ae 451 aeronautical engineering design iae451/lecture9_propulsion_fuel.pdf–bladder: is made by...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: AE 451 Aeronautical Engineering Design Iae451/lecture9_propulsion_fuel.pdf–Bladder: is made by stuffing a shaped rubber bag into a cavity in the structure. Available fuel volume](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022071611/614a86f912c9616cbc69793d/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
AE 451 Aeronautical Engineering Design IPropulsion and Fuel System Integration
Prof. Dr. Serkan Özgen
Dept. Aerospace Engineering
December 2017
![Page 2: AE 451 Aeronautical Engineering Design Iae451/lecture9_propulsion_fuel.pdf–Bladder: is made by stuffing a shaped rubber bag into a cavity in the structure. Available fuel volume](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022071611/614a86f912c9616cbc69793d/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Propulsion system options
2
![Page 3: AE 451 Aeronautical Engineering Design Iae451/lecture9_propulsion_fuel.pdf–Bladder: is made by stuffing a shaped rubber bag into a cavity in the structure. Available fuel volume](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022071611/614a86f912c9616cbc69793d/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Propulsion system options
3
![Page 4: AE 451 Aeronautical Engineering Design Iae451/lecture9_propulsion_fuel.pdf–Bladder: is made by stuffing a shaped rubber bag into a cavity in the structure. Available fuel volume](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022071611/614a86f912c9616cbc69793d/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Jet engine integration
• Engine dimensions:
L=Lnominal(SF)0.4
D=Dnominal(SF)0.5
W=Wnominal(SF)1.1
SF =Treq/Tnominal
4
![Page 5: AE 451 Aeronautical Engineering Design Iae451/lecture9_propulsion_fuel.pdf–Bladder: is made by stuffing a shaped rubber bag into a cavity in the structure. Available fuel volume](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022071611/614a86f912c9616cbc69793d/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Turbofan engine dimensions
5
![Page 6: AE 451 Aeronautical Engineering Design Iae451/lecture9_propulsion_fuel.pdf–Bladder: is made by stuffing a shaped rubber bag into a cavity in the structure. Available fuel volume](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022071611/614a86f912c9616cbc69793d/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Inlet geometry
6
![Page 7: AE 451 Aeronautical Engineering Design Iae451/lecture9_propulsion_fuel.pdf–Bladder: is made by stuffing a shaped rubber bag into a cavity in the structure. Available fuel volume](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022071611/614a86f912c9616cbc69793d/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Inlet geometry
• An inlet must produce:– A high pressure recovery (1% loss in inlet pressure recovery results in
1.3% loss in thrust).
– Deceleration so that the Mach # at the engine entrance is ≈0.4-0.5.
– Low drag.
7
![Page 8: AE 451 Aeronautical Engineering Design Iae451/lecture9_propulsion_fuel.pdf–Bladder: is made by stuffing a shaped rubber bag into a cavity in the structure. Available fuel volume](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022071611/614a86f912c9616cbc69793d/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Inlet geometry
• There are four basic types of inlets:– NACA inlet: reduced wetted surface area and weight but poor in
pressure recovery.
8
![Page 9: AE 451 Aeronautical Engineering Design Iae451/lecture9_propulsion_fuel.pdf–Bladder: is made by stuffing a shaped rubber bag into a cavity in the structure. Available fuel volume](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022071611/614a86f912c9616cbc69793d/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Inlet geometry– Pitot inlet: works well subsonically and fairly well at low supersonic speeds.
However, the normal shock produced will reduce pressure recovery so it is not suitable for prolonged operation above M=1.4.
9
![Page 10: AE 451 Aeronautical Engineering Design Iae451/lecture9_propulsion_fuel.pdf–Bladder: is made by stuffing a shaped rubber bag into a cavity in the structure. Available fuel volume](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022071611/614a86f912c9616cbc69793d/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Inlet geometry– Conical (spike or round) intake: exploits shock patterns created by the
supersonic flow over a cone. The spike inlet is lighter and has slightly betterpressure recovery but has higher cowl drag and mechanically morecomplex. Suitable for M>2.0.
10
![Page 11: AE 451 Aeronautical Engineering Design Iae451/lecture9_propulsion_fuel.pdf–Bladder: is made by stuffing a shaped rubber bag into a cavity in the structure. Available fuel volume](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022071611/614a86f912c9616cbc69793d/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Inlet geometry• Ramp inlet: Uses the shock pattern produced by a wedge. Suitable for
M<2.0.
