American RevolutionAmerican Revolution

Unit IIAUnit IIA

AP United States HistoryAP United States History

Salutary Neglect/Benign Salutary Neglect/Benign NeglectNeglect

►British absenteeismBritish absenteeism Distance between England and AmericaDistance between England and America Political turmoil and relative peacePolitical turmoil and relative peace

►Colonies virtually on their ownColonies virtually on their own Developed unique economies based on regionDeveloped unique economies based on region Self-governmentSelf-government Still considered themselves as British subjects Still considered themselves as British subjects

entitled to same rights and privilegesentitled to same rights and privileges

Britain Exerts More ControlBritain Exerts More Control

►Navigation Acts strengthenedNavigation Acts strengthened Increased concept of mercantilismIncreased concept of mercantilism Vice-admiralty courtsVice-admiralty courts Boards of TradeBoards of Trade

►Europe at warEurope at war King William’s War (1689-1697)King William’s War (1689-1697) Queen Anne’s War (1702-1713)Queen Anne’s War (1702-1713) King George’s War (1744-1748)King George’s War (1744-1748)

French and Indian War (1754-French and Indian War (1754-1763)1763)

► Serious conflict between Serious conflict between England and France with a England and France with a primary focus in the primary focus in the AmericasAmericas Most Natives allied with FrenchMost Natives allied with French Increased British troop activity Increased British troop activity

in Americain America Colonists contributed to effortColonists contributed to effort

► Albany Plan of Union (1754)Albany Plan of Union (1754) Benjamin Franklin’s idea for Benjamin Franklin’s idea for

colonial union for common colonial union for common defense - FAILEDdefense - FAILED

► British Victory and End of British Victory and End of Salutary NeglectSalutary Neglect British believed more control British believed more control

necessarynecessary Colonial prideColonial pride

Proclamation of 1763Proclamation of 1763

► Pontiac’s Rebellion Pontiac’s Rebellion (1763)(1763)

► Britain restricts further Britain restricts further colonial westward colonial westward expansionexpansion

► Prevent hostilities Prevent hostilities between colonists and between colonists and NativesNatives

► Colonists upset to Colonists upset to restriction of available restriction of available landland

Preliminary Rebellions

► Paxton Boys (1764) Pennsylvania Scots-

Irish upset with Quaker government and toleration of natives

Massacred Susquehannock

►Regulators (1764-1771) NC frontiersmen

upset with eastern corruption

The EnlightenmentThe Enlightenment

► The Age of REASONThe Age of REASON► RationalismRationalism► Laws of Nature Laws of Nature

applied to societyapplied to society► DeismDeism

““the clockmaker”the clockmaker” Absent of human Absent of human

affairsaffairs► Inspired by John LockeInspired by John Locke

Second Treatise on Second Treatise on GovernmentGovernment

► PhilosophesPhilosophes► VoltaireVoltaire

Individual libertiesIndividual liberties Freedom of Freedom of

expressionexpression►MontesquieuMontesquieu

Separation of powersSeparation of powers► RousseauRousseau

Social ContractSocial Contract General welfareGeneral welfare

►WollstonecraftWollstonecraft

British Prime MinistersBritish Prime Ministers

Robert Walpole1721-1742

George Grenville1763-1765

William Pitt1766-1768

Frederick North1770-1782

Encouraged unrestricteddevelopment of colonies

Believed coloniesshould foot thebill for wars anddefense

Enforced Parliament’s power but defended colonies and desire for representation

Supported taxationof the colonies andran Parliamentduring Revolution

Charles TownshendChancellor of Exchequer1766-1767

““Do we need to know all the Do we need to know all the Acts?”Acts?”

YESYES“*ML!”“*ML!”

