aldehydes and ketones - ceng.tu.edu.iqceng.tu.edu.iq/ched/images/lectures/chem-lec/st1/c1/lecture....
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Before you can learn about aldehydes and ketones, you must first know something about the nomenclature of carboxylic acids since many of the names of aldehydes
and ketones are derived from the names of the corresponding carboxylic acids.
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R-COOH, R-CO2H,
Common names:
HCO2H formic acid L. formica ant
CH3CO2H acetic acid L. acetum vinegar
CH3CH2CO2H propionic acid G. “first salt”
CH3CH2CH2CO2H butyric acid L. butyrum butter
CH3CH2CH2CH2CO2H valeric acid L. valerans
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Carboxylic acids, common names CH3(CH2)4CO2H caproic acid L. caper
goat
CH3(CH2)5CO2H ---
CH3(CH2)6CO2H caprylic acid
CH3(CH2)7CO2H ---
CH3(CH2)8CO2H capric acid
CH3(CH2)9CO2H ---
CH3(CH2)10CO2H lauric acid oil of lauryl
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5 4 3 2 1 C—C—C—C—C=O δ γ β α used in common names
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IUPAC nomenclature for carboxylic acids: parent chain = longest, continuous carbon chain that contains
the carboxyl group alkane, drop –e, add –oic acid
HCOOH methanoic acid
CH3CO2H ethanoic acid
CH3CH2CO2H propanoic acid
CH3
CH3CHCOOH 2-methylpropanoic acid
Br
CH3CH2CHCO2H 2-bromobutanoic acid
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dicarboxylic acids :
HOOC-COOH oxalic acid
HO2C-CH2-CO2H malonic acid
HO2C-CH2CH2-CO2H succinic acid
HO2C-CH2CH2CH2-CO2H glutaric acid
HOOC-(CH2)4-COOH adipic acid
HOOC-(CH2)5-COOH pimelic acid
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salts of carboxylic acids: name of cation + name of acid: drop –ic acid, add –ate
CH3CO2Na sodium acetate or sodium ethanoate
CH3CH2CH2CO2NH4 ammonium butyrate
ammonium butanoate
(CH3CH2COO)2Mg magnesium propionate
magnesium propanoate
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physical properties: polar + hydrogen bond relatively high mp/bp
water insoluble
exceptions: four carbons or less
acidic turn blue litmus red
soluble in 5% NaOH
RCO2H + NaOH → RCO2-Na+ + H2O
stronger stronger weaker weaker
acid base base acid
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RCO2H RCO2- covalent ionic water insoluble water soluble
Carboxylic acids are insoluble in water, but soluble in 5%
NaOH.
Identification. Separation of carboxylic acids from basic/neutral organic
compounds. The carboxylic acid can be extracted with aq. NaOH
and then regenerated by the addition of strong acid.
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Carboxylic acids, syntheses: 1. oxidation of primary alcohols
RCH2OH + K2Cr2O7 RCOOH
2. oxidation of arenes
ArR + KMnO4, heat ArCOOH
3. carbonation of Grignard reagents
RMgX + CO2 RCO2MgX + H+ RCOOH
4. hydrolysis of nitriles
RCN + H2O, H+, heat RCOOH
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oxidation of 1o alcohols:
CH3CH2CH2CH2-OH + CrO3 CH3CH2CH2CO2H n-butyl alcohol butyric acid 1-butanol butanoic acid
CH3 CH3 CH3CHCH2-OH + KMnO4 CH3CHCOOH isobutyl alcohol isobutyric acid 2-methyl-1-propanol` 2-
methylpropanoic acid
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oxidation of arenes:
note: aromatic acids only!
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carbonation of Grignard reagent:
R-X RMgX RCO2MgX RCOOH
Increases the carbon chain by one carbon.
Mg CO2 H+
CH3CH2CH2-Br CH3CH2CH2MgBr CH3CH2CH2COOH
n-propyl bromide butyric acid
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Hydrolysis of a nitrile:
H2O, H+ R-C N R-CO2H heat
H2O, OH- R-C N R-CO2- + H+ R-CO2H heat
R-X + NaCN → R-CN + H+, H2O, heat → RCOOH 1o alkyl halide
Adds one more carbon to the chain. R-X must be 1o or CH3!
