aero engineering 315 lesson 2 history of aeronautical design and introduction to aircraft design
TRANSCRIPT
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Aero Engineering 315
Lesson 2
History of Aeronautical Designand
Introduction to Aircraft Design
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First a little more admin…
Seating chart Pick up any missing materials at the
back
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Identify major figures in the development of aeronautics and their contributions
State the reasons for designing a new aircraft
State the steps of the design process
Overview/Outcomes
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Aviation History
Montgolfier brothers
Cayley *Lilienthal *
ChanuteLangley *Wright Brothers *
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Why Design? Q: Why design a brand new airplane? A: To satisfy a need
Threat, shortcoming, cheaper, change in doctrine, vulnerability
Q: Who identifies the need? A: The user (or the manufacturer)
Via Mission Need Statement (MNS)
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Mission RequirementsOperational Requirements Document (ORD)
Defined by the user (ACC, AMC, etc.)
Quantify desired aircraft capabilities What are the measures of merit aircraft is
judged on?
Requirements often conflict - must compromise
Critical requirement may drive design
(speed, range, etc.)
(stealth, affordability, performance, logistics, supercruise, maneuverability, lethality, survivability…)
(A-10 gun)
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Design Process
Analogous to the scientific method Six steps:
Define the problem (purpose, performance parameters, MOMs)
Collect data (available tech, existing designs, analysis methods)
Create/synthesize one or more design concepts Select types of analysis to evaluate design(s) Perform analyses Make decisions
If necessary, return to step 1 or 2 and repeat process
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Design Cycle
Analysis
Synthesis
DecisionMaking
Test concepts against requirementsModel the systemCollect InformationIdentify problems
Consider AlternativesExplain/JustifyCosts and BenefitsScheduleMay involve politics
Create ideasBrainstormThink of PossibilitiesIntegrate existing & surfacing technology
*Leland M. Nicolai, “Designing a Better Engineer,” Aerospace America, April 1992
PRO
VID
ES A
FR
AM
EWO
RK
TO
SOLV
E IL
L D
EFIN
ED P
RO
BLE
MS
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The Design Spiral
Radius of Spiral Suggests Range of Feasible Choices
IncreasingInformation
AnalysisAnalysis SynthesisSynthesis
DecisionsDecisions
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Design Phases
Conceptual Design - “ideas”, multiple designs Preliminary Design - “models”, wind tunnel
testing, computer optimization Detailed Design - “prototype”, flight testing,
fly-offs, manufacturing processes defined
DESIGN PROCESS MODEL IS USED ITERATIVELY DURING EACH PHASE
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Design Cycle Iterative process Occurs within each phase of design Ideally converges to an optimum solution May result in multiple solutions
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Sample Mission: B-1
What was the need? What are the requirements? What are the major design features? How do they help the design meet
the requirements?
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B-1 Design Mission
X1
2
3 45
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
TOTAL RANGE = 5790 NM
1. TAKEOFF/CLIMB TO BCM/BCA 8. ESCAPE (M 0.85, 500 NM)2. CRUISE CLIMB 9. CLIMB TO BCM/BCA3. REFUEL 10. CRUISE CLIMB4. CRUISE CLIMB 11. DESCENT TO ORBIT5. DESCENT TO 200 FT AGL 12. 30 MIN LOITER6. PENETRATION (M=0.85, 1130 NM) 13. LAND7. WEAPONS DELIVERY (24,000 LBS INTERNAL AND 37,500 LBSEXTERNAL ORDNANCE INCLUDING 8 SRAM, 12 ALCM, AND 8 B-61)
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B-2 Redesign
Analysis: Not enough Lateral/Directional control Lt Col Lewelen “Doc” Dougherty suggested sawtooth design
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Advanced Tactical Fighter (ATF)1981: USSR introduced MiG-31 (improved MiG-25)1981 (Nov): Air Force developed a requirement for an Advanced Tactical
Fighter1984: USSR introduced MiG-29 (F-16 equivalent)1985 (Sep): Air Force issued formal ATF “request for proposal” to major
defense contractors1986: USSR introduced SU-271986 (31 Oct): Air Force narrows field of ATF competitors to two:
Lockheed and Northrop/McDonnell Douglas1990 (27 Aug): First flight of Northrop/MD YF-23 (test pilot Paul Metz)1990 (29 Sep): First flight of Lockheed YF-22 (test pilot Dave Ferguson)1991 (23 Apr): Air Force selected Lockheed YF-22 design as winner of ATF
competition (originally 750 production F-22s expected but later reduced to 648)
1994 (10 Feb): Air Force reduced number of production F-22s from 648 to 422 as a result of military downsizing
1996 (2 Apr): Russia (former USSR) introduced SU-37 (improved SU-27) 1997 (7 Sep): First flight of F-22A (test pilot Paul Metz)1999 (12 Jan): Russia unveiled the Multi-Functional Fighter (known as “Project
1.42” in the West) and claimed it can outperform the F-222005 (Dec): Expected F-22 Initial Operational Capability (IOC) (current
number of production F-22s is now 339)
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Joint Strike Fighter1984: USSR introduced MiG-29 (F-16 equivalent)
1986: USSR introduced SU-27
1993: DoD initiated Joint Advanced Strike Technology (JAST) program to address long term attack aircraft force structure requirements for different branches of U.S. Mil
1995: Air Force/Navy/Marines/UK Navy/UK Air Force developed initial requirements document for Joint Strike Fighter
1996 (Apr): Russia (former USSR) introduced SU-37 (improved SU-27)
1996 (Nov): Lockheed Martin and Boeing awarded contracts to develop concept demonstration aircraft
2000 (Sep): First flight of Boeing X-32 (test pilot Fred Knox)
2000 (Oct): First flight of Lockheed X-35 (test pilot Tom Morgenfeld)
2001 (Oct): Air Force selected Lockheed X-35 design as winner of JSF competition, largest military aviation contract ever at over $200 billion
2006: Projected beginning of JSF (F-35) production
2010: Projected JSF (USMC version) Initial Operational Capability (IOC) (current number of production aircraft is 3002: 1763 USAF, 480 USN, 609 USMC, 60 UK Navy, 90 UK AF)
2011: Projected JSF (USAF version) IOC
2012: Projected JSF (USN and UK versions) IOC
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Points to Remember
We design to meet a need Must satisfy certain requirements
Many conflict - must compromise A critical requirement may drive the design
3 phases of design: conceptual, prelim, detail Design process:
3-step design cycle: synthesis, analysis, decision making
Is iterative and cyclical Involves many disciplines Compromise is essential Requires creative and analytical thinking May provide multiple solutions (F-22 vs F-23) Final judge is the user
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Next Lesson (T3)… Prior to Class
Read 2.1.1 thru 2.2.2 and 2.4 thru 2.6 In Class
Flow properties Perfect gas law Hydrostatic equation Standard atmosphere Altimetry
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Air Refueling
Active Ranger
BattleManagement
TILL/BILL
High Energy Laser
IRST
B747-400F
Pressure Bulkhead
IRSTs
Nose-Mounted
Turret
IRST
Airborne Laser (YAL-1A)