alternative energy in america brian heins cbe 562 september 28 th, 2006

Alternative EnergyAlternative Energy in in AmericaAmerica

Brian HeinsBrian Heins

CBE 562CBE 562

September 28September 28thth, 2006, 2006

CBECBE PerspectivePerspective: Mass Balance: Mass Balance

Mass Balance:Mass Balance:Aside from meteors (input) and Aside from meteors (input) and

astronauts (occasional output), the Earth astronauts (occasional output), the Earth weighs a constant 5.972 x 10weighs a constant 5.972 x 102424 kg kg

Other Facts:Other Facts:– The diameter is about 12,756 kmThe diameter is about 12,756 km– Cross-sectional area: 1.28*10Cross-sectional area: 1.28*101414mm22

CBE Perspective: Energy BalanceCBE Perspective: Energy Balance

Assuming the Earth only receives input Assuming the Earth only receives input energy from the Sun:energy from the Sun:– Solar constant = 1370 W/mSolar constant = 1370 W/m22

– On a clear day: 1000 W/mOn a clear day: 1000 W/m22 at the surface at the surface– This corresponds to This corresponds to 1.05*101.05*101919 Btu/day Btu/day

(1 Btu = 1055 J = 1055 W*s)(1 Btu = 1055 J = 1055 W*s)

CBE Perspective: Energy BalanceCBE Perspective: Energy Balance

Fortunately for us, this energy does not Fortunately for us, this energy does not accumulate for long.accumulate for long.

A few possible conversions:A few possible conversions:– [Photosynthesis][Photosynthesis] Chemical energyChemical energy– [Solar Panels][Solar Panels] Electrical energy Electrical energy– [Wind] [Wind] Kinetic energy Kinetic energy– [Evaporation] [Evaporation] Potential energy Potential energy

Eventually, back to heat:Eventually, back to heat:– [Thermal radiation] Off the planet[Thermal radiation] Off the planet

We Know Many Types of EnergyWe Know Many Types of Energy

Fossil FuelsFossil Fuels– CoalCoal– Fuel OilFuel Oil– KeroseneKerosene– LPGLPG– Natural GasNatural Gas– OilOil

RenewablesRenewables– BioenergyBioenergy– GeothermalGeothermal– HydrogenHydrogen– HydropowerHydropower– SolarSolar– WindWind

OthersOthers– NuclearNuclear– FusionFusion

http://www.kiiminki.fi/lukio/lingua-e/projects/alternative_sources_of_energy.htm

Alternative to what?Alternative to what?

Fossil Fuels?Fossil Fuels?– Major source of pollutionMajor source of pollution– Will not last foreverWill not last forever

Nuclear?Nuclear?– Radioactive wasteRadioactive waste– Will not last foreverWill not last forever

Itself?Itself?– Hydroelectric dams fill with siltHydroelectric dams fill with silt– Geothermal sites cool down over timeGeothermal sites cool down over time

Goal of Alternative EnergyGoal of Alternative Energy

Provide energy to meet demandProvide energy to meet demand Be renewable and/or sustainableBe renewable and/or sustainable Be “green”Be “green”

– Non-pollutingNon-polluting– Environmentally friendlyEnvironmentally friendly– Little or no greenhouse gas emissionsLittle or no greenhouse gas emissions

What is the demand?What is the demand?

ConsumersConsumers

Question: Who Consumes the Question: Who Consumes the Most?Most?

