airport runway design
DESCRIPTION
airport runway designTRANSCRIPT
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AIRPORT ENGINEERING
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RUNWAY
A runway is a strip of land at an airport on which aircraft can take off and land and forms part of the maneuvering area.
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RUNWAY ORIENTATION
Runway is usually oriented in the direction of prevailing winds. The head wind i.e the direction of wind opposite to the direction of landing & take-off, provides greater lift on the wings of the aircraft when it is taking off. As such the aircraft rises above the ground much earlier & in a shorter length of runway. During landing the head wind provides a braking effect & the aircraft comes to a stop in a
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smaller length of runway. Landing & take-off operations, if done along the wind direction would require longer runway.
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RUNWAY ORIENTATION
The orientation of the runway is an important consideration in airport planning and design
Ideally, all aircraft operations on a runway should be conducted against the wind
Wind conditions vary from hour to hour thus requiring a careful examination of prevailing wind conditions at the airport site
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Head Wind
In aerodynamics, a headwind is a wind that blows against the direction of travel of an object. A headwind reduces the object's speed and increases the time required to reach its destination. The opposite wind is a tailwind.
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Cross Wind Operations
Wind conditions vary from hour to hour
If the direction of the wind is at an angle with the center line of runway, its component along the direction of runway will be V cos and that normal to the runway center line will be V sin
V is wind velocity
All aircraft have maximum demonstrated cross wind components
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Runway
Wind vector
Crosswind Component
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Crosswind Component may interrupt in the safe landing and takeoff of the air crafts
Max. permissible Crosswind Component depends on
Size of the aircraft
Wing configuration
Wind coverage :- the percentage of time in a year during which the Crosswind Component remains within the limits
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Wind rose
Wind data: Direction
Duration
Intensity
Wind Rose is a graphical way of analyzing data that is related to wind direction.
Type I: direction & duration
Type II: direction, duration & Intensity
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Type I
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Type I
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Change in direction of runway
Obstruction
Excessive grading
Noise nuisance
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Basic runway length
Assumed conditions:
Airport altitude is at sea level (7 % per 300m)
Temperature at the airport is standard (150 C)
Runway is levelled in the longitudinal direction
No wind is blowing on runway
Aircraft is loaded to its full loading capacity
There is no wind blowing enroute to the destination.
Enroute temperature is standard
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Basic runway length
Normal landing case
Normal take off case
Engine failure care
Jet engine: 3 cases
Piston engine: 2 cases
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Correction for elevation, temperature & gradient
Correction for elevation (increase 7% per 300m)
Correction for temperature(increase 1% per 10
C)
Check for the total correction for elevation plus temperature (max 350 C)
Correction for gradient (20% increase for 1 % effective gradient)
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Airport classification
ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization) classification
A to E : based on runway length (A type- longest-Min 2100 m and E type- shortest runway- Min 600m)
1 to 7 : based on ESWL (1 to 7, 1 type- maximum ESWL)