11
![Page 12: AE 451 Aeronautical Engineering Design Iae451/lecture9_propulsion_fuel.pdf–Bladder: is made by stuffing a shaped rubber bag into a cavity in the structure. Available fuel volume](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022071611/614a86f912c9616cbc69793d/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Inlet location
12
![Page 13: AE 451 Aeronautical Engineering Design Iae451/lecture9_propulsion_fuel.pdf–Bladder: is made by stuffing a shaped rubber bag into a cavity in the structure. Available fuel volume](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022071611/614a86f912c9616cbc69793d/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Inlet location
13
![Page 14: AE 451 Aeronautical Engineering Design Iae451/lecture9_propulsion_fuel.pdf–Bladder: is made by stuffing a shaped rubber bag into a cavity in the structure. Available fuel volume](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022071611/614a86f912c9616cbc69793d/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Inlet location
14
![Page 15: AE 451 Aeronautical Engineering Design Iae451/lecture9_propulsion_fuel.pdf–Bladder: is made by stuffing a shaped rubber bag into a cavity in the structure. Available fuel volume](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022071611/614a86f912c9616cbc69793d/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Inlet location
• Inlet must not be placed where it can ingest a vortex off thefuselage or separated wake from the wing, the inlet flowdistortion can stall the engine.
• The nose location offers the inlet a completely clean airflow, but requires a very long internal duct, which is heavy withhigh losses, requires high volume.
• The chin inlet has the advantage of a nose inlet with a shorterduct. It is particularly good at high α because the fuselageforebody helps to turn the flow into it.
• Nose landing gear must not be placed ahead of the inlet.
• Another problem is foreign object ingestion.
15
![Page 16: AE 451 Aeronautical Engineering Design Iae451/lecture9_propulsion_fuel.pdf–Bladder: is made by stuffing a shaped rubber bag into a cavity in the structure. Available fuel volume](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022071611/614a86f912c9616cbc69793d/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Inlet location
• For a low bypass ratio turbofan: vertical distance of the inlet from the ground should be > 80% of inlet height.
• For a high bypass ratio turbofan: vertical distance of the inlet from the ground should be > 50% of inlet height.
16
![Page 17: AE 451 Aeronautical Engineering Design Iae451/lecture9_propulsion_fuel.pdf–Bladder: is made by stuffing a shaped rubber bag into a cavity in the structure. Available fuel volume](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022071611/614a86f912c9616cbc69793d/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Capture area calculation
• Multiply capture area/mass flow by mass flow of the engine.
17
![Page 18: AE 451 Aeronautical Engineering Design Iae451/lecture9_propulsion_fuel.pdf–Bladder: is made by stuffing a shaped rubber bag into a cavity in the structure. Available fuel volume](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022071611/614a86f912c9616cbc69793d/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Propeller engine integration
• Propeller size:
• Function of propeller: take shaft power from the engine andconvert it into thrust power. Propellers achieve this with someinevitable losses.
𝜂𝑝 =𝑇𝑉∞𝑃
< 1
• Propeller efficiency ↗ as diameter of propeller ↗ due to loweraccelaration through the disk. The larger the propeller, thehigher the mass of air processed by it.
18
![Page 19: AE 451 Aeronautical Engineering Design Iae451/lecture9_propulsion_fuel.pdf–Bladder: is made by stuffing a shaped rubber bag into a cavity in the structure. Available fuel volume](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022071611/614a86f912c9616cbc69793d/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Propeller engine integration• For the same thrust, a larger diameter propeller requires a smaller
velocity increase accross the propeller disc.
• Smaller the velocity increase in any propulsive device, the higherthe propulsive efficiency.
19
![Page 20: AE 451 Aeronautical Engineering Design Iae451/lecture9_propulsion_fuel.pdf–Bladder: is made by stuffing a shaped rubber bag into a cavity in the structure. Available fuel volume](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022071611/614a86f912c9616cbc69793d/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Propeller engine integration• Two constraints for the propeller:
– The propeller tip must clear the ground when the airplane is on the ground.
– Propeller tip speed should be less than the speed of sound, otherwisecompressibility effects will ruin the propeller performance.
– At the same time, the propeller must be large enough to absorb engine power. The power absorption of the propeller is increased by increasingthe diameter and/or increasing the number of blades.