Commercial End Usage (1999)Commercial End Usage (1999)

Natural Gas Electricity Fuel OilNatural Gas Electricity Fuel Oil

Space HeatingSpace Heating 1,4831,483 155155 167167

Water HeatingWater Heating 275275 3737 66

CookingCooking 200200 6565

CoolingCooling 88 793793

LightingLighting 716716

Office EquipmentOffice Equipment 555555

RefrigerationRefrigeration 266266

VentilationVentilation 226226

OtherOther 5959 288288 66

(Trillion BTU)(Trillion BTU)

Commercial UsageCommercial Usage

Natural Gas:Natural Gas: 2,023 Trillion BTU2,023 Trillion BTU Electricity:Electricity: 3,098 Trillion BTU3,098 Trillion BTU Fuel Oil:Fuel Oil: 197 Trillion BTU197 Trillion BTU

Total Usage:Total Usage: 5.32 Quadrillion BTU5.32 Quadrillion BTU Equivalent to 39 Cubic Miles of GasolineEquivalent to 39 Cubic Miles of Gasoline

Commercial ComparisonCommercial Comparison

Annual US Commercial

Energy Usage0.69%

Daily Solar Energy Incident

Upon US99.31%

Residential UsageResidential Usage

Percentage Usage By Energy TypePercentage Usage By Energy Type

Annual UsageAnnual Usage Cost to UserCost to User SpaceSpace AirAir WaterWater AppliancesAppliances

(Trillion BTU)(Trillion BTU) ($ / Million BTU)($ / Million BTU) HeatingHeating ConditioningConditioning HeatingHeating

ElectricityElectricity 38903890 25.8025.80 10%10% 15%15% 9%9% 67%67%

Fuel OilFuel Oil 710710 8.918.91 82%82% 18%18%

KeroseneKerosene 5050 11.0911.09 100%100%

LPGLPG 380380 14.8714.87 74%74% 13%13% 13%13%

Natural GasNatural Gas 48404840 9.709.70 69%69% 24%24% 8%8%

Residential TotalsResidential Totals

Natural Gas:Natural Gas: 4,840 Trillion BTU4,840 Trillion BTU Electricity:Electricity: 3,890 Trillion BTU3,890 Trillion BTU Other Fuels:Other Fuels: 1,140 Trillion BTU1,140 Trillion BTU

Total Usage:Total Usage: 9.87 Quadrillion BTU9.87 Quadrillion BTU Energy ~ 700,000 Space Shuttle LaunchesEnergy ~ 700,000 Space Shuttle Launches

(1 Shuttle Launch ~ 1.5*10(1 Shuttle Launch ~ 1.5*101010 BTU) BTU)

TransportationTransportation

Natural GasNatural Gas PetroleumPetroleum Alcohol FuelsAlcohol Fuels Elec.Elec. Elec. LossesElec. Losses TotalTotal

19981998 666666 24,53724,537 117117 1717 3838 25,25925,259

20042004 705705 27,00427,004 296296 2626 5858 27,79327,793

(Trillion BTU)(Trillion BTU)

Industrial Energy Usage (1998)Industrial Energy Usage (1998)

Look at seven major industries:Look at seven major industries:– AluminumAluminum– ChemicalsChemicals– Forest ProductsForest Products– GlassGlass– Metal CastingMetal Casting– PetroleumPetroleum– SteelSteel

AluminumAluminum

660 Trillion BTU/yr660 Trillion BTU/yr

ChemicalsChemicals


Forest ProductsForest Products


GlassGlass


Metal CastingMetal Casting


PetroleumPetroleum


SteelSteel


Industrial Total (1998)Industrial Total (1998)

18.0 Quadrillion BTU’s from these industries18.0 Quadrillion BTU’s from these industries That’s: 18,000,000,000,000,000 BTU’sThat’s: 18,000,000,000,000,000 BTU’s Or: 8.1 Trillion McDonald’s Big MacsOr: 8.1 Trillion McDonald’s Big Macs

(1 Big Mac = 560 Cals = 560,000 cals = 2222 BTU’s)(1 Big Mac = 560 Cals = 560,000 cals = 2222 BTU’s)

Industrial ComparisonIndustrial Comparison

Annual US Industrial

Energy Usage2.30%

Daily Solar Energy Incident

Upon US97.70%

Grand Total For 1998Grand Total For 1998

95.2 Quadrillion BTU’s95.2 Quadrillion BTU’s Includes a lot of electrical losses which were Includes a lot of electrical losses which were

not included in previous totalsnot included in previous totals ~700 Cubic miles of gasoline~700 Cubic miles of gasoline ~6 million shuttle launches~6 million shuttle launches ~Energy of everyone on earth eating 7,000 ~Energy of everyone on earth eating 7,000

