allies of world war ii - wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

8/13/2019 Allies of World War II - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

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2/8/2014 Allies of World War II - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II

"The Big Three": Joseph Stalin, Franklin D.Roosevelt and Winston Churchill meeting at theTehran Conference in 1943

The Allied leaders of the Asian and Pacific Theater:Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek, Franklin D.Roosevelt, and Winston Churchill meeting at theCairo Conference in 1943

Allies of World War IIFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Allies of World War IIwere thecountries that opposed the Axis powersduring the Second World War (19391945). The Allies promoted the allianceas seeking to stop German, Italian and Japanese aggression.

The anti-German coalition at the start of the war (1 September 1939) consisted

of France, Poland and Great Britain, soon to be joined by the BritishCommonwealth (Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Newfoundland and SouthAfrica.)[1]After first having cooperated with Germany in partitioning Polandwhilst remaining neutral in the Allied-Axis conflict, the Soviet Union joined theAllies in June-1941after being invaded by Germany and its allies. The UnitedStates joined in December 1941 after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. Asof 1942, the "Big Three" leaders of Britain, the Soviet Union, and the UnitedStates controlled Allied policy; relations between Britain and the U.S. wereespecially close. Other key Allies included China, Canada, British Raj (India),the Netherlands, Norway and Yugoslavia as well as Free France; there werenumerous others. Together they called themselves the "UnitedNations" (and in1945 created the modern UN).[2]

Contents

1 Origins and creation2 Major affiliated state combatants

2.1 Soviet Union2.1.1 War justifications2.1.2 History

2.2 United States2.2.1 War justifications2.2.2 History2.2.3 Colonies and dependencies

2.2.3.1 In the Americas2.2.3.2 In Asia

2.2.4 Self-governing sovereign dominions orprotectorates

2.2.4.1 Philippines2.3 United Kingdom

2.3.1 History2.3.2 Colonies and dependencies

2.3.2.1 In Africa

2.3.2.2 In the Americas2.3.2.3 In Asia

2.3.3 Self-governing sovereign dominions, colonies orprotectorates

2.3.3.1 Australia2.3.3.2 Canada2.3.3.3 New Zealand2.3.3.4 South Africa2.3.3.5 Southern Rhodesia

2.4 China2.4.1 Factions
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II 2

Charles de Gaulle sits down with rival Henri Giraud(left) after shaking hands with him in the presenceof Franklin Roosevelt and Winston Churchill at theCasablanca Conference, 14 January 1943.

Clement Attlee, Harry S. Truman, and Joseph Stalin

at the Potsdam Conference in August 1945 after thdefeat of Germany but prior to the surrender ofJapan.

2.4.1.1 Nationalists2.4.1.2 Communists

2.5 France2.5.1 War justifications2.5.2 Colonies and dependencies

2.5.2.1 In Africa2.5.2.2 In the Americas2.5.2.3 In Asia

2.5.3 Self-governing sovereign dominions orprotectorates

2.5.3.1 Syria2.6 Poland2.7 Netherlands

2.7.1 Colonies and dependencies2.8 Belgium

2.8.1 Colonies and dependencies3 Minor affiliated state combatants

3.1 Albania3.2 Brazil3.3 Czechoslovakia

3.4 Greece3.5 Korea3.6 Mexico3.7 Yugoslavia

3.7.1 Factions3.7.1.1 Partisans3.7.1.2 Chetniks

4 Major co-belligerent state combatants4.1 Italy

5 Client states5.1 Soviet

5.1.1 Albania (Hoxha regime)5.1.2 Bulgaria5.1.3 Mongolia5.1.4 Poland (Gomuka regime)5.1.5 Romania5.1.6 Tannu Tuva

5.2 British5.2.1 Egypt

6 United Nations6.1 Declaration by United Nations6.2 Alliance growing

6.3 Charter of the United Nations7 Summary of United Nations members' joining the war on AxisPowers

7.1 After the German invasion of Poland7.2 After the Phoney War7.3 After the invasion of the USSR7.4 After the attack on Pearl Harbor7.5 After the Declaration by United Nations7.6 After D-Day

8 See also9 Footnotes
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10 Bibliography11 External links

Origins and creation

Main article: Causes of World War II

The origins of the Allied powers stem from the Allies of World War I and cooperation of the victorious powers at the Paris PeaceConference, 1919. Germany deeply resented being forced to sign the Treaty of Versailles. The new Weimar republic's legitimacybecame shaken. However the 1920s were peaceful.

With the Stock Market Crash of 1929 and the ensuing Great Depression, political unrest in Europe soared including the rise in suppoof revanchist nationalists in Germany who blamed the severity of the economic crisis on the Treaty of Versailles. By the early 1930s,the Nazi Party led by Adolf Hitler became the dominant revanchist movement in Germany and Hitler and the Nazis gained power in1933. The Nazi regime demanded the immediate cancellation of the Treaty of Versailles, and made claims to German-populatedAustria, and German-populated territories of Czechoslovakia. The likelihood of war was high, and the questions was whether it couldbe avoided through strategies such as Appeasement.

In Asia, when Japan seized Manchuria in 1931, the League of Nations condemned it for aggression against China. Japan responded b

leaving the League of Nations in March 1933. After four quiet years, the Sino-Japanese War erupted in 1937 with Japanese forcesinvading China. The League of Nations condemned Japan's actions and initiated sanctions on Japan. The United States in particularwas angered at Japan and sought to support China.

In March 1939, Germany invaded Czechoslovakia, violating the Munich Agreement signed six months before, and demonstrating thaappeasement was a failure. Britain and France decided that Hitler had no intention to uphold diplomatic agreements and responded bpreparing for war. They tried in 1939 tried to avert a German move east by promising go to war with Germany if it invaded Poland,and seeking an alliance with the USSR. Hitler ended the risk of a war with Stalin by a non-aggression pact with the USSR in August1939. It secretly divided the independent nations of eastern Europe between the two powers and assured adequate oil supplies for thGerman war machine. On 1 September 1939, Germany invaded Poland; two days later Britain and France declared war on GermanyPoland fell in a matter of days. A government in exile was set up and it became one of the Allies, a model followed by other invadedcountries. After a quiet winter Germany in April 1940 invaded and quickly defeated Scandinavia, Belgium, Holland and France. Brita

and its Empire stood alone against Hitler and Mussolini. In June 1941, however., Germany invaded the USSR. In December Japanattacked the US and Britain. The main lines of World War II had formed.

