Compare yourself with Japanese Japanese children clean their schools every day along with their teachers Japanese students from the first to sixth primary years must learn ethics in dealing with peopleJapanese do not have servants

BenchmarkVery punctualRate of delayed trains is 7 seconds annuallyNo cell phone use indoors, in trains and restaurantsStudents at school take half an hour to eat food & brush their teeth after meal at school

BenchmarkIn schools, colleges, universities, all students up to PhD scholars, and staff in organizations, every one is required to present his/her work, effort, assignments, etc. as power point presentations.It is impossible that when a teacher enters the classroom, a student comes after thatDoes not have any natural resources and is the second best economy of the world. Reason?

Some Literature/Books on Air Pollution (First Installment)1. A historical Review of Atmospheric Pollution WHO Monograph Series No. 46, Geneva2. Toxicology of Fossil Fuel Combustion Products by Simmons, Vol. I and II3. Health Effects of Outdoor Air PollutionBascomb4. The Clean Air Act of USA

Cont.Literature5. Air Pollution Control Philosophies by Pollut6. Air pollution Meteorology and Dispersion by Arya7. Handbook on Atmospheric Diffusion by Hanna8. Estimating Costs of Air Pollution Control by Vatavuk9. Combustion, Flames and explosions of Gases by Lewis

ContLiterature10. Highly dispersed aerosols by Fuchs11. Pulmonary Deposition and Retention of Inhaled aerosols by Hatch`12. Electrostatic Precipitator Handbook by Lloyd 13. Gas Purification by Kohl14. Bio-filtration for Air Pollution Control by Divinny

Cont. Literature15. The Primary Air Pollutants by Urone16. Perrys Chemical Engineers Handbook for Mass Transfer and Gas Absorption`17. Preliminary Economic Analysis of Sulfur dioxide Abatement Technologies by Agarwal18. Spray Drying Handbook by Masters19. Introduction to Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics by Smith, Ch. 1520. Emissions from Combustion Engines and their Control by Patterson

Class Exercise 1: Based on your current knowledge, observation and experience, describe the issue of sources of Air Pollution and its effects, and propose solutions that come to your mind.

Clean air is a blessing of nature and a pre-requisite for the survival of human life.

Every day, a person, on the average, inhales about 20,000 liters of air. Every time we breathe, we risk inhaling dangerous chemicals that have found their way into the air. Air pollution includes all contaminants found in the atmosphere. These dangerous substances can either be in the form of gases or particles.

Air pollution can be found both outdoors and indoors. Pollutants can be trapped inside buildings, causing indoor pollution that lasts for a long time.

Historical Background

Cont... Historical BackgroundThe sources of air pollution are both natural and man made. As one might expect, humans have been producing increasing amounts of pollution as time has progressed, and they now account for the majority of pollutants released into the air.

Air pollution has been a problem throughout history. Even in Ancient Rome people complained about smoke put into the atmosphere. The effects of air pollution are diverse and numerous. Air pollution can have serious consequences for the health of human beings, and also severely affects natural ecosystems. Air pollution is a global problem and has been the subject of global cooperation and conflict. Some areas suffer more than others from air pollution. Cities with large numbers of automobiles or those that use great quantities of coal often suffer most severely from problems of air pollution.

Sources of Air Pollution In PakistanVehiclesBrick KilnsNatural DustStone CrushersIndustryDomesticBurningBio-mass BurningGarbage Burning

Vehicular Pollution

Carbon Monoxide, Nitrogen Oxides, Smoke, Dust, Hydrocarbons, etc. are the main components of vehicular emissions poured into the urban air.