Big MacsBig Macs

Overview (2004)Overview (2004)

Values are given in quadrillion BTUValues are given in quadrillion BTU

Energy Usage History (in quadrillion BTU)Energy Usage History (in quadrillion BTU)Year Coal Coal Imp. Nat. Gas Petroleum Total Nuclear Hydro. W,W,&A Geothermal Solar Wind Total Elec. Imp. Total1949 11.981 -0.007 5.145 11.883 29.002 0 1.425 1.549 NA NA NA 2.974 0.005 31.9821950 12.347 0.001 5.968 13.315 31.632 0 1.415 1.562 NA NA NA 2.978 0.006 34.6161955 11.167 -0.01 8.998 17.255 37.41 0 1.36 1.424 NA NA NA 2.784 0.014 40.2081960 9.838 -0.006 12.385 19.919 42.137 0.006 1.608 1.32 0.001 NA NA 2.929 0.015 45.0871965 11.581 -0.018 15.769 23.246 50.577 0.043 2.059 1.335 0.004 NA NA 3.398 (s) 54.0171970 12.265 -0.058 21.795 29.521 63.522 0.239 2.634 1.431 0.011 NA NA 4.076 0.007 67.8441971 11.598 -0.033 22.469 30.561 64.596 0.413 2.824 1.432 0.012 NA NA 4.268 0.012 69.2891972 12.077 -0.026 22.698 32.947 67.696 0.584 2.864 1.503 0.031 NA NA 4.398 0.026 72.7041973 12.971 -0.007 22.512 34.84 70.316 0.91 2.861 1.529 0.043 NA NA 4.433 0.049 75.7081974 12.663 0.056 21.732 33.455 67.906 1.272 3.177 1.54 0.053 NA NA 4.769 0.043 73.9911975 12.663 0.014 19.948 32.731 65.355 1.9 3.155 1.499 0.07 NA NA 4.723 0.021 71.9991976 13.584 (s) 20.345 35.175 69.104 2.111 2.976 1.713 0.078 NA NA 4.768 0.029 76.0121977 13.922 0.015 19.931 37.122 70.989 2.702 2.333 1.838 0.077 NA NA 4.249 0.059 781978 13.766 0.125 20 37.965 71.856 3.024 2.937 2.038 0.064 NA NA 5.039 0.067 79.9861979 15.04 0.063 20.666 37.123 72.892 2.776 2.931 2.152 0.084 NA NA 5.166 0.069 80.9031980 15.423 -0.035 20.394 34.202 69.984 2.739 2.9 2.485 0.11 NA NA 5.494 0.071 78.2891981 15.908 -0.016 19.928 31.931 67.75 3.008 2.758 2.59 0.123 NA NA 5.471 0.113 76.3421982 15.322 -0.022 18.505 30.232 64.037 3.131 3.266 2.615 0.105 NA NA 5.985 0.1 73.2531983 15.894 -0.016 17.357 30.054 63.29 3.203 3.527 2.831 0.129 NA (s) 6.488 0.121 73.1011984 17.071 -0.011 18.507 31.051 66.617 3.553 3.386 2.88 0.165 (s) (s) 6.431 0.135 76.7361985 17.478 -0.013 17.834 30.922 66.221 4.076 2.97 2.864 0.198 (s) (s) 6.033 0.14 76.4691986 17.26 -0.017 16.708 32.196 66.148 4.38 3.071 2.841 0.219 (s) (s) 6.132 0.122 76.7821987 18.008 0.009 17.744 32.865 68.626 4.754 2.635 2.823 0.229 (s) (s) 5.687 0.158 79.2251988 18.846 0.04 18.552 34.222 71.66 5.587 2.334 2.937 0.217 (s) (s) 5.489 0.108 82.8441989 19.07 0.03 19.712 34.211 73.023 5.602 2.837 3.062 0.317 0.055 0.022 6.294 0.037 84.9571990 19.173 0.005 19.73 33.553 72.46 6.104 3.046 2.662 0.336 0.06 0.029 6.133 0.008 84.7041991 18.992 0.01 20.149 32.845 71.996 6.422 3.016 2.702 0.346 0.063 0.031 6.158 0.067 84.6431992 19.122 0.035 20.835 33.527 73.519 6.479 2.617 2.847 0.349 0.064 0.03 5.907 0.087 85.9921993 19.835 0.027 21.351 433.84 75.055 6.41 2.892 42.8 0.364 0.066 0.031 6.156 0.095 87.6191994 19.909 0.058 21.842 34.67 76.48 6.694 2.683 2.939 0.338 0.069 0.036 6.065 0.153 89.2831995 20.089 0.061 22.784 34.553 77.488 7.075 3.205 3.068 0.294 0.07 0.033 6.669 0.134 91.251996 21.002 0.023 23.197 35.757 79.978 7.087 3.59 3.127 0.316 0.071 0.033 7.137 0.137 94.2561997 21.445 0.046 23.329 36.266 81.086 6.597 3.64 3.006 0.325 0.07 0.034 7.075 0.116 94.7691998 21.656 0.067 22.936 36.934 81.592 7.068 3.297 2.835 0.328 0.07 0.031 6.561 0.088 95.1921999 21.623 0.058 23.01 37.96 82.65 7.61 3.268 2.885 0.331 0.069 0.046 6.599 0.099 96.8362000 22.58 0.065 23.916 38.404 84.965 7.862 2.811 2.907 0.317 0.066 0.057 6.158 0.115 98.9612001 21.914 0.029 22.906 38.333 83.182 8.033 2.242 2.64 0.311 0.065 0.07 5.328 0.075 96.4722002 21.904 0.061 23.628 38.401 83.994 8.143 2.689 2.648 0.328 0.064 0.105 5.835 0.078 97.8772003 22.321 0.051 23.069 39.047 84.487 7.959 2.825 2.74 0.339 0.064 0.115 6.082 0.022 98.3112004 22.39 0.138 22.991 40.13 85.649 8.232 2.725 2.845 0.34 0.063 0.143 6.116 0.039 99.74