Major affiliated state combatants

Main article: Diplomatic history of World War II

During December 1942, U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt devised the name "United Nations" for the Allies. He referred to the BThree and China as a "trusteeship of the powerful", and then later the "Four Policemen".[3]TheDeclaration by United Nationson 1January 1942 was the basis of the modern United Nations (UN).[4]At the Potsdam Conference of JulyAugust 1945, Roosevelt'ssuccessor, Harry S. Truman, proposed that the foreign ministers of China, France, the Soviet Union, United Kingdom, and the United

States "should draft the peace treaties and boundary settlements of Europe", which led to the creation of the Council of ForeignMinisters.[5]

Soviet Union

War justifications

General Secretary Joseph Stalin and the government of the Soviet Union justified the Soviet war effort that resulted from the Germaninvasion of the Soviet Union with Operation Barbarossa in 1941, as a defensive war being fought by patriotic Soviet people for theirsurvival.[6]Stalin had supported popular front movements of anti-fascists including communists and non-communists from 1935 to1939.[7]The popular front strategy was terminated from 1939 to 1941 when the Soviet Union cooperated with Germany in 1939 in
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Soviet soldiers and T-34 tanksadvance in skirmish near Bryansk in1942.

Soviet soldiers fighting in the ruins ofStalingrad during the Battle ofStalingrad.

Soviet Il-2 ground attack aircraftattacking German ground forcesduring the Battle of Kursk.

the occupation and partitioning of Poland while the Soviet Union refused to endorse either the Allies or the Axis from 1939 to 1941, it called the Allied-Axis conflict an "imperialist war".[7]After the invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941, Stalin endorsed the WesternAllies as part of a renewed popular front strategy against Germany and called for the international communist movement to make acoalition with all those who opposed the Nazis.[7]

The Soviet Union intervened against Japan and its client state in Manchuria in 1945, cooperating with the Nationalist Government ofChina and Nationalist Party led by Chiang Kai Shek; though also cooperating, preferring,and encouraging the Communist Party led by Mao Zedong to take effective control ofManchuria after expelling Japanese forces.[8]

History

On 20 August 1939, forces of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics under General GeorgyZhukov, together with the People's Republic of Mongolia eliminated the threat of conflict inthe east with a decisive victory over Japan at the Battle of Khalkhin Gol in eastern Mongolia.

On the same day, Soviet party leader Joseph Stalin received a telegram from GermanChancellor Adolf Hitler, suggesting that German Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentropfly to Moscow for diplomatic talks. (After receiving a lukewarm response throughout thespring and summer, Stalin abandoned attempts for a better diplomatic relationship with

France and the United Kingdom.)[9]

On 23 August Ribbentrop and Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov signed the non-aggression pact including secret protocols dividing Eastern Europe into defined "spheres ofinfluence" for the two regimes, and specifically concerning the partition of the Polish state inthe event of its "territorial and political rearrangement".[10]

On 15 September 1939, Stalin concluded a durable ceasefire with Japan, to take effect thefollowing day (it would be upgraded to a nonaggression pact in April 1941). [11]The dayafter that, 17 September, Soviet forces invaded Poland from the east. Although some fightingcontinued until 5 October, the two invading armies held at least one joint military parade on25 September, and reinforced their non-military partnership with a GermanSoviet Treaty of

Friendship, Cooperation and Demarcation on 28 September.

On 30 November, the Soviet Union attacked Finland, for which it was expelled from theLeague of Nations. In the following year of 1940, while the world's attention was focussedupon the German invasion of France and Norway,[12]the USSR militarily[13]occupied theBaltic states[14]of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania as well as parts of Romania.

German-Soviet treaties were brought to an end by the German surprise attack on the USSRon 22 June 1941. The Soviet Union so entered in alliance with the United Kingdom.Following the USSR, a number of other communist, pro-Soviet or Soviet-controlled forcesfought against the Axis powers during the Second World War. They were as follows: theAlbanian National Liberation Front, the Chinese Red Army, the Greek National Liberation

Front, the Hukbalahap, the Malayan Communist Party, the People's Republic of Mongolia,the Polish People's Army, the Tuvan People's Republic (annexed by Soviet Union in1944),[15]the Viet Minh and the Yugoslav Partisans.

United States

War justifications

The United States had indirectly supported Britain's war effort against Germany up to 1941 and declared its opposition to territorialaggrandizement. Material support to Britain was provided while the U.S. was officially neutral via the Lend Lease Act starting in 194
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SovietKatyushamultiple rocket

launchers fire in Berlin, April 1945during the Battle of Berlin.

American Douglas SBD Dauntlessdive-bomber aircraft attacking theJapanese cruiserMikumaduring theBattle of Midway in June 1942.

American Marines during theGuadalcanal Campaign in November1942 .

President Franklin D. Roosevelt and Prime Minister Winston Churchill in August 1941promulgated the Atlantic Charter that pledged commitment to achieving "the final destructionof Nazi tyranny".[16]Signing the Atlantic Charter, and thereby joining the "United Nations"was the way a nation joined the Allies, and also became eligible for membership in theUnited Nations world body that formed in 1945.

The US strongly supported the Nationalist Government in China in its war with Japan, andprovided military equipment, supplies, and volunteers to the Nationalist Government of Chinato assist in its war effort.[17]In December 1941 Japan opened the war with its attack on

Pearl Harbor, the US declared war on Japan, and Japan's allies Germany and Italy declaredwar on the US, bringing the US into World War II.

History

On 8 December 1941, following the attack on Pearl Harbor, the United States Congressdeclared war on Japan at the request of President Franklin D. Roosevelt. This was followedby Germany and Italy declaring war on the United States on 11 December, bringing thecountry into the European theatre.

The US led Allied forces in the Pacific theatre against Japanese forces from 1941 to 1945.From 1943 to 1945, the US led and coordinated the Western Allies' war effort in Europeunder the leadership of General Dwight Eisenhower.

The surprise attack on Pearl Harbor followed by Japan's swift attacks on Allied locationsthroughout the Pacific, resulted in major US losses in the first several months in the war,including losing control of the Philippines, Guam, Wake Island and several Aleutian islandsincluding Attu and Kiska to Japanese forces. American naval forces attained some earlysuccesses against Japan. One was the bombing of Japanese industrial centres in the DoolittleRaid. Another was repelling a Japanese invasion of Port Moresby in New Guinea during theBattle of the Coral Sea.[18]A major turning point in the Pacific War was the Battle ofMidway where American naval forces were outnumbered by Japanese forces that had beensent to Midway to draw out and destroy American aircraft carriers in the Pacific and seize

control of Midway that would place Japanese forces in close proximity to Hawaii.[19]

However American forces managed to sink four of Japan's six large aircraft carriers that hadinitiated the attack on Pearl Harbor along with other attacks on Allied forces. Afterwards theUS began an offensive against Japanese-captured positions. The Guadalcanal Campaignfrom 1942 to 1943 was a major contention point where American and Japanese forcesstruggled to gain control of Guadalcanal.