20
![Page 21: AE 451 Aeronautical Engineering Design Iae451/lecture9_propulsion_fuel.pdf–Bladder: is made by stuffing a shaped rubber bag into a cavity in the structure. Available fuel volume](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022071611/614a86f912c9616cbc69793d/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Propeller tip speed
𝑉𝑡𝑖𝑝,𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 = 𝜋𝑁𝑑, 𝑁: 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑, 𝑑: 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑟
𝑉𝑡𝑖𝑝,ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 = 𝑉𝑡𝑖𝑝,𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐2 + 𝑉∞
2, 𝑉∞: 𝑓𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑
• At sea level, the helical tip speed of a metal propeller < 950 ft/s
• At sea level, the helical tip speed of a wooden propeller < 850 ft/s
• If noise is a concern, 𝑉𝑡𝑖𝑝,ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 < 700 𝑓𝑡/𝑠 during takeoff.
21
![Page 22: AE 451 Aeronautical Engineering Design Iae451/lecture9_propulsion_fuel.pdf–Bladder: is made by stuffing a shaped rubber bag into a cavity in the structure. Available fuel volume](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022071611/614a86f912c9616cbc69793d/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Blade diameter
• Two blades: 𝑑 = 1.74 ℎ𝑝,
• Three blades: 𝑑 = 1.64 ℎ𝑝
• Four + blades: 𝑑 = 1.54 ℎ𝑝
• The propeller diameters from the two approaches arecompared and the smaller of the two is selected.
22
![Page 23: AE 451 Aeronautical Engineering Design Iae451/lecture9_propulsion_fuel.pdf–Bladder: is made by stuffing a shaped rubber bag into a cavity in the structure. Available fuel volume](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022071611/614a86f912c9616cbc69793d/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Blade diameter
• Advantages of two blades:
– Less weight,
– Higher efficiency due to higher diameter.
• Advantages of three or four blades:
― Smaller diameter, shorter landing gear,
― Less severe compressibility effects,
― Higher efficiency due to better power absorption.
23
![Page 24: AE 451 Aeronautical Engineering Design Iae451/lecture9_propulsion_fuel.pdf–Bladder: is made by stuffing a shaped rubber bag into a cavity in the structure. Available fuel volume](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022071611/614a86f912c9616cbc69793d/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Propeller location
24
![Page 25: AE 451 Aeronautical Engineering Design Iae451/lecture9_propulsion_fuel.pdf–Bladder: is made by stuffing a shaped rubber bag into a cavity in the structure. Available fuel volume](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022071611/614a86f912c9616cbc69793d/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Propeller location
25
![Page 26: AE 451 Aeronautical Engineering Design Iae451/lecture9_propulsion_fuel.pdf–Bladder: is made by stuffing a shaped rubber bag into a cavity in the structure. Available fuel volume](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022071611/614a86f912c9616cbc69793d/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Propeller location• Alternatives:
― Tractor: puts the heavy engine to the front, shortening the forebody. This allows a smaller tail area and improves stability. Also provides a ready source of cooling air and the propeller is placed in undisturbed air.
― Pusher: it reduces skin friction drag because the airplane flies in undisturbed air.
It also reduces wetted area by shortening the fuselage.
The inlow caused by the propeller accelerates the air over the fuselage, delaying flow separation.
However, the pusher configuration has reduced propeller efficiencybecause it encounters disturbed air off the fuselage, wings, etc.
Since the heavy engine is at the rear, the tail must be larger for stability.
The pusher propeller may require a longer landing gear for propellerclearance during takeoff or landing.
26
![Page 27: AE 451 Aeronautical Engineering Design Iae451/lecture9_propulsion_fuel.pdf–Bladder: is made by stuffing a shaped rubber bag into a cavity in the structure. Available fuel volume](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022071611/614a86f912c9616cbc69793d/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Propeller location• Alternatives:
― Wing mounted: is normally used for multi-engine designs.
Reduces fuselage drag by removing the fuselage from the propeller wake.
However, introduces engine-out controllability problems due toasymmetrical thrust enlarging the size of the vertical tail and the rudder.
• The propeller tip must be at lesat 9″ of the ground at allattitudes.
• The crew compartment should not be located within ±5o of thepropeller disc.