State Comparisons (2001)State Comparisons (2001)

So what’s the global outlook?So what’s the global outlook?

The United States is one country.The United States is one country.

http://www.ecoworld.com/People/Tables/BTU_Rank_1995.cfm

For good or for bad…For good or for bad…

A recent Exxon Mobil study found that “oil A recent Exxon Mobil study found that “oil should remain plentiful and affordable at should remain plentiful and affordable at least through 2030.”least through 2030.”

This is based on the fact that the world has This is based on the fact that the world has consumed about 1 trillion barrels of “easy” consumed about 1 trillion barrels of “easy” oil.oil.

There are an estimated 6-8 trillion barrels of There are an estimated 6-8 trillion barrels of total within the Earth.total within the Earth.

About 40% of these are “easy.”About 40% of these are “easy.”

Alternative EnergyAlternative Energy

Enough of that!Enough of that! Let’s take a look at:Let’s take a look at:

– BioenergyBioenergy– FusionFusion– GeothermalGeothermal– HydrogenHydrogen– HydropowerHydropower– SolarSolar– WindWind

Guesses?Guesses?

BioenergyBioenergy FusionFusion GeothermalGeothermal HydrogenHydrogen HydropowerHydropower SolarSolar WindWind

Alternative Energy BreakdownAlternative Energy Breakdown

0.34

2.725

0.0630.143

2.845

1.989

0.56

0.296

Geothermal

Hydroelectric

Solar

Wind

Biomass

Wood

Waste

Alcohol Fuels

Data from 2004. Values in quadrillion BTU. Renewable energy still only Data from 2004. Values in quadrillion BTU. Renewable energy still only accounts for 6.1% of the United States’ total energy consumption. accounts for 6.1% of the United States’ total energy consumption.

