aegle marmelos (bael a hand book on sacred bilwa … · aegle marmelos (bael) a hand book on sacred...

Aegle marmelos (Bael)

A hand book on Sacred Bilwa Plant with

Medicinal Properties

BY

Dr.G. Swathi

International E – Publication

www.isca.me , www.isca.co.in

Aegle marmelos (Bael)-

A hand book on Sacred Bilwa Plant with

Medicinal Properties

BY

Dr. G. Swathi

2014

International E - Publication

www.isca.me , www.isca.co.in

International E - Publication 427, Palhar Nagar, RAPTC, VIP-Road, Indore-452005 (MP) INDIA

Phone: +91-731-2616100, Mobile: +91-80570-83382

E-mail: [email protected] , Website: www.isca.me , www.isca.co.in

© Copyright Reserved

2014

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored, in a

retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic,

mechanical, photocopying, reordering or otherwise, without the prior permission

of the publisher.

ISBN: 978-93-83520-41- 1

International E –Publication

www.isca.co.in , www.isca.me

International Science Congress Association 3

TABLE OF CONTENT

1. INTRODUCTION

2. BOTANY

3. MEDICINAL USES

o ANTI ULCER ACTIVITY

o ANTI-DIARRHOEAL

o ANTI-INFLAMMATORY

o ANTI-CANCER

o RADIOPROTECTIVE

o ANTIGENOTOXICITY

o ANTIOXIDANT

o ANTI-DIABETIC

o ANTIMICROBIAL PROPERTIES

o ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY

o ANALGESIC ACTIVITY

o NEUROPSYCHOPHARMACOLOGICAL EFFECTS

o HEPATOPROTECTIVE EFFECT

o ANTI THYROID ACTIVITY

o CARDIOPROTECTIVE

o ANTI-PYRETIC

o ANTI MICROFILARIAE

o ANTIARTHRITIC

o GYNAECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS AND ANTI-SPERMATOGENIC

ACTIVITY

o ANTIDANDRUFF




I. INTRODUCTION

Kingdom : Plantae

Order : Sapindales

Family : Rutaceae

Sub family : Aurantioideae

Genus : Aegle

Species : marmelos




Aegle marmelos is a perenial tree, wild in the sub Himalaya tract, central and South I

ndia. With enormous therapeutic value in traditional medicine,usedas folk medicines.

The Ayurvedic practitioners use almost all of their parts but the greatest medicinal value as

cribed to its fruits. Aegle marmelos is an Indian plant, which has enormous therapeutic

value in traditional systems of medicine Aegle marmelos

belongs to the family Rutaceae and grows wild, in outer

Himalayas and Shivaliks. Aegle marmelos is the only

member of the monotypic genus Aegle. It is a mid-sized,

slender, aromatic, armed, gum-bearing tree growing up to

18 meters tall. It has a leaf with three leaflets. Aegle

marmelos occurs in dry forests on hills and plains of

northern, central and southern India, southern Nepal, Sri

Lanka, Myanmar, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia and Thailand. It is

cultivated throughout India, as well as in Sri Lanka, the northern Malay Peninsula, Java, the

Philippines, and Fiji. It has a reputation in India for being able to grow in places that other

trees cannot. It copes with a wide range of soil conditions (pH range 5-10), is tolerant of

water logging and has an unusually wide temperature tolerance (from -7°C to 48°C). It

requires a pronounced dry season to give fruit. Aegle marmelos is a medium to large sized

deciduous glabrous, armed tree with axillary and 2.5 cm long alternate trifoliate leaves,

short flowers and globular fruits. There are so many vernacular names to this tree.

Scientific name : Aegle marmelos

Common name : Bael

English name : Wood apple tree, Bengal Quince

Latin : Aegle marmelos

Vietnamese : Mbau Nau, Trai Mam

Nepali : Bel, Gudu

(Sino-Tibetan) : Toum Lao

Khmer : Bnau




Javanese : Modjo

French : Oranger du Malabar

Burmese : Ohshit, opesheet

Indonesian : Mojo tree

Malay : Pokok Maja Batu

Thai : Mapin, Matum, Tum

Sanskrit : Shreephal, Bilva, Bilwa

Bengali : Bel, Shreefal

Urdu : Bel

Hindi : Sirphal

Oriya :Baela

Kannada : bilva

Konkani : gorakamli

Malayalam : koo-valam

Marathi : Kaveeth

Punjabi : Beel

Sinhalese : Beli

Tamil : Vilvam

Telugu : maredu

MYTHOLOGY

The Bilva tree grows in almost all parts of India, irrespective of the nature of the soil,

and is bitter, astringent and dry by nature. Tall and austere, with a stern aspect, gnarled

trunk and sharp thorns, the Bilva is undoubtedly Lord Shiva’s tree. Shiva is always

worshipped with its leaves, and it is said that this tree is much loved by him. It is to be

found in all Shiva temples throughout India. The Bilva is also found in Devi temples, where




it is worshipped. At midnight, on the evening before Durga and Kali pooja (worship), a

tantric ritual called Bel Varan is performed with the appropriate mantras. A particular

energy is taken from the tree and placed in a kalash (pot). This energy is then transferred

to the statue of Durga or Kali to charge or empower it for the coming pooja. The process is

called prana pratishtha, the establishing of the life force in the statue. When the pooja is

over, the energy is released, a process called visarjan.

The English name for Bilva is Bael, also called ‘stone apple’ as its rather large fruit is

like pale yellow suns when ripe. The Hindi appellation is Bel or Bael Sripal. In Sanskrit it is

also called Bilva or Sriphal. The botanical name for this tree is Aegle Marmelos, and it

belongs to the Rutaceae family. In the Atharva Veda it is described as being so sacred that

its wood may not be burned for fuel. It is still worshipped today as a totemic deity by the

Santhal tribes in India.

Its fruit, flowers and leaves are all sacred to Siva, liberation's

summit. planting Aegle marmelos trees around home or temple is

sanctifying, as is worshiping a Linga with bilva leaves and water.

II. BOTANY

Taxonomy

Aegle belongs to one of the three monotypic genera of orange subfamily

Aurantioideae, tribe Clauseneae and subtribe Balsamocitrinae

Morphology and Floral Biology

Aegle marmelos Correa is deciduous, 6–8 meters in height with trifoliate aromatic

leaves. The branches sometimes bear long straight spines. The bark is shallowly furrowed

and corky. The bisexual flowers are nearly 2 cm wide, borne in clusters, sweet scented and

greenish white. The shallow calyx has 5 short sepals and is pubescent on the outside. The 5

petals are oblong ovoid, blunt, thick, pale greenish white and dotted with oil glands.

