air pollution 09 with photo
TRANSCRIPT
-
7/29/2019 Air Pollution 09 With Photo
1/26
INTRODUCTION:
Environment can be defined as the
sum total of materials and forces
surrounding the living organism.
Environment regulated the life of the
organisms including human beings.
Man being the most intelligent creature,
interacts with the environment more vigorously than does any
other organism. There is no end of human needs. With the
growth of human civilization, there has been an exponential
increase in the demands for materials. As a result, man has
started exploiting nature mercilessly to meet the demands of
his comfort and to feed the mouths for increased population.
Through deterioration of environmental condition is brought
about by extreme events like natural catastrophes and
calamities, man-made hazards, physical pollution and social,
man has a major role in it.
Economic development at present is directly linked with
environmental degradation. The chief cause of depletion of
worlds forest cover is conversion of forest lands into agriculture
lands. Every year near 8 to 12 million hectres of worlds forest
cover is depleted. Similarly of worlds forest cover is depleted.
Similarly due to urbanization and industrial development,
coastal wetlands are destroyed. Thus, rapid growth of
population, rapid industrialization and green revolution are
responsible for degradation of environment.
To feed the ever growing human population, efforts are
being made to increase the food production and that led to
Green Revolution. The ammunitions of green revolution are
1 | P a g e
-
7/29/2019 Air Pollution 09 With Photo
2/26
the chemical fertilizers and pesticides which have been used
indiscriminately to provide more nutrients to crops and to
control pests respectively. No doubt, these chemicals have
increased the food production manifold but side by side have
given rise to many health and ecological problems.
Agrochemicals constitute one of the major causes of soil and
water pollution.
With the growth of human population and unbanisation,
number of automobiles and other vehicles has increased. More
vehicles mean more air pollution & noise pollution. The
causative agents of ozone layer depletion are
chlorofluroccarbons which we use as refrigerants and
propellants. Automobiles and industries are responsible for
incrased CO2 in air leading to green house effect and global
warming we pollute the soil by dumping garbage.
AIM OF THE PROJECT:
To study the environmental profile of Bhubaneswar town in
respect of population density, green cover, education at level of
residences, social problems and sources of pollution and their
effect on air, water and soil.
POPULATION DENSITY:
The population density of Bhubaneswar town is increasing
day by day in G.P.
The population density in Bhubaneswar Town in last 5
years.
YEARS POPULATION1. 2006 11,58,5632. 2007 11,99,816
3. 2008 12,24,946
2 | P a g e
-
7/29/2019 Air Pollution 09 With Photo
3/26
4. 2009 13,85,1725. 2010 15,49,989
GREEN COVER:
The population of Bhubaneswar town is increasing day byday vigourously. So they need more areas to live and they
turned the green lands into colonies, apartments, industries etc.
So, the percentage of green cover is goes on decreasing.
3 | P a g e
-
7/29/2019 Air Pollution 09 With Photo
4/26
The percentage of green cover in Bhubaneswar town in last 5
years.
Year % of Green Cover2006 87%
2007 61%2008 38%2009 27%2010 19%
EDUCATIONAL LEVEL:
The education level of residences are increasing day by
day. So the social level of life is also increasing.
The percentage of literacy of Bhubaneswar town in last five
years.
Year % of literacy2006 28%2007 37%2008 49%2009 69%
2010 78%
SOCIAL PROBLEMS:
The above changes of our level of life and of our environment
due to different types disorderness in our atmoshphere which is
called pollution.
POLLUTION:
Pollution is defined as an undesirable change in the
physical, chemical & biological characterstics of air, water & soil
that may harmfully affect the life or create a potential hazard
for living organism.
