AIM:

Wrap up of different ‘pieces’ of Nanoscience and Technology

Focus on ITC and Materials, some Biomedical applications and some crystal ball gazing

Nano: Renaissance Science !

nm

size

time

solid state physics &

engineeringbiology

chemistry

now!

nm

nm

Small is different

Scaling law

Small is different

Scaling law

Breakdown of scaling

What enables Nanoscience and Nanotechnology?

New tools!!!

• Drive discoveries• Enable technology• Are a high value added business opportunity

The Lycurgus Cup (glass; British

Museum; 4th century A. D.) Cathédrale de Chartres

Nanotechnology has been around a while…

What is the origin of the color? What is the origin of the color? Answer: ``surface plasmons’’ Answer: ``surface plasmons’’

An SP is a natural oscillation of the electron gas An SP is a natural oscillation of the electron gas inside a inside a goldgold nanospherenanosphere..

SP frequency depends on the SP frequency depends on the dielectricdielectric functionfunction of the gold, and the of the gold, and the shapeshape of the nanoparticle. of the nanoparticle.

electron sphere

Ionic background

Electron cloud oscillates with frequency of SP; ions provide restoring force.

(not to scale)

Nanoparticle chainNanoparticle chain

Surface plasmons can propagate along a periodic Surface plasmons can propagate along a periodic chain of metallic nanoparticles (above)chain of metallic nanoparticles (above)

a

d

Propagating Waves of Surface Propagating Waves of Surface Plasmons in Chains of Plasmons in Chains of

NanoparticlesNanoparticles A chain of closely spaced metallic A chain of closely spaced metallic

nanoparticles allows WAVES of surface nanoparticles allows WAVES of surface plasmons to propagate down the chain.plasmons to propagate down the chain.

The waves can be either transverse (T) or The waves can be either transverse (T) or longitudinal (L) modes, and can have group longitudinal (L) modes, and can have group velocities up to 0.1c or higher.velocities up to 0.1c or higher.

Studied extensively by Atwater group at Studied extensively by Atwater group at Caltech, and by other groups at Stanford and Caltech, and by other groups at Stanford and elsewhere.elsewhere.

Potentially useful for propagating energy Potentially useful for propagating energy along effectively very narrow waveguides, along effectively very narrow waveguides, controlling energy flow around corners, etc.controlling energy flow around corners, etc.

Photon STM Image of a Chain Photon STM Image of a Chain of Au nanoparticles [from of Au nanoparticles [from Krenn et al, PRL 82, 2590 Krenn et al, PRL 82, 2590

(1999)](1999)]

Individual particles: 100x100x40 nm, separated Individual particles: 100x100x40 nm, separated by 100 nm and deposited on an ITO substrate. by 100 nm and deposited on an ITO substrate. Sphere at end of waveguide is excited using the Sphere at end of waveguide is excited using the

tip of near-field scanning optical microscope tip of near-field scanning optical microscope (NSOM), and wave is detected using fluorescent (NSOM), and wave is detected using fluorescent

nanospheres.nanospheres.

Using self-assembly to make Using self-assembly to make a nanoparticle chaina nanoparticle chain

F. Aldaye, H. Sleiman, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129; 4130

Major drivers of nanotechnology

Economical sectors (1000 G$/year)

- Optoelectronics

- Microelectronics

-Chemical industries

- Materials

- Medical and pharmaceuticals

Scientific convergence

- break down of traditional barriers

New Tools

- Experimental

- Computational

Moore’s Law

Source: Intel Corporation

Prediction in 1997

Information storage: compund growth rate even faster!

Source: Information Storage Industry Consortium

Source: IMEC

The future of electronics

Nanoelectronics: Carbon Nanotubes

Carbon Nanotube Inter- and Intramolecular Logic GatesV. Derycke, R. Martel, J. Appenzeller, and Ph. Avouris*IBM Research DiVision, T. J. Watson Research Center

Scanning tunneling microscope: not just imaging!

Ultra high density (Library of Congress on a pin head)

Ultra slow (needs life time of universe to write)

Huge footprint (UHV 4K STM)

D. Eigler, IBM Almaden

IBM’s Millipede

Telecommunications and Optoelectronics

Fiber optic based telecommunication system

Self assembled quantum dots

Laser wavelength determined by composition, spacing and thickness of layers

Detection of Quantum Mirage

Manoharan, Lutz, and Eigler, Nature 403, 512.515 (2000)

New materials: non-permeable, self-cleaning, anti-septic,...

Lotus leafLotus leaf (artificial):

nm sized hydrophobic wax size: water rolls (not slides) -> cleans

sol-gel based technique -> on market

Self-cleaning plastic, textiles:Self-cleaning plastic, textiles: TiO2 nanoparticles in polymer matrix

Textiles with ‘Stain Defender’, antiseptic

Air-D-FenseAir-D-Fense (InMat, New Jersey):

nanoclay/butyl thin film 3000 fold decreased permeability

Ceramic Coatings:Ceramic Coatings: (Inframat)

No barnacles on ship hulls: reduced drag

Nano Materials with Color

• High throughput multiplexed assays (‘nano bar code’)

• Optical tracking on a cellular level with tagged CdSe quantum dots: which gene is active?

• Photovoltaics and illumination

Basis: size dependent emissioncolor of ZnS capped CdSe nano particles

Potential new drugs

• Cyclic peptides assemble into hollow, nanometer sized pipes.