BioenergyBioenergy

BioenergyBioenergy

Combines the fun of shredding things and Combines the fun of shredding things and burning them for energyburning them for energy

Also known as BiomassAlso known as Biomass Largest renewable energy source Largest renewable energy source

(passed hydroelectric in 2000)(passed hydroelectric in 2000) Main sources: wood, municipal waste, and Main sources: wood, municipal waste, and

alcohol fuelsalcohol fuels

WoodWood, Paper, Paper, Pulp, Pulp, Lumber, Lumber, etc., etc.

Three sources:Three sources:– ForestsForests– Civic projectsCivic projects– Lumber andLumber and

paper wastepaper waste

(Black Liquor)(Black Liquor)

Other Sources of BioenergyOther Sources of Bioenergy

Municipal waste (any guesses where this Municipal waste (any guesses where this comes from?)comes from?)

Alcohol fuelsAlcohol fuels– Ethanol in gasolineEthanol in gasoline– BiodieselBiodiesel

Animal fat or vegetable oil transformed with alcoholAnimal fat or vegetable oil transformed with alcohol E-diesel: an ethanol diesel mixE-diesel: an ethanol diesel mix

– 2.81 billion gallons of ethanol made from corn 2.81 billion gallons of ethanol made from corn (not necessarily used for energy)(not necessarily used for energy)

Notes for BioenergyNotes for Bioenergy

Paper mills actually consume about 40% of Paper mills actually consume about 40% of the bioenergy produced annuallythe bioenergy produced annually

Biomass still pollutesBiomass still pollutes But: no net carbon dioxide added to the But: no net carbon dioxide added to the

atmosphereatmosphere Maximum annual supply 8 quadrillion BTU Maximum annual supply 8 quadrillion BTU

(1990)(1990)

FusionFusion

FusionFusion

Can you say Can you say theoreticaltheoretical??

FusionFusion

Fusion output has increased by a factor of a Fusion output has increased by a factor of a trillion since 1970 (computers: only 100,000)trillion since 1970 (computers: only 100,000)

France to be future site of a fusion power France to be future site of a fusion power plantplant

FusionFusion

No major commentsNo major comments So far, major So far, major consumerconsumer of energy of energy

– No fusion reactor has ever produced more No fusion reactor has ever produced more energy than needed to sustain itenergy than needed to sustain it

See what happens…See what happens…

GeothermalGeothermal


Use Earth’s heat as energyUse Earth’s heat as energy Power plants usually use mile+ deep wells:Power plants usually use mile+ deep wells:

– Dry steamDry steam Steam turns turbine directlySteam turns turbine directly– Flash steamFlash steam Hot water vaporizes to Hot water vaporizes to

form form steam and power steam and power turbinesturbines

– Binary-cycleBinary-cycle Use water to vaporize Use water to vaporize more more volatile liquidsvolatile liquids


Provide local heating/cooling with shallow Provide local heating/cooling with shallow wells (heat pump applications)wells (heat pump applications)– Heat a building or a communityHeat a building or a community– Melt snow under roadsMelt snow under roads– Pasteurize milkPasteurize milk

Most geothermal reservoirs are located in Most geothermal reservoirs are located in Western States, Alaska, and HawaiiWestern States, Alaska, and Hawaii

Future goal: extract heat from magmaFuture goal: extract heat from magma


Home town example: Home town example:

Fond du Lac High SchoolFond du Lac High School Estimated 40% reduction in energy costsEstimated 40% reduction in energy costs


Overall, the United States has enough Overall, the United States has enough energy to supply 2.8 million average homesenergy to supply 2.8 million average homes

Most houses are unable to use geothermal Most houses are unable to use geothermal electricity directlyelectricity directly

Instead: use ground source heat pumps to Instead: use ground source heat pumps to lower heating and cooling costslower heating and cooling costs– Need knowledgeable contractors and capitalNeed knowledgeable contractors and capital– Payback time of 2-10 yearsPayback time of 2-10 years

HydrogenHydrogen

What is the government doing?What is the government doing?