Stamens are numerous, sometimes coherent in bundles. Ovary are oblong ovoid, slightly

tapering, axis wide, cells numerous (8–20), small arranged in a circle with numerous ovules

in each cell. Fruits are 5–7.5 cm in diameter, globose, oblong pyriform, rind gray or yellow,




pulp sweet, thick yellow, orange to brown in color. Seeds are numerous and arranged in the

cells surrounded by a slimy transparent mucilage. Seeds have wooly hairs.

Secondary Metabolites

Certain biochemical constituents namely alkaloids, coumarin and steroid have been

isolated from different parts of the Bael tree. These are skimmianine, aegelin (C18H18O4),

Y-sitosterol (C29H50O), aegelenine (C14H10O2N2), myrlene, p-menth-l-en-3 beta, 5

betadiol, N-2 (4 (3',3' dimethylalloxy) phenyl) ethyl cinnamide, N-hydroxy-2 (4-(3', 3'

dimethyallyloxy) phenyl) ethyl cinnamide, N-4 methoxystyryl cinnamide, N-2-hydroxy-2(4

hydro-xyphenyl) ethyl cinnamide, lupeol, sitosterol, alloimperatorin, imperatorin, ß-

sitosterol, marmesin (C14H11O4), ß-sitosterol (C29H50O) , Dietammine (C12H9NO2),

marmin (C19H26O5), umbelliferone, lupeol, marmelosin (C13H12O3).

General use:

Different part of bael tree is used forvarious purposes.

(a) Wood: It is used in House building, cart construction, combs and

different household’s articles

(b) Leaf: It is used as Fodder, tooth brushes, chew sticks.

(c) Leaf juices: added to water while taking bath which would remove bad

smell.

(d) Flower: Infusion of flower is used in cooling drinks.

(e) Stem gum: Used for adhesive and book binding

(f) Fruit: A yellow dye obtained from rind of unripe fruit is used in printing.

Fruit pulp is used for making “Sharbat”. Fruit pulp is added in water

color paint to provide smoothness. Fruit pulps have detergent properties

and so used in place of soap. Fruit pulp is pickled. Whole tree is used as

wind barrier

Nutritional value: Different studies have shown that bael fruit has significant

mineral and vitamin contents. It also contain moisture 64.2%, protein 1.8%, fat 0.2%,

mineral 1.5%, fibre 2.2%, carbohydrate 31.8%, calcium 0.06%, phosphorous 0.05%,




potassium 0.6%, vitamin C 0.01%, riboflavin 1.2%, nicotinic acid 0.9%, thiamin 0.01% and

iron 0.3% per 100 gm(Jauhari and Singh, 1971; Rathore, 2009).

PHYTOCONSTITUENTS

Aegle marmelos has been reported to contain several phytoconstituents mainly

marmenol, marmin, marmelosin, marmelide, psoralen, alloimperatorin, rutaretin,

scopoletin, marmelosin, luvangentin and auroptene(Bansal and Bansal, 2011). Yadav et al.

have determined the contents of tannin (0.985%) and riboflavin (0.005%)(Yadav et al,

2011). Various organic acids including oxalic, tartaric, malic and ascorbic acids were

separated and quantified using a RP-HPLC (Bansal and Bansal, 2011). Dhan et al. have

characterized the various phenolics in the fruit as chlorogenic acid (136.8 μg/g), ellagic

acid (248.5 μg/g), ferulic acid (98.3 μg/g), gallic acid (873.6 μg/g), protocatechuic acid

(47.9 μg/g) and quercetin (56.9 μg/g) through LC-MS and LC-MS/MS scans and HPLC

studies(Prakash et al, 2011). In 2008, Suvimol et al. have used SPME/ GC/MS system to find

A. marmelos. They found hexanal, isoamyl acetate, limonene, β-phellandrene, p-cymene,

acetoin, (E)-2-octenal, (E,E)-2,4-heptadienal, dehydro-pcymene, linalool oxide, 3,5-

octadiene-2-one, α-Cubebene, trans-p-mentha-2,8-dienol, citronellal, β-cubebene, β-

caryophyllene, hexadecane, pulegone, α-Humulene, verbenone, carvone, carvyl acetate,

dihydro-β-Ionone, (E)-6,10-dimethyl-5,9-undecadien-2-one, β-Ionone, caryophyllene oxide,

humulene oxide and hexadecanoic acid(Charoensiddhi and Anprung, 2008). Seed oil

composed of palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic and linolenic acid (Dhankhar et al., 2011).

Apart from these, seed oil has been found to contain 12.5% of an unusual fatty acid,

ricinoleic acid along with other normal fatty acids (Katagi et al., 2011).

Si.No Part Phytoconstituents

1. Leaf Skimmianine, Aegeline, Lupeol, Cineol, Citronella, Cuminaldehyde,

Eugenol, Marmesinine

2. Bark Skimmianine,Fagarine, Marmin

3. Fruit Marmelosin, Luvangetin,Aurapten, Psoralen, Marmelide, Tanin




ACTIVE CONSTITUENTS

Limonene (51.7%) and (Z)-β-ocimene (39.8%), 1,8-cineole (40.5%), α-phellandrene

(34.5, (Z)-β-ocimene (5.1%), eight monoterpene hydrocarbons (92.8%),

Bioactive components of bael (Maity et al., 2009)

oxygenated monoterpenes (2.5%), sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (2.2%), oxygenated

sesquiterpene (0.2%), phenolic compound, mucilage and pectin, coumarins, steroids,




skimianinc, sterol, aegelin.,marmorosin, imperatorin. Altoimperatorin, B sitosterol,

psoralin, xanthotoxin, scopoletin and tembamide (Rastogi et al., 1993).

III. MEDICINAL USES

It is used as a medicine to cure a number of diseases in India. It's medicinal

properties have been listed within "Charaka Samhita," an early medical treatise.

� As a mild laxative.

� To cure inflammation of the mucous membrane having a free discharge.

� Recommended for the cure of asthma.

� Reduces or eliminates fever.

� Promotes the removal of mucous secretions from the bronchial tubes.\

� For the abnormal accumulation of liquid in the cellular tissue accompanied

with constipation and jaundice.

� For the combination of severe inflammation of the eye or conjunctiva, acute

bronchitis and inflammation of the body.

� For intermittent fevers with melancholia or a depresses unhappy emotional

state and heart palpitation.

� For strengthening and giving tone to the stomach, to prevent scurvy and

aiding in digestion.

� For chronic diarrhea or dysentery and irritation of the alimentary tract.

� For indigestion, discomfort or pain in the stomach.

