african civilizations culturally, the term african makes about as much sense as “eurasian” white...
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NOK Culture Centered in Nigeria Bronze Metallurgy; then Iron Terra Cotta Sculpture Social arrangements and language spread by ongoing Bantu Migration—spread to central and south AfricaTRANSCRIPT
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African Civilizations
• Culturally, the term African makes about as much sense as “Eurasian”
• White racism and Afrocentrism continue to make understanding African history a challenge.
• Social and governmental arrangements can be discerned
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Map of Africa
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NOK Culture
• Centered in Nigeria• Bronze Metallurgy; then Iron• Terra Cotta Sculpture• Social arrangements and language spread
by ongoing Bantu Migration—spread to central and south Africa
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Bantu Migration
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West Africa—3 Empires
• Ghana (ca. 300-1100))• Mali (1230-1415)• Songhay (1450-1591)
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West African Empires
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Ghana
• Established by Sonike people
• Kumbi Saleh was capital city
• Kingship was a matrilineal, hereditary monarchy
• King was also chief judge
• Local Chieftans paid tribute to central government
• Salt, Gold, Copper, and Slave trade provide economic foundation
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Collapse of Ghana
• Internal divisions• Religious divisions—Almoravids (Berbers)
converted to Islam and waged war against its Infidel (non-Muslim) government.
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Mali
• A hegemonic state• Linguistic and cultural divisions (Senegal),
(Mande), (Gao)• Founded by Sundjata (1230-1255), who
introduced cultivation and weaving of cotton.
• Mansa Musa (1312-1337) was greatest ruler
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Mansa Musa
• Devoted Muslim• Pilgrimage to Mecca• Timbuktu was leading
commercial and intellectual center
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Catalan Atlas
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Mali Art
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Songhay
• Sonni Ali (1464-1492) made Songhay a true empire; he expelled the Berbers
• Askia Muhammed (1493-1528) conquered Mali and expanded empire; relied on Muslim bureaucrats to Islamicize his empire
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Zimbabwe (1300-1500)
• Vast State in Southern Africa• No Muslim influence• European Racism blinded European
scholars to its existence—physical remains of civilization were said to be work of Whites who had entered continent.
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Great Zimbabwe—Capital City
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Great Zimbabwe Map
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Features of Capital
• 1800 Acres of highly developed area• 18,000 inhabitants• Pottery from China found among remains
of city
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Islam in Africa
• Came to North Africa in 650• Spread through Mali to west Africa• Spread into Ethiopia around 1000• Religious unity/division• Writing (Arabic)• Education
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DJENNE MOSQUE (West Africa)
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European Contact W/ Sub-Saharan Africa
• Initially, the Europeans incorporated Africa commerce into its nexus of trade
• “Discovery” of Americas led Europeans to exploit and expand Africa’s slave trade and to rely on Africa for laborers.