Grammar BookAmelia Wilburn

1) Nacionalidades2) Stem Changing Verbs3) Para4) Indirect Object Pronouns5) Object Pronoun Placement6) Gustar7) Affirmatives & Negative Words8) Superlatives9) Reflexives10)Affirmative tú commands + irregulars +

pronoun placement11)Negative tú command + irregulars +

pronoun placement12)Sequencing events

Table of Contents

Nacionalidades

Stem Changers- Boot Verbse ie

pensar (to think)

pienso pensamos

piensas pensáis

piensa piensan

o ue

poder (to be able to)

puedo podemos

puedes podéis

puede pueden

e i

pedir (to ask)

pido pedimos

pides pedís

pide piden

u ue

jugar (to play a sport)

juego jugamos

juegas jugáis

juega juegan

*Notice that when in the nosotros and vosotros form that the stem does NOT change.

Para

• Para, meaning for or in order to, is used to indicate the following categories-– The recipients of items:

• El regalo para tu madre es muy bonita.– The purpose of something:

• Vamos al restaurante para comer.– The implied purpose of something:

• Tengo dinero para (comprar) algo.

IOPs

• Indirect object pronouns are nouns that tell to whom, what, or for whom/what.

• They replace or accompany indirect objects.

• You can add extra emphasis by adding a + pronoun.

• Ex:– A mí me compro unos aretes.

Singular Plural

me = me nos = us

te = you (familiar) os = y’all (familiar)

le = you (formal), him, her

les = you, them

Object Pronoun Placement

1)Attach the pronoun to the infinitive.

2)Attach the pronoun to a progressive tense.

3)Attach the pronoun to an affirmative command.

4)Place the pronoun before a conjugation.

Gustar

• You can express activities that people like to do by using these phrases with an infinitive.

• You determine whether to use the singular or plural version of gustar by what the subject is talking about liking.

• If the thing they like is singular, use gusta.– Me gusta bailar.

• If the thing they like is plural, use gustan.– Me gustan zapatos.

Singular/Pluarl Phrases

me gusta(n)… nos gusta(n)…

te gusta(n)… os gusta(n)…

le gusta(n)… les gusta(n)…

Affirmatives & Negative Words

• When you want to talk about an indefinite or negative situation, you use an affirmative or a negative word.

• If a verb is preceded by no, words that follow must be negative because double negatives are required.

Affirmatives

Negatives

algo nada

alguien nadie

algún ningún

alguno(a) ninguno(a)

siempre nunca

también tampoco

Superlatives• Superlatives are added to adjectives and

adverbs for extra emphasis.

• They are equivalent to saying very or extremely before the adjective or adverb.– mal malísimo, muchas muchísimas

• An adverb or adjective ending in c, g, or z changes to qu, gu, and c, respectively.– rico riquícimo, larga larguícima

• An adverb or adjective ending in n or r doesn’t change, but you add on a c then the proper superlative ending.– joven jovencísimo

Singular

Plural

ísimo ísimos

ísima ísimas

Reflexives• Reflexive verbs are used when the

subject also receives the actions.• They describe people doing things for

themselves.• In the dictionary, you will see –se

attached to the end of the verb, signaling it as a reflexive verb. (Ex: comerse, lavarse, ducharse)

• The –se is placed in front of the verb and is changed to one of the following reflexive pronouns, based on the subject.Reflexi

vePronouns

me nos

te os

se se

Reflexive Pronouns

me duermo nos dormimos

te duermes os dormís

se duerme se duermen

Affirmative tú commands + irregulars + pronoun placement

• Affirmative tú commands of regular verbs are used to give instructions or commands.

• It is a tú command but ends like it’s in the 3rd person form.

• When using an object pronoun, attach the pronoun to the end of the command.

• Ex: Cruza el parque. ¡Cruzalo!

Infinitive Tú Form (looks like 3rd)

Affirmative tú Command

caminar ¡Camina! ¡Camina en el parque!

comer ¡Come! ¡Come toda la fruta!

abrir ¡Abre! ¡Abre la puerta, quiero entrar!

Affirmative tú commands + irregulars + pronoun placement cont’d

Irregular Infinitive

Affirmative tú Command

decir di

hacer haz

ir ve

poner pon

salír sal

ser sé

tener ten

venir ven

Negative tú commands + irregulars + pronoun placement

• You use a negative command when telling someone what not to do.

• Negative commands are formed by taking the yo form of the present tense, dropping the “o”, and adding the appropriate ending, based on the ending of the infinitive verb.

• When dropping the “o”, put –es in its place if it’s an –ar verb.

• Put –as in its place if it’s an –er or –ir verb.Infinitive Yo Form Negative tú Command

hablar hablo ¡No hables!

volver vuelvo ¡No vuelvas!

pedir pido ¡No pidas!

Negative tú commands + irregulars + pronoun placement cont’d

• Some verbs have irregular negative tú commands because the yo forms don’t end in an “o”.

• Object pronouns precede the verbs in negative commands, just as with other conjugated verbs.

• Ex: ¡No lo uses! (Don’t use it!)

Infinitive Yo Form Negative tú Command

dar doy ¡No le des mi dirrección a nadie!

estar estoy ¡No estés triste!

ir voy ¡No vayas a la tienda!

ser soy ¡No seas mala!

Sequencing Events

Sequence Word Translationprimero first

entonces then

luego later

después after

por fin finally

antes de before (something)

después de after (something)

por la mañana/tarde/noche in the morning/afternoon/night

los lunes/martes/etc… On Monday/Tuesday/etc…