The crude extracts of Aegle marmelos have shown various activities including antidiabetic,

antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antiulcer, antimicrobial, antihyperlipidaemic,

anticancer, antiviral, radioprotective and antispermatogenic properties. Some of these

properties will be discussed below:




1. ANTI ULCER ACTIVITY:

Peptic ulcers are deep gastrointestinal erosion disorder that involves the entire

mucosal thickness, penetrating the muscular mucosa. It is generally accepted that it

results from an imbalance between aggressive and defensive factors. The common

causes for the induction of gastric ulcers are high acid and peptic content, irritation,

poor blood supply, poor secretion of mucus, H. pylori infection, long term use of

NSAIDs and adrenocorticosteroids , cigarette smoking , use of alcohol , abnormal

diet, psychological stress, genetic factors and life style. The gastric ulcers also have

association with some disease conditions. The severe physiological stressed

conditions, such as burns, CNS trauma, surgery & severe medical illness may also

produce gastric ulcers.

The antiulcer property of both the extracts, methanolic and aqueous extract of

Aegle marmelos seeds has been proven and was attributed due to the presence of

quercetin like (Flavonoid) contents (Sharma, 2011). In the study of Shenoy (2012)

the anti-ulcer activity of methanolic extract of Aegle marmelos leaves has

investigated by aspirin plus pylorus ligation induced gastric ulcer in rats, with




groups as Indomethacin induced ulcer in rats, water immersion stress test induced

ulcer in rats. In aspirin plus pylorus ligation model, Aegle Marmelos at doses of 200

and 400 mg/kg produced significant reduction in gastric volume, free acidity and

ulcer index compared to control. In Indomethacin and water immersion stress test

induced ulcer models both doses (200mg/kg & 400mg/kg) of Aegle marmelos

extract significantly reduced severity of ulceration. This study indicated Aegle

marmelos leaves extract have potential anti ulcer activity. The study by Purnima

Singh et al. (2012), suggested that aqueous extract of ripe fruit pulp of Aegle

marmelos (AM) promotes ulcer protection by the decrease in ulcer index, gastric

secretions and increase in the glycoprotein level, gastric mucin content and

maintenance of mucosal epithelium. Thus, AM protects the gastric mucosa against

ulceration by proving its antisecretory and cytoprotective property. The findings of

Sharmila et al. (2013) demonstrated that aqueous extract of Aegle marmelos unripe

fruit has potent antisecretory and gastro protective effects and justify the traditional

usage of this herb to treat peptic ulcer. Rana et al. (1997) revealed that, the seed is

rich in luvangetin and pyranocoumarin compounds, which has antiulcer activity.

Goel et al. (1997) showed compounds luvangetin and pyranocoumarin, isolated

from the seeds of A.marmelos, showed significant antiulcer activity. Shyamal and

Chandan (2012) reported pretreatment with AM fruit pulp extract for 14

consecutive days showed the reverse effects of aspirin suggesting gastro-duodenal

protective and antiulcerogenic properties of AM through its antioxidant mechanism.

Previous workers also reported anti-ulcer potential of A.marmelos. The aqueous

ethanolic extract from the fresh unriped fruits of Aegle marmelos showed potent

antiulcer (Ammresh et al., 2003). Amarnath Pandian (2009) reported antiulcer

activities of fruit pulps of three variants of Aegle marmelos. The anti-ulcer activity

was also supported by the decrease in the aggressive factors like pepsin, protein and

increase in the resistance factors like pH, hexose, hexosamine, any drug which

increases gastric juice pH is considered as antacid (Jain and Santani, 1994).

Protection of experimental ulcers may be due to effect of prostaglandin in the

parietal cells (Takevchi and Nobubara, 1985; Laurisen and Madsen, 1986). As

prostaglandin enchance the mucosal resistance, perhaps by increasing the secretion




of mucous and bicarbonates (Hogan et al., 1994). Strengthen the mucosal barrier,

decrease the gastric motility (Szabo et al., 1984).

Shanthi et al. (2012) demonstrated, the herbal formulation containing

Glycyrrhizia glabra rhizome part, Aegle marmelos leaf part , Hemidesmus indicus

root part and Cuminum cyminum fruit part with varying proportion, showed be

useful in severe gastic ulcer, antiulcerogenic and as well as ulcer healing properties,

which might be due to its antisecretory activity which is non-toxic even at relatively

high concentration. This research also supports the bael plant anti ulcer activity as

this plant is one among the herbal formulations. The antiulcer activity of the drugs

may be enhanced due to the presence of saponins, terpenoids and amino acids

(Pasquale et al., 1995).

2. ANTI-DIARRHOEAL

Diarrhoea is one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality in children under

age of 5 years. Diarrhoeal diseases caused several million of deaths in the world

anually (Field, 2003). In developing countries they are the most common causes of

morbidity and mortality (Amstrong and Cohen, 1999). Bacteria which produce

enterotoxins are Salmonella typhimurium, Clostridium difficile, Clostridium freundii,

Aeromonas hydrophyla, Yersinia enterocolitica, Campylobacter jejuni ,Vibrio cholera

and E.coli (Adachi et al., 2001) are some of parasites that cause diarrhoea (Barbosa

et al., 2006). The deficient sanitary conditions (environmental and educational) and

malnutrition (Parimala et al., 2002) predispose mainly children to a major risk to

diarrhea problems. Developing countries face numerous resource constraints, so

that it is necessary to focus on particular interventions that are very expensive and

likely to reduce the burden of disease attributable to specific risk factor. Evaluating

the risk of diarrhoeal diseases requires knowledge of the complex interactions

between biological, socio-economic, behavioral, and environmental factors over the

time (Pathela et al., 2006). In spite of the importance of diarrhoea as a problem of

public health, it is counted by relatively reduced number of drugs for its treatment.

It is quite evident that medicinal plants contain several important bioactive




compounds and some have already shown their therapeutic potential. A. marmelos

is a native plant of India. A. marmelos belongs to Rutaceae family and commonly

known as wood apple. In India, A. marmelos is grown as a temple garden plant and

the leaves are used to pray Lord Shiva. A. marmelos is an important medicinal plant

with several ethnomedicinal applications in traditional and folk medicinal systems.

Traditionally, A. marmelos is used in the treatment of diarrhea and dysentery. Most

of them produce undesirable side effects in man. The methanolic plant extracts

significantly reduced induction time of diarrhoea (Shoba, 2001; Rao et al., 2003).

