air pollution and climate impact on the built ... - world...

Cristina SabbioniInstitute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate,

National Research Council, Italy

AIR POLLUTION AND CLIMATE

IMPACT ON THE BUILT

CULTURAL HERITAGE:

PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE

Economic Implications of Cultural

Heritage ChallengesWashington DC , 12 May 2009

[email protected]

AIR POLLUTION :

Different materials exposed to different atmospheric conditions

-Stone/Masonry Materials:

Marble

Limestone

Sandstone

Lime mortars

Bricks

Clay containing mat.

- Metals

Iron

Bronze

Copper

Lead

Zinc

- Glass

MATERIALS

- Gas (SO2 , NOx,..)

- Particles

- Sea salts

- pH precipitation

- Temperature

- Relative Humidity -

Precipitation

- Wind

PARAMETERS

INTERACTION

C. Sabbioni, CNR - ISAC, Bologna, Italy Washington DC, 11 May 2009

Building Materials in Urban Areas

Sulfation by SO2

- limestone to gypsum

- deposition of soot

- rain sheltered

Gypsum soluble

- Rainwashed areas

may be white

White Tower, London


Nanjing, China FORMATION OF BLACK CRUSTS

TC = CC + EC + OC

Stone

substrate

NCC

Atmospheric deposition

Biological weathering

Surface treatments

Particles emitted by

combustion processes

CARBON IN THE BLACK CRUSTS

EC Project CARAMEL

Ghedini et al., EST (2006)


Tracers of fix and mobile combustion emissions

CRUSTS European Monuments

(carbonate stone)

SAMPLES CALCITE (%) GYPSUM (%) EC (%) OC (%) OTHERS (%)

MILAN 3,92 76,35 1,66 0,67 17,41

MILAN 4,08 93,37 1,12 0,51 0,92

MILAN 7,92 70,83 1,57 0,57 19,11

MILAN 6,08 76,63 1,35 0,19 15,75

FLORENCE 1,00 64,28 0,46 0,68 33,58

FLORENCE 16,33 51,62 0,26 0,60 31,19

FLORENCE 4,42 63,98 0,63 1,06 29,91

VENICE 12,08 65,79 1,34 0,62 20,17

VENICE 4,83 53,32 1,80 2,02 38,03

VENICE 1,33 81,31 0,77 0,66 15,92

VENICE 5,67 52,81 1,48 2,57 37,48

ROME 4,17 62,44 1,28 1,55 30,57

ROME 0,08 65,34 0,93 1,16 32,48

ROME 6,75 24,05 2,06 3,07 64,07

PARIS 2,75 68,79 1,79 2,72 23,95

SEVILLE 8,08 50,45 0,46 3,11 37,90

SEVILLE 6,58 53,59 0,60 2,21 37,02

LONDON 11,33 60,12 1,11 2,17 25,26

LONDON 25,75 42,48 0,69 1,69 29,39

LONDON 17,50 9,40 0,08 0,67 72,35

LONDON 48,75 25,45 0,21 1,61 23,98

LONDON 5,92 60,92 0,95 2,10 30,12

Substrate

Bonazza et al. Atmos. Env. (2005)

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

FLORENCE ROME PARIS SEVILLE LONDON

OC (%)

EC (%)

OC prevails on

monuments in

European towns

due to

urban traffic


CNR Project Sustainable

mobility

CATHEDRAL OF LEARNING - Pittsburgh

Soiling patterns on a tall

limestone building : changes

over 60 years

Built in the late 1930’s

Rapidly soiled: 1960

1990: loss of steel industry

meant building became

cleaner…

Effect of rain washing since

1950s

1960 1990

C.I. Davidson et al., 2000

Balance EC/OC

deposition/accumulation

and rain re-distribution


……………a complex problem……………….Bishapour

Gulf War – Effect of the Kuwait oil fires

in 1991 on the Iranian Cultural Heritage

Spring 1991: burning of ~4.6

million barrels of oil per day

Persepolis


Vulnerability of building materials is different

depending on chemical composition and porosity

Reactivity towards SO2 : laboratory tests

0

1000

2000

3000

S t

ot

(µg

/cm

2)

carbonate stones

(mean)

lime mortar pozzolan mortar cement mortar

Cement mortars most reactive !C. Sabbioni, CNR - ISAC, Bologna, Italy Washington DC, 11 May 2009