► Sugar Act of 1764Sugar Act of 1764 Revenue taxRevenue tax

► Quartering Act of 1765Quartering Act of 1765► Stamp Act of 1765Stamp Act of 1765

First direct taxFirst direct tax

► Declaratory Act of 1766Declaratory Act of 1766 Parliament’s right to tax Parliament’s right to tax

whatsoeverwhatsoever

► Townshend Acts of Townshend Acts of 17671767 Pay royal colonial officialsPay royal colonial officials Writs of assistanceWrits of assistance

► Tea Act of 1773Tea Act of 1773 Support British East India Support British East India

CompanyCompany

► ““Intolerable Acts”Intolerable Acts” Coercive Acts of 1774Coercive Acts of 1774

► Massachusetts Massachusetts Government ActGovernment Act

► Port ActPort Act► Administration of Justice Administration of Justice

ActAct Quebec Act of 1774Quebec Act of 1774

► Prohibitory Act of 1775Prohibitory Act of 1775 Colonies in open rebellionColonies in open rebellion

Colonial Reaction to ActsColonial Reaction to Acts► Stamp Act of 1765Stamp Act of 1765

James Otis – “no taxation James Otis – “no taxation without representation”without representation”

Stamp Act CongressStamp Act Congress Sons and Daughters of Sons and Daughters of

LibertyLiberty► Townshend Acts of 1767Townshend Acts of 1767

Letters From a Farmer in Letters From a Farmer in PennsylvaniaPennsylvania – John Dickinson – John Dickinson

► Boston Massacre (1770)Boston Massacre (1770)► Committees of Committees of

CorrespondenceCorrespondence► Tea Act of 1773Tea Act of 1773

Boston Tea PartyBoston Tea Party► Intolerable Acts of 1774Intolerable Acts of 1774

First Continental CongressFirst Continental Congress Suffolk ResolvesSuffolk Resolves Declaration of Rights and Declaration of Rights and

GrievancesGrievances

Which Side Are You On?Which Side Are You On?

► Fought and died in wars Fought and died in wars with Natives and with Natives and European enemiesEuropean enemies

► Risk life and health in a Risk life and health in a new environmentnew environment

► Proud and loyal English Proud and loyal English subjects entitled to rightssubjects entitled to rights

► Developed economies Developed economies which benefit the Empirewhich benefit the Empire

► Familiar with life in Familiar with life in colonies more so than in colonies more so than in EnglandEngland

► God-given libertyGod-given liberty

► Provide protection from Provide protection from Natives and EuropeansNatives and Europeans

► Benefit exceptionally Benefit exceptionally well from success of well from success of British Empire with British Empire with little contributionlittle contribution

► Abide by the rule of lawAbide by the rule of law► Colonists as second-Colonists as second-

class citizensclass citizens► ““virtual representation”virtual representation”

Colonies British Empire/Parliament

British Supporters of British Supporters of ColonistsColonists

►William PittWilliam Pitt► John WilkesJohn Wilkes

Britons Against ColoniesBritons Against Colonies

► Thomas HutchinsonThomas Hutchinson Governor of Governor of

MassachusettsMassachusetts Enforced British Enforced British

authorityauthority

► King George IIIKing George III

Lexington and Concord (April Lexington and Concord (April 19, 1775)19, 1775)

► Organization of militia Organization of militia (Minutemen) compels (Minutemen) compels Governor Gage to send Governor Gage to send 700 British soldiers to 700 British soldiers to arrest rebel leaders and arrest rebel leaders and confiscate armsconfiscate arms

► William Dawes and Paul William Dawes and Paul Revere, “The British are Revere, “The British are coming!”coming!”

► 8 Minutemen die and 1 8 Minutemen die and 1 Redcoat wounded at Redcoat wounded at LexingtonLexington

► ““Shot heard ‘round the Shot heard ‘round the world” at Concordworld” at Concord

(about from FIU to South Beach)

Second Continental CongressSecond Continental Congress

► Battles of Breed’s Hill and Bunker Hill (June 1775)Battles of Breed’s Hill and Bunker Hill (June 1775) British victory costing 1,154 of 2,200British victory costing 1,154 of 2,200 Americans lost 311Americans lost 311

►Olive Branch PetitionOlive Branch Petition Directly sent to George IIIDirectly sent to George III

► American Continental Army and WashingtonAmerican Continental Army and Washington►George III pronounced colonies in open rebellionGeorge III pronounced colonies in open rebellion

Prohibitory Act: blockade of American ports; Prohibitory Act: blockade of American ports; declaration of wardeclaration of war

►Declaration of Independence in July 1776Declaration of Independence in July 1776 Virtually creating the “United States of America”Virtually creating the “United States of America”

Thomas Paine’s Thomas Paine’s Common Common SenseSense► Pamphlet published in January Pamphlet published in January