Chloroform extract of A. marmelos showed inhibitory activity against castor oil-

induced diarrhoea (Mazumder et al., 2006). Antidiarrheal activity is one of the major

medicinal properties of A. marmelos and traditionally it is extensively used to

control chronic diarrhea and dysentery. Recently, several in vitro and in vivo studies

have been conducted to confirm the antidiarrheal property of A. marmelos. The in

vitro antidiarrheal activity of dried fruit pulps of A. marmelos was reported. Joshi et

al. (2009) showed ,Antidiarrheal activity was performed by MIC method against the

causative organisms of diarrhea, the ethanolic extract showed good activity against

Shigella boydii, S. sonnei and S. flexneri, moderate against S. dysenteriae [Joshi et al.,

2009]. Crude aqueous extract of unripe fruits of A. marmelos was screened for

causative agents of diarrhea. The extract was analyzed for antibacterial activity,

antigiardial activity and antirotaviral activity. The extract exhibited inhibitory

activity against Giardia and rotavirus whereas viability of none of the six bacterial

strains tested was affected [Brijesh et al., 2009].

3. ANTI-INFLAMMATORY

Inflammation is considered as a primary physiologic defense mechanism that

helps body to protect itself against infection, burn, toxic chemicals, allergens or

other noxious stimuli. An uncontrolled and persistent inflammation may act as an

etiologic factor for many of these chronic illnesses. Although, it is a defense

mechanism, the complex events and mediators involved the inflammatory reaction

can induce, maintain or aggravate many diseases. Currently used anti-inflammatory




drugs are associated with some severe side effects. Therefore, the development of

potent anti-inflammatory drugs with fewer side effects is necessary.

The demand for plant based medicines, phytopharmaceuticals, are increasing

in major phase. Aegle marmelos is an Indian plant, which has enormous therapeutic

value in traditional systems of medicine and has good pharmacologically

importance. The crude extracts of Aegle marmelos have shown various activities

anti-inflammatory (Sabu and Kuttan, 2004). Both methanolic and aqueous extract of

Aegle marmelos seeds showed good anti-inflammatory activity against the acute

inflammation (carrageenan induced rat paw edema) and chronic inflammation

(cotton pellet induced granuloma) in animal models, at both the doses (i.e. 200

mg/kg b.w. and 400 mg/kg b.w.), although the better anti-inflammatory activity of

methanol extract than the aqueous extract might be due to the presence of higher

concentration of flavonoid contents. (Sharma et al., 2011). Arul et al, (2005)

presented anti-inflammatory activity of this plant. Similarly, Ghangale G. R (2008)

also evaluated aqueous extract of Aegle mannelos for anti inflammatory activity by

using rat paw oedema model and proposed that Aegle mannelos posseses anti-

inflammatory activity.

4. ANTI-CANCER

Aegle marmelos is commonly known as Bael tree in India and considered as

sacred by Hindus. The extract of the plant is found to contain lupeol, a known tri-

terpenoid, as a major bioactive component (Lambertini et al., 2005). It was found to

stimulate and increase the expression of Era gene in MDA-MB- 231 Era –negative

breast cancer cells and also inhibited cell proliferation. Phytoconstituents derived

from the fruit of Aegle marmelos were found to have strong anti-cancer activity

against thyroid cancer (Lampronti et al., 2003). It is also used in the treatment of

primitive neuro ectodermal tumors and malignant ascites, in addition it also

possesses anti-viral and anti-inflamatory properties (Jagetia et al., 2005). The

medicinal value of the bael fruit is enhanced due to the presence of tannin in its rind.




A pyranocoumarin isolated from its seed gave significance protection against

pylorus ligation and aspirin induced gastric ulcers in rats. (Dahanukar et al., 2000).

Anticancer active principles derived from the herb Aegle marmelos, are used in

the treatment of primitive neuro-ectodermal tumours (PNET) and also used in the

treatment of various malignant tumours of brain and spinal cord. Costa-Lotufo et al.

Costa-Lotufo et al. (2005) studied the anticancer potential of 11 plants used in

Bangladeshi folk medicine and found among all tested extracts, only the extracts of

Oroxylum indicum, Moringa oleifera and Aegle marmelos showed potential

anticancer cactivity. It was also reported that Aegle marmelos (L.) inhibits the

proliferation of transplanted Ehrlich ascites carcinoma in mice. The anticancer effect

of hydroalcoholic extract of Aegle marmelos (AM) was studied in the Ehrlich ascites

carcinoma bearing Swiss albino mice. The spatial effect of various AM

administration schedules showed that six-day administration increased the survival

of tumor bearing mice. The best antineoplastic action of AM was obtained when AM

administered through intraperitoneal route than the oral route at equimolar dose.

Dose of 400 mg/kg was considered as the best dose (Jagetia et al., 2005). Lambertini

et al.(2004) studied the effects of extracts from Bangladeshi medicinal plants on in-

vitro proliferation of human breast cancer cell lines and expression of estrogen

receptor alpha gene, according to this study extract from Aegle marmelos is

antiproliferative on both cell line MCF7 and MDA-MB-231cells, but at a higher

concentration.

5. RADIOPROTECTIVE

The effective use of radiotherapy in cancer cure and palliation is

compromised by the side-effects resulting from radiosensitivity of bordering normal

tissues, which are invariably exposed to the cytotoxic effects of ionizing radiation

during treatment. In this situation, use of radioprotective compounds that can

protect normal tissues against radiation injury are of immense use. Radiation ill-

effects are principally the result of generation of free radicals, and the antioxidant

compounds that counter them are supposed to be of immense use in preventing




them(Baliga et al., 2010). In 2004, Jagetia et al. showed that intraperitoneally used

hydroalcoholic leaf extract of A. marmelos in mice increases its survival rate when

the mice are exposed to lethal dose of 10 Gy of g-radiation(Jagetia et al., 2004).

Pretreatment of mice with 15 mg/kg before exposure to different doses of radiation

(6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or 11 Gy of γ-radiation) delayed or reduced the severity of radiation

sickness and the onset of radiation-induced mortality, compared with the

concurrent placebo treated radiation group(Jagetia et al., 2004). The leaf extract is

better than both the fruit extract and the positive control (2-

mercaptopropionylglycine). Leaf extracts give protection against gastrointestinal

damage and hematopoietic damage(Baliga et al., 2010). Bonemarrow stem cells are

more sensitive than intestinal crypt cells to the deleterious effects of ionizing

radiation. However, as peripheral blood cells have a longer transit time than

intestinal cells, the onset of a gastrointestinal syndrome occurs earlier than a bone-

marrow syndrome (Jagetia et al., 2005). The deleterious effects of radiation occur

as a result of direct ionization of DNA and other cellular targets and via an indirect

effect, in which reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated through water

radiolysis(Devasagayam et al., 2004). When DNA is damaged, it is followed by

altered cell division, enhanced cell death, depletion of stem cell pools, and organ-

system dysfunction, and if the radiation dose is lethal, the organism will die.