4 | P a g e
-
7/29/2019 Air Pollution 09 With Photo
5/26
Degradation of environment with the introduction of man-
made extraneous materials to air, water or land is also called
Pollution. The extraneous agents which cause pollution are
called as Pollutants. The pollutants may be material or energy
which cause pollution when added to the environment in
quantities and at a rate which are determental to the life of the
organisms. Thus, a Pollutant is defined as any material (solid,
liquid or gas) or energy ( heat, sound, radioactivity, etc. ) that
produces harmful effects when added to the environment.
Basing on different type of pollutants the pollution is of following
types:
1. Air Pollution
2. Water Pollution
3. Soil Pollution
4. Noise Pollution.
The first three of these are more effective to the
environment. We will briefly discuss about Air Pollution
which is very dangerous to environment now-a-days.
5 | P a g e
-
7/29/2019 Air Pollution 09 With Photo
6/26
AIR POLLUTION
Air pollution results from gaseous emissions from mainly
industry, thermal power stations, automobiles, domestic
combustion etc. the natural
composition of Air is as following.
1. Nitrogen 78%
2. Oxygen 21%
3. Carbon Dioxide 0.03% to
0.04%
4. Others Gases 0.02%
5. Argon 0.93%
6. Solid Particles Trace Amount.
The agents causing air pollution are called air pollutants.
AIR POLLUTANTS:
1. Carbon compounds; there are mainly CO2 & CO.
2. Sulphur Compounds; these include SO2, H2O &
H2SO2.
3. Nitrogen Oxides; these include chiefly NO, NO2,
HNO3.
4. Hydrocarbons; These are benezene, benzphrene, etc.
5. Ozone (O3). Its level may rise in atmosphere due to
human activities.
6. Fluorocarbons ; There come form industries,
insecticides spray etc.
7. Metals. These include chiefly lead, nickel, arsenic
beryllium, tin, vainadium, titanium, cadmium, etc.
8. Photochemical products. These are the photochemical
smog, PAN, etc.
6 | P a g e
-
7/29/2019 Air Pollution 09 With Photo
7/26
9. Particulate Matter. These are fly ash, dust, grit,
suspended particulate matter (SPM).
7 | P a g e
-
7/29/2019 Air Pollution 09 With Photo
8/26
SOURCES OF AIR POLLUTION:
The sources of pollutants in the city can be
categorized into:
A. Domestic;B. Industrial;C. Vehicular;D. DG Sets;E. Brick kilnsF. Stone Crushers
Except for the stone crushers, the air pollution is mainly
due to fuel consumption for domestic uses, by industries,
vehicles, DG Sets and Brick kilns. The fuels used by different
sources of pollution are given below.
Sector FuelDomestic LPG
KeroseneWood/CoalCow dung
DG Sets Diesel OilIndustrial Coal
CokeFurnace OilDiesel Oil
PetrolBrick Kilns Coal
Details of pollution from these sources are given below.
A. DOMESTIC SOURCES
Considerable amount of population (30% of total city
population) of Bhubaneswar is mostly living in slums. People
living in slums mostly live in bastis, juggis and jhopris and they
use kerosene, coal and wood for cooking purposes. However,
most of the other population is dependent on LPG (Liquefied
Petroleum Gas). The total fuel consumed by the domestic sector
is given below:
8 | P a g e
-
7/29/2019 Air Pollution 09 With Photo
9/26
Coal : 13.69 T/Day
Wood : 13.69 T/Day
Cow dung : 06.84 T/Day
LPG : 57.0 T /Day
Kerosene : 47.14 KL/Day
These figures had been arrived at based on the following:
The total LPG consumption per day for domestic purposes
as obtained from primary survey is 57.0 t/day. As this fuel is
predominantly used in well to do households, the entire LPG
consumption was distributed grid-wise in the non-slum
population. Daily use of LPG is for cooking purposes and hencerestricted to 4hrs/day.
The total kerosene oil consumption for domestic purpose is
47.14 kl/day. This was distributed in the grids with according to
the population in that grid. Daily use of LPG is for cooking
purposes and hence restricted to 4hrs/day.