17761776► Society grows to the point of Society grows to the point of

requiring government with laws requiring government with laws and representationand representation

► Denounces monarchism and Denounces monarchism and aristocracyaristocracy

► ““an island cannot rule a an island cannot rule a continent”continent”

► ““America is not English but a America is not English but a mix of peoples”mix of peoples”

► ““distance a problem”distance a problem”► ““threat of European wars”threat of European wars”► ““colonies exploited”colonies exploited”

Declaration of IndependenceDeclaration of Independence► Applies laws of NatureApplies laws of Nature► People’s right to revolutionPeople’s right to revolution

““self-evident”self-evident” ““all men are created equal”all men are created equal” Endowed…with certain Endowed…with certain

unalienable rights…life, unalienable rights…life, liberty, pursuit of happiness”liberty, pursuit of happiness”

► List of grievances against List of grievances against the British Empire, the British Empire, specifically toward George specifically toward George IIIIII

► WHAT’S WRONG WITH WHAT’S WRONG WITH THIS PICTURE IN REGARDS THIS PICTURE IN REGARDS TO AMERICAN SOCIETY?TO AMERICAN SOCIETY?

America vs. BritainAmerica vs. Britain► American American

Advantages/TacticsAdvantages/Tactics Militia’s guerilla tacticsMilitia’s guerilla tactics Familiar with the territory Familiar with the territory

and environmentand environment Prolong the warProlong the war Hope for support from Hope for support from

Britain’s enemies (France, Britain’s enemies (France, Spain)Spain)

► American DisadvantagesAmerican Disadvantages No well-trained regular No well-trained regular

army or officersarmy or officers Insufficient funds and Insufficient funds and

suppliessupplies Small support among Small support among

population (1/3 loyalists, 1/3 population (1/3 loyalists, 1/3 neutral, slaves)neutral, slaves)

► British Advantages/TacticsBritish Advantages/Tactics 11 million Britons to 11 million Britons to

America’s 2.5 million (1/3 America’s 2.5 million (1/3 slaves or loyalists)slaves or loyalists)

World’s largest navyWorld’s largest navy Disciplined and experienced Disciplined and experienced

armyarmy Support from Loyalists, Support from Loyalists,

Natives, and slavesNatives, and slaves Entrenched forts and Entrenched forts and

garrisons in Americagarrisons in America► British DisadvantagesBritish Disadvantages

War debt and war fatigueWar debt and war fatigue American privateers (pirates) American privateers (pirates)

hounded British shipshounded British ships Unpopular home supportUnpopular home support Spread thin around the worldSpread thin around the world

Patriots, Loyalists, NeutralsPatriots, Loyalists, Neutrals► Patriots (aka Whigs) supported Patriots (aka Whigs) supported

independence, but may disagree on course of independence, but may disagree on course of action (war, petition, boycott, etc.)action (war, petition, boycott, etc.) Advocated independence based on rhetoric and Advocated independence based on rhetoric and

education on rights and libertieseducation on rights and liberties

► Loyalists (aka Tories) supported BritainLoyalists (aka Tories) supported Britain Loyalty to the CrownLoyalty to the Crown Agreed about excess taxes, but against separationAgreed about excess taxes, but against separation Fear of a possible American victoryFear of a possible American victory Recent British immigrantsRecent British immigrants

► Some could care less due to ignorance, Some could care less due to ignorance, apathy, or economical reasonsapathy, or economical reasons

The WarThe War

► In the NorthIn the North Boston under siege and New Boston under siege and New

York captured in 1776York captured in 1776 Battles of Trenton (1776) Battles of Trenton (1776)

and Princeton (1777) and Princeton (1777) boosted moraleboosted morale

Gates defeats Burgoyne at Gates defeats Burgoyne at Saratoga (Oct 1777)Saratoga (Oct 1777)

Valley ForgeValley Forge► In the WestIn the West

An escalation of Natives vs. An escalation of Natives vs. ExpansionistsExpansionists

Natives lost large amounts of Natives lost large amounts of lands in defeatslands in defeats

Resentment toward pro-Resentment toward pro-British Natives will lingerBritish Natives will linger

► In the SouthIn the South British plan to capture British plan to capture

Southern ports and lands to Southern ports and lands to launch re-invasion of the launch re-invasion of the NorthNorth

