air pollution control engineering
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Air Pollution Control Engineering. Prof. Jiakuan Yang Huazhong University of Science and Technology. Questions for the Last Lecture. Please explain how global warming generates. 2 How Ozone Holes are formed?. Answer. Greenhouse gases are transparent for sunlight, but absorb - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Prof. Jiakuan Yang
Huazhong University of Science and Technology
Air Pollution Control Air Pollution Control EngineeringEngineering
Questions for the Last Lecture
1 Please explain how global warming
generates.
2 How Ozone Holes are formed?
Answer
Greenhouse gases are transparent for sunlight, but absorb
longer wavelength radiation. When the amount of greenhouse
gases, such as CO2, CH4 etc, increase to a high value, the
global temperature increases.
Green house effect
Sunlight in
the day
Outgoing radiation in the day
Outgoing ra
diation in
the night
How Ozone Holes are formed?
Lecture Lecture 33 Air Pollution Control Laws and regulation, Control Philosophies
Ⅰ U.S. Air Pollution Control Laws and
Regulations
Ⅱ Units of Air Pollutants
Ⅲ Air Pollution Control Philosophies
Ⅰ U.S. Air pollution control laws and regulations
Most air pollution control activities in the United States take place in
response to or in anticipation of air pollution laws and regulations.
Impacts of Laws and regulations
First laws and regulations, then control activities
The flow of legal authority leading
to
Air Pollution Control
Basic legal structure, Common laws
Clean air act
Local regulations
federal regulationsstate regulations
U.S EPA regulations
Air Pollution Control
Common Abbreviations of Air Laws and Regulations
EPA : Environmental Protection Agency
SIP : State Implementation Plan ( 州执行计划)NAAQS: National Ambient Air Quality Standards
( 美国室内空气质量标准)PSD : Prevention Of Significant Deterioration
NSPS: New Source Performance Standards
NESHAP: National Emission Standard For Hazard And Air pollutions
ACGIH: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists
NAAQS and ACGIH ( Page 28)
Table 2.3 Air Quality standards and industrial exposure
standards
SubstancePermitted ambient C
(NAAQS)Permitted industrial C(TWA and STEL)
SO2 80 μg/m3 (0.03ppm)
2ppm, 8-h average
Ⅱ Units of Air Pollutants
1. Many EPA regulations are based on a standard
temperature of 25°C.
2. Throughout this book, air and process gases are
assumed to be at 1 standard atmosphere and 20°C.
3. In chemistry, standard atmosphere conditions, 0°C,
1atm.
Ⅱ Units of Air Pollutants
ppma concentration expressed in parts per million
(ppm )
For a concentration in a gas, by volume or by mol.
For a concentration in a liquid or solid, by mass or weight .
ppb parts per billion, μ g/kg
Ⅱ Units of Air Pollutants
• When expressing the concentration of SO2 in
the air ,
1ppm SO2 means 1m3 SO2 in 106 m3 air .
• When expressing the concentration of Hg in the
polluted water , 1ppm Hg means 1mg Hg in 1L
waste water .
1ppm = 10-6
For example:
Ⅱ Units of Air Pollutants
Conversion between ppm and µg/m3
At 1 atm and 25°C , 1 m3 of any perfect gas contains 40.87 moles .
C (μg/m3 )= ppm×40.87 ×(molecular weight, g/mol)
For example:
SO2 0.03ppm
C = 0.03×40.87 ×64 =78.5 µg/m3
Ⅱ Units of Air Pollutants
For perfect gases at 1 atm and 25°C, 1 m3
mass mol
volume volume
51.013 10 1
273.5 25 8.31
40.87
PV
TR
mol
Number of mol
(molecular weight)
Ⅲ Air Pollution Control Philosophies
A perfect air pollution philosophy and implementing regulations are cost-effective, simple, enforceable,
flexible, and evolutionary.
Emission standards philosophy
Air quality standards philosophy
Emission taxes philosophy
Cost-benefit standards philosophy
1) Emission standards philosophy
The basic idea of the emission standard philosophy is that
there is some maximum possible (or practical) degree of
emission control .
Cost is very bad.
Cleanest possible air philosophy
Best practical means philosophy
2) The Air Quality Standard Philosophy
The air quality standard philosophy is logically a“zero-
damage” philosophy.
The air quality standard philosophy is based on the
assumption that the true situation for most major air
pollutants is the threshold value situation.
Suitable Air pollution control means (or techniques) will
be used in order to decrease the pollutant concentration
values under the threshold value.
3) Emission Tax Philosophy
Laws based on emission tax philosophy would tax each
emission of major pollutants according to its emission
rate .
X cents per pound of pollutant Y for all emitters.
For example:
4) Cost-benefit Philosophy
The cost-benefit approach accepts some amount of air
pollution damage to human health .This philosophy
suggests that we attempt to decide, in as rational a
manner as possible , how much damage we should
accept and corresponding how much we should be
willing to spend to reduce damages to this level.