Colonies and dependencies

In the Americas

The United States held multiple dependencies in the Americas, such as Alaska, the Panama Canal Zone, Puerto Rico, and the U.S.Virgin Islands.

In Asia

The United States held multiple island dependencies in Asia during World War II such as American Samoa, Guam, Hawaii, MidwayIslands, Wake Island and others. These dependencies were directly involved in the Pacific campaign of the war.

Self-governing sovereign dominions or protectorates

Philippines
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American Consolidated B-24 Liberatobomber aircraft during the bombingof oil refineries in Ploieti, Romaniaon 1 August 1943 during OperationTidal Wave.

American soldiers depart landing crafduring the Normandy landings on 6June 1944 known as D-Day, in theBattle of Normandy.

British Supermarine Spitfire fighteraircraft (left) flying past a GermanHeinkel He-111 bomber aircraft

(right) during the Battle of Britain.

The Commonwealth of the Philippines was a sovereign protectorate referred to as an"associated state" of the United States. The Philippines were occupied by Japanese forcesfrom late 1941 to 1944 who established a client regime there during their military occupation.

United Kingdom

Further information: Military history of Australia during World War II, India inWorld War II, Military history of Canada during World War II, Military history ofthe United Kingdom during World War II, Military history of New Zealand during

World War II, and Military history of South Africa during World War II

History

The United Kingdom and other members of the British Commonwealth, known as theDominions, declared war on Germany separately, all within one week of each other; thesecountries were Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Newfoundland and the Union of SouthAfrica. Southern Rhodesia, while self-governing, did not have independence in foreignpolicy.

The first major naval confrontation in the Atlantic Ocean was between British warships of the

UK's Royal Navy versus the German cruiserAdmiral Graf Speeof theKriegsmarineduring the Battle of the River Plate in 1939 whereby British warships badly damaged thedmiral Graf Speethat escaped and attempted to seek refuge in the neutral port of

Montevideo, Uruguay, but was refused, resulting in the Captain of the German warshipevacuating the crew and scuttling it.

Upon the entry of Italy into the war on the Axis side in June 1940, the British governmentrecognized the dangerous threat posed to the UK's possessions and interests in theMediterranean posed by Italy's large navy, theRegia Marina, as a result the British initiatedthe attack on Taranto in November 1940, where British naval aircraft sank three Italianbattleships in the harbour of Taranto and destroyed the seaplane base there.[20]


In Africa

Britain held multiple African colonies during World War II. Many West African countriesparticipated in World War II. Two West African and one East African division served in theBurma Campaign.

In the Americas

Newfoundland was a British dominion-dependency during the war after it decided to

relinquish its self-governing dominion status to a semi-autonomous dominion-dependencystatus in 1934.

The Falkland Islands were a British dependency during the war.

Belize then known as British Honduras, was a British dependency during the war.

Guyana was a British dependency during the war.

Jamaica was a British dependency during the war.

In Asia
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British tanks during the North AfricaCampaign.

British aircraft carrierHMS ArkRoyalunder attack from Italianaircraft during the Battle of CapeSpartivento.

British soldiers in Northwest Europe,1944 or 1945.

The Cyprus Regiment was formed by the British Government during the Second World War and made part of the British Armystructure. It was mostly Greek Cypriots volunteers and Turkish speaking Cypriot inhabitants of Cyprus but also included otherCommonwealth nationalities. On a brief visit to Cyprus in 1943, Winston Churchill praised the "soldiers of the Cyprus Regiment whohave served honourably on many fields from Libya to Dunkirk". About 30,000 Cypriots served in the Cyprus Regiment. The regimenwas involved in action from the very start and served at Dunkirk, in the Greek Campaign (Battle of Greece) (about 600 soldiers werecaptured in Kalamata in 1941), North Africa (Operation Compass), France, the Middle East and Italy. Many soldiers were takenprisoner especially at the beginning of the war and were interned in various POW camps (Stalag) including Lamsdorf (Stalag VIII-B)Stalag IVC at Wistritz bei Teplitz and Stalag 4b near Most in the Czech Republic. The soldiers captured in Kalamata were transporteby train to prisoner of war camps.

British India (including the areas and peoples covered by the later Republic of India,Bangladesh, Pakistan and Burma/Myanmar) and territories controlled by the Colonial Office,namely the Crown Colonies, were controlled politically by the UK and therefore alsoentered hostilities with Britain's declaration of war. At the outbreak of World War II, theIndian army numbered 205,000 men. Later during World War II the Indian Army becamethe largest all-volunteer force in history, rising to over 2.5 million men in size.[10] Theseforces included tank, artillery and airborne forces. Indian soldiers earned 30 VictoriaCrosses during the Second World War. It suffered 1,500,000 civilian casualties (more thanthe United Kingdom), mainly from the Bengal famine of 1943 caused by the fall of Burma tothe Japanese[21]and the transfer of food to the war effort, and 87,000 military casualties(more than any Crown colony but fewer than the United Kingdom). The UK suffered

382,000 military casualties.

Kuwait was a protectorate of the United Kingdom formally established in 1920.

Palestine was a mandate dependency created in the peace agreements after World War Ifrom former territory of the Ottoman Empire.

Self-governing sovereign dominions, colonies or protectorates

Australia

Australia was a self-governing sovereign dominion under the British monarchy under theterms of the Balfour Declaration of 1926.

Canada

Canada was a self-governing sovereign dominion under the Statute of Westminster in 1931.In a symbolic statement of autonomous foreign policy Prime Minister William LyonMackenzie King delayed Parliament's vote on a declaration of war for seven days afterBritain had declared war. Canada was the last member of the Commonwealth to declarewar on Germany.[22]

New Zealand

New Zealand was a self-governing sovereign dominion under the British monarchy under theterms of the Balfour Declaration of 1926.

South Africa

South Africa was a self-governing sovereign dominion under the British monarchy the termsof the Balfour Declaration of 1926. South Africa held authority over the mandate of South-West Africa.

Southern Rhodesia
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Canada's Mackenzie King, Britain's WinstonChurchill, New Zealand's Peter Fraser, U.S. GeneralDwight D Eisenhower, Southern Rhodesia's GodfreyHuggins and South Africa's Jan Smuts, in England

just before the Normandy landings in June 1944

Australian forces in New Guinea in1944 during the campaign againstJapanese forces.

Chiang Kai-shek (first row, secondfrom left side), Mao Zedong (firstrow, third from left), United Statesambassador Patrick J. Hurley (first

row, first on left), 1945.

