age related memory loss & how to improve memory what is memory what is memory how we remember...
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Age Related Memory Loss &Age Related Memory Loss &How to Improve MemoryHow to Improve Memory
What is memoryWhat is memory How we rememberHow we remember Age related memory lossAge related memory loss Causes of memory impairmentCauses of memory impairment How to prevent memory lossHow to prevent memory loss How to improve memoryHow to improve memory Alzheimer’s DiseaseAlzheimer’s Disease
NATEA SeminarNATEA Seminar March 27, 2010 March 27, 2010 Kim W. YangKim W. Yang
DISCLAIMERDISCLAIMER The information I am giving to you today is The information I am giving to you today is
intended for general reference purposes intended for general reference purposes only. It is not a substitute for professional only. It is not a substitute for professional medical advice or a medical exam. Always medical advice or a medical exam. Always seek the advice of your physician or other seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health professional before qualified health professional before starting any new activity or life style starting any new activity or life style change. Medical information changes change. Medical information changes rapidly and while I make efforts to update rapidly and while I make efforts to update the content in my speech, some the content in my speech, some information may be out of date.information may be out of date.
Kim W. Kim W. YangYang
What is Memory?What is Memory?
All that you remember, Information Retaining.All that you remember, Information Retaining. Your Capacity for RememberingYour Capacity for Remembering Your mind works a lot like a computer. Your brain Your mind works a lot like a computer. Your brain
puts information it judges to be important into puts information it judges to be important into "files." When you remember something, you pull "files." When you remember something, you pull up a file. Memory doesn't always work perfectly. up a file. Memory doesn't always work perfectly. As people grow older, it may take longer to As people grow older, it may take longer to retrieve those files. retrieve those files.
It's normal to forget things once in a while. We've It's normal to forget things once in a while. We've all forgotten a name, where we put our keys, or if all forgotten a name, where we put our keys, or if we locked the front door. But forgetting how to we locked the front door. But forgetting how to use the telephone or find your way home may be use the telephone or find your way home may be signs of a more serious problemsigns of a more serious problem
Short Term and Long Term MemoryShort Term and Long Term Memory
Sensory Memory, lasts 300 millisecond, Visual & Sensory Memory, lasts 300 millisecond, Visual & Auditory, unlimited capacityAuditory, unlimited capacity
Short Term MemoryShort Term Memory(1)(1) Working MemoryWorking Memory(2)(2) Fleeting and Limited (7 Fleeting and Limited (7 ++ 2 bytes) 2 bytes)(3)(3) Fragile & DecayingFragile & Decaying
Long Term MemoryLong Term Memory(1)(1) Emotionally CompellingEmotionally Compelling(2)(2) Personally MeaningfulPersonally Meaningful(3)(3) Virtually UnlimitedVirtually Unlimited
Long Term MemoryLong Term MemoryCategoriesCategories
Declarative or Explicit Memory:Declarative or Explicit Memory:Semantic & Factual Knowledge, not bound Semantic & Factual Knowledge, not bound to specific point of timeto specific point of timeEpisodic, tied to specific time & placeEpisodic, tied to specific time & place
Non-declarative or Implicit Non-declarative or Implicit MemoryMemory::Procedural Memory, Skill, RoutinesProcedural Memory, Skill, Routines
Long Term MemoryLong Term Memory Some long term memory will become irrelevant, Some long term memory will become irrelevant,
distorted, fade over time, some won’t fade over distorted, fade over time, some won’t fade over time.time.
Barring disease or injury to the brain, one can Barring disease or injury to the brain, one can always learn and retain something new.always learn and retain something new.
Human brain has 100 billion neurons, each neuron Human brain has 100 billion neurons, each neuron could make 5,000 to 10,000 synaptic connections. could make 5,000 to 10,000 synaptic connections. We have 500 to 1,000 trillion synaptic We have 500 to 1,000 trillion synaptic connections. Some estimates 10connections. Some estimates 1010 10 to 10to 101313 bytes bytes
Library of US Congress has 32 trillion bytes. Library of US Congress has 32 trillion bytes.
How We Remember?How We Remember?
Stage one:Stage one: Acquisition Acquisition
Stage two:Stage two: Consolidation Consolidation
Consolidation of Declarative MemoryConsolidation of Declarative Memory
Consolidation of Procedural MemoryConsolidation of Procedural Memory
Stage three:Stage three: Retrieval Retrieval
Human BrainHuman Brain
Human Memory MapHuman Memory Map
Reading Reading Hearing Hearing Thinking Thinking Saying, Singing Saying, Singing
Synaptic JunctionSynaptic Junction
Brain and NervesBrain and Nerves
Monkey (L) and Human (R) Spatial Working Memory: moved Monkey (L) and Human (R) Spatial Working Memory: moved upward & Rearward to serve more distinctly human functions upward & Rearward to serve more distinctly human functions
through evolutionthrough evolution
How Memory Changes With Age?How Memory Changes With Age?
