Germans and Japanese
• Radar and sonar• Four-engine bombers (B17F)
• Gee navigation systems• Ultra• Magic• Atom bomb
War and American Society
• The GIs’ War • The Home Front • Racism and New Opportunities
• War and Diversity • The Internment of Japanese-Americans
African Americans and the War
• Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC)• Established to prevent march led by Sleeping Car
Porters Union• Investigate discrimination
• Migration to northern cities• Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)-1942• Segregated military units
• 700,000 serving at end of war• Slow change
p. 787
Native Americans and the War
• 25,000 in military• “Code-talkers”• Many had contact with whites for first
time• Few opportunities after war
• Many returned to reservation, but others stayed away
Mexican Americans and the War
• Increased employment opportunities• Bracero program• Factories
• Migration to cities• 300,000 served in military• Zoot-suit riots
Women and the war• Increase in employment• Industrial work force
• “Rosie the Riveter”• Union membership rose
• Most in service-sector• Washington D.C. bureaucracy
• Military• WACs, WAVEs• Clerical, nursing
• Separation• Quick marriages• Beginning of the “baby boom”• Limited child care
• “latchkey children,” “eight-hour orphans”• Rise in juvenile crime• Many teenagers worked
Wartime Life and Culture
• Economic good times• Movies
• Hollywood goes to war• Newsreels
• Radios • Fighting for the American way of life• Pinup girls• USOs
• Dancing• Major disruptions for high schools and
colleges• Universities become officer training camps
Internment of Japanese Americans
• Issei and Nisei • Stories of Japanese sabotage and conspiracy in
Hawaii• Sec. of Navy Frank Knox
• “the most effective fifth column work of the entire war
• Belief in conspiracy on west coast• Gov. Earl Warren• Gen John L. DeWitt
• Executive Order No. 9066• “intern” Japanese and Japanese Americans• Relocation centers• Korematsu v. U.S.
• Constitutionally permissible• Compensated in 1988
p. 789
Retreat from Reform
• Dismantling the New Deal• Republican gains in Congress• Supporter for war policies• CCC and WPA
• 1944 Election• Domestic economic issues• President’s health• Roosevelt for a fourth term• Republicans-Thomas Dewey
The Defeat of the Axis
Invasion of Italy
• Casablanca conference-Roosevelt and Churchill• Allied plan to invade Sicily• Knock Italy out of war• Tie up German diviisons
• Sicily invaded (July 1943)• Anzio landing (Jan. 1944)• Mussolini government falls• Rome captured (June 4, 1944)
The Liberation of France
• Strategic bombing• Leipzig, Dresden, Berlin• Weakening the Luftwaffe
• Acquisition of “Ultra” machine• D-Day (June 6, 1944)
• Gen Dwight D. Eisenhower• Normandy invasion• Dislodge Germans from coast in a week
• Paris liberated• Battle of the Bulge• Germany defeated• V-E Day (May 8, 1945)
p. 780
The Pacific Offensive
• Japanese force Americans from Burma (1942)• The Burma Road opens (1944)
• Battle of Leyte Gulf (Oct. 1944)• Largest naval engagement in history
• Iwo Jima (Feb. 1945)• Okinawa (June 1945)• Firebombing of Tokyo (March 1945)• Bitter fighting expected• Japanese military leaders want to keep up
fight
Map 25-4, p. 782
Triumph and Tragedy, 1945
• The Yalta Conference • Victory in Europe • The Holocaust • The Atomic Bombs
The Manhattan Project
• Discovery of uranium’s radioactivity• Enrico Fermi (1930s)
• News of German experiments (1939)• Controlled fission chain reaction (1942)
• Fermi
• Army takes over project• J. Robert Oppenheimer• Los Alamos, NM
• The Trinity Bomb (July 16, 1945)
Atomic Warfare
• Harry S. Truman issues ultimatum to Japan from Potsdam demanding surrender by August 3• Military leaders cannot be persuaded
• Hiroshima bombing (August 6, 1945)• The Enola Gay• 80,000 dead
• Nagasaki (August 9th)• 100,000 deaths
• Japan surrenders (September 2, 1945)
p. 793
US Sacrifices and Outcomes
• Light, but costly• 322,00 dead• 800,000 injured
• Uncertain future• Antagonism bet. US and Soviet Union
p. 795
AMERICANS AND A WORLD IN CRISIS, 1933–1945
AP US HistoryEast High School
Mr. PetersonSpring 2011