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carboxylic acids, reactions: as acids
conversion into functional derivatives
a) acid chlorides
b) esters
c) amides
reduction
alpha-halogenation
EAS
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as acids: with active metals RCO2H + Na RCO2-Na+ + H2(g) with bases RCO2H + NaOH RCO2-Na+ + H2O relative acid strength? CH4 < NH3 < HC CH < ROH < HOH < H2CO3 < RCO2H <
HF quantitative HA + H2O H3O+ + A- ionization in
water Ka = [H3O+] [A-] / [HA]
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Ka for carboxylic acids ~ 10-5
Why are carboxylic acids more acidic than alcohols? ROH + H2O ↔ H3O+ + RO- RCOOH + H2O ↔ H3O+ + RCOO- ΔGo = -2.303 R T log Keq The position of the equilibrium is determined by the free
energy change, ΔGo. ΔGo = ΔH - TΔS ΔGo ~ ΔH Ka is inversely related to ΔH, the
potential energy difference between the acid and its conjugate base. The smaller the ΔH, the larger the Ka and the stronger the acid.
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The smaller the ΔH, the more the equilibrium lies to the right, giving a larger Ka ( a stronger acid ).
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Resonance stabilization of the carboxylate ion decreases the ΔH, shifts the ionization in water to the right, increases the Ka, and results in carboxylic acids being stronger acids.
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Effect of substituent groups on acid strength?
CH3COOH 1.75 x 10-5
ClCH2COOH 136 x 10-5
Cl2CHCOOH 5,530 x 10-5
Cl3CCOOH 23,200 x 10-5
-Cl is electron withdrawing and delocalizes the negative charge on the carboxylate ion, lowering the PE, decreasing the ΔH, shifting the ionization to the right and increasing acid strength.
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Effect of substituent groups on acid strength of benzoic acids?
Electron withdrawing groups will stabilize the anion, decrease the ΔH, shift the ionization to the right, increasing the Ka, increasing acid strength.
Electron donating groups will destabilize the anion, increase the ΔH, shift the ionization in water to the left, decreasing the Ka, decreasing acid strength.
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-NH2, -NHR, -NR2 -OH -OR electron donating -NHCOCH3 -C6H5 -R -H -X -CHO, -COR -SO3H -COOH, -COOR electron withdrawing -CN -NR3+ -NO2
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Relative acid strength?
Ka
p-aminobenzoic acid 1.4 x 10-5
p-hydroxybenzoic acid 2.6 x 10-5
p-methoxybenzoic acid 3.3 x 10-5
p-toluic acid 4.2 x 10-5
benzoic acid 6.3 x 10-5
p-chlorobenzoic acid 10.3 x 10-5
p-nitrobenzoic acid 36 x 10-5
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Conversion into functional derivatives:
acid chlorides
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esters
“direct” esterification: H+ RCOOH + R´OH ↔ RCO2R´ + H2O -reversible and often does not favor the ester -use an excess of the alcohol or acid to shift equilibrium -or remove the products to shift equilibrium to completion
“indirect” esterification: RCOOH + PCl3 →RCOCl + R´OH RCO2R´ -convert the acid into the acid chloride first; not reversible
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amides “indirect” only! RCOOH + SOCl2 RCOCl + NH3 RCONH2 amide
Directly reacting ammonia with a carboxylic acid results in an ammonium salt:
RCOOH + NH3 → RCOO-NH4+ acid base
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Reduction : RCO2H + LiAlH4; then H+ → RCH2OH 1o alcohol
Carboxylic acids resist catalytic reduction under normal conditions. RCOOH + H2, Ni →NR
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Alpha-halogenation Alpha-halogenation: (Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky reaction)
RCH2COOH + X2, P → RCHCOOH + HX
X
α-haloacid
X2 = Cl2, Br2
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EAS: (-COOH is deactivating and meta- directing)
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spectroscopy: spectroscopy:
IR: -COOH O—H stretch 2500 – 3000 cm-1 (b)
C=O stretch 1680 – 1725 (s)
nmr: -COOH 10.5 – 12 ppm
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Carboxylic acids, syntheses:
oxidation of primary alcohols
RCH2OH + K2Cr2O7 → RCOOH
2. oxidation of arenes
ArR + KMnO4, heat → ArCOOH
3. carbonation of Grignard reagents
RMgX + CO2 → RCO2MgX + H+ → RCOOH
4. hydrolysis of nitriles
RCN + H2O, H+, heat → RCOOH
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carboxylic acids, reactions:
as acids
conversion into functional derivatives
a) acid chlorides
b) esters
c) amides
reduction
alpha-halogenation
EAS