Fuel adulteration and use of ill-maintained vehicles enhance emissions from motor vehicle exhaust. A large amount of suspended dust is generated due to vehicles driving on unpaved road shoulders, poorly maintained and overcrowded roads.

million

19800.682 19851.288 19901.99019952.876 20003.997 20044.973 RISE SINCE 1980 > 600 %

PRESENT ANNUAL AVERAGE GROWTH: 12% VEHICLE POPULATION IN PAKISTAN

PAKISTAN NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY STANDARDS FOR MOTOR VEHICLE EXHAUST 1.Smoke40% during engine acceleration at a distance of 6 meters or more.

2.Carbon Monoxide New Vehicle = 4.5%Used Vehicle = 6%(Under idling conditions)

Inefficient Burning of Fuel

Biomass BurningUsing biomass as a fuel produces air pollution in the form of carbon monoxide, NOx (nitrogen oxides), VOCs (volatile organic compounds like benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, xylene, etc.), particulates, ground level ozone (bad ozone) and other pollutants. Black carbon is a pollutant created by incomplete combustion of fossil fuels, bio-fuels, and biomass which is, possibly the second largest contributor to global warming.

Emissions From Brick Kilns

Brick kiln producing 800,000 bricks uses large amount of rubber to start the fire and burns a total of eight tons fire wood, 200 tons of low quality coal.

The combustion of old rubber Tyres and used mobile oil in these factories emits hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, Nitrogen Oxide and sulphur dioxide.

Natural Dust

Although human-made aerosols (aerosol is a substance enclosed under pressure and released as a spray) sometimes are toxic, natural aerosols and dust from other sources like deserts and volcanoes are important contributors. Now, new research suggests that natural aerosols have their downside too and the impact of natural aerosols on oceans could influence predictions of future climate change.

Domestic ActivitiesDomestic burning of fuel i.e. wood, animal dung especially in rural areas also contributes to air pollution.

The burning of garbage, straw and other things for domestic use produce air pollution which is often a cause for some health problems.

Dust arising from small scale domestic activities also contributes to overall air pollution in the urban areas. In city centers numerous outside food stalls and restaurants also cause local air pollution due to frying meat in oil and roasting on charcoal fires.

Massive Burning Of Solid Waste/Refuse

Approximately 40% of the generated wastes remain at collection points, or in streets, where they emit a host of pollutants into the air, making it unacceptable for breathing.

Also the roadside and on dump burning of the municipal solid waste creates air pollution problems.

Burning of the waste generates harmful gases which on inhaling can cause cancers.

Industrial EmissionsIndustrial emissions from chimneys is also a source of air pollution in Pakistan.

In KPK there are about 1500 industrial units which include 305 Chips and Stone Crushers and 450 Brick Kilns.

The industrial units in KPK are scattered over a vast stretch of the province with greater concentration in and around the cities of Peshawar, Haripur, Charsadda, Nowshera and Gadoon Amazai.

Emissions from most of the industries are unregulated and uncontrolled except few industries which have installed treatment facilities.

Garbage Disposal

In most of the world, including Pakistan, the two ways of dispensing with ordinary garbage are burn it or bury it. Neither one is good for us or for the environment. Burning garbage releases dangerous gases and dust (particulate matter) which contribute to global warming and pollute lakes, forests, oceans and cities. Burying garbage also causes both air and water pollution, and simply transporting it to the sites consumes an increasing amount of valuable fossil fuels, which produces more pollution.

Effects of Air Pollution

Exposure to low levels of pollutants such as ground level ozone (bad ozone), sulphur oxides, nitrogen oxides, and particulates, irritates eyes and causes inflammation of the respiratory tract.

Evidence exists that many air pollutants also suppress the immune system, increasing susceptibility to infection. Other health problems that can result from long-term exposure to toxic air-pollutants are cancer, asthma, respiratory infections, and cardiovascular disease.

Cont Effects of Air Pollution

Air pollution can also cause acidification of lakes and soils and impacts on crop productivity, forest growth, and biodiversity.

A recent research indicates that the ozone and sulphur dioxide is reducing crop yields.

The potential for crop losses in Asia has been indicated by a study in Pakistan where a 40 per cent reduction in rice yields was linked to the presence of pollutants in the air.