Pollution control cost (or pollution control expenditure )
Pollution damage
Total
Concentration of air pollutants
cost
4) Cost-benefit Philosophy
Higher concentration , higher damage cost.
Higher concentration , lower control cost.
Total = damage + controlMinimization of the sum of two costs
d (sum of two costs )
d c= 0
环境空气质量控制标准的种类和作用
环境空气质量控制标准按用途分:
• 大气环境质量标准• 大气污染物排放标准• 大气污染控制技术标
准• 大气污染预警预报标
准
按其适用范围分按其适用范围分• 国家标准国家标准• 地方标准地方标准• 行业标准 行业标准
环境空气质量标准 环境空气质量标准
环境空气(环境空气( Ambient airAmbient air )质量标准)质量标准是以保障是以保障人体健康人体健康和一定的和一定的生态环境生态环境为目标,而对大气环境中各种污染物为目标,而对大气环境中各种污染物的允许含量所作的限制规定,是最基的允许含量所作的限制规定,是最基本的大气环境标准,是进行大气环境本的大气环境标准,是进行大气环境科学管理,制定大气污染防治规划和科学管理,制定大气污染防治规划和大气污染物排放标准的依据,是环境大气污染物排放标准的依据,是环境管理部门的执法依据。管理部门的执法依据。
大气环境污染物排放标准 大气环境污染物排放标准
大气污染物排放标准是为实现大气大气污染物排放标准是为实现大气环境质量标准,对环境质量标准,对污染源污染源排入大气排入大气的污染物允许含量的限制规定。的污染物允许含量的限制规定。
是控制大气污染源的污染物排放量是控制大气污染源的污染物排放量和选择设计净化装置的重要依据,和选择设计净化装置的重要依据,也是环境管理部门的执法依据。大也是环境管理部门的执法依据。大气污染物排放标准可分为国家标准、气污染物排放标准可分为国家标准、地方标准和行业标准。地方标准和行业标准。
大气污染控制技术标准 大气污染控制技术标准
是根据污染物排放标准引申出来的是根据污染物排放标准引申出来的辅助标准辅助标准,如燃料、原料使用标准,,如燃料、原料使用标准,净化装置选用标准,排气囱高度标准净化装置选用标准,排气囱高度标准及卫生防护距离标准等。及卫生防护距离标准等。
是为保证达到污染物排放标准而从是为保证达到污染物排放标准而从某一方面做出的具体技术规定,目的某一方面做出的具体技术规定,目的是使生产、设计和管理人员容易掌握是使生产、设计和管理人员容易掌握和执行。和执行。
警报标准 警报标准
大气污染警报标准是为保护大大气污染警报标准是为保护大气环境不致恶化,或根据大气污气环境不致恶化,或根据大气污染发展趋势预防发生污染事故而染发展趋势预防发生污染事故而规定的空气中污染物含量的规定的空气中污染物含量的极限极限值值。超过这一限值就应。超过这一限值就应警报警报,以,以便采取必要的预防措施,尽量减便采取必要的预防措施,尽量减少对人们的危害。少对人们的危害。
中华人民共和国国家标准 环境空气质量标准
Ambient air quality standard GB3095 - 1996
( 代替 GB3095 - 82)国家环境保护局 1996-01-18 批准 1996-10-01 实施
• 主题内容与适用范围• 本标准规定了环境空气质量功能区划分、标
准分级、污染物项目、取值时间及浓度限值,采样与分析方法及数据统计的有效性规定。
• 本标准适用于全国范围的环境空气质量评价。
环境空气质量功能区的分类和标准分级
环境空气质量功能区分类一类区为自然保护区、风景名胜区和其它需要特殊保护
的地区。二类区为城镇规划中确定的居住区、商业交通居民混合
区、文化区、一般工业区和农村地区。三类区为特定工业区。
环境空气质量标准分级(环境空气质量标准分为三级)一类区执行一级标准二类区执行二级标准三类区执行三级标准
各项污染物的浓度限值
注:① 适 用 于城 市 地 区;② 适用于牧业区和以牧业为主的半农半牧区,蚕桑区;③ 适用于农业和林业区。
This Lecture and the Next Lecture
This Lecture: Chapter 3 Page 40~62 Chapter 1 Page 9~10 Conversion factors Page 587~540
The Next Lecture: Chapter 4 Page 63~82
Homework
1 、 The concentration of the three air pollutants are shown
as the following:
SO2: 0.03 ppm , O3: 157 µg/m3,
CO: 9 ppm
Please finish the units conversion between ppm and µg/m3?
2 、查阅最新的环境空气质量标准,与 GB3095 - 1996比较有何区别?
DISCUSSION
Topics about Air Pollution:
Introducing yourself
Interesting news or information about air pollution your
having read or heard
Your opinions on this Air Pollution course
Your suggestions for Chinese Air Pollution
Other familiar issues about Air Pollution