Hydrogen and EfficiencyHydrogen and Efficiency

Hydrogen can be produced in a plant at Hydrogen can be produced in a plant at about 60% efficiencyabout 60% efficiency

Electricity has an efficiency of 35%Electricity has an efficiency of 35% Automotive hydrogen fuel cells are about Automotive hydrogen fuel cells are about

40-60% efficient40-60% efficient Automobile gasoline is only about 30% Automobile gasoline is only about 30%

efficientefficient

Hydrogen BasicsHydrogen Basics

Energy content:Energy content:– 120 MJ/kg for hydrogen versus 44 MJ/kg for 120 MJ/kg for hydrogen versus 44 MJ/kg for

gasolinegasoline– 8 MJ/liter for liquid hydrogen versus 32 MJ/liter 8 MJ/liter for liquid hydrogen versus 32 MJ/liter

for gasoline for gasoline


Storage:Storage:– Need to store 5-13 kg of hydrogen to compete Need to store 5-13 kg of hydrogen to compete

with gasolinewith gasoline– As a gas: 5,000-10,000 psiAs a gas: 5,000-10,000 psi– As a liquid: -252.8°CAs a liquid: -252.8°C


Storage:Storage:– Via adsorption or absorption:Via adsorption or absorption:


Hydrogen is produced in many ways:Hydrogen is produced in many ways:– Steam reforming of natural gas (methane)Steam reforming of natural gas (methane)– Water Splitting via combinations of:Water Splitting via combinations of:

ChemicalsChemicals HeatHeat LightLight Biological SystemsBiological Systems

– Full list: Full list: http://www.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/production/basics.htmlhttp://www.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/production/basics.html

Hydrogen UsageHydrogen Usage

Fuel cells are the main way hydrogen is Fuel cells are the main way hydrogen is utilized.utilized.

Fuel cell animation:Fuel cell animation: http://www.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/fuelcells/animation/intro.htmlhttp://www.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/fuelcells/animation/intro.html

Many fuel cells contain fuel processors Many fuel cells contain fuel processors which must reform the fuel before it can which must reform the fuel before it can enter the fuel cell stack (for fuel cells enter the fuel cell stack (for fuel cells running on methane, gasoline, etc.)running on methane, gasoline, etc.)

Hydrogen UsageHydrogen Usage

Efficient over a range of outputs, from 1kW Efficient over a range of outputs, from 1kW to hundreds of MW.to hundreds of MW.

Efficiency of 80% for co-generation uses Efficiency of 80% for co-generation uses (produce both electricity and heat)(produce both electricity and heat)

Hydrogen ChallengesHydrogen Challenges

Cost – $25-35/kW (for automobile uses)Cost – $25-35/kW (for automobile uses) Durability – largely untestedDurability – largely untested System Size – currently large and heavySystem Size – currently large and heavy Energy management – needs large heat Energy management – needs large heat

exchangers, etc.exchangers, etc. Full list:Full list: http://www.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/mypp/pdfs/fuel_cells.pdfhttp://www.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/mypp/pdfs/fuel_cells.pdf

Excerpt from Report:Excerpt from Report:

HydropowerHydropower

Types of HydropowerTypes of Hydropower

ImpoundmentImpoundment– Stores water behind a dam in a reservoirStores water behind a dam in a reservoir

Diversion or run-of-riverDiversion or run-of-river– Diverts water from a river through turbinesDiverts water from a river through turbines– May not require a damMay not require a dam

Pumped storagePumped storage– Able to pump water from a low reservoir to a Able to pump water from a low reservoir to a

high reservoir when demand is lowhigh reservoir when demand is low

Hydroelectric TurbinesHydroelectric Turbines

3 Common types: Pelton, Francis, Propeller3 Common types: Pelton, Francis, Propeller Range in size from 200 to 800 megawattsRange in size from 200 to 800 megawatts Vary based on head: from 10-300 ft to 50-Vary based on head: from 10-300 ft to 50-

6,000 ft6,000 ft Various flow arrangements availableVarious flow arrangements available

HydroelectricityHydroelectricity

Essentially emission-freeEssentially emission-free Causes “fish injury and mortality from Causes “fish injury and mortality from

passage through turbines, as well as passage through turbines, as well as detrimental effects on the quality of detrimental effects on the quality of downstream water.”downstream water.”