Radiation induces mitotic cell death in dividing cells and activates pathways that

lead to death by apoptosis in interphase cells and differentiated cells(Borek et al.,

2004). In vitro studies have shown that the leaf extract of A. marmelos is a scavenger

of ROS and reactive nitrogen species. The fruit is also reported to have potent free-

radical scavenging and antioxidant effects. Recently, Abdullakasim et al. have

observed that A. marmelos fruit drink had high quantities of total phenolic

compounds and was a good antioxidant (Abdullakasim et al., 2007). A. marmelos

leaf extract reduced radiation-induced DNA damage in cultured human peripheral

blood lymphocytes and in mouse bone-marrow cells, indicating that A. marmelos is

an efficient anticlastogen (Jagetia et al., 2007). Transitional metals like iron, undergo

redox cycling, resulting in production of ROS. A. marmelos is a good chelator, and

this might have contributed, at least in part, to these observed antioxidant and




radioprotective effects (Baliga et al., 2010).Inhibition of lipid peroxidation is

important in disease processes involving free radicals, and studies have shown that

both leaf and fruit extracts prevented radiation-induced lipid peroxidation in the

livers, kidneys, intestines, and spleens of mice. A. marmelos caused a

concentrationdependent inhibition of H2O2 and iron-induced lipid peroxidation in

mice brain homogenate(Baliga et al., 2010). Administration of A. marmelos leaf

extract increased activities of the antioxidant enzymes SOD, catalase, and

glutathione peroxidase in normal mice as well as in diabetic rats (Tiku et al., 2004).

Radiation triggers an inflammatory response via mediators and activates significant

physiologic and immunologic processes. Loss of immunity is associated with

depletion of immunocompetent cells that can cause infection by opportunistic

microbes. Immune activation is a protective approach, and immunostimulants

enhance the overall immunity of a host by presenting a nonspecific immune

response against microbial pathogens. A. marmelos leaves extract increased

peritoneal macrophages and splenic lymphocyte counts in mice.

6. ANTIGENOTOXICITY

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced in the human body during a

variety of metabolic processes or penetrate in the body from environment. ROS

cause cellular damage by reacting with the various biomolecules of body such as

membrane lipids, nucleic acid, proteins and enzymes. DNA can be damaged by free

radicals as reported by LIoyd and Phillips, 1999. Since the past few years, Genetic

Toxicology laboratory of the Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences,

Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar has been seriously involved in bioprospecting

the medicinal plants for the presence of antimutagenic/antigenotoxic

phytochemicals (Kaur et al., 2009). Therefore, medicinal plants can be a potential

source of natural antioxidants and serve mankind.

It has been showed the antigenotoxic effects of Aegle marmelos (Sondhi et al.,

2008).Methanol and acetone extract of dried fruit were used to evaluate

antigenotoxic activity of Aegle marmelos in Human Blood Lymphocytes and E. coli




PQ (Roy and Singh, 1980). It was found that both methanol extract and acetone

extract were quite effective in decreasing the SOS response induced by hydrogen

peroxide and aflatoxin B1 in the SOS chromotest (Kaur et al., 2009).

7. ANTIOXIDANT

Oxidative stress is produced during normal metabolic process in the body as

well as induced by a variety of environmental and chemical factors which cause

generation of various reactive free radicals and subsequent damage to

macromolecules like DNA, Proteins and Lipids. Medicinal plants are rich sources

of bioactive compounds and thus serve as an important raw material for drug

production.They may constitute a valuable natural assets contribute a great deal to

its health care systems. Free radicals contain one or more unpaired electrons,

produced in normal or pathological cell metabolism. Reactive oxygen species (ROS)

react easily with these free radicals to become radicals themselves. ROS are various

forms of activated oxygen, which include free radicals such as superoxide anion

radicals (O2−) and hydroxyl radicals (OH•), as well as non-free radical species (H2O2)

and the singled oxygen (O2) (Gulcin et al., 2003). In vivo, some of these ROS play an

important role in cell metabolism including energy production, phagocytosis and

intercellular signaling (Ottolenghi, 1959). However, these ROS produced by sunlight,

ultraviolet light, ionizing radiation, chemical reactions and metabolic processes have

a wide variety of pathological effects such as DNA damage, carcinogenesis and

various degenerative disorders such as cardiovascular diseases, aging and neuro-

degenerative diseases (Gyamfi et al., 2002; Osawa et al., 1994; Noda et al., 1997).

Inhibition of lipid peroxidation is important in disease processes involving free

radicals, and studies have shown that both leaf and fruit extracts prevented

radiation-induced lipid peroxidation in the livers, kidneys, intestines, and spleens of

mice.

A. marmelos caused a concentration dependent inhibition of H2O2 and iron-

induced lipid peroxidation in mice brain homogenate (Baliga et al., 2010).

Administrationof A. marmelos leaf extract increased activities of the antioxidant

enzymes SOD, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase in normal mice as well as in




diabetic rats (Tiku et al., 2004). Radiation triggers an inflammatory response via

mediators. Many naturally occurring products have been reported to contain large

amount of antioxidant compounds other than vitamin C, E and carotenoid

(Javanmardia et al., 2003). These antioxidants play a vital role in delaying,

intercepting or preventing oxidative reactions catalyzed by free

radical(Viliogluetal.,1998). Antioxidant activity of medicinal plants might be due to

the presence of phenolic compounds such as flavonoids (Vilioglu etal.,1998)

Phenolic acids(Pietta etal.,1998; Cook and Samman, 1996) and phenolic diterpine

(Shahidi and Wanasundaa, 1998 ). Antioxidant property (Vimal and Devaki, 2004)

Aegle marmelos fruit pulp were found to be a good natural antioxidant.

8. ANTI-DIABETIC

Oxidative stress induced hyerglacemia or diabetes can be reduced to a great

extent by extracts of bael leaf. Studies have shown that administering leaf extracts of

bael reduced blood glucose levels up to 54%. Leaf extract of the bael plant is

generally known for their antidiabetic activity. It has been found that bael extract

significantly reduces blood urea and cholesterol level in diabetic animals. It also

decreases oxidative stress in diabetic animal. Leaf juice is directly employed in

Unani system of medicine for antidiabetic activity (Akhtar et al., 2005). Various

studies as detailed below have signified its use as an antidiabetic agent. Ismail et al.

evaluated antidiabetic activity of Aegle marmelos leaf decoction and found that

approximately five grams of leaf decoction administered orally once daily possess

antidiabetic effect (Yaheya and Ismail, 2009). It was further proved by another

study that aqueous leaf extract of Aegle marmelos have anti hypoglycemic activity,

the results of which have shown that aqueous extract of the Aegle marmelos leaves

were found to inhibit primarily the uptake of glucose across rat inverted gut sacs

