Aircraft Engine Emission Chargesin Europe

Emanuel FleutiFlughafen Zürich AG

2005

Developments as per 2004

Zurich, 1997Sweden (1), 1998

Industry Request for Model Harmonization

EC ECAC Discussion

ECAC/ANCAT WG "ERLIG", 2001

Recommendation for European Model, 2003 (ECAC/27-4)

Implementation2004

Switzerland* Sweden*

Further Implementation ?

Geneva, 1998

Bern, 2001Sweden (2), 2000

*very similar, but not identical model

Next Steps

Implementation

European Recommendation

ECAC RECOMMENDATION ONNOx EMISSION CLASSIFICATION SCHEME*

*adopted by the ECAC: Recommendation ECAC/27-4, July 2003

• Basically: absolute NOx-emissions in the standard LTO-cycle• HC to consider (older or newer) engine technology (factor 'a' for regulated engines)• Continuous scale• Applicable to all aircraft > 8,618 kg MTOM• Emission data from ICAO (regulated engines) and FOI (unregulated engines)

esLTO

Aircraft indexNOxfuelflowtimeEnginesalueEmissionVamod

100060

National Implementation

ECAC Recommendation:

• Aircraft > 8,618 kg MTOM• Calculated Emission Values:

• Regulated engines (ICAO Data)• Unregulated engines (FOI Data)

Swiss Recommendation:

• Aircraft 8,618 kg MTOM• Default Emission Values (Matrix with #, type and size of engine)

Default Emission Values for Small Aircraft

# Eng.

Ecolight Pistonup to 200

hp

Piston200-400

hp

Piston>400

hp

Helicopter<1000 hp

Helicopter > 1000 hp

Business-Jets

(<16 kN)

Business-Jets

(>16 kN)

Turbo-Props*

1 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.2 0.7 0.5 1.0 0.8

2 0.4 0.8 1 0.4 1.4 1.0 2.0 1.6

3 1.2 1.5 2.1 1.5 3.0 2.4

4 1.6 2 2.8 3.2

• Emission Values Aircraft according to engine type, size and number of engines• Applicable to all aircraft 8,618 kg MTOM (and above if no detailed emission data is available)

* not all turboprop engines are contained in the FOI database

Current Emission Charges in Europe

Switzerland (beginning 1.9.1997):- Original Model: g (NOx+VOC)/kN thrust; 5 emission classes;- Surcharge to landing charge of 0%, 5%, 10%, 20% and 40%- applied at Zurich, Geneva and Bern for all aircraft

France (1.1.2003):- applied at Basel: same model as currently applied in Switzerland;- landing charge multiplier of 0.94, 1.05, 1.10, 1.20 and 1.30 (respective of emission class)

Sweden (changed per 1.3.2004):- ECAC-Recommendation and Swiss/Swedish Matrix for other aircraft;- SEK 50.00 per kg Emission Value (basically NOx)- Applicable at all airports for all aircraft

United Kingdom (new as from 1.4.2004):- applied at BAA Heathrow, only for aircraft >8'618 kg MTOW- NOx-Emissions and Swiss/Swedish Matrix for other aircraft- Bonus/Malus-System- GB£ 1.00 per kg NOx > 23 kg (and rebate of GB£ 1.00/kg NOx < 23 kg)- planned: implementation in Gatwick (1.4.2005) with a bonus/malus threshold of 15.5 kg

European Developments

July 2003 ECAC-Recommendation 27-4 endorsed

October 2003 Stakeholder Meeting @ECAC in Paris by Sweden

and Switzerland

1.3. 2004 Implementation of new model in Sweden

1.4. 2004 Implementation of a model at BAA Heathrow

Summer 2004 Legal and advisory framework completed in Germany

Summer 2004 New status evaluation at Swiss Airports

…

1.4. 2005 Implementation of a model at BAA Gatwick (planned)

…

Results (1)

Operational Results

• Improvement in Fleet Development:

Intr

oduc

tion

New Airbus-fleet of home carrier

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Movements in Emission Classes

Free (class 5) 5% (class 4) 10% (class 3) 20% (class 2) 40% (class 1)

An

no

un

cem

en

t

New Airbus-fleet of home carrier

Intr

od

uct

ion

Results (2)

Environmental Results

• Change in Aircraft Operation: - B747-200 replaced by A340-200: 4.0 t NOx/a*ac and 3.9 t VOC/a*ac (-82%) - MD82 replaced by A320: 2.0 t NOx/a*ac (-21%)

(1 a/c, daily operations, %-reduction per LTO)

• Fixed Ground Power Systems: -75 t NOx (=4.3% of all airport NOx-emissions), -12,170 t fuel (2001)

• Reduction of idling/taxi time: Potential of -17 t NOx and -17 t VOC (at 2 min/ac, 150,000 cycles in 2000)

Results (3)

Political Results

• Aviation Industry - Marketing with LowNOx-Engines (CFM56-5DAC) - Development of new technologies (Talon Combuster for PW8000)

• Politics - Local/regional acknowledgement - European discussion

(1997)

(1998)

Use of Revenues*

• Required Air Quality Monitoring (0.25 mio CHF/a)

• Required Emission Inventory Calculation (0.15 mio CHF/a)

• Required Fixed Ground Power at Piers (3.0 mio CHF/a)

• Contribution to CNG fuel station (0.1 mio CHF/a)

• Contribution to A/C ground movement improvements (infrastructure, guidance systems)

*main items

Old Swiss and New European Emission Charges Model

Fundamental Change:From: Technology Approach To: Emission's Approach

(“polluter-pays-principle“)

Main Points:

Today: New:

- Specific Emissions - Emission Value of Aircraft- 5 Emission Classes - Continuous Scale- %-Charge/Class - Charge = f(Emission Value)- Some Aircraft free of charge - all Aircraft pay

Models can not be compared=> Charges can not be compared