SolarSolar

SolarSolar

Popularly thought of as Popularly thought of as one of those one of those alternative energy alternative energy sources…sources…

Only accounts for 1% Only accounts for 1% of total of total renewablerenewable energy consumedenergy consumed

Solar TypesSolar Types

ConcentrationConcentration– Produce steam by concentration lightProduce steam by concentration light– Looks to be viable (according to government)Looks to be viable (according to government)

Photovoltaic cellsPhotovoltaic cells– Untreated surface reflects 30% of the lightUntreated surface reflects 30% of the light– High and low wavelengths are useless, only High and low wavelengths are useless, only

about 45% of the light can be utilizedabout 45% of the light can be utilized– Lose efficiency due to recombination of Lose efficiency due to recombination of

charges, resistance, and high temperaturescharges, resistance, and high temperatures

Photovoltaic CommentsPhotovoltaic Comments

Emission-freeEmission-free Why such little popularity?Why such little popularity?

– Usually costs more than local utilitiesUsually costs more than local utilities– Costs increases dramatically to go from 95% Costs increases dramatically to go from 95%

availability to 99.99% availabilityavailability to 99.99% availability


Solar HeatingSolar Heating– Passive (technically, this provides a ridiculous Passive (technically, this provides a ridiculous

amount of energy… which we will ignore)amount of energy… which we will ignore)– ActiveActive

Liquid or gas heated by sunlightLiquid or gas heated by sunlight Heat rooms or waterHeat rooms or water Can be stored for later (liquid usually)Can be stored for later (liquid usually)


Solar LightingSolar Lighting– Used to be commonUsed to be common– Thomas Edison came alongThomas Edison came along– Coming back as hybrid lightingComing back as hybrid lighting

Hybrid LightingHybrid Lighting– Optic fiber route sunlight into hybrid fixturesOptic fiber route sunlight into hybrid fixtures– Sensors monitor input light and adjust electricity Sensors monitor input light and adjust electricity

to maintain brightnessto maintain brightness

WindWind

WindWind

Fastest-growing alternative energyFastest-growing alternative energy A form of solar energy (though technically, A form of solar energy (though technically,

everything is)everything is) Wind turbines are growing larger and more Wind turbines are growing larger and more

efficientefficient Current GE Prototype is 3.6 megawattCurrent GE Prototype is 3.6 megawatt

(300 operating 35% of the time would (300 operating 35% of the time would produce 1 trillion BTU)produce 1 trillion BTU)

How it Works (Horizontal Axis)How it Works (Horizontal Axis)

v

Wind CommentsWind Comments

Clean, relatively cheap, minimal land useClean, relatively cheap, minimal land use More expensive than standard power plant More expensive than standard power plant

both initially and based on power outputboth initially and based on power output Wind is intermittentWind is intermittent Good locations are often remoteGood locations are often remote Noise, appearance, bird-smacking abilities Noise, appearance, bird-smacking abilities

are also possible issuesare also possible issues

Pie Chart ReviewPie Chart Review

0.34

2.725

0.0630.143

2.845

1.989

0.56

0.296

Geothermal

Hydroelectric

Solar

Wind

Biomass

Wood

Waste

Alcohol Fuels

Data from 2004. Values in quadrillion BTU. Renewable energy still only Data from 2004. Values in quadrillion BTU. Renewable energy still only accounts for 6.1% of the United States’ total energy consumption. accounts for 6.1% of the United States’ total energy consumption.