There are various air pollution control technologies and land use planning strategies available to reduce air pollution. At its most basic level land use planning is likely to involve zoning and transport infrastructure planning. In most developed countries, land use planning is an important part of social policy, ensuring that land is used efficiently for the benefit of the wider economy and population as well as to protect the environment.Efforts to reduce pollution from automobile sources includes primary regulation, increased fuel efficiency (such as through the use of hybrid vehicles), conversion to cleaner fuels. (such as bioethanol, biodiesel, or conversion to electric vehicle)

Vehicle Emission Control

Evaporative emissions are the result of gasoline vapors escaping from the vehicle's fuel system.

In a typical system, vapors from the fuel tank and carburetor bowl vent (on carbureted vehicles).

Vehicle Emission Control

AIR POLLUTION CONTROL Particulate control

Mechanical dust collectors

Electrostatic precipitators An electrostatic precipitator (ESP), or electrostatic air cleaner is a particulate collection device that removes particles from a flowing gas (such as air) using the force of an induced electrostatic charge. Electrostatic precipitators are highly efficient filtration devices that minimally impede the flow of gases through the device, and can easily remove fine particulate matter such as dust and smoke from the air stream.

POLLUTION CONTROL

Particulate scrubbers Wet scrubber is a form of pollution control technology. The term describes a variety of devices that use pollutants from a furnace flue gas or from other gas streams. In a wet scrubber, the polluted gas stream is brought into contact with the scrubbing liquid, by spraying it with the liquid, by forcing it through a pool of liquid, or by some other contact method, so as to remove the pollutants.

ASSIGNMENTS: AIR POLLUTION CONTROL NOx control Low NOx burners NOx scrubbers Exhaust gas recirculation Catalytic converter for NOx VOC abatementCatalytic converters VOCs FiltersAbsorption (scrubbing) Vapor recovery systems

AIR POLLUTION CONTROL Acid Gas/SO2 control Wet scrubbersDry scrubbersFlue gas desulfurization

Air Pollution Control Legislation in Pakistan

Pakistan Environmental Protection Ordinance, 1983

National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS) of Pakistan

Pakistan Environment Protection Act, 1997

Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency

Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency is an attached department of the Ministry of Environment and is responsible to implement the Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997 in the country. An Act to provide for the protection, conservation, rehabilitation and improvement of environment, for the prevention and control of pollution, and promotion of sustainable development. Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency also provides all kind of technical assistance to the Ministry of Environment for formulation of environment policy and programs.

EPA Green Certificate

Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency (Pak-EPA) under an industrial survey program component of Activity Based Capacity Development Project has started to collect basic information regarding environmental performance and compliance of all industrial and commercial units to National Environmental Quality Standard (NEQS). Industrial units which conform with the applicable laws and rules are issued green certificates.

Air Quality Index

The AQI is an index for reporting daily air quality. It indicates how clean or polluted air is, and what associated health effects might be of a concern. EPA calculates the AQI for five major air pollutants, ground-level ozone, particle pollution, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen dioxide, regulated by the Clean Air Act. For each of these pollutants, EPA has established national air quality standards to protect public health. Ground-level ozone and airborne particles are the two pollutants that pose the greatest threat to human health in Pakistan.

How Does the AQI Work?

Think of the AQI as a yardstick that runs from 0 to 500. The higher the AQI value, the greater the level of air pollution and the greater the health concern. For example, an AQI value of 50 represents good air quality with little potential to affect public health, while an AQI value over 300 represents hazardous air quality.

EPA has suggested a range of 0 to 50 as moderately good air quality with little to none health concerns.

EPA AND ITS PARTNERSEPA has other local and foreign partners some of which are,

Cleaner Production Program (CPP) Environmental Protection Department Punjab. National Energy Conservation Centre (ENERCON) The World Conservation Union (IUCN-Pakistan) United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF-Pakistan)