Southern Rhodesia was a self-governing colony, having received responsible government from the UK government in 1923, but not asovereign dominion. It governed itself internally and controlled its own armedforces, but had no diplomatic autonomy, and therefore was officially at war assoon as Britain was at war. The Southern Rhodesian colonial governmentissued a symbolic declaration of war nevertheless on 3 September 1939,which made no difference diplomatically, but preceded the declarations ofwar made by all other British dominions and colonies. [23]

China

Main article: Second Sino-Japanese War

In the 1920s the Soviet Union provided military assistance to Kuomintang, orthe Nationalists and helped reorganized their party along Leninist lines: aunification of party, state, and army. In exchange the Nationalists agreed to letmembers of the Chinese Communist Party join the Nationalists on anindividual basis. However, following the nominal unification of China at theend of the Northern Expedition in 1928, Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shekpurged leftists from his party and fought against the revolting ChineseCommunist Party, former warlords, and other militarist factions. A fragmented Chinaprovided easy opportunities for Japan to gain territories piece by piece without engaging intotal war. Following the 1931 Mukden Incident, the puppet state of Manchukuo wasestablished. Throughout the early to mid-1930s, Chiang's anti-communist and anti-militaristcampaigns continued while he fought small, incessant conflicts against Japan, usually followedby unfavorable settlements and concessions after military defeats.

In 1936 Chiang was forced to cease his anti-communist military campaigns after his kidnapand release by Zhang Xueliang, and reluctantly formed a nominal alliance with theCommunists, while the Communists agreed to fight under the nominal command of theNationalists against the Japanese. Following the Marco Polo Bridge Incident of 7 July 1937,China and Japan became embroiled in a full-scale war. The Soviet Union, wishing to keepChina in the fight against Japan, supplied China with military assistance until 1941, when itsigned a non aggression pact with Japan. Continuous clashes between the Communists andNationalists behind enemy lines cumulated in a major military conflict between these twoformer allies that effectively ended their cooperation against the Japanese, and China hadbeen divided between the internationally-recognized Nationalist China under the leadershipof Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek and the Communist China under the leadership of MaoZedong until the Japanese surrendered in 1945.

Factions

Nationalists

Main article: Nationalist Government

Prior to the alliance of Germany and Italy to Japan, the Nationalist Government held closerelations with both Germany and Italy. In the early 1930s, Sino-German cooperation between the Nationalist Government andGermany in military and industrial matters. Nazi Germany provided the largest proportion of Chinese arms imports and technicalexpertise. Relations between the Nationalist Government and Italy during the 1930s varied, however even after the NationalistGovernment followed League of Nations sanctions against Italy for its invasion of Ethiopia, the international sanctions provedunsuccessful, and relations between the Fascist government in Italy and the Nationalist Government in China returned to normal shortlafterwards.[24]Up until 1936, Mussolini had provided the Nationalists with Italian military air and naval missions to help theNationalists fight against Japanese incursions and communist insurgents.[24]Italy also held strong commercial interests and a strongcommercial position in China.[24]However after 1936 the relationship between the Nationalist Government and Italy changed due to Japanese diplomatic proposal to recognize the Italian Empire that included occupied Ethiopia within it in exchange for Italian
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Soldiers of the National RevolutionaryArmy associated with NationalistChina, during the Sino-Japanese War

Soldiers of the First Workers' andPeasants' Army associated withCommunist China, during the Sino-Japanese War.

recognition of Manchukuo, Italian Foreign Minister Galeazzo Ciano accepted this offer by Japan, and on 23 October 1936 Japanrecognized the Italian Empire and Italy recognized Manchukuo, as well as discussing increasing commercial links between Italy andJapan.[25]

The Nationalist Government held close relations with the United States. The United States opposed Japan's invasion of China in 1937that it considered an illegal violation of China's sovereignty, and offered the Nationalist Government diplomatic, economic, and militaryassistance during its war against Japan. In particular, the United States sought to bring the Japanese war effort to a complete halt byimposing a full embargo on all trade between the United States to Japan, Japan was dependent on the United States for 80 percent oits petroleum, resulting in an economic and military crisis for Japan that could not continue its war effort with China without access to

petroleum.[26]In November 1940, American military aviator Claire Lee Chennault uponobserving the dire situation in the air war between China and Japan, set out to organize avolunteer squadron of American fighter pilots to fight alongside the Chinese against Japan,this squadron was known as the Flying Tigers.[27]US President Franklin D. Rooseveltaccepted dispatching the Flying Tigers to China in early 1941.[27]However, the FlyingTigers only became operational shortly after the attack on Pearl Harbor.

The Soviet Union recognized the Republic of China but urged reconciliation with theCommunist Party of China and inclusion of Communists in the government.[28]The SovietUnion also urged military and cooperation between Nationalist China and Communist Chinaduring the war.[28]

Even though the Republic of China had been fighting the longest among all the Allied powers,it only officially joined the Allies after the attack on Pearl Harbor, on 7 December 1941.Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek thought Allied victory was assured with the entrance of theUnited States into the war, and he declared war on Germany and the other Axis nations.However, Allied aid remained low because the Burma Road was closed and the Alliessuffered a series of military defeats against Japan early on in the campaign. General Sun Li-en led the R.O.C. forces to the relief of 7,000 British forces trapped by the Japanese in theBattle of Yenangyaung. He then reconquered North Burma and re-established the land routeto China by the Ledo Road. But the bulk of military aid did not arrive until the spring of 1945. More than 1.5 million Japanese troopswere trapped in the China Theatre, troops that otherwise could have been deployed elsewhere if China had collapsed and made aseparate peace.

Communists

Main article: Communist-controlled China (19271949)

Communist China had been tacitly supported by the Soviet Union since the 1920s, thoughthe Soviet Union diplomatically recognized the Republic of China, Joseph Stalin supportedcooperation between the Nationalists and the Communistsincluding pressuring theNationalist Government to grant the Communists state and military positions in thegovernment.[28]This was continued into the 1930s that fell in line with the Soviet Union'spolicy of popular fronts that sought to increase communists' influence in governments.[28]TheSoviet Union urged military and cooperation between Soviet China and Nationalist China

during China's war against Japan.[28]Initially Mao Zedong accepted the demands of theSoviet Union and in 1938 had recognized Chiang Kai-Shek as the "leader" of the "Chinesepeople".[29]In turn, the Soviet Union accepted Mao's tactic of "continuous guerilla warfare"in the countryside that involved a goal of extending the Communist bases, even if it wouldresult in increased tensions with the Nationalists.[29]

After the breakdown of their cooperation with the Nationalists in 1941, the Communistsprospered and grew as the war against Japan dragged on, building up their sphere ofinfluence wherever opportunities were presented, mainly through rural mass organizations, administrative, land and tax reform measurfavoring poor peasants; while the Nationalists attempted to neutralize the spread of Communist influence by military blockade andfighting the Japanese at the same time.[30]
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Free French forces at thBattle of Bir Hakeim.