ProjectionsProjections

ReferencesReferences http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cbecs/enduse_consumption/intro.htmlhttp://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cbecs/enduse_consumption/intro.html http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/recs/byfuels/2001/byfuel_el.pdfhttp://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/recs/byfuels/2001/byfuel_el.pdf http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/recs/byfuels/2001/byfuel_fo.pdfhttp://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/recs/byfuels/2001/byfuel_fo.pdf http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/recs/byfuels/2001/byfuel_kr.pdfhttp://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/recs/byfuels/2001/byfuel_kr.pdf http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/recs/byfuels/2001/byfuel_lpg.pdfhttp://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/recs/byfuels/2001/byfuel_lpg.pdf http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/recs/byfuels/2001/byfuel_ng.pdfhttp://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/recs/byfuels/2001/byfuel_ng.pdf http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/mecs/iab98/aluminum/energy_use.htmlhttp://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/mecs/iab98/aluminum/energy_use.html http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/mecs/iab98/chemicals/energy_use.htmlhttp://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/mecs/iab98/chemicals/energy_use.html http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/mecs/iab98/forest/energy_use.htmlhttp://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/mecs/iab98/forest/energy_use.html http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/mecs/iab98/glass/energy_use.htmlhttp://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/mecs/iab98/glass/energy_use.html http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/mecs/iab98/metalcasting/energy_use.htmlhttp://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/mecs/iab98/metalcasting/energy_use.html http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/mecs/iab98/petroleum/fuel.htmlhttp://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/mecs/iab98/petroleum/fuel.html http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/mecs/iab98/steel/energy_use.htmlhttp://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/mecs/iab98/steel/energy_use.html http://www.ecoworld.com/Home/articles2.cfm?TID=306http://www.ecoworld.com/Home/articles2.cfm?TID=306

http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cbecs/enduse_consumption/intro.html

http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/recs/byfuels/2001/byfuel_el.pdf

http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/recs/byfuels/2001/byfuel_fo.pdf

http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/recs/byfuels/2001/byfuel_kr.pdf

http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/recs/byfuels/2001/byfuel_lpg.pdf

http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/recs/byfuels/2001/byfuel_ng.pdf

http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/mecs/iab98/aluminum/energy_use.html

http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/mecs/iab98/chemicals/energy_use.html

http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/mecs/iab98/forest/energy_use.html

http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/mecs/iab98/glass/energy_use.html

http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/mecs/iab98/metalcasting/energy_use.html

http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/mecs/iab98/petroleum/fuel.html

http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/mecs/iab98/steel/energy_use.html

http://www.ecoworld.com/Home/articles2.cfm?TID=306

ReferencesReferences http://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/kscpao/factoids/funfacts.htmhttp://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/kscpao/factoids/funfacts.htm http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/overview.htmlhttp://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/overview.html http://abcnews.go.com/Business/CSM/story?id=1140560http://abcnews.go.com/Business/CSM/story?id=1140560 http://www.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/storage/http://www.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/storage/

basics.htmlbasics.html http://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/uses/transportation.htmlhttp://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/uses/transportation.html http://www.eere.energy.gov/geothermal/overview.htmlhttp://www.eere.energy.gov/geothermal/overview.html http://www.alliantenergygeothermal.com/stellent2/groups/public/http://www.alliantenergygeothermal.com/stellent2/groups/public/

documents/pub/geo_act_sch_001349.hcsp documents/pub/geo_act_sch_001349.hcsp http://www.crest.org/articles/static/1/995653330_5.htmlhttp://www.crest.org/articles/static/1/995653330_5.html http://www.eere.energy.gov/solar/http://www.eere.energy.gov/solar/ http://www.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/wind_how.htmlhttp://www.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/wind_how.html http://www.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/wind_ad.htmlhttp://www.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/wind_ad.html

http://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/kscpao/factoids/funfacts.htm

alternative energy in america brian heins cbe 562 september 28 th, 2006

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