Procedural Memory always OKProcedural Memory always OK Declarative memory fades with age, this type Declarative memory fades with age, this type
of memory depends on hippocampusof memory depends on hippocampus Learn more slowly and retrieve more slowly, Learn more slowly and retrieve more slowly,
more trouble recalling more trouble recalling Will power and effort can overcome this type of Will power and effort can overcome this type of
memory lossmemory loss Scientist used to think 10,000 brain cells (neuron) die every Scientist used to think 10,000 brain cells (neuron) die every
day when we age and could not re-grow. New evidences day when we age and could not re-grow. New evidences indicate our brains do grow new cells, especially if we keep indicate our brains do grow new cells, especially if we keep using our brain using our brain
How Memory Changes With Age?How Memory Changes With Age?((ContinuedContinued))
Neuro transmitters such as dopamine, Neuro transmitters such as dopamine, acetyl-choline. Serotonine, etc. reducedacetyl-choline. Serotonine, etc. reduced
Harder to remember, harder to Harder to remember, harder to learnlearn Would not impair our ability to remember:Would not impair our ability to remember:
1. 1. We are able to make more reasonable We are able to make more reasonable argumentsarguments
2.2. We are able to make correct judgmentWe are able to make correct judgment
3.3. Our wisdom gained from experiences Our wisdom gained from experiences remain unscathedremain unscathed
Normal Forgetting & Normal Forgetting & DementiaDementia
Seven types of Normal ForgettingSeven types of Normal Forgetting::1.1. TransienceTransience
2.2. AbsentmindednessAbsentmindedness3.3. Blocking (ugly stepsisters)Blocking (ugly stepsisters)4.4. Misattribution Misattribution 5.5. SuggestibilitySuggestibility6.6. BiasBias7.7. PersistencePersistence
Dementia:Dementia: Progressive deterioration, extreme & Progressive deterioration, extreme & debilitating, usually damage to the hippocampus & debilitating, usually damage to the hippocampus & related structure in the brainrelated structure in the brain
Mild Cognitive ImpairmentMild Cognitive Impairment
Not necessary sign of Alzheimer’s Not necessary sign of Alzheimer’s disease (disease (81% didn’t develop to Alzheimer’s 81% didn’t develop to Alzheimer’s Disease (AD))Disease (AD))
Causes:Causes:
1. Neurological disorder1. Neurological disorder Alzheimer Disease, Cerebrovascular Diseases & Stroke, Alzheimer Disease, Cerebrovascular Diseases & Stroke,
Head Trauma, Infectious disease to brainHead Trauma, Infectious disease to brain
2. Genes2. Genes
3. Hormones3. Hormones
4. Vitamin (B4. Vitamin (B1212) deficiency) deficiency
Mild Cognitive ImpairmentMild Cognitive Impairment(Causes Continued)(Causes Continued)
5.5. Cardiovascular Disease & its Risk Factors: Cardiovascular Disease & its Risk Factors: Hypertension, High Cholesterol, Diabetes, Coronary arteryHypertension, High Cholesterol, Diabetes, Coronary artery
bypass surgerybypass surgery
6. Depression6. Depression7. Post Traumatic Stress Disorder7. Post Traumatic Stress Disorder8. Thyroid dysfunction8. Thyroid dysfunction9. Hearing Loss9. Hearing Loss10. Sleep Disorders10. Sleep Disorders11. Medication11. Medication12. Lifestyle Factors:12. Lifestyle Factors: Alcohol,diet,lack of intellectual stimulations, sedentary life, lack of Alcohol,diet,lack of intellectual stimulations, sedentary life, lack of
sleep, stress, smoking, illicit drugs, toxic exposuresleep, stress, smoking, illicit drugs, toxic exposure
Blood Supply to Human Blood Supply to Human BrainBrain
How to Prevent Memory LossHow to Prevent Memory Loss1.1. ExerciseExercise
2.2. Keep learningKeep learning
3.3. Don’t smokeDon’t smoke
4.4. Drink alcohol in moderationDrink alcohol in moderation
5.5. Healthy dietHealthy diet
6.6. Vitamins: Multivitamins, C,D,E,BVitamins: Multivitamins, C,D,E,B66,B,B1212, Folic Acid, , Folic Acid,
Fish Oil, Olive OilFish Oil, Olive Oil
7.7. Good night sleepGood night sleep
8.8. FriendsFriends
9.9. Manage stressManage stress
10.10. Protect your head and brain, don’t get concussionProtect your head and brain, don’t get concussion
How to improve memoryHow to improve memory
Get organized Get organized (belongings, appointments, tasks, contacts, (belongings, appointments, tasks, contacts, vital information, locations, checklists)vital information, locations, checklists)
Get FocusGet Focus RepeatRepeat Ensure comprehensionEnsure comprehension Make noteMake note Be patientBe patient Spaced rehearsalSpaced rehearsal Professional memory trainingProfessional memory training Do small tasks firstDo small tasks first
Alzheimer’s DiseaseAlzheimer’s Disease
What it is?What it is? Signs & SymptomsSigns & Symptoms Causes, Risks & PreventionCauses, Risks & Prevention Drug Treatments & CareDrug Treatments & Care
Normal and Advance AD BrainsNormal and Advance AD Brains
Under The MicroscopeUnder The Microscope
Progression Through the BrainProgression Through the Brain
New HopesNew Hopes
Adult animals and human do grow Adult animals and human do grow new brain cells (neurons)new brain cells (neurons)
New Medications:New Medications: Ampakines, secretase inhibiters, huperzine A Ampakines, secretase inhibiters, huperzine A
alithium-like drugs, alzhemed, vaccine, NSAIDs alithium-like drugs, alzhemed, vaccine, NSAIDs (Ibuprofen, naproxen, celecoxib, etc.(Ibuprofen, naproxen, celecoxib, etc.
Stem-cell TransplantsStem-cell Transplants Gene TherapyGene Therapy
Thank you allThank you all
Dementia SummaryDementia Summary Alzheimer’s Disease (AD)Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) Vascular DementiaVascular Dementia Mixed Dementia (AD Plus)Mixed Dementia (AD Plus) Dementia With Lewy BodiesDementia With Lewy Bodies Parkinson’s DiseaseParkinson’s Disease Frontotemporal DementiaFrontotemporal Dementia Creutzfeldt-Jakob DiseaseCreutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Huntington’s DiseaseHuntington’s Disease Wernicke-Korsakoff SyndromeWernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome Normal Pressure HydrocephalusNormal Pressure Hydrocephalus