agreement subject/verb and verb tense. review: parts of a sentence subject + predicate = sentence...

Agreement

Subject/Verb and Verb Tense

Review: Parts of a Sentence

• Subject + Predicate = Sentence

• What is a subject?• What is a predicate?

• What is the difference between simple and complex?

Review: Verb tenses

• Infinitive-• Past-• Present-• Future-

Using Subject-Verb Agreement

What is subject-verb agreement?

How to fix problems in agreement

Phrases between subjects and verbs

Indefinite pronouns

Compound subjects

Subjects after verbs

Don’t and doesn’t

Review A

Review B


Every sentence has a subject and a verb.

The dog runs.

Subject Verb

The dog runs.The dog runs.

A ship sails.Subject Verb

A ship sails.A ship sails.

Two children play music.

Subject Verb

Two children play music.Two children play music.

What is subject-verb agreement? Number

Number is the form a word takes to show whether it is singular or plural.

scientist

• A word that refers to one thing is singular.

Singular goose she

• A word that refers to more than one is plural.

Plural scientists geese they

What is subject-verb agreement? Singular subjects

• Singular subjects take singular verbs.

Tabitha rides the train.

SingularSubject

SingularVerb

Tabitha rides the train. Tabitha rides the train.

He repairs the bicycle.

SingularSubject

SingularVerb

He repairs the bicycle. He repairs the bicycle.

A verb should agree in number with its subject.

What is subject-verb agreement? Plural subjects

• Plural subjects take plural verbs.

The girls ride the train.

PluralSubject

PluralVerb

The girls ride the train. The girls ride the train.

They repair the bicycle.

PluralSubject

PluralVerb

They repair the bicycle. They repair the bicycle.

What is subject-verb agreement? Plural subjects

In a verb phrase the first helping verb agrees with the subject.

He is repairing the bicycle.

SingularSubject

SingularHelping VerbVerb Phrase

He is repairing

They are repairing the bicycle.

PluralSubject

PluralHelping VerbVerb Phrase

They are repairing

[End of Section]

For each sentence, identify the subject, and then choose the verb in parentheses that agrees with the subject.

1. The water (rushes, rush) down the river.

2. The bees (buzzes, buzz) around the picnic table.

3. The photograph (was, were) a gift from my cousin.

4. At the science fair the winner always (receives, receive) a savings bond.

5. They (march, marches) in all the parades.

On Your Own


How to fix problems in agreement Phrases between subjects and verbs

Sometimes a phrase comes between the subject and the verb.

The hero

The number of the subject is usually not changed by a phrase following the subject.

Subject Verb Verb

of those folk tales is Coyote. is Coyote.

The hero

Subject Verb

is Coyote. of those folk tales

Phrase

Subject Verb

A bag of marbles is on the shelf.

Is agrees with bag, not marbles.

The peppers in the garden have grown quickly.

The helping verb have agrees with peppers, not garden.

A bag of marbles is on the shelf.

The peppers in the garden have grown quickly.

Subject Verb


[End of Section]

For each of the following sentences, choose the correct form of the verb in parentheses.

1. A tidal wave, despite its name, (is, are) not caused by the tides.

2. Earthquakes beneath the sea (causes, cause) most tidal waves.

3. Tidal waves in the open ocean generally (does, do) not cause much interest.

4. The height of tidal waves there often (remains, remain) low.

On Your Own


How to fix problems in agreement Indefinite pronouns

Indefinite pronouns refer to a person or thing whose exact identity is unknown.

• Some indefinite pronouns are singular.

• Some are plural.

• Some may be either singular or plural, depending on how they are used.

VerbVerb Verb


The following indefinite pronouns are singular:

Singular indefinite pronouns

anybody either neither one

anyone everybody nobody somebody

anything everyone no one someone

each everything nothing something

Everyone on the team dribbles well. Nothing ever goes on sale at this store.Neither of the boys is in my class. SubjectSubjectSubject

Verb

Verb

Verb


The following indefinite pronouns are plural:

Plural indefinite pronouns

both few many several

Are many of the tools sharp?