As per the survey conducted for this study, it was found
that 70% of the slum dwellers especially that in the outer skirtsof the city (in the inner city LPG was used), use firewood, coal
and cow dung and the average consumption is 100-150
kg/capita/year. Based on the above, the total consumption of
coal, wood, cow dung is 13.69 t/d, 13.69 t/d and 6.84 t/d
respectively as given in Annexure 20. Daily use of wood/cow
dung/coal in slums is for about 4 hrs/day.
For the estimation of the pollution load due to burning of fuelfollowing formula is used
Pollution Load (Xi) = Fuel Consumption (Fw) x Emission Factor
(Xi)
Where, (Xi) is the pollutant parameter I (say SO2)
(Fw) is the fuel consumed of type fuel (say wood)
The estimated air pollution load due to burning of fuel in
domestic sector is given in Table 7.1.
9 | P a g e
-
7/29/2019 Air Pollution 09 With Photo
10/26
Estimation of pollution load from the domestic sector due to
burning of fuel can be calculated using the following formula;
Pollution Load (Xi) = Fuel Consumption (Fw) x Emission Factor (Xj)
Where, Xi - It is the pollution parameter (say SO2)
Fw - It is the quantity of fuel consumption (say wood)
Xj - It is the emission factor (say wood)
For identifying the spatial distribution of the Air Pollution fromdomestic sources, the emissions from the domestic sector havedistributed on the basis of distribution of slums and non-slumpopulation. The impact of Air Pollution due to burning of
domestic fuel viz. coal, wood, cow dung, kerosene and LPG hasbeen categorized into two areas.
Level ofImpact
Distance Prominent Locations
ImpactArea I
(High)
200 m to thepopulation
using
wood andcow dung
Slums, Slum Clusters in the cityincluding areas like Sikharchandi, PatiaHadi Sahi, Patia Bhoi Sahi, Rasulgarh,
Barmunda, Jokalandi, Ghatikia, Aiginia,Kapil Prasad, Kapileswar, Laxmisagar,Pokhariput, Dumduma Sikharachandi,Patia Hadi Sahi, Patia Bhoi Sahi,Radhakrushna Lane (Near Patia),Rasulgarh Bhoi Sahi, Sabarsahi,Sameigadia, Chakeisiani Tangi Sahi,Pandara, Brahmeswar Patna Bhoi Sahi,
Jambeswar Patna (Behera Sahi andBharati Matha Bhoi Sahi), Kapilaprasad
Bhoi Sahi, Nuagaon Khuruda Sahi,Nuagaon Jena Sahi, Kapileswar BhoiSahi, Nuagaon Upper Sahi, PokhariputBhoi Sahi, Jadupur (A & B), JadupurBegunia, Puruna Sahi, Odia Sahi, AiginiaBhoi Sahi, Dumuduma Raghunath Nagarand Bhoi Sahi
ImpactArea II(Medium)
according tothe
concentratio
n of
Other areas under residential andcommercial use zones using LPG as fuel.
10 | P a g e
-
7/29/2019 Air Pollution 09 With Photo
11/26
non slumpopulation
B. INDUSTRIAL (AIR) POLLUTIONBhubaneswar city has 88 nos Industries operating identified by
the State Pollution Control Board, Orissa, out of which 16 are Air
Polluting and 34 are Water polluting. The details on the location
and type of industries in the industrial areas of the city are
given in Annexure V. Details of industries operating in different
industrial estates (Mancheswar IE, Rasulgarh IE, Chandaka IE
and Bhagabanpur IE) and also in other areas are given as
Annexure 16. The industries operating in different IndustrialEstates is given in Table 7.2.