Lord Cornwallis claimed Lord Cornwallis claimed victories, but stalled in the victories, but stalled in the South as Americans South as Americans refortifiedrefortified

Battle of Yorktown (Aug-Oct Battle of Yorktown (Aug-Oct 1781)1781)► Washington’s army, Washington’s army,

Lafayette’s force, and Lafayette’s force, and French fleet laid siege to French fleet laid siege to CornwallisCornwallis

► British surrender led to British surrender led to American victoryAmerican victory

Treaty of Paris (1783)Treaty of Paris (1783)► John Adams, Benjamin John Adams, Benjamin

Franklin, John JayFranklin, John Jay► British recognition of British recognition of

USAUSA► USA granted all lands USA granted all lands

east of the Mississippieast of the Mississippi► Natives left out of the Natives left out of the

treatytreaty► States applying own States applying own

interests led to British interests led to British remaining in remaining in Northwest fortsNorthwest forts

► Brand new and bigger Brand new and bigger nation… What now?nation… What now?

Treaty of Paris by Benjamin West

A New American A New American Society/RepublicanismSociety/Republicanism

► Before the war, the Before the war, the distinction between distinction between elites and commoners elites and commoners was visibly evident was visibly evident given the economical given the economical success of the coloniessuccess of the colonies

► Patriotic rhetoric of Patriotic rhetoric of equality and liberty equality and liberty regained a sense of regained a sense of egalitarianism within egalitarianism within the populationthe population Rights and liberties a Rights and liberties a

central core valuecentral core value Promote the Promote the

common goodcommon good

► Merit, not inheritance, Merit, not inheritance, defined a mandefined a man Against corruptionAgainst corruption

► More and more self-More and more self-made men participate made men participate in political leadershipin political leadership

► Despite a new Despite a new perception, the small perception, the small upper class retained its upper class retained its status as owners of status as owners of most of America’s most of America’s wealthwealth

Women of the RevolutionWomen of the Revolution

► Upper-class women Upper-class women promoted cause promoted cause through through correspondencecorrespondence

► Participated against Participated against Stamp Act and Stamp Act and Townshend ActsTownshend Acts

► Spinning beesSpinning bees

► Ran households and Ran households and estates during estates during husband’s absencehusband’s absence

► Formed campaigns Formed campaigns to promote war and to promote war and fundsfunds

► Abigail Adams and Abigail Adams and “…Remember the “…Remember the Ladies.”Ladies.”

Blacks and Slaves of the Blacks and Slaves of the RevolutionRevolution

► Increased Increased tensions tensions between colonies between colonies and Britain and Britain inspired slaves inspired slaves to resistto resist

► Most slaves Most slaves sided with Britishsided with British

► Lord Dunmore’s Lord Dunmore’s Proclamation Proclamation (1775)(1775) Join to reassert Join to reassert

royal authorityroyal authority

► 500,000 blacks in America500,000 blacks in America Only 25,000 were free menOnly 25,000 were free men

► Some slaves escaped to freedom in Some slaves escaped to freedom in confusion of warconfusion of war Pose as free menPose as free men Escape on British ships or to British Escape on British ships or to British

territoriesterritories► Participation as PatriotsParticipation as Patriots

Early banEarly ban Armies needed supportArmies needed support

► Northern states lead to abolish or phase Northern states lead to abolish or phase out slaveryout slavery Quakers led the chargeQuakers led the charge Slave imports almost eliminatedSlave imports almost eliminated

► New opportunities, same discriminationNew opportunities, same discrimination Free blacks as second-class citizensFree blacks as second-class citizens Prince Hall and “return to Africa”Prince Hall and “return to Africa” Granted civil rightsGranted civil rights Slavery as “necessary evil”Slavery as “necessary evil”

Natives of the RevolutionNatives of the Revolution

►Half of the population from 1754 to Half of the population from 1754 to 1783 wiped out1783 wiped out

►New land acquisitions led to increased New land acquisitions led to increased hostilitieshostilities

►Adapted lifestyle by incorporating Adapted lifestyle by incorporating European goodsEuropean goods

►Appealed to Congress on recognizing Appealed to Congress on recognizing territories; little to no supportterritories; little to no support