Few have traveled there.

Both of them wear glasses.

Subject

Subject

Subject

Verb

Verb

The following indefinite pronouns may be singular or plural, depending on how they are used:

Singular or plural indefinite pronouns

all more none

any most some

Most of the ice has melted.

Most of the ice cubes have melted.

Singular when they refer to singular words

Plural when they refer to plural words

Subject

Subject


[End of Section]


1. Most of the balloons (has, have) long strings.

2. Both of these shoes (gives, give) me blisters.

3. Someone on the soccer team (needs, need) a new uniform.

4. Neither of the boys (was, were) wearing a helmet.

5. None of the house (has, have) been painted yet.

On Your Own


Verb

Verb

How to fix problems in agreement Compound subjects

A compound subject is two or more subjects that are joined by a coordinating conjunction and that have the same verb.

Red

• Subjects joined by and usually take plural verbs.

Subject 1

and blue are the school’s colors.Subject 2

Jana,Subject 1

andKurt, enjoy skating.Subject 2

RileySubject 3

How to fix problems in agreement Coordinating conjunctions

A coordinating conjunction joins words or groups of words that are used in the same way.

Coordinating Conjunctions

and but or nor

for yet so

Verb

bus

• Singular subjects joined by or or nor take a singular verb.

Singular

nor the train stops in our town.

Singular

Manuel

Singular

or Gina baby-sits.

Singular

On Mondays,

Verb


Neither the

Verb

Curtains

• Plural subjects joined by or or nor take a plural verb.

Plural

or artworks add color to a room.

Plural

Verb

lemons

Plural

nor limes were sold there.

Plural

Neither


Verb

Verb

• When a singular and a plural subject are joined by or or nor, the verb agrees with the subject that is closer to the verb.

flowers

Plural

or a book usually makes a nice gift.

Singular

Either

Maria

Singular

or her parents prepare the lunches.

Plural

The verb makes agrees with the nearer subject, book.

The verb prepare agrees with the nearer subject, parents.


[End of Section]

For each of the following sentences, choose the verb that agrees with the compound subject.

1. Ants and spiders (has, have) invaded the backyard.

2. Mandy and her friends (is, are) going to the movies.

3. A statue or a fountain (looks, look) good in a park setting.

4. Neither maples nor elms (grows, grow) well in the valley.

5. Either potatoes or rice (is, are) served with the chicken.

On Your Own


How to fix problems in agreement Subjects after verbs

In some sentences the subject comes after the verb.

1. Find the subject.

Here

When the subject follows the verb . . .

(is, are) the balloons.the balloons.

Plural Subject

2. Make sure the verb agrees with it.

are

Subjects also appear after verbs in questions.

1. Find the subject.

Where (is, are) the old magazines?

Plural Subject

2. Make sure the verb agrees with it.

are the old magazines?


[End of Section]


1. There (is, are) a new student in my brother’s class.

2. (Was, Were) the fans cheering for the other team?

3. Where (has, have) Reggie hidden the gifts?

4. Here (stands, stand) the bravest heroes among us.

5. There (is, are) several correct answers to that question.

On Your Own


want that coat.I don’t

How to fix agreement problems Don’t and doesn’t

The contractions don’t and doesn’t should agree with their subjects.

Singular Plural

I don’t we don’t

you don’t you don’t

they don’t

Don’t is the contraction of do not. Use it with I and you and with all plural subjects.

know the rules yet.You don’t

the puppies look cute?Don’t

Doesn’t is the contraction of does not. Use it with all singular subjects except I and you.

know you. He doesn’t

run well in the winter.The car doesn’tshe bowl on a teen league?Doesn’t

Singular

I don’t

you don’t

he/she/it doesn’t


[End of Section]

For each of the following sentences, choose the correct contraction in parentheses.