Table 7.2
Industries operating in different Industrial Estates
Name &Location
ofIndustrial
Estate
TotalArea
occupied (in
Acres)
TotalNo. ofShedsAllott
ed
TotalAreaAllotted
Total No. ofIndustries Operating
Typesof
Industries
Large
Medium
Small
Total
Air
Water
RasulgarhIE,
Rasulgarh
17 82 1.57 1 1 4 6 3 6
MancheswarIE,
Mancheswar
370 254 167.48
- 22 23 45 3 13
ChandakaIE,
Chandaka
940 0 155.74
2 5 3 10 3 6
Bhagawanpur IE,
Bhagawanpur
94 0 59.49 - 1 8 9 6 4
Other Areas(other than
IE)
- - - - 5 13 18 1 5
Total 1421 334 384.28
3 34 51 88 16 34
The industries listed in Table 7.2 have an impact distance of 2-5km but not exceeding 7 km. The air pollution from these
11 | P a g e
-
7/29/2019 Air Pollution 09 With Photo
12/26
industries is mainly due to fuel used by them. Industrial Estatewise the type of fuel consumption is given in Table 7.3
Table 7.3Industrial Estate wise Fuel Consumption in Bhubaneswar
Area
(consumption per month)Type of
FuelRasulgar
h IEMancheswa
r IEChandak
a IEBhagawanpu
rTotal FuelConsumptio
nFurnaceOil (klm)
08 13.5 6.0 - 27.5
LPG(tpm)
- - 13.0 - 13.0
Coal(tpm)
- 392.0 95.0 06 493.0
Kerosene (klm)
- 01.0 - - 01.0
HSD(klm)
- 18.0 38.0 7.5 38.5
FireWood &others
01 03.0 - 17.0 21.0
In industries other than the Industrial Estates OMFED,
Bhubaneswar uses 30 Klm furnaces oil as fuel. As shown above,
mainly coal is used as fuel in most of the industries. Based on
the above table, the total coal consumption by industries is 493
T/month.
VEHICULAR (AIR) P0LLUTION
The vehicular emissions are one of the major sources of Air
Pollution affecting the urban population in Bhubaneswar.
Unlike Industrial Emissions, Vehicular pollutants are hence
the impact on recipient population will be more. The
Annual presented in the Table 7.5. With such high growth,
the impact of growth would be tremendous.
Table - 7.5
Annual Vehicular Growth In Bhubaneswar
Year Total Vehicles inthe City Growth %
12 | P a g e
-
7/29/2019 Air Pollution 09 With Photo
13/26
2004 25546 --2005 40654 12%2006 78897 29%2007 125741 34%2008 158568 39%
The total number of vehicles in Bhubaneswar District hasgrown at a tremendous rate of 39 % during 2006 to 2008 and
is presented in the table 7.6. The goods HCVs have grown
alarmingly by 47%.
Table 7.6Mode-Wise Vehicular Growth In Bhubaneswar District
Category 2004 2008 %increaseCars 540 1893 282-Wheelers 8773 20521 433-Wheelers & Taxis 320 2045 15Buses 58 43 --Goods HCVs 339 718 25Goods LCVs 147 585 25Total 10177 20805 39.43
Traffic census on the main roads network covering themajor cordon points and the major intersections within thecity was carried out to find out the number of variouscategories of vehicles entering the city from different directionsand plying on the road. The number of vehicles in eachmode (passenger cars, trucks, busses, 2 wheeler, 3 wheelers)
was counted for 24 hrs on a normal working day (1st August,2008). The following steps were followed to find out thepollution load from vehicles and vehicular pollution areas.
Link wise vehicles were distributed in each grid of 1sq km Link wise equivalent passenger car units werecalculated using standards as at Table 6.12. Link wise lengths and width of the roadswere measured in km. Using the design service capacity standards andthe road width the congestion was calculated. Pollution load was estimated fro each link andvehicular pollution areas identified.