FAFL Free French GC II/5"LaFayette"receiving ex-USAAFCurtiss P-40 fighters at Casablanca,French Morocco on 9 January 1943.

Free French M4 Sherman tank durinthe Normandy Campaign in 1944.

The Communist Party's position in China was boosted further upon the intervention of the Soviet Union in Manchuria against theJapanese puppet state of Manchukuo and Japanese military forces in China. Upon the intervention of the Soviet Union against Japan World War II in 1945, Mao Zedong in April and May 1945 had planned to mobilize 150,000 to 250,000 soldiers from across Chinto work with forces of the Soviet Union in capturing Manchuria.[31]

France

Main article: Military history of France during World War II

War justifications

After Germany repudiated the Munich Agreement and invaded Czechoslovakia and then invadedPoland, France declared war on Germany anticipating that Germany would eventually declare war onFrance.[32]In January 1940, French Prime Minister douard Daladier made a major speech denouncingthe actions of Germany:

"At the end of five months of war, one thing has become more and more clear. It is that Germanyseeks to establish a domination of the world completely different from any known in worldhistory."

"The domination at which the Nazis aim is not limited to the displacement of the balance of powerand the imposition of the supremacy of one nation. It seeks the systematic and total destruction ofthose conquered by Hitler and it does not treaty with the nations which it has subdued. Hedestroys them. He takes from them their whole political and economic existence andseeks even to deprive them of their history and culture. He wishes only to considerthem as vital space and a vacant territory over which he has every right."

"The human beings who constitute these nations are for him only cattle. He orderstheir massacre or migration. He compels them to make room for their conquerors. Hedoes not even take the trouble to impose any war tribute on them. He just takes alltheir wealth and, to prevent any revolt, he scientifically seeks the physical and moraldegradation of those whose independence he has taken away."[32]

France experienced several major phases of action during World War II:

The "Phoney War" of 19391940, also called drle de guerrein France, dziwnawojnain Poland (both meaning "Strange War"), or the "Sitzkrieg"("Sitting War") inGermany.The Battle of France in MayJune 1940, which resulted in the defeat of the Allies, thefall of the French Third Republic and the creation of the rump state Vichy Francewhich received diplomatic recognition by the major part of the internationalcommunity, including the government of the United States.[33]

The period of French Resistance and Free French Forces, from 19401944, until theJune 1944 D-Day invasions part of the Battle of Normandy and the August 1944invasion of southern France in Operation Dragoon, which led to the Liberation ofParis on 25 August 1944 and the liberation of France by the allies. Free France was agovernment-in-exile recognized, between major Allies, only by Britain.The political creation of the Provisional Government of the French Republic, and themilitary actions following the redesignation of "French Army B" as the First FrenchArmy, including the final drive on Germany, which culminated in V-E Day, on 7 May1945.


In Africa
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The fall of Damascus to the Allies,late June 1941. A car carrying FreeFrench commanders General GeorgeCatroux and General Paul Louis LeGentilhomme enters the city, escorte

by French Circassian cavalry (GardeTcherkess).

Polish soldiers in combat during theinvasion of Poland.

In Africa these included: French West Africa, Madagascar, the protectorate and dependency of Tunisia, the mandate of FrenchCameroon, the mandate of French Togo and Djibouti.

In the Americas

In the Americas these included: French Guiana, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, and others.

In Asia

In Asia these included: French Indochina, French India, the mandate of Lebanon, French Polynesia, and others.

Self-governing sovereign dominions or protectorates

Syria

The French government in 1936 attempted to grant independence to its mandate of Syria inthe Franco-Syrian Treaty of Independence of 1936 signed by France and Syria. Howeveropposition to the treaty grew in France and the treaty was not ratified. Syria had become anofficial republic in 1930 and was largely self-governing.

In 1941, forces loyal to the Vichy regime took control of Syria. However in 1941, a British-led invasion supported by Free French forces expelled Vichy French forces.

Poland

Main article: Polish contribution to World War II

The invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939, started the war in Europe, and the UnitedKingdom and France declared war on Germany on 3 September. Poland fielded the thirdbiggest army[34]among the European Allies, after the Soviet Union and United Kingdom, butbefore France. The country never officially surrendered to the Third Reich and continued thewar effort under the Polish government in exile. However, the Soviet Union unilaterally

considered the flight to Romania of President Ignacy Mocicki and Marshal Edward Rydz-migy on 17 September as an evidence of debellatiocausing the extinction of Polish State,and consequently declared itself allowed to invade (according to Soviet position: "toprotect") Eastern Poland starting from the same day.[35]It must be noted that the Red Armyhad invaded the Second Polish Republic several hours before Polish president fled toRomania. The Soviets invaded on Sept. 17 at 3 a.m.,[36]while president Mocicki crossedthe Polish-Romanian border at 21:45 on the same day.[37]

Polish soldiers fought under the command of the Polish Government in Exile in many parts ofthe world. They were major contributors to the allies in the theatre of war west of Germanyand in the theatre of war east of Germany, with the Soviet Union. They also had minor

contributions in the Atlantic Ocean and in Scandinavia. The Polish Air Force fought in theBattle of Britain. The Polish expeditionary corps played minor roles in the Battle of France, and important ones in the Italian and NortAfrican Campaigns.[38][39]They are particularly well remembered for their conduct at the Battle of Monte Cassino, a conflict whichculminated in the raising of a Polish flag over the ruins of the mountain-top abbey by the 12th Podolian Uhlans. The Polish forces in ththeatre of war east of Germany were commanded by Lieutenant General Wadysaw Anders. The Polish People's Army took part inthe Battle of Berlin, the closing battle of the European theater of war. They occupied the city alongside the Soviet Red Army.

Home Army, the largest underground force in Europe, and other resistance organizations in occupied Poland provided intelligence thaenabled successful operations later in the war and led to uncovering the Nazi war crimes (i.e., death camps) to the Western Allies.Notable Polish units fought in every campaign in Europe and North Africa (outside the Balkans). Polish Armed Forces in the Westwere created in France and, after its fall, in the United Kingdom. The Soviet Union recognized the London-based government but
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Members of the Belgian resistance with aCanadian soldier in Bruges, September1944 during the Battle of the Scheldt.

Albanian Partisans in Tirana in 1944.

Brazilian soldiers of the BrazilianExpeditionary Force the city ofMassarosa, Italy in September 1944.

Before the war, Belgium had pursued a policy of neutrality and only became an Allied member after being invaded by Germany on 10May 1940. During the ensuing fighting, Belgian forces fought alongside French and British forces against the invaders. While the Britisand French were struggling against the fast German advance elsewhere on the front, the Belgian forces were pushed into a pocket tothe north. Finally on 28 May, the King Leopold III surrendered himself and his militaryto the Germans, having decided the Allied cause was lost. The legal Belgian governmentwas reformed as a government in exile in London. Belgian troops and pilots continuedto fight on the Allied side as the Free Belgian Forces. Belgium itself was occupied, but asizeable Resistance was formed and was loosely coordinated by the government in exileand other Allied powers.