1. I (don’t, doesn’t) have any math homework tonight.

2. (Don’t, doesn’t) you usually study with Julia?

3. That show (don’t, doesn’t) come on until 9:00.

4. My grandparents (don’t, doesn’t) live near us.

5. (Don’t, Doesn’t) Jerome play the guitar anymore?

On Your Own


Review A

Choose the verb form in parentheses that agrees with the subject.

1. Everyone in her family (prefers, prefer) to drink water.

2. Jamal and his parents (enjoys, enjoy) musicals.

3. There (is, are) three baby birds in the nest.

4. Neither the mower nor the weed-eater (works, work) well.

5. Industries in the state (includes, include) farming and mining.

Review B

[End of Section]

For each of the following sentences, if the subject and verb do not agree, write the correct form of the verb. If the verb already agrees with the subject, write C.

1. This table and this chair were made by hand in Mexico.

2. Each of my brothers go to college out of state.

3. Mr. Chang and his class has painted a mural for the hall.

4. A tornado or a hurricane is a dangerous storm.

5. Here is the decorations for the dance.

Verb Tense Agreement

• To understand agreement, you must understand tenses…

– There are 9 main verb tenses. We will focus on 6.• Past, Present, and Future all have 3 forms.

– Simple– Conditional– Perfect

Understanding Verb Tense

What are verb tenses?

Present and present perfect

Past and past perfect

Future and future perfect

Consistency of tense

Review A

Review B


Verbs take different forms to show all the possibilities for when something can happen.

She will draw. She draws. She has drawn.

Why do verbs have so many different forms?

The tense of a verb indicates the time of the action or state of being expressed by the verb. Each tense has its own use.


Present

Present perfect

Past

Past perfect

Future

Future perfect

He had lived in Georgia before that.

Paul once lived in Utah.

He will have lived there four years.

Paul will live in Boston for a long time.

He has lived in several cities.

Paul lives in Boston.

Mom drinks orange juice.

What are verb tenses?Present and present perfect

The present tense expresses a general truth, an action that occurs regularly, or a state of being that exists at the present time.

Present

Present

What are verb tenses?Present and present perfect

The present perfect tense

• is usually formed with have or has plus the past participle

• expresses an action that occurred or a state of being that existed at an indefinite time in the past

Saul has drunk his juice already.

Present

Present perfect

Present

We don’t know when Saul drank it.

- - - ->

What are verb tenses?Past and past perfect

The past tense expresses an action or a state of being that started and ended in the past.

The scouts hiked all morning.

Past

Present

Present Perfect

Past

Present- - - ->

What are verb tenses?Past and past perfect

The past perfect tense

• is usually formed with had plus the past participle

• expresses an action or a state of being that ended before another past action or state of being

The scouts had hiked five miles before they stopped for lunch.

Past

Present

Present Perfect

Past

Present

Past Perfect- - - ->- - - ->

What are verb tenses?Future and future perfect

The future tense

• is usually formed with will or shall plus the base form

• expresses an action that will occur or a state of being that will exist

The class will tour the Indian ruins.

Future

Present

Present Perfect

Future

Present- - - ->

What are verb tenses?Future and future perfect

The future perfect tense

• is usually formed with will have or shall have plus the past participle

• expresses an action or a state of being that will end before another future action or state of being

By the end of the trip, the class will have toured three ruins.

Future

Present

Present Perfect

Future

Future Perfect

Present- - - -> - - - ->

[End of Section]

Change the tense of the boldface verb in each sentence to the tense in parentheses.

1. Miguel makes the photo larger. (Change to past.)

2. The picnic took place on Sunday. (Change to future.)

3. The boys ran three miles in one hour. (Change to past perfect.)

4. By then, Aunt Nell had arrived. (Change to future perfect.)

5. Cynthia had played the violin beautifully. (Change to present.)

On Your Own



Do not change from one tense to another without a good reason.