13 | P a g e
-
7/29/2019 Air Pollution 09 With Photo
14/26
Traffic Congestion
The congested stretches in Bhubaneswar are
categorized into Congested and Smoothly Flowing stretches
as b elow
Categories CongestionLevels
Prominent Stretches
Highly
Congested
> 1.75 ( 75% of
the DSC)
Rasulgarh SQBomikhal SQ ,
Jharpada SQ,Kalpana SQ,
Museum SQCongested 1.00-1.75 (> 10%
of the DSC)
Vani Vihar SQ, Rupali SQRam Mandir SQ, Master
Canteen SQ, RajmahalSQ,
Smooth
Flowing
< 1.00 ( 10% of
the DSC)
Rasulgarh SQ Vani ViharSQ, Acharya Vihar SQ,
Jayadev Vihar SQ, CRPSQBaramunda SQ,Khandagiri SQ, TamandoSQ, Khandagiri SQ,Gangamunda SQ, Jayadev
Vihar SQ , Power HouseSQ Gopabandhu SQ,Rajbhawan SQ, CRP SQ ,Power House SQ
Vehicular Pollution
The total pollution load from vehicles in Bhubaneswar Cityis 10.63T/Day. Based on pollution load, considering the
number of vehicles and the congested stretches, the road
stretches of the city are categorized into highly polluted,
medium polluted and moderately polluted
DG SETS
Due to power break downs of 1hour daily; a number of DG
Sets are used in Bhubaneswar City. Based on a detailed survey
14 | P a g e
-
7/29/2019 Air Pollution 09 With Photo
15/26
carried out, it is estimated that about 8,946 DG Sets operate
in the city. As per primary survey, the fuel consumed by the
DG Sets by different sectors and the average consumption of
diesel varies as per the capacity of the generators. The
number of DG Sets, hours of operation and the total fuelconsumed are given in Table 7.9.
Table 7.9
Number, Capacities, Hrs of Operation And Fuel Consumed
By Generators
Land Use Hrs. of Operatio
n
(hr/day)
Numberof
Generat
or
Capacityof
Generato
rs (KVA)
Avg.Consumptio
n of Fuel
(Ltr/DGSEt/Day)
Fuel(Diesel)consume
d(ltr/day)
Residential
1 4500 5-10 1-2 9000
Commercial (Shop)
1 4 000 5-62 1-2 6000
Industry 1 80 5-625 2-3 20Others(Hotels,
CinemaHalls,Hospitals)
1 366 5-800 2-3 915
Total 8 946 16 115
From the above table, the total diesel consumed by DG Sets
operating in the city is 16.11 kl/day.
For identifying the spatial distribution of the air pollution
from the DG Sets, the DG Sets have been distributedthroughout the city based on the primary survey and
considering the land use, i.e. location of the shops, markets,
hospitals and the institutions using the DG Sets. The slum
clusters have been marked as areas with less impact, as they
do not use DG Sets.
The impact of air pollution due to DG Sets emissions
have been categorized into two areas
Level of Impact Distance Area
15 | P a g e
-
7/29/2019 Air Pollution 09 With Photo
16/26
ImpactImpact Area I 150 m to the
commercialestablishments,
hospitals, institutions
and very denselypopulated
Nayapalli,Chandrasekharpur,
Sahid Nagar,Bapujee Nagar, Old
Town, Unit IX,CRP Square, AshokNagar, Vani Vihar,PMG Square, Power
House JunctionImpact Area II Distributed
according to theconcentration of
residential areas (non
slum population)
Residential areasin Unit 1, Nalco
Nagar, Arjun Nagar
BRICK KILNS
Apart from the above sources number of Brick Kilns are
established mainly in the low line areas of the Kuakhai River
and Daya. They are catering to the requirements of
Bhubaneswar City. Presently about 45 of them are operating
within the city having no pollution control device The
Government of Orissa, Department of Science & Technology
and Environment, vide memo no ENV-I-4/87/STE/18775 dated
26/10/87 have approved the following siting criteria for Brick
Kilns, Lime Kilns and Coal Briquette units. The siting criteria for
the establishment of the brick kiln are
Such industries should not be established on
prime agricultural lands and forest lands
They must be located at least km away from the
National and State highways high tide lines, flood plains,
villages and small settlements and 2 kms away from the
out skirts of small towns and population of 50, 000 or less
and 5 kms away from the out skirts of large towns of
population more than 50, 000.