Atm

os

ph

ere

Ce

me

nt

Mo

rtar

SO2

gas SO4=

SO3= SO4

=Catalysts aerosol

Catalysts material

CALCIUM CARBONATE

GYPSUM FORMATION ON CEMENT

GYPSUM

CALCIUM ALUMINATES

CALCIUM SILICATES


SECONDARY DAMAGE PRODUCTS

3CaO·Al2O3·3CaSO4·31H2O

CaSiO3·CaSO4·CaCO3·15H2O

Gypsum + Calcium silicate

THAUMASITE

Gypsum + Calcium aluminate

ETTRINGITE

Sabbioni et al., Atmos. Env. (2001)


ETTRINGITE

FORMATION

ETTRINGITE

DISSOLUTION /DECOMPOSITION

THAUMASITEFORMATION

BREAKDOWN BY EXPANSION

10-15 nm

EC Project EDAMM

Laboratory tests


Damage occurs also if SO2 decrease

SECONDARY DAMAGE PRODUCTS:

HYDRAULIC MORTARS IN THE MEDITERRANEAN

AREA

EC Project PRODOMEA


MEKAWER FORTRESS (JORDAN)

JUPITER TEMPLE, DAMASCUS (SIRYA)

VILLA DOMITIA, GIANNUTRI (ITALY)

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

G3 G7 G8 G9

sample

co

ncen

trati

on

SOLUBLE

INSOLUBLE

PETRA (JORDAN)

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

PTR6 PTR14a PTR14b

sample

co

ncen

trati

on

SOLUBLE

INSOLUBLE

CONTEMPORARY AIR POLLUTANTS

AND STONE

Need to expanmd this slide…!.

EC Project NOAH’s ARK

Sulfation of stone decline and will

continue in the future

Joakim Langner


Climate change impact on

the built cultural heritage

May become a more important factor

a central part of the EC project NOAH’S ARK

Global Climate Change Impact on Built

Heritage and Cultural Landscapes


HOW ?

- Selection of the critical climate parameters affecting CH

- Data output from the General Hadley Model (HadCM3)

relative to 1961-1990, 2010-2039 and 2070-2099

- Data output from and the Regional Hadley Model (HadRM3)

relative to 2070-2099

- Scenario IPCC SRES A2

- European window

- Selection of materials and models of damage processes

OUT PUTS

Mapping of vulnerable areas in accordance with the types of

impacts

C. Sabbioni, CNR - ISAC, Bologna, Italy Washington, 11 May 2009C. Sabbioni, CNR - ISAC, Bologna, Italy Washington DC, 11 May 2009

Area and periods selected

Area: European window

HadCM3

Latitude: 33.75W – 67.50E

Longitude: 80.00N – 25.00N

23 x 28 grid points

HadRM3

Latitude: 34W – 71E (approx.)

Longitude: 72N – 25N (approx.)

109 x 104 grid points

Periods

– 1961-1990 : Baseline

– 2010-2039 : Near Future

– 2070-2099 : Far Future

C. Sabbioni, CNR - ISAC, Bologna, Italy Washington DC, 11 May 2009C. Sabbioni, CNR - ISAC, Bologna, Italy Washington DC, 11 May 2009

Methodological approach

CRUCIAL PARAMETERS selection for the damage on the build cultural heritage

Construction of a European DATABASE

CLIMATE MAPS production Further data elaboration through usingDAMAGE FUNCTIONS

RISK MAPS and MULTI-RISK MAPS production

DAMAGE MAPSproduction

Identification of RISK AREAS

C. Sabbioni, CNR - ISAC, Bologna, Italy Washington, 11 May 2009C. Sabbioni, CNR - ISAC, Bologna, Italy Washington DC, 11 May 2009

DATABASE

TEMPERATURE DERIVED

PARAMETERS

Temperature range

Freeze-thaw cycles

Thermal shock

WIND DERIVED PARAMETERS

Wind speed

Wind driven rain

Wind speed counts

Wind driven sand

Monthly, Seasonal and Annual mean of the following parameters:

C. Sabbioni, CNR - ISAC, Bologna, Italy Washington, 11 May 2009

WATER DERIVED PARAMETERS

Precipitation Amount

Rain days: total number of rainy days

Extreme rain

Consecutive number of rainy days

Mean Relative Humidity

Relative Humidity range

Relative Humidity shocks

POLLUTION DERIVED PARAMETERS

SO2 air concentration

HNO3 air concentration

O3 air concentration

Rain pH


Maps Produced

CLIMATE MAPS

DAMAGE MAPS

THEMATIC PAGES

HERITAGE CLIMATE MAPS

RISK MAPS


Relative humidity cycles =75.5%(Salt crystallisation)