To describe events that occur in the same time period, use verbs in the same tense.

When we went to the movies, we bought popcorn.

When we go to the movies, we buy popcorn.

past tense past tense

present tense present tense


For events that occur in different time periods, use verbs of different tenses to show the order of events.

Lisa plays basketball now, but last year she was on the volleyball team.

present tense past tense

Lisa’s basketball playing is occurring in the present. Her volleyball playing happened in the past.


[End of Section]

On Your Own

Rewrite the paragraph in the past tense. Change verb forms to make the tenses consistent.

(1) Lightning struck our house, and I run straight for cover. (2) “Oh, no!” I exclaim. (3) The electricity was out! (4) My parents get out the flashlights, and we played a game. (5) The stove and microwave do not work, so we have a cold supper in the living room. (6) In the morning, we are all happy. (7) The sun shone and our electricity is back on.

Review A

Change the tense of each boldface verb to the tense given in parentheses.

1. The children wear their seatbelts. (past perfect)

2. The bell in the clock tower rang. (present)

3. My family will move to Seattle. (present perfect)

4. With confidence, Sara begins the quiz. (past)

5. We sent the packages by airmail. (future)

Review B

[End of Section]

Rewrite the paragraph in the past tense. Change verb forms to make the tenses consistent.

(1) I travel to Denver and visited my grandparents. (2) Grandpa gave me a big hug when I get off the train. (3) Then we all go to their house for dinner. (4) The very next morning Grandma takes me downtown and we shopped for books and shoes. (5) Then she and I meet up with Grandpa and went to the museum.

The End

Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement

Definitions

• What is a pronoun?

• What is an antecedent?

Using Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement

What is pronoun-antecedent agreement?


Indefinite pronouns

Antecedents joined by or or nor

Antecedents joined by and

Review A

Review B


You may have heard that it is rude to point, but that’s exactly what pronouns do.

Does that plant have mold on it?

PronounAntecedent

A pronoun “points” to a noun or another pronoun called its antecedent.

Does that plant have mold on it?Does that plant have mold on it?

What is pronoun-antecedent agreement? Number

A pronoun should agree in both number and gender with its antecedent.

kitten

A word that refers to one thing is singular.

Singular girl it

A word that refers to more than one is plural.

Plural kittens girls they

Use singular pronouns to refer to singular antecedents.

Peel the onion before you chop it.

Singularantecedent

Peel the onion before you chop it. Peel the onion before you chop it.

Singular personal pronouns

I me my, mine

you you your, yours

he, she, it him, her, it his, hers, its

Singularpronoun


Wash the apples and then slice them. Wash the apples and then slice them. Wash the apples and then slice them.


Use plural pronouns to refer to plural antecedents.

Pluralantecedent

Plural personal pronouns

we us our, ours

you you your, yours

they them their, theirs

Pluralpronoun

What is pronoun-antecedent agreement? Gender

Some singular pronouns indicate gender.

Masculine

he

him

his

himself

• Masculine pronouns refer to males.

• Feminine pronouns refer to females.

• Neuter pronouns refer to places, things, ideas, and animals.

Feminine

she

her

her, hers

herself

Neuter

it

it

its

itself

What is pronoun-antecedent agreement? Gender

Make sure a singular pronoun agrees with its antecedent in gender.

Carla usually carries her own books. Carla usually carries her own books. Carla usually carries her own books.

Roberto has studied, so he is ready.

Masculineantecedent

Roberto has studied, so he is ready. Roberto has studied, so he is ready.

Masculinepronoun

The canary is sitting on its perch.

Neuterantecedent

The canary is sitting on its perch. The canary is sitting on its perch.

Neuterpronoun

Femininepronoun

Feminineantecedent


[End of Section]

Complete each sentence by providing a pronoun that agrees with its antecedent. Then, identify the antecedent.