27
![Page 28: AE 451 Aeronautical Engineering Design Iae451/lecture9_propulsion_fuel.pdf–Bladder: is made by stuffing a shaped rubber bag into a cavity in the structure. Available fuel volume](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022071611/614a86f912c9616cbc69793d/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Propeller location
28
![Page 29: AE 451 Aeronautical Engineering Design Iae451/lecture9_propulsion_fuel.pdf–Bladder: is made by stuffing a shaped rubber bag into a cavity in the structure. Available fuel volume](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022071611/614a86f912c9616cbc69793d/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Propeller location
29
![Page 30: AE 451 Aeronautical Engineering Design Iae451/lecture9_propulsion_fuel.pdf–Bladder: is made by stuffing a shaped rubber bag into a cavity in the structure. Available fuel volume](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022071611/614a86f912c9616cbc69793d/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Engine size estimation
• An existing engine can be scaled using scaling equations:
• 𝑋𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑑 = 𝑋𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑆𝐹𝑏 , 𝑋: 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡, 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ, 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟.
30
![Page 31: AE 451 Aeronautical Engineering Design Iae451/lecture9_propulsion_fuel.pdf–Bladder: is made by stuffing a shaped rubber bag into a cavity in the structure. Available fuel volume](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022071611/614a86f912c9616cbc69793d/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Engine size estimation
• Alternatively, statistical models can be used.
31
![Page 32: AE 451 Aeronautical Engineering Design Iae451/lecture9_propulsion_fuel.pdf–Bladder: is made by stuffing a shaped rubber bag into a cavity in the structure. Available fuel volume](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022071611/614a86f912c9616cbc69793d/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
In-line engine
32
![Page 33: AE 451 Aeronautical Engineering Design Iae451/lecture9_propulsion_fuel.pdf–Bladder: is made by stuffing a shaped rubber bag into a cavity in the structure. Available fuel volume](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022071611/614a86f912c9616cbc69793d/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Radial engine
33
![Page 34: AE 451 Aeronautical Engineering Design Iae451/lecture9_propulsion_fuel.pdf–Bladder: is made by stuffing a shaped rubber bag into a cavity in the structure. Available fuel volume](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022071611/614a86f912c9616cbc69793d/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Fuel system
• Fuel system includes:
– Fuel tanks only components effecting overall aircraft layout.
– Fuel lines.
– Fuel pumps.
– Fuel management controls.
34
![Page 35: AE 451 Aeronautical Engineering Design Iae451/lecture9_propulsion_fuel.pdf–Bladder: is made by stuffing a shaped rubber bag into a cavity in the structure. Available fuel volume](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022071611/614a86f912c9616cbc69793d/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Fuel system
• There three types of fuel tanks:– Discrete: fuel containers that are separately fabricated and mounted in
the aircraft by bolts.
Normally, used only for general aviation and homebuilt airplanes.
– Bladder: is made by stuffing a shaped rubber bag into a cavity in thestructure.
Available fuel volume is decreased by 10% because of rubber thickness. Self sealing.
– Integral: cavities within the airframe structure that are sealed to form a fuel tank.
May be created simply by sealing a wing-box or cavities between twofuselage bulkheads.
35
![Page 36: AE 451 Aeronautical Engineering Design Iae451/lecture9_propulsion_fuel.pdf–Bladder: is made by stuffing a shaped rubber bag into a cavity in the structure. Available fuel volume](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022071611/614a86f912c9616cbc69793d/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Fuel system
• The required volume of the fuel tanks is based on total requiredfuel calculated during initial sizing.
36
![Page 37: AE 451 Aeronautical Engineering Design Iae451/lecture9_propulsion_fuel.pdf–Bladder: is made by stuffing a shaped rubber bag into a cavity in the structure. Available fuel volume](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022071611/614a86f912c9616cbc69793d/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Fuel system
37
![Page 38: AE 451 Aeronautical Engineering Design Iae451/lecture9_propulsion_fuel.pdf–Bladder: is made by stuffing a shaped rubber bag into a cavity in the structure. Available fuel volume](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022071611/614a86f912c9616cbc69793d/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Fuel system
• Rules of thumb:– 85 % of the volume measured to the external skin surface is usable for
integral wing tanks.
– 92 % of the volume measured to the external skin surface is usable forintegral fuselage tanks.
– 77 % for wing and 83 % for fuselage of the volume is usable in bladdertanks.
– Allow for 3-5% extra volume to account for fuel expansion on hot days.
38