British and Canadian troops arrived in Belgium in September 1944 and the capital,Brussels, was liberated on 6 September. Because of the Ardennes Offensive, thecountry was only fully liberated in early 1945.


Belgium had one colony and one mandate dependency in Africa, the colony of theBelgian Congo and the mandate of Ruanda-Urundi. The Belgian Congo was notoccupied and remained loyal to the Allies as an important economic asset while itsdeposits of Uranium were key to the Allied efforts to develop the atomic bomb. Troopsfrom the Belgian Congo participated in the East African Campaign against the Italians. The colonial Force Publiquealso served inother theatres including Madagascar, the Middle-East, India and Burma alongside British forces.

Minor affiliated state combatants

Albania

Albania was occupied by Italy in 1939, King Zog was forced into exile, and Albania wasturned into an Italian protectorate. After Italy capitulated to the Allies in 1943, Albania cameunder German occupation and a German puppet state was established. Albanian resistanceto Axis control arose during the war, particularly communist Partisans led by Enver Hoxha.

Brazil

Main article: Brazilian Expeditionary Force

Initially, Brazil maintained a position of neutrality, trading with both the Allies and the AxisPowers, while Brazilian president Getlio Vargas's quasi-Fascist policies indicated a leaningtoward the Axis powers. However, as the war progressed, trade with the Axis countriesbecame almost impossible and the United States initiated forceful diplomatic and economicefforts to bring Brazil onto the Allied side.

At the beginning of 1942, Brazil permitted the United States to set up air bases on its

territory, especially in Natal, strategically located at the easternmost corner of the SouthAmerican continent, and on 28 January the country severed diplomatic relations withGermany, Japan, and Italy. After that, 36 Brazilian merchant ships were sunk by the Germanand Italian navies, which led the Brazilian government to declare war against Germany andItaly on 22 August 1942.

Brazil then sent a 25,700 strong Expeditionary Force to Europe that fought mainly on theItalian front, from September 1944 to May 1945. Also, the Brazilian Navy and Air Forceacted in the Atlantic Ocean from the middle of 1942 until the end of war. Brazil was the only South American country to send troops fight in the European theatre in the Second World War.

Czechoslovakia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Americanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Oceanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Air_Forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Navyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_front_World_War_2#Allied_advance_into_Northern_Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expeditionary_warfarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natal,_Rio_Grande_do_Nortehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Get%C3%BAlio_Vargashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_Powershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Expeditionary_Forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enver_Hoxhahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force_Publiquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_African_Campaign_(World_War_II)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uraniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruanda-Urundihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Congohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardennes_Offensivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brusselshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Resistancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Belgian_Forceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Government_in_Exilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_III_of_Belgiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Belgiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massarosahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Expeditionary_Forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Massarosaw.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Partisans_in_Tirana.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Scheldthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brugeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Belgian_res.jpg


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Ludvk Svoboda with Czechoslovaksoldiers of the 1st CzechoslovakArmy Corps in the Eastern Front in1943.

Greek soldiers in March 1941 duringthe Greco-Italian War.

Korean soldiers of the KoreanLiberation Army.

Czechoslovakia along with the United Kingdom and France attempted to resolve Germanirredentist claims to the Sudetenland region in 1938 with the Munich Agreement, however inMarch 1939, Czechoslovakia was invaded by Germany and partitioned between Germany,Hungary, and a German client state of Slovakia. The Czechoslovak government-in-exileoined the Allies, the occupation and partition of Czechoslovakia amongst the Axis powerswas not accepted by the Allied powers. Czechoslovakian military units took part in the war.

Greece

Greece was invaded by Italy in 1940 and subsequently joined the Allies. The Greek Armymanaged to reverse the Italian offensive from Italy's protectorate of Albania, and Greekforces pushed Italian forces back into Albania. However after German intervention, Germanforces managed to occupy Greece. The Greek government went into exile. Axis forces wereexpelled from Greece by 1944.

Korea

Since 1919, Korea had been occupied by Japan. The Provisional Government of theRepublic of Korea operated in exile in China. The Provisional Government declared war onJapan and Germany on 9 December 1941. The Korean Liberation Army fought alongside

Chinese forces against Japan during the war.

Mexico

Mexico declared war on Germany in 1942 after German submarines attacked the Mexicanoil tankersPotrero del LlanoandFaja de Orothat were transporting crude oil to theUnited States. These attacks prompted President Manuel vila Camacho to declare war onthe Axis powers.

Mexico formed Escuadrn 201 fighter squadron as part of the Fuerza Area ExpedicionariaMexicana (FAEM"Mexican Expeditionary Air Force"). The squadron was attached to the58th Fighter Group of the United States Army Air Forces and carried out tactical air support

missions during the liberation of the main Philippine island of Luzon in the summer of1945.[40]

Some 300,000 Mexican citizens went to the United States to work in factories thatproduced war supplies and to help in any way that would benefit the Allies. Around 15,000US nationals of Mexican origin and Mexican residents in the US enrolled in the US Armed Forces and fought in various fronts aroundthe world.[41]

Yugoslavia

Yugoslavia entered the war on the Allied side after invasion by the Axis powers in 1941. The country was occupied, with the anti-Axresistance movement split between the royalist Chetniks and the communist Yugoslav Partisans of Josip Broz Tito who fought againsteach other during the war. The Yugoslav Partisans managed to put up considerable resistance to the Axis occupation, forming variouliberated territories during the war. In 1944, the leading Allied powers persuaded Tito's Yugoslav Partisans and the royalist Yugoslavgovernment led by Prime Minister Ivan ubai to sign the Treaty of Vis that created Democratic Federal Yugoslavia.

Factions

Partisans

The Partisans were a major Yugoslav resistance movement against the Axis occupation and partition of Yugoslavia. Initially thePartisans were in rivalry with the Chetniks over control of the resistance movement. However the Partisans were recognized by boththe Eastern and Western Allies as the primary resistance movement in 1943.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Federal_Yugoslaviahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Vishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_%C5%A0uba%C5%A1i%C4%87http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josip_Broz_Titohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chetnikshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslaviahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luzonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/58th_Operations_Grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuerza_A%C3%A9rea_Expedicionaria_Mexicanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escuadr%C3%B3n_201http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_%C3%81vila_Camachohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Mexicohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faja_de_Orohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potrero_del_Llanohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexicohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Liberation_Armyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_Koreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich_Agreementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Korean_Liberation_Army.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greco-Italian_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Greek_Army_during_Primavera_Offensive_Klisura_March_1941.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Corps_(Czechoslovakia)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludv%C3%ADk_Svobodahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Legie_-_slavnostn%C3%AD_n%C3%A1stup.jpg


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Soldiers of the Polish Second Army in thearea of Nysa uzycka River after fording in April 1945.