Each unit should be atleast 1 km away from
another such unit.
16 | P a g e
-
7/29/2019 Air Pollution 09 With Photo
17/26
OBSERVATIONS ON BRICK KILNS IN
BHUBANESWAR:
The brick kilns are mostly concentrated on the low
lying areas of the River Khuakhai. A few of them are
also located along the Puri Cuttack road. Out of the 21 brick kilns, 12 of them fall within 0.5 km
from another such unit.
As per the survey conducted, it was found out 12-
15 brick kilns were operating and had fixed chimney kiln.
The kilns were of continuous type in which firing
was done continuously, green bricks being put into one
part of the kiln and fired bricks withdrawn from
another end. Fuel is fed continuously at a constant rate and coal
and firewood is the main fuel used.
The average depth of the brick kiln were in the
range of 2.3-2.6 m. and the length of the kilns varied from
60m - 40m and breadth varied from 6m - 10 m.
The production capacity varies from 3-5 lacs per round
or 10,000 25,000 per day.
From the survey it was found that the 100-120 kg of
coal/fuel per 1000 bricks.
Thus average fuel consumed by a single brick kiln: 100 kg x
17,500 =1750 t/day
Brick kiln Air Pollution
The emissions from the brick kilns is high during the
charging phase which occurs for about 10 -15 minutes and
thick black smoke is emitted during this time. For the
remaining period, generally gray smoke is observed. The
maximum concentration of the particle size is above 5
microns. Hence the dispersion of the dust particles varies from
200m to 1000m.
Considering the air pollution potential of Industries and the
meteorological conditions a distance of 500 m has been
taken for high risk and a distance of 1 km has been taken
17 | P a g e
-
7/29/2019 Air Pollution 09 With Photo
18/26
for medium risk. The impact of air pollution due to emissions
from industries has been categorized into two areas.
Level of Impact
Impact Distance Area
Impact Area I 500 m from brickkilns
Banks of KuakhaiRiver, Uttarasasan,Pupasasan,
Impact Area II 1 km from brickkilns
Mancheswar, GadaGopi Prasad,Rasulgargh,
Lakshmi sagai,Baragada.
STONE CRUSHERS
Apart from these sources of air pollution there are about 19
stone crushers operating within the city.
Detail list of the Stone Crushers are given at Annexure 17.
Stone crushers are concentrated around the NationalHighway no 05, which traverses the city. The schematic
diagram of the locations of the stone crushers is shown in the
fig ---- and the Existing Industries Map.
The Government of Orissa, Department of Science &
Technology and Environment, vide memo no ENV-I-
4/87/STE/18775 dated 26/10/87 have approved the
following siting criteria for the establishment ofstone crushers. The siting criteria for the establishment of the
stone crushers are
No stone crushers should be allowed within 1km of a
town or a village
No stone crushers will be located within km from
National and State highways
Distance between two stone crushers units should be
18 | P a g e
-
7/29/2019 Air Pollution 09 With Photo
19/26
at least km apart.
The standards consist of two parts:
1. Implementation of the following pollution
control measures:
Dust containment cum suppression system for theequipment
Construction of wind breaking walls
Construction of the metalled roads within premises
Regular cleaning and wetting of the ground within the
premises
Growing of a green belt along the periphery
2. Quantities Standard for the SPMThe suspended particulate matter measure between 3 to
10 m from any process equipment of a stone crushing unit
shall not exceed 600 g/m3.