(Therasa, et al., 2009). Sabu et al. used methanolic leaf extract of Aegle marmelos to

evaluate antioxidant and antidiabetic activity of plant material. Alloxan was used in

this study to induce oxidative effect on pancreatic beta cells and further effect on

glucose level. They found a significant decrease in lipid peroxidation, conjugated

diene and hydroperoxide levels in serum as well as in liver induced by alloxan. It




was predicted from the results obtained that the methanolic leaf extract of Aegle

marmelos have characteristics to be used as hypoglycemic and antioxidant agent

(Sabu and Ramadasan Kuttan, 2004). Similarly, Sharma et al also studied both

hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effect of Aegle marmelos (L.) leaf extract on

streptozocin induced diabetic mice. Initially, diabetic condition was introduced in

mice using streptozocin (60 mg kg-1 body weight). Different evolutionary

parameters were evaluated such as glucose tolerance test, lipid profile, glycogen

biosynthesis, glucose uptake, differential regulation of glucose homeostatic enzymes

like glucose-6-phosphatase, hexokinase and insulin release in vitro, for

demonstrating the hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effect in animal (Sharma, et al.,

2007). Aqueous extract of Aegle marmelos leaves, was evaluated for hypoglycemic

and antioxidant effect by Upadhya S et al ( 2004), by using alloxon induced diabetes

in male albino rats and proposed AML may be useful in the long-term management

of diabetes.Similarly, The anti hyperlipidaemic activity of aqueous extract of Aegle

marmelos fruits was demonstrated by P.S. Marinzene et al (2005), using the

streptozotocin-induced diabetic wistar rats.Sunderam et al, (2009) worked on

alcoholic extract of Aegle Marmelos, Momordica Charantia and Eugenia Jambolana

separately; against Streptozotocine induced diabetic rats and confirmed their

protective activity against laboratory induced cell necrosis, Where as, Kuttan & Sabu

( 2004) studied on leaf extract of Aegle Marmelos on Alloxane induced diabetes and

reported that used extract was enough capable to reduce oxidative stress by

scavenging lipid peroxidation and enhancing certain Anti oxidant levels which

causes lowering of elevated blood glucose level. Beside of all above cited work,

Hema & Lalithakumari (1999) had presented tremendous results of Aegle Marmelos

and documented its hypoglycemic action along with other pharmacological actions

on molecular level.

9. ANTIMICROBIAL PROPERTIES

Bael leaves, roots and fruit extracts have been studied for their antimicrobial

properties. The extracts showed inhibition of many bacterial strains. Apart from

bacteria, bael extracts were also effective in controlling fungal and viral infections.




The antimicrobial properties are due to the presence of biochemicals such as

cuminaldehyde and eugenol. Maheshwari et al, (2009) studied on ethnolic ectract of

dried fruit pulp of Aegle Marmelos against various intestinal pathogens i.e. Shigella

boydii, S. sonnei & S. Flexneri and proposed that certain phytochemicals including

Phenols, Tannins and Flavonoids were effective against all. It was also confirmed by

Kaur et al, ( 2009) by getting treat E. Coli with Aegle Marmelos fruit extract. In

consonance, Citarasu et al, (2003) also experimented Aegle Marmelos on certain

pathogenic bacteria like Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Aeromonas

hydrophyla & Vibrio sp., and concluded its positive bactericidal effects.

10. Antifungal Activity

Mycotic infections are the most common cause of skin infection in tropical

developing countries. Medicinal plants represent a rich source of antimicrobial

agents. Therapeutic efficacy of many indigenous plants has been proved long back

due to less side effects than medicines. Patil et. al. (2009) reported the antifungal

activity of ethanolic extract of the Aegle marmelos leaves including antidiarrhoeal,

and antimicrobial, activities. Rana et. al. (1997) evaluated anti fungal activity of

essential oils isolated from the leaves of Bael using spore germination assay. The oil

exhibited variable efficacy against different fungal isolates and 100% inhibition of

spore germination of all the fungi tested was observed at 500ppm.They proposed

that essential oil from bael leaves may interfere with the Ca2+-dipicolonic acid

metabolism pathway and possibly inhibit the spore formation. Pitre S and

Srivastava et. al. ( 1987), demonstrate the antifungal activity of ethanolic root

extract against Aspergillus fumiganus and Trichphyton mentagrophytes. The

unsaponifiable matter from the oil obtained from the seeds of Aegle marmelos was

effective as antifungal agent [Banerjee et al., 1983; Tewari, 1986]. The antifungal

activity of essential oil isolated from leaves of bael plant was evaluated using spore

germination assay and was found to possess variable efficacy against different

fungal isolates. It also showed 100% inhibition of spore germination of all the fungi

tested at 500 ppm [Gupta et al., 2006; Rana et al., 1997]. The ethanolic extract of the

plant was also found to be effective against Curvularia lunata, Aspergillus niger, and




Rhizopus nodulans (Rusia and Srivastava, 1988). From one study the leaf extract of

Aegle marmelos exhibited 100% fungal toxicity against Rhizoctonia solani (Renu,

1983).

11. ANALGESIC ACTIVITY

Leaves of A. marmelos were reported to possess analgesic activity. Methanol

extract of leaves of A. marmelos was screened for analgesic activity by Acetic acid-

induced writhing test in Swiss mice. The results indicated that methanol extract

significantly reduced the writhing induced by acetic acid. In tail flick test methanol

extract (200 and 300 mg/kg body weight) showed significant analgesic activity in

the (Shankarananth et al., 2007). Arul et. al. (2005) presented anti-inflammatory,

antipyretic & analgesic properties of serial extract of leaves of Aegle Marmelos, and

presented that most of the extract caused a significant inhibition of the carrageenan-

induced paw oedema and cotton-pellet granuloma in rats. The extracts also

produced marked analgesic activity by reduction the early and late phases of paw

licking in mice. In one study it was found that bael extract exhibits antipyretic, anti-

inflammatory and analgesic activities in experimental animals (Dhiman, 2003;

Agarwal, 1997).