2070-2099

Brick masonry


Salt crystallisation

Increase

Decrease

.…will increase over the 100 years all across EuropeC. Sabbioni, CNR - ISAC, Bologna, Italy Washington DC, 11 May 2009

Surface recession

1961-1990

2070-2099Central Europe, UK, Iceland,

Sandinavian Peninsula and

the northern Spain will

experience the

highest

surface recession

(20-30 µm/year)

Future scenarios of surface

recession of carbonate stone

due to precipitation and CO2

concentration change

L(µm/year) =LvR


General increase (> 6 µm/year)

throughout Europe, particularly

noticeable in high rainfall areas. The

change can be > 6 µm/year in

regions with recession = 20 µm/year

30% increase

1961-1990

2070-2099

Surface recession

Bonazza et al., STOTEN (2009)


Thermal Stress

The Mediterranean Basin in general will continue to experience the

highest level of risk.

In the near and far future thermoclastism will threaten more and more

Central Europe.C. Sabbioni, CNR - ISAC, Bologna, Italy Washington DC, 11 May 2009

WATER: IMPACT ON EARTH ARCHITECTURE

Annual Precipitation amount 2070-2099

Structural damage

Erosion

Clay swelling

Cracking for drying-

wetting cycles

Plaster dissolution

Demonstrated to be the the

main wheatering agent

during the 21st century


No mentionIPCC Fourth Assessment Report:

Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability

Climate Change 2007: Mitigation

Absence of cultural heritage in the

Intergovernmental Climate Change

Panel Reports (IPCC)

Cultural heritage is not mentioned among the

indicators for the identification of mitigation and

adaptation strategies


POLLUTION, PARTICULARLY PARTICLES, IS A

MAJOR THREAT AFFECTING THE BUILT

CULTURAL HERITAGE IN URBAN AREAS

MODERN BUILDING MATERIALS, e.g. CEMENT,

ARE LESS DURABLE THAN ANCIENT MATERIALS

WITH RESPECT TO POLLUTION

FUTURE CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS ON

HISTORICAL BUILDINGS AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL

SITES REMAIN A CHALLENGE


Some publications

SABBIONI C., ZAPPIA G., RIONTINO C., BLANCO-VARELA M.T., AGUILERA J., PUERTAS F., VAN BALEN K., TOUMBAKARI E.E.

Atmospheric deterioration of ancient and modern hydraulic mortars

Atmospheric Environment, 35, 539-548, 2001.

SABBIONI C.

Mechanisms of air pollution damage to stone

In Effects of Air Pollution on the Built Environment (Ed. P. Brimblecombe) Imperial College Press, Singapore, 2002, pp. 63-106.

SABBIONI C., GHEDINI N., BONAZZA A.

Organic anions damage layers on monuments and buildings

Atmospheric Environment 37, 1261-1269, 2003.

GHEDINI N., SABBIONI C., PANTANI M.

Thermal analyses in cultural heritage safeguard: an application.

Thermochimica Acta, 406, 105-113, 2003

BONAZZA A., SABBIONI C., GHEDINI N.

Quantitative data on carbon fractions in interpretation of black crusts and soiling on European built heritage.

Atmospheric Environment 39, 2607-2618, 2005

GHEDINI N., SABBIONI C., BONAZZA A., GOBBI G.

Chemical-Thermal Quantitative Methodology for Carbon Speciation in Damage Layers on Building Surfaces.

Environmental Science and Technology 40, 939-944, 2006

BONAZZA A., BRIMBLECOMBE P., GROSSI C.M., SABBIONI C.

Carbon in Black Crusts from the Tower of London.


BONAZZA A., SABBIONI C., GHEDINI N., HERMOSIN H., JURADO V., GONZALEZ J. M., SAIZ-JIMENEZ C.

Did smoke from the Kuwait oil well fires affected archaeological sites and monuments of Iranian cultural heritage?


BONAZZA A., MESSINA P., SABBIONI C., GROSSI C.M., BRIMBLECOMBE P.

Mapping the impact of climate change on surface recession of carbonate buildings in Europe.

Science of the Total Environment 407, 2039-2050, 2009

BONAZZA A., SABBIONI C., MESSINA P., GUARALDI C., DE NUNTIIS P.

Climate change impact: Mapping thermal stress on Carrara marble in Europe

Science of the Total Environment (in press) 2009


European network on Research

Programme applied to the Protection

of Tangible Cultural Heritage

• Coordinator : Italian Ministry of Cultural Heritage and Activities ( MiBAC)

• Partnership of 14 EU Member States

• CNR is actively involved

European ERA NET Project

www.netheritage.euStarted : 1 october 2008

air pollution and climate impact on the built ... - world...

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