Poland (Gomuka regime)

Main article: Polish Armed Forces in the East

By 1944 Poland entered the Soviet sphere of influence with Wadysaw Gomukaforming a communist government. Polish forces fought alongside Soviet forces againstGermany.

Romania

Romania had initially been a member of the Axis powers but switched allegiance uponfacing invasion by the Soviet Union. In a radio broadcast to the Romanian people andarmy on the night of 23 August 1944 King Michael issued a cease-fire, [42]proclaimedRomania's loyalty to the Allies, announced the acceptance of an armistice (to be signedon September 12)[43]offered by Great Britain, the United States, and the USSR, anddeclared war on Germany.[44]The coup accelerated the Red Army's advance intoRomania, but did not avert a rapid Soviet occupation and capture of about 130,000 Romanian soldiers, who were transported to theSoviet Union where many perished in prison camps. The armistice was signed three weeks later on 12 September 1944, on termsvirtually dictated by the Soviet Union.[42]Under the terms of the armistice, Romania announced its unconditional surrender[45]to theUSSR and was placed under occupation of the Allied forces with the Soviet Union as their representative, in control of media,

communication, post, and civil administration behind the front.[42]

Tannu Tuva

Tannu Tuva was a partially recognized state founded from the former Tuvan protectorate of Imperial Russia. It was a client state of thSoviet Union and was annexed into the Soviet Union in 1944.

British

Egypt

The Kingdom of Egypt was nominally an independent state since 1922 but effectively remained in a British sphere of influence with thBritish Mediterranean fleet being stationed in Alexandria and British army forces being stationed in the Suez Canal zone. Egypt facedan Axis campaign led by Italian and German forces during the war. Frustration by the UK over Egypt's King Farouk's rule resulted inthe Abdeen Palace Incident of 1942 where British army forces surrounded the Abdeen palace, a residence of King Farouk,demanding a new government be established, that nearly forced the abdication of Farouk until he submitted to British demands.

United Nations

Declaration by United Nations

The alliance was formalised in theDeclaration by United Nationson 1 January 1942. There were 26 signatories:

AustraliaBelgiumBritish IndiaCanadaChinaCosta RicaCubaCzechoslovakiaDominican RepublicEl Salvador
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Salvadorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Ricahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Rajhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration_by_United_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdeen_Palace_Incident_of_1942http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Canalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Egypthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvan_People%27s_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Armyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USSRhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Gomu%C5%82kahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Armed_Forces_in_the_Easthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nysa_%C5%81uzyckahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Polish_2nd_Army_on_the_Eastern_Front.jpg


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Wartime poster for the UnitedNations, created in 1942 bythe US Office of WarInformation, showing the 26members of the alliance

Wartime poster for the UnitedNations, created in 1943 bythe US Office of WarInformation

GreeceGuatemalaHaitiHondurasLuxembourgNetherlandsNew ZealandNicaraguaNorwayPanamaPolandSoviet UnionSouth AfricaUnited KingdomUnited States of AmericaYugoslavia

Alliance growing

The United Nations began growing immediately after their formation. In 1942, Mexico, the

Philippines and Ethiopia adhered to the declaration. The African nation had been restored in itsindependence by British forces after the Italian defeat on Amba Alagi in 1941, while the Philippines,still dependent on Washington but granted international diplomatic recognition, was allowed to joinon 10 June despite their occupation by Japan.

During 1943, the Declaration was signed by Iraq, Iran, Brazil, Bolivia and Colombia. A TripartiteTreaty of Alliance with Britain and USSR formalised Iran's assistance to the Allies.[46]In Rio deJaneiro, Brazilian dictator Getlio Vargas was considered near to fascist ideas, but realisticallyoined the United Nations after their evident successes.

In 1944, Liberia and France signed. The French situation was very confused. Free France forceswere recognized only by Britain, while United States considered Vichy France as the legalgovernment of the country until Operation Overlord, also preparing US occupation francs. WinstonChurchill urged Roosevelt restoring France in its status of a major Power after the liberation ofParis in August 1944: the Prime Minister feared that after the war, Britain could remain the solegreat Power in Europe facing Communist threat, as it was in 1941 against Nazism.

During the early part of 1945, Peru, Chile, Paraguay, Venezuela, Uruguay, Turkey, Egypt, SaudiArabia, Lebanon, Syria (these latter two French colonies had been declared independent nationsby British occupation troops, despite big protests by Petain before, and De Gaulle after) andEcuador became signatories. Ukraine and Belarus, which were not independent nations but parts ofthe Soviet Union, were accepted as members of the United Nations as way to provide greaterinfluence to Stalin, who had only Yugoslavia as a communist partner in the alliance.

Charter of the United Nations

Main article: Charter of the United Nations

The Charter of the United Nations was agreed to during the war at the United Nations Conferenceon International Organization, held between April and July 1945. The Charter was signed by 50nations on 26 June (Poland had its place reserved and later became the 51st "original" signatory),and was formally ratified shortly after the war on 24 October 1945. The four leading Allied nations,namely China, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States met repeatedly during the war, such as at the 1944conference at Dumbarton Oaks where the formation and permanent seats of the United Nations Security Council were decided. TheSecurity Council met for the first time in the immediate aftermath of war on 17 January 1946. [47]
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The first version of the flag of theUnited Nations, introduced in April1945

These are the original 51 signatories (Security Council Permanent members are asterisked):

Argentine RepublicCommonwealth of

AustraliaKingdom of BelgiumRepublic of BoliviaRepublic of the United

States of BrazilByelorussian Soviet

Socialist RepublicDominion of CanadaRepublic of ChileRepublic of China*Republic of ColombiaRepublic of Costa RicaRepublic of CubaCzechoslovakiaKingdom of Denmark

Dominican RepublicRepublic of EcuadorKingdom of EgyptRepublic of El SalvadorImperial State of EthiopiaFrench Republic*Kingdom of GreeceRepublic of GuatemalaRepublic of HaitiRepublic of HondurasIndian Empire

Imperial Kingdom of IranKingdom of IraqLebanese RepublicRepublic of LiberiaGrand Duchy of LuxembourgUnited Mexican States

Kingdom of the NetherlandsDominion of New ZealandRepublic of NicaraguaKingdom of NorwayRepublic of PanamaRepublic of ParaguayRepublic of PeruCommonwealth of the PhilippinesRepublic of PolandKingdom of Saudi ArabiaUnion of South Africa