12. NEUROPSYCHOPHARMACOLOGICAL EFFECTS

About 80% of people in developing countries depend on traditional systems

of medicine for primary health care (Fransworth et al., 1985). Drugs obtained from

natural sources are perceived to have fewer side effects while having same ability to

cure disorders in much the same way as their synthetic counterparts. Recently the

search for novel pharmacotherapy from medicinal plants for psychiatric illness has

progressed significantly and thus revealed pharmacological effectiveness of

different plant. Traditionally A. marmelos is known to be very effective in enhancing

the memory, promoting intellect and is used as brain tonic. A. marmelos has been

used in nervous disorder and as tonic for brain (Raj and Patel, 1978; Maheshwari

and Singh, 1984). Its influence on cholinergic activity of the rat brain was studied

because there are many reports suggesting loss of memory, which is associated with




decreased cholinergic activity (Lakshmikantha et al., 2012). It is believed that herbal

drugs are relatively safe and exhibit a remarkable efficacy in the treatment of

chronic ailments. According to an estimate, for nearly quarter are being used for

medicinal purpose (Ministry of Environment and Forest, 1994). Anxiety and

depression are the most common stress related mood disorders., methanol leaf

extract of Aegle marmelos showed significant anxiolytic and antidepressant

activities possibly by increasing monoamines level at post synaptic sites. Hence

Aegle marmelos may be served as a potential resource for natural psychotherapeutic

agent against stress related disorders such as anxiety and depression (Kothari et al.,

2010). Epilepsy is a neurological disorder that affects a wide range of people

throughout the world. Aegle marmelos delayed the occurrence of convulsions, it is

probable that it may be interfering with gabaergic mechanism(s) to exert their

anticonvulsant effect (Sankari et al., 2010).

13. HEPATOPROTECTIVE EFFECT

Liver diseases constitute a major health problem in worldwide population as

liver is the vital organ of metabolism and excretion in human beings. A statistical

report alerts of about 20,000 deaths every year due to liver disorders (Ajay kumar

et al., 2006). Liver injury is induced by various pathogenic factors such as viral

hepatitis, ethanol and hepatotoxicants etc (Samudram et al., 2008). The lipid

peroxidation is a destructive process, which alters the structure and functions of

cellular membrane (Nath, 2007). The disrupted tissues are known to undergo lipid

peroxidation at faster rate than normal lipid peroxidation (oxidative damage). This

oxidative damage causes change in the structure, fluidity and permeability of

membrane and also inactivate a few number of membrane bounded enzymes (Salil

et al., 2004; Dennis Kasper, 2005). In traditional medicine, many plants (either as

whole or part) and metabolic products of plants are shown to protect cells and

organs of human system by their capability of exerting their antioxidant effect

against deleterious effect of free radicals mediated hepatotoxicity. The

hepatoprotective effect of the leaves of A. marmelos and were reported in alcohol

induced liver injury in Albino rats. Rats were administered with 30% ethyl alcohol




for a period of 40 days.The induced rats was fed with leaves of A. marmelos for 21

days. The TBARS values of healthy, alcohol intoxicated and herbal drug treated

animals were 123.35, 235.68 and 141.85 μg/g tissue respectively. This indicates the

excellent hepatoprotective effect of the leaves of A. marmelos (Singanan et al., 2007).

Kalaivani et al. (2009) showed that ethanolic extracts of A. marmelos holds a

potential to be used as hepatoprotective agent. Jayachandra et al. (2011) using the

animal models, have shown that crude leaf powder of Aegle marmelos has potential

to act against CCl4-induced hepatic damage in albino rats. Arun and

Balasubramanian, (2011) showed that ethanolic extract of leaves of Aegle marmelos

when administered orally to rats had a significant dose dependent

hepatoprotective activity.

14. ANTI THYROID ACTIVITY

Medicinal plants form the backbone of traditional system of medicine in India.

Pharmacological studies have acknowledged the value of medicinal plants as

potential source of bioactive compounds (Prusti et al., 2008). Panda S, and Kar A.

(2006), isolated, Scopoletin (7-hydroxy-6-methoxy coumarin) from Aegle marmelos

leaves and evaluate for its potential to regulate hyperthyroidism. It was observed

that scopoletin (at 1.00 mg / kg, p.o. for 7 days) to levo-thyroxine treated animals,

decreased serum thyroid hormones level. It was also proved that the scopoletin

have superior therapeutic activity than the standard antithyroid drug,

propylthiouracil.

15. CARDIOPROTECTIVE

Myocardial infarction is a major public health concern and the leading cause of

death throughout the world. Prince et al. (2005) evaluated the preventive effects of

an aqueous Aegle marmelos leaf extract (AMLEt) in isoprenaline (isoproterenol)-

induced myocardial infarction in rats. Pretreatment with AMLEt decreased the

activity of creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in serum and

increased them in the heart, also AMLEt pretreatment increased the activity of

Na+K+ ATPase and decreased the activity of Ca2+ATPase in the heart and aorta

simultaneously and the levels of cholesterol and triglycerides decreased whereas

phospholipids increased in heart and aorta of AMLEt-pretreated rats. All the




deranged biochemical parameters were restored with 200 mg kg-1 AMLEt.

Ramachandra et al. (2012) concluded, by carefully examining the cardioprotective

activity of A. marmelos, providing evidence that aqueous extract of A. marmelos has

significant cardioprotective activity. Krushna et al. (2012) showed Aegle marmelos

fruit extract could ameliorate the occurrence of heart related diseases which is

supported by in vitro assays and histopathological observations.

16. ANTI-PYRETIC

Arul et al. (2005) studied the serial extracts of the leaves of Aegle marmelos

were investigated for antipyretic were also evaluated and found to possess the

antipyretic properties. Amber et al. (2011) evaluated the antipyretic property of

Aegle marmelos on Brewer’s yeast-induced pyrexia in albino rats. It revealed that

the ethanolic extract, at dose of 200 mg kg-1 body wt. and 400 mg kg-1 body weight,

produced significant reduction in elevated body temperature in a dose dependent

manner followed by aqueous extract. The antipyretic effect of extracts was

comparable to that of paracetamol (100 mg kg-1 body weight, p.o.), a standard

antipyretic agent. Atul et al. (2012) also evaluated the antipyretic property of A.

marmelos.

17. Anti microfilariae

Dahre et al. prepared methanolic extract of Aegle marmelos and further studied

the antimicrofilariae effect using sterile plate. Results predicted the fact that

methanolic extract of Aegle marmelos leaf have significant antimicrofilariae effect

Sahare et al. (2008) findings indicate Inhibitory concentrations (IC50) for Aegle

marmelos extract with significant antifilarial activity against Brugia malayi

microfilariae in in vitro system have been derived to be 70 ng/ml.

18. ANTIARTHRITIC

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), one of the commonest autoimmune diseases, is a

chronic, progressive, systemic inflammatory disorder affecting the synovial joints

and typically producing symmetrical arthritis that leads to joint destruction, which

is responsible for the deformity and disability. The consequent morbidity and

mortality has a substantial socio-economic impact. Desai et al. (2012) studied the

anti arthritic nature of aqueous extract of Aegle marmelos leaves (AEAM) against




formaldehyde induced arthritis in rats. The degree of inflammation was evaluated

by hind paw swelling and increase in paw diameter. AEAM showed significant

changes in paw swelling, paw diameter and percent inhibition of paw volume. The

results of the current investigation concluded AEAM possess a significant anti

arthritic activity against formaldehyde induced arthritis model and justifying its

therapeutic role in arthritic condition. They had observed anti arthritic activity may

be due to the presence of phytoconstituents such as alkaloid, saponins and

flavonoids. Raw bael fruit is used for treatment of arithritis and gout. Its pulp mixed

with hot mustard oil can be applied on swollen joints for relief from these disorders

(Parichha , 2004).

19. GYNAECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS AND ANTI-SPERMATOGENIC ACTIVITY

The bark of bael root is effective in various gynaecological problems as proved

by its famous ayurvedic formulation dashamoola (ten roots of medicinal plants)

(Bael, The Tribune). The leaf extract possesses anti-spermatogenic activity as it

resists the process of spermatogenesis and decreases sperm motility in rats (Sur et

al., 1999). Leaves were used for fertility control in Bangladesh (Tuticorin and

Manakkal, 1983)

20. ANTIDANDRUFF

The rind of the fruit of bael is used in the treatment of dandruff. The processing

of rind in either coconut oil or ginger oil also treats excess hair fall and scaly skin of

the scalp.

From the several pharmacological activities narrated above, it is concluded that

Aegle marmelos (Bael) is a plant of multiple medicinal properties. This plant has been used

in traditional system of medicine for the treatment of various diseases. Studies easily

predict the fact that whole plant of Aegle marmelos has sufficient medicinal value.




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ABOUT AUTHOR

Name of the Author : Dr. G. Swathi

Email.id : [email protected]

Present Position : Lecturer in Zoology,

Govt. Degree College (W),

Srikalahasthi,

Chittoor district,

Andhra Pradesh.

Educational Qualification : M.Sc –ZOOLOGY, Ph.D

NET Qualified : CSIR-JRF-2007

CSIR-JRF-2008

GATE QUALIFIED

PapersPublished:

1. Gunduluru Swathi, Gopalreddygari Visweswari and Wudayagiri Rajendra. (2013).

Evaluation of Rotenone induced Parkinson's disease on glutamate metabolism and

protective strategies of Bacopa monnieri. International Journal of Advances in

Pharmacy and Biological Sciences.3(1); 62-67.

2. Gunduluru Swathi, Cherukupalle Bhuvaneswar and Wudayagiri Rajendra. (2013).

Modulation of Na+

/K+

, Mg2+

and Ca2+

ATPase activity on Rotenone induced

Parkinson's disease and protective role of Bacopa monnieri. International Journal

of Applied Biology and Pharmaceutical technology.4(1); 311-317

3. Cherukupalle Bhuvaneswar, Gunduluru swathi, Baki Vijaya bhaskar,

Tirumalasetty Munichandrababu, Wudayagiri Rajendra (2012) Effective

Synergetic Biodegradation of Diesel oil by Bacteria. International Journal of

Environmental Biology. 2(4): 195-199.

4. Gunduluru Swathi, Cherukupalle Bhuvaneswar and Wudayagiri Rajendra.

Alterations of Cholinergic neurotransmission in Rotenone induced Parkinson’s

disease: Protective role of Bacopa monnieri. International Journal of Pharmacy

and Biological Sciences (IJPBS) 3(2):286-292

5. Gunduluru Tirumala Vasu Deva Rao and Gunduluru Swathi . (2013). Mental

Health Status of Degree College Lecturers Based on Gender Aand Teaching

Experience in Rayalaseema Zone, Andhra Pradesh, India. Indian Journal Of

Applied Research.3(6)




6. Gunduluru Swathi, Kotha Peddanna, Cherukupalle Bhuvaneswar, Wudayagiri

Rajendra. (2013). Antioxidant and Hepatoprotective Effects of Bacopa monnieri

and Vinca rosea against Carbon Tetrachloride (CCl4) Induced Liver Damage in

Rats. Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res., 21(2), Jul – Aug 2013; 61, 342-346

7. Paturu Suseela, Gunduluru Swathi and Wudayagiri Rajendra

(2013).Anticonvulsant Effect Of Different Extracts Of Bacopa Monnieri On

Cholinergic Metabolism During Pentylenetetrazole-Induced Epilepsy. IJPBS

|Volume 3| Issue 3 |JUL-SEP|2013|194-200

Conferences/Seminars/Workshops Attended

National - 5; International -5; Presented - 6

Si.no Conferences/Seminars/Workshops

Attended

Date of

Participation

Attended/Presented

1 International Symposium on Environmental

Pollution

Ecology and Human Health

25-27 July

2009 Attended

2 2nd

AP Science Congress 14-16

November

2009

Attended

3 National Workshop on Recent Trends in

Bioinformatics

25-26 June

2010 Attended

4 International Conference on Biodiversity &

Aquatic Toxicology

12-14

February 2011 -----------Presented-----------

“Alterations of Cholinergic

neurotransmission in Rotenone

induced Parkinson’s disease:

Protective role of Bacopa

monnieri”.

G.Swathi and Prof.W.Rajendra

5 International

conference on Updates On Protein Drug

Discovery, Formulation And Production

Challenges

28-29 October

2011 -----------Presented-----------

“Evaluation of Rotenone

induced Parkinson's disease on

glutamate metabolism and

protective strategies of Bacopa

monnieri”.

G.Swathi, G. Visweswari and

Prof. W. Rajendra

6 Training Programme on Environmental

Governance to Combat Climate Change

16-18

February 2012 Attended




7 National Conference on Biotic and Abiotic

Molecules- Their Health Effects and

Therapeutic Applications

24-25

February 2012 -----------Presented----------- “Antioxidant and

Hepatoprotective effects of

Bacopa monnieri and Vinca

rosea against carbon

tetrachloride induced liver

damage in rats”

G. Swathi, K. Peddanna and

Prof.W.Rajendra

8 International Seminar on “Emerging threats

and challenges to Biodiversity-Policy

framework and Sustainable management”.

2-4 March

2012 -----------Presented----------- “In vitro Antimicrobial activity

of Bacopa monnieri”

G. Swathi, D.Subramanyam,

V.Lokanatha and

Prof.W.Rajendra

9 National Seminar On

Emerging Trends in Biotechnology:

Challenges and Opportunities

13– 15 March,

2012 -----------Presented-----------

“Modulation of Na+/K

+, Mg

2+

and Ca2+

ATPase activity on

Rotenone induced Parkinson's

disease and protective role of

Bacopa monnieri”

G. Swathi, C. Bhuvaneswar and

Prof. W. Rajendra

10 International

conference on Anthropogenic Impact on

Environment and Bioremediation

26-28

November

2012

-----------Presented-----------

“Protective Effect of Bacopa

monnieri on induced

Parkinson’s disease with

particular reference to

catecholamine system”

G. Swathi, C. Bhuvaneswar and

Prof. W. Rajendra

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