• These tube forming rings punch holes into (negatively charged) microbe membranes (nanobiotics).

Ghadri et al. Nature 412, 452 (2001)

Potential new drugs & drug delivery systems

• Nanoshells of gold (tagged if necessary) can be heated from outside of body by IR, thus releasing drugs locally and controlled

• Makes use of high optical density of agglomerates

The Benefits of Nanotech:Nanoshell Cancer Therapy

Gold Nanoshells

Courtesy of Prof. Naomi Halas, Rice University

10-300 nm diameter

gold shell

silica core

Are biocompatible

Are strong absorbers of light in the near infrared, where light penetrates up to 7 cm into the human body

Easily attached to antibodies for specific cellular targeting

Small enough to pass through circulatory system

The Benefits of Nanotech:Nanoshell Cancer Therapy

Courtesy of Prof. Naomi Halas, Rice University

• BALB/c mice innoculated with CT26.wt mouse colon carcinoma cells

• Systemically delivered pegylated nanoshells via tail vein injection

• 6 hrs post injection, tumors irradiated through skin with 4 W/cm2 810 nm diode laser for 3 min

• Tumor surface temp. monitored • Tumor size monitored for 2 months

Near IR

Diode Laser

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

1 6 11 16 21 26 31 36 41 46 51 56

Days after tumor treatment

% s

urvi

ving

Laser + Nanoshells

Laser, No Nanoshells

Untreated

% S

urv

ivin

g

20.0 18.2 22.00.0

76.2

89.2

0.0

25.0

50.0

75.0

100.0

125.0

Day 0 Day 10

Laser + Nanoshells

Laser, no Nanoshells

Untreated Tumors

Tum

or

size

(m

m2)

Evolutionary Nanotechnology Historically larger technologies that have shrunk to the nanometer scale

Revolutionary Nanotechnology New nanometer-scale technologies

Three Types of Nanotechnology

Natural Nanotechnology Naturally occurring functional nanometer-scale

structures

Evolutionary Nanotechnology

Cosmetics have become a Nanometer-Scale Technology

Nanoparticulates in sunscreens and cosmetics

Nanosomes

(L’Oréal)

The art of dying grey hair – 4000 years ago

Mixture of PbO and Ca(OH)2 diluted in water to form a paste

Reaction with amino acids in hair leads to the formation of PbS crystals

Centre de recherche et de restauration des Musées de France (NanoLetters 6, 2215 (2006))

Revolutionary Nanotechnology

Carbon Nanotubes

NOT GateNanotube Transistor

Nanotube single electron transistor

Natural Nanotechnology

Flagella Motors of the Salmonella Bacteria

Some Major Opportunities

• Energy

• Water

• Food

Nano and Energy

• Lighter materials (transport sector)

• Higher temperature coatings (efficiency)

• Storage (electrode material for batteries, Hydrogen storage,…)

• Generation (fuel cells)

• Insulation (smart windows)

• Manufacturing (catalysis)

Nano, Food & Agriculture

• Fertilizer (more efficient delivery)• Water conservation (nanoporous membrane from organic waste

reduces consumption by 50%)

• Environmentally friendly packaging with improved performance (shelf life, antimicrobial, interactive/smart)

• Sensors (predict, control and improve yield)• Functionalized foods (targeted to deliver nutrients in body

where one needs them; improved taste and texture)• Growing metal nanoparticles (e.g. Ag in fungi): green

manufacturing, no solvents involved

Nano and WaterUN (2002): 1.1 billion without access to safe water

2.6 billion without adequate sanitation Results in death of 4500 children per day

•Filtration (membranes): remove NH3 , concentrate it and use as fertilizer

•Oxidation with nano TiO2, Ag -

functionalized zeolite ceramics to replace UV and heat treatment

•Desalination and arsenic removal (ZnO)

• Advanced nano sensors to detect pathogens

See www.meridian.org for more info

Water and nano, part 2

• water needs are unlikely to be met with nanotechnology until we can prove it is cost effective and sustainable

• This needs more research and development

• = investments $$$, brains, discoveries and innovations

Nanotechnology: The Challenge of a New Frontier

The Risk of Nanotech

The REAL Risk: Utilizing nanotechnology without evaluating the consequences: assess advantages and down sides

Example: The widespread introduction of nanoparticulates into the ecosphere when their toxicological impact is not known

How Shall We Make Wise Decisions About Nanotechnology ?

• Eliminate FantasiesEliminate Fantasies• Understand MotivationsUnderstand Motivations• Honestly Assess Risks & BenefitsHonestly Assess Risks & Benefits

Polymer

Exfoliated nano clay

Intercalated exfoliated claynanocomposit

Intercalation of exfoliated nano clay in a polymer matrix (thermoplastic, elastomer, etc.) allows to control:

• mechanical properties, formability, processability, …

• gas permeability by a factor of 3000

Conventional composite

Exfoliated composit

Polymeric Nanocomposites

Finally – when will nanotechnology make an impact?

Global Nanotechnology Salesin

mill

ion

US

$

Materials Components Systems

Source: Lux Research, Oct. 2004

Predicting the future…

There is indeed plenty of room at the bottom!

Tremendous progress in understanding and creating nanometer-scale objects in the last 15 years

Age of exploration and discovery

The potential is staggering