Syrian RepublicRepublic of TurkeyUkrainian Soviet Socialist RepublicUnion of Soviet Socialist Republics*United Kingdom of Great Britain and

Northern Ireland*United States of America*Oriental Republic of UruguayUnited States of VenezuelaDemocratic Federal Yugoslavia

Summary of United Nations members' joining the war on Axis Powers

After the German invasion of Poland

Further information: Invasion of Poland (1939)

September 1939

Poland: 1 September 1939Australia: 3 September 1939France: 3 September 1939 [48]

New Zealand: 3 September 1939United Kingdom: 3 September 1939

British India: 3 September 1939 (automatically effected by the UK declaration of war)[49][50][51]

Kingdom of Nepal: 4 September 1939Union of South Africa: 6 September 1939Canada: 10 September 1939

April 1940

Denmark: 9 April 1940[52]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmarkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nepalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Rajhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Third_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Polish_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland_(1939)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Federal_Yugoslaviahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuelahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Polish_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_the_Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peruhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraguayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panamahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaraguahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexicohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iraqhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_State_of_Iranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Rajhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hondurashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemalahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_French_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Salvadorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Egypthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuadorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmarkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Ricahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boliviahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanent_members_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Councilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_Nations_(1945-1947).svg


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Norway: 9 April 1940

After the Phoney War

Further information: Phoney War

Belgium: 10 May 1940Luxembourg: 10 May 1940Netherlands: 10 May 1940

Greece: 28 October 1940Yugoslavia: 6 April 1941[53]

After the invasion of the USSR

Further information: Operation Barbarossa

Soviet Union: 22 June 1941Ukrainian SSR: 22 June 1941 [54]

Byelorussian SSR: 22 June 1941

After the attack on Pearl Harbor

Further information: Attack on Pearl Harbor

United States of America: 7 December 1941Commonwealth of the Philippines: 8 December 1941[55]

Panama: 7 December 1941Costa Rica: 8 December 1941Dominican Republic: 8 December 1941El Salvador: 8 December 1941Haiti: 8 December 1941

Honduras: 8 December 1941Nicaragua: 8 December 1941China: 9 December 1941[56]

Cuba: 9 December 1941Guatemala: 9 December 1941Free Czechoslovak: 16 December 1941[57]

After the Declaration by United Nations

Main article: Declaration by United Nations

Mexico: 22 May 1942Brazil: 22 August 1942Ethiopia: 14 December 1942[58]

Bolivia: 7 April 1943Colombia: 26 July 1943Iran: 9 September 1943[59]

Liberia: 27 January 1944Peru: 12 February 1944

After D-Day
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peruhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_State_of_Iranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boliviahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexicohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration_by_United_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovak_government-in-exilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemalahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaraguahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hondurashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Salvadorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Ricahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panamahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_the_Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harborhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Barbarossahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslaviahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoney_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway


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Mainarticle: Operation Overlord

Ecuador: 2 February 1945Paraguay: 7 February 1945Uruguay: 15 February 1945Venezuela: 15 February 1945Turkey: 23 February 1945Egypt: 24 February 1945Lebanon: 27 February 1945

Syria: 27 February 1945Saudi Arabia: 1 March 1945Finland: 3 March 1945 (effectively from 15 September 1944)[60]

Argentina: 27 March 1945Chile: 11 April 1945 (only declares war on Japan, participated only sending economic resources)[61][62]

See also

Diplomatic history of World War IIFreeWorld (World War II)

AxisPowersParticipants in World War IIAllies of World War I

Footnotes

1. ^Davies 2006, pp 150151.2. ^IanC. B. Dear and Michael Foot, eds. The Oxford Companion to World War II(2005), pp 29, 11763. ^Doenecke, Justus D.; Stoler, Mark A. (2005).Debating Franklin D. Roosevelt's foreign policies, 19331945

(http://books.google.com/books?id=xdMF9rX6mX8C&pg=PA62). Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 0-8476-9416-X. Retrieved 7 Septemb2009.

4. ^Douglas Brinkley,FDR & the Making of the U.N.5. ^Churchill, Winston S. (1981) [1953]. The Second World War, Volume VI: Triumph and Tragedy. Houghton-Mifflin Company. p. 566. ^Helen Rapport. Joseph Stalin: A Biographical Companion. Santa Barbara, California, USA: ABC-CLIO, 1999. P. 104.7. ^ abcPaul Bushkovitch.A Concise History of Russia. Cambridge, England, UK; New York, New York, USA: Cambridge University

Press, 2012. P. 390391.8. ^The Soviet Union and Communist China, 19451950: The Road to Alliance. P. 78.9. ^Overy 1997, pp 41, 437.

10. ^Davies 2006, pp 14851.11. ^Davies 2006, pp 16, 154.12. ^Khudoley, Konstantin K. (2009). "The Baltic factor". In Hiden, John. The Baltic question during the Cold War. Vahur Made, David

Smith. Psychology Press. p. 57. ISBN 978-0-415-37100-1.13. ^Geoffrey, Roberts (2004). "Ideology, calculation, and improvisation. Sphere of influence and Soviet foreign policy 19391945"

(http://books.google.com.au/books?id=E-w9nzoRI3wC&pg=PA88#v=onepage&q&f=false). In Martel, Gordon. The World War Tworeader. Routledge. p. 88. ISBN 978-0-415-22402-4.

14. ^Roberts, Geoffrey (1995). "Soviet policy and the Baltic States, 19391940 a reappraisal".Diplomacy & Statecraft(Francis & Taylo6(3): 672700. doi:10.1080/09592299508405982 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F09592299508405982).

15. ^Toomas Alatalu. Tuva. A State Reawakens. Soviet Studies, Vol. 44, No. 5 (1992), pp. 88189516. ^Frank Freidel (2009).Franklin D. Roosevelt: A Rendezvous with Destiny(http://books.google.com/books?

id=fRN2zUV5zNEC&pg=PT350). p. 350.17. ^Jonathan G. Utley (2005). Going to War with Japan, 1937-1941(http://books.google.com/books?id=zCZj934XUK8C). Fordham Un

Press.18. ^Chris Henry. The Battle of the Coral Sea. London, England, UK: Compendium Publishing; Annapolis, Maryland, USA: Naval Institut

Press, 2003. P. 84.19. ^Keegan, John. "The Second World War." New York: Penguin, 2005. (275)20. ^Thomas Power Lowry, John W. G. Wellham. The Attack on Taranto: Blueprint for Pearl Harbor. First paperback edition.

Mechanicsbur Penns lvania USA: Stack ole Books 2000. P. 21 104.
http://books.google.com/books?id=zCZj934XUK8Chttp://books.google.com/books?id=fRN2zUV5zNEC&pg=PT350http://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F09592299508405982http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identi

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