By: Amanda Branch, Amanda Nicoll,

James Farley, LJ Kosar, and Frances Lester

What is cartography? “The art and science of making maps”

-James S. Aber – Professor of Geology Emporia State University, PH.D in Geology.

What is a map?“A map is a graphic representation or scale

model of spatial concepts.” – James S. Aber

History of Map Making

Greek & Roman philosophy heavily influenced map-making up to the 16th century.

Ptolemy’s belief and influenced Casper Vople.

Vople’s “Terrestrial globe with Armillary Sphere” was a globe encircled by a sphere that distinguished seasonal changes and orbits of heavenly bodies.

•15th and 16th centuries were a time of expansion and trade for economic opportunities.• Map making shifted from an intuitive/imaginative to practical for professional use rather than the guesswork.

http://www.1worldglobes.com/History/historyofmaps.htm

Terrestrial Globe and Armillary Sphere (Vople, 1543)

Map Making Continued. Venetian

Sailing directions in the 15th century employed the zodiac and cultic hand signs as a means of navigation.

http://www.1worldglobes.com/History/historyofmaps.htm

“Before European Hegemony” “These two qualities of the thirteenth

century, increased economic integration and cultural efflorescence, were not unrelated. Technological and social innovations produced surpluses, which were, in turn traded internationally to further intensify development” (Abu-Lughod, 14).

1300-1400

http://www.antiquemaps.co.uk/graphics/plate5.jpg

“Before European Hegemony” “The world economy of the thirteenth

century is not only fascinating in itself but, because it contained no single hegemonic power, provides an important contrast to the world system that grew out of it: the one Europe reshaped to its own ends and dominated for so long” (Abu-Lughod, 14).

1400-1500

http://maps.bpl.org/pub/05/01/05_01_000200.MEDIUM.

“Discourse on Colonialism”

“Nature has made a race of workers…the Negro; treat him with kindness and humanity, and all will be as it should; a race of masters and soldiers, the European race” (Cesaire, 224).

1500-1600

http://www.brazilbrazil.com/m/map1507a.jpg

“World Atlas History” Henricus

Hondius- originally published in Mercator’s Atlas in 1595

(earth, water, wind, and fire)

Map Iconography Title page from Pieter

van den Keere's La Germanie Inférievre (Amsterdam, 1622)

The first original atlas of the Netherlands published in folio size. Strong nationalistic overtones are evident in its iconography, which is typical of the elaborately decorated title pages found in Dutch atlases of the period. (“World Atlas History”)

Map Iconography Frontispiece from Joan

Blaeu's Le Grand Atlas, volume 1 (Amsterdam, 1667).

The allegorical scene, showing the figure of Geography in a chariot drawn by two lions, is based on a painting by Peter Paul Rubens. The personification of the four continents is displayed by female gures associated with appropriate animals. (“World Atlas History”)

1600-1700

http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/D?gmd:36:./temp/~ammem_yuzj::

“The Golden Age of Dutch Cartography that was inaugurated by Ortelius and Mercator found its fullest expression during the seventeenth century with the production of monumental multivolume world atlases in Amsterdam by Joan Blaeu, Jan Jansson, Claes Janszoon Visscher, Abraham Goos, and Frederik de Wit” (“World Atlas History”).

1700-1800 http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/D?gmd:34:./temp/~ammem_yuzj::

“The African Travels of Abu Bakr Al-Siddiq”

“My father also sent horses, asses, mules, and very valuable silks brought from Egypt, with much wealth, as presents to him” (Al-Siddiq, 159)

1800-1900 http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/D?gmd:36:./temp/~ammem_yuzj::

1900 to Present Day

Contextual Background “Although the coastal outline of

Africa was one of the first continents charted by European cartographers, the mapping of that continent's interior did not begin in earnest until after World War II” (The History of Maps).

Africa 1972

http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/h?ammem/gmd:@field(NUMBER+@band(g8201e+ct001273))

Africa 1996

http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/h?ammem/gmd:@field(NUMBER+@band(g8201e+ct001294))

Africa 1997

http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/h?ammem/gmd:@field(NUMBER+@band(g8200+ct000435))

Geographic Information Systems (GIS)

“GIS is a collection of computer hardware, software, and geographic data for capturing, managing, analyzing, and displaying all forms of geographically referenced information.” –GIS.com

http://www.bowdoin.edu/about/campus/maps/earth/images/bowdoin-google-earth-models.jpg

Bibliography Aber, James S. "Brief History of Maps and

Cartography." Academicemporia.Edu. 2004. Emporia State University. 20 Feb. 2008 <http://academic.emporia.edu/aberjame/map/h_map/h_map.htm>.

Aber, James S. "James S. Aber Biography." Academicemporia.Com. Oct. 2007. Emporia State University. 24 Feb. 2008 http://www.emporia.edu/earthsci/aberjame.htm

Abu-Lughod, Janet L., “Before European Hegemony,” in the Atlantic World in the Age of Empire, Thomas Benjamin et al., eds., Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2000 (second edition), pp. 13-18

Bibliography Al-Siddiq, Abu Bakr, “The African Travels of Abu

Bakr Al-Siddiq,” in Africa Remembered: Narratives by West Africans from the Era of the Slave Trade, Philip Curtin, ed., Long Grove, IL: Westland Press, 1997, pp.156-163

Cesaire, Aime, “Discourse on Colonialism,” in African Philosophy an Anthropology, Emmanual Chukwudi Eze, ed., Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 1998, pp.222-227

"The History of Maps." 1 World Globes. 25 Feb. 2008 <http://www.1worldglobes.com/History/historyofmaps.htm>.

Biblography "The Story of Africa." BBC.co.uk. BBC. 18 Feb. 2008

<http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/10chapter3.shtml>.

"The Story of Africa." Bbc.Co.Uk. BBC. 18 Feb. 2008 <http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/10generic3.shtml>.

Tignor, Robert and Jeremy Adelman et al., Worlds Together, Worlds Apart, New York: W. W. Norton, 2002.

What is GIS?" GIS.Com. 4 Apr. 2007. ESRI. 27 Feb. 2008 http://www.gis.com/whatisgis/index.html

-"World Atlas History." 1 World Globes. 25 Feb. 2008 <http://www.1worldglobes.com/History/worldatlashistory.htm>.