Table 7.12
Particulate Emission from a Crusher (crushing capacity
500 MT/day)
Sl. No. Dry CrushingOperation
No. of StoneCrushers
Using differenttypes ofProcess
CrushingCapacity (t)
1. Primary Crushing 01 10002. Secondary Crushing
Screeing08 1610
3. Tertiary Crushing
Screening
06 3325
4. Recrushing &Screening
01 95
5. Fines Mills 10 321.1Total 3358.0
OBSERVATIONS ON STONE CRUSHERS IN BHUBANESWAR:
The stones crushers are mainly found along the
NH-5 (Howrah- Chennai) near Baghwanpur Industrial
19 | P a g e
-
7/29/2019 Air Pollution 09 With Photo
20/26
Estate and Tomando area.
The rocks required for crushing are brought away
from the city and are further crushed. The stone crushers
are involved from primary crushing to recrushing and
screening. The process includes crushing, regrinding and
removal of fines.
Most of the stone crushers units use only jaw
crushers that do not have any pollution control device.
Out of the operating 19 stone crushers, 2 can be
categorized as large with the production capacity of
more than 1000 t/day, 7 can be categorized as
medium with the production capacity of more than 500-
1000 t/day and 10 can be categorized as small with less
than 500 t/day.
The crushed products are stored in open at the
work area. The city falls in the leeward direction.
Estimation Of Pollution Load From Stone Crushers
The EPA (Environmental Protection Agency, USA)
emission factors for dust generation in the rock
crushing is used for estimation of the pollution
(dust) load. The Particulate Emission factors from a dry
crushing stone cluster operation is given in Table 7.13.
Table 7.13
Particulate Emission from a Crusher (crushing capacity 500
MT/day)
Sl.No.
Dry CrushingOperation
CrushingCapacity
(t)
SuspendedDust
Emmission(KTg)
EstimatedPollution
Load(t/day)(SPM)
1 Primary Crushing 1000 0.05 722.482 Secondary
Crushing
Screening
1610 0.30 50.0
3 Tertiary Crushing 332.5 1.80 118.754 Recrushing & 95 1.25 483.0
20 | P a g e
-
7/29/2019 Air Pollution 09 With Photo
21/26
Screening5 Fines Mills 321.1 2.25 598.50
Total 3358.0 1869.73
The major pollutants from industrial sector are SPM. The
quantity of SPM generated is about 1869 T/Day.
Stone Crushers Air Pollution Map
The dust particles emitted during the crushing operation of the
stone crushers varies in size. Although most of them are
bigger in size (greater than 10 microns), there are finer
particles of less than 1m icron. Considering the variation of
the size of the dust particles and the meteorological
conditions, a distance of 200 m has been taken for high risk
and a distance of 2 km has been taken for medium risk.
The impact of air pollution due to emissions from stone crushers
has been categorized into two areas.
21 | P a g e
-
7/29/2019 Air Pollution 09 With Photo
22/26
Level of Impact Impact Distance AreaImpact Area I 200 m from brick
kilns
Bhagwanpur,
Tamand,
Pratappara,
Sankarpur,
Subhudhipur,
Bijipur,
DamodarpurImpact Area II 2km from brick
kilns
Sijua,
Begunia,
Jagmar, Ghatika,
Sampur,
Baramanuda,
Khnadagiri &
Udaigiri, Naypalli,
IRC villagr
NATURAL SOURCE
The topsoil of Bhubaneswar consists of hard laterite in theNorth and Western part. Its origin seems to be influenced by
the topography and the bedrock characteristics of the
origin. But the Eastern and Southern part consist of alluvial
soil formed by the deposition of rivers like Daya, Kuakhai
and Bhargavi. The soil dust becomes air borne easily. Dust
storms are very common during May-June. The major naturalsources of air pollution contributing to SPM are:
Open areas not covered with grass of vegetation Fallow
agriculture fields due to changed agricultural practices,
fields remain fallow for substantial period from March/April to
the next 4 months.
Sand from the bed of river Daya, Kuakhai and Bhargavi.