1. Ants sometimes make __________ home in your yard.

2. That plant needs water, or __________ will die.

3. Jerry lent __________ bike to Paul.

4. The captains of the teams accepted __________ awards.

5. My sister is smart, and __________ is also funny.

On Your Own


Indefinite pronouns refer to a person or thing whose exact identity is unknown.

• Some indefinite pronouns are singular.

• Some are plural.

• Some may be either singular or plural, depending on how they are used.

The following indefinite pronouns are singular:

Singular indefinite pronouns

anybody either neither one

anyone everybody nobody somebody

anything everyone no one someone

each everything nothing something

Each of the cars is missing one of its hubcaps. Someone on the boys’ team forgot his backpack.One of the ladies left her notebook here.



When you do not know the gender of the subject, or when the subject includes both males and females, you can use both the masculine and feminine pronouns connected by or.

No one offered his or her help.

Everybody in the play studied his or her lines.

The following indefinite pronouns are plural:

Plural indefinite pronouns

both few many several

If several are ready, serve them.

Few of the dogs obeyed their owners.

Both of the soldiers respect their captain.


Singular

The following indefinite pronouns may be singular or plural, depending on how they are used:

Singular or plural indefinite pronouns

all more none

any most some

Some of the music is good. Will you play it again?

Some of the songs are new. Have you heard them?

Plural


Some refers to the singular word music. The singular pronoun it agrees with the singular antecedent some.

Some refers to the plural word songs. The plural pronoun them agrees with the plural antecedent some.

[End of Section]

Most of the following sentences contain pronouns that do not agree with their antecedents. If a pronoun does not agree with its antecedent, provide the correct pronoun. If a sentence is already correct, label it C.

1. Several of the babies had special blankets with it.

2. I’ve read most of the book, and I have enjoyed it.

3. Only one of the girls had finished their homework.

4. Most of the players accepted his awards in person.

5. Someone left their backpack on the bus.

On Your Own


Ralph

Use a singular pronoun to refer to two or more singular antecedents joined by or or nor.

Singular

or Carlos will display his paintings.Singular

Elia

Singular

nor Mary brought her jacket.

Singular

Neither

How to fix problems in agreement Antecedents joined by or or nor

How to fix problems in agreement Antecedents joined by and

Use a plural pronoun to refer to two or more antecedents joined by and.

Max

Antecedent 1

and Helen delivered their speeches.

Antecedent 2

Both

Tyrone Antecedent 1

and James are artists. They draw well.Antecedent 2

[End of Section]

Most of the following sentences contain pronouns that do not agree with their antecedents. If a pronoun does not agree with its antecedent, provide the correct pronoun. If a sentence is already correct, label it C.

1. Both Rick and Ned were pleased with their test results.

2. Can even a princess or a queen have their every wish?

3. If you get a red rose or a lily, it will look nice here.

4. My brother and my sister lent me her favorite videos.

5. Two cars and one truck had its lights on.

On Your Own


Review A

1. Frances or Donna will sing __________ favorite song.

2. Each of the mice has white markings on __________ back.

3. No one in the band forgot __________ sheet music.

4. Some of the customers complained that __________ food was cold.

5. When my aunt and uncle come to visit, I am going to show __________ the skate park.

Complete the following sentences by providing pronouns that agree with their antecedents.

Review B

[End of Section]

1. Somebody left the engine running in their car.

2. Several of the kittens are sick, but the veterinarian can help him or her.

3. Will either Hector or Kevin read his paper aloud?

4. Neither of the robins has their winter plumage.

5. Ted and his brother must have left. I don’t see him anywhere.

Most of the following sentences contain errors in pronoun-antecedent agreement. Identify each error, and give the form of the pronoun that agrees with its antecedent. If a sentence is correct, label it C.

The End

agreement subject/verb and verb tense. review: parts of a sentence subject + predicate = sentence...

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