22 | P a g e
-
7/29/2019 Air Pollution 09 With Photo
23/26
Considering the stone crushers and the brick kilns other
than the domestic, commercial, vehichular and the DG sets,
the total pollution load including SPM, SO 2, CO, NOx and HC is
2.32 Mt/day of which 98 % is contributed by stone crushers,
followed by brick kilns. However, if the stone crushers are
shifted out from the city, brick kilns will turn out to be
the major contributors of pollution in Bhubaneswar with
about 99 % contribution.
Stone crushers are the single largest contributor of SPM with
an emission of 1.87 Mt/day followed by brick kilns sources
with 0.4 Mt/day. However, about 2.23 Mt/day of PM can beavoided if the stone crushers and the brick kilns are
shifted out from the city. It they are shifted out from
city then industries using coal is the major contributor (3.75
t/d) for high SPM followed by the domestic (0.61 t/d) and the
vehicular (0.41 t/d). Presently, Brick kiln is the highest
contributor ofS02 with an emission of 19.95 t/day followed
by vehicles with 0.35 t/day. However, if the brick kilns are
supplied with natural gas and stop using coal, vehicles will bethe highest contributors of S02 (0.35 t/day). Vehicles also
are the highest contributors interms of CO and HC. The high
load of CO (4.75 t/day) is attributed to two & three wheelers
(1.37 t/day) followed by trucks (0.6 t/day) and buses (0.5 t/day).
CONCLUSION
Based on above data, field observations and increasing public
complaints, although, the concentration of SO2 is well withinlimits at some location but there is extremely high
concentration of SPM at some locations. The concentration of
NOx at many locations is high as per the monitoring
conducted by SPC Board, Orissa during the EMP study.
However, the NAAQM data shows the air quality to be
within limits.
Based on Air Pollution, the city is categorized into Highly
Critical Areas, Moderately Critical Areas, and Critical Areas as
23 | P a g e
-
7/29/2019 Air Pollution 09 With Photo
24/26
below and shown in Map:
IMPACT AREAS AREASHighly Critical
Areas
Bhagabanpur, Patrapada,
Aignia, Unit 20,
Shankarpur, Khandagiri,
Udaygiri, Dumuduma and
areas all along National
Highway 5 and 203Moderately Critical Areas Core area of the city
Critical Areas Jaganath prasad, Sundarpur,
Chandrasekharpur,
Bharatpur, Sampur,
Malipada, Andharua areas of
the city.
24 | P a g e
-
7/29/2019 Air Pollution 09 With Photo
25/26
From the above data it becomes apparent that the air of
Bhubaneswar Town has been polluted for last five years due to
increase in the local of vehicular traffic. Number of different
industries & number of pesticides users, lack of required green
cover, cutting a large number of trees, poor plantation drive &
above all due to lack of required awareness among people
regarding the cause and effects of air pollution. As a result the
disorders of respiratory system, skin, eye, blood, etc. are on the
rise in this area. The only satisfying development is the rise in
the number of families using LPG as fuel for cooking & increase
in the literacy rate. Though it is not possible to stall the process
of industrialization use of pesticides and number of vehicles for
transportation, the following remedial measures can be taken toreduce the degree of pollution as well as the extent of pollution
related health disorders.
1. Industrialists should be cajoled to use smokeless fuels &
develop green covers around the factories.
2. Industries should be shifted to places far from human
habitations.
3. Industries should be compelled to use precipitators
scrubbers & filters to check the production of particulate
matter.
4. Owners of automobiles should
use positive crank case
ventilation & catalytic
converter to reduce emissions.
5. Use of low sulphur fuel should
be made compulsory.
6. Antipollution devices and
alternate fuels should be used
in automobiles.
7. No big tree should be cut down
further & steps should be
taken for adequate plantation.
25 | P a g e
-
7/29/2019 Air Pollution 09 With Photo
26/26
8. Public should be made aware of air pollution through
electronic media, print media, road shows, symposia, etc.
26 | P a g e