ADVERB OF DEGREE IN THE SHORT STORY OF THE LEGEND OF SLEEPY HOLLOW WRITTEN

BY WASHINGTON IRVING

THESIS

Submitted To The Board Examiner In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for

Literature Degree at English Literature Department

by: Atika Rahmadiana

NIM: AI 121253

ADAB AND HUMANITIES FACULTY STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY

SULTHAN THAHA SAIFUDDIN JAMBI 2019

iv

MOTTO

THE MEANING

So Exalted is Allah the King of the truth, and do not rush to recite the Al-quran before it

is perfected in revealing to you, and say: "O my Gad, add to me knowledge". (Surah

Thaha Ayat 114)

ARTINYA

Maka Maha Tinggi Allah Raja Yang sebenar-benarnya, dan janganlah kamu

tergesa-gesa membaca Al qur‟an sebelum disempurnakan mewahyukannya

kepadamu, dan katakanlah: “Ya Tuhanku, tambahkanlah kepadaku ilmu

pengetahuan”.(Surah Thaha Ayat 114)1

1 Retrived on May, 13th 2019 https://dalamislam.com/surah-thaha/ayat-114

v

DEDICATION

Bismillahirrahmanirrahim

First of all I would say the grateful to Allah SWT Always gives me health to finish

the thesis.

I would like to dedicate this thesis to:

My beloved Husband, Awaludin Manihuruk for your love, support, always

accompany me, you are good life’s companion and your pray. My beloved

Fathers, Bambang Hermanto and Randi Muslim Manihuruk for your love,

support and pray. My beloved Mothers, Siti Meisyaroh, Hanifah and Masria for

all your pattiens to educate me so far, gave me away to be student, for your love ,

support and pray. My beloved Daughters, Arsyila Zenia Manihuruk and Aiza

Romeesa Manihuruk for your love, patince amd never comoplain. And My

beloved Brothers and Sisters, Iqbal Ardiansyah, Irvan Ardiansyah, Anisa

Meinatasya, Anjeli Monika Manihuruk and Nurul Azkia also your support and

pray.

All of you are my diamond who Allah has gives to me.

I do really want to make you happy and proud of me.

Then to Mrs. Diana Rozelin and Mrs. Ulfatmi Azlan as my supervisors, for your

patients as long as you guided me to finish my thesis for your help and pray.

At last, for all people who have helped me in this thesis.

Iam so happy and grateful because living around the skilful and wise people as

you all.

I would like to proclaim ;

THANK YOU SO MUCH

vi

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Alhamdulillahirabbil ‘alamin

All praises to Allah, the most merciful that shows me the right path; Islam and let

me flow easly in accomplishing the thesis entitled Adverb Of Degree in The Short

Story The Legend Of Sleepy Hollow By Washington Irving as a partial fulfillment

of the requirement for undergraduate (S1) In English Literature Department The

State Islamic University Sulthan Thaha Saifuddin Jambi.

Great and Salutation be upon Muhamad SAW, His latest prophet that estabilished

the nation of Islam which is continued by the next caliphate to the way of life and

today I take it as the pillar of writing of Thesis.

Then I would like to thank those who have have assited me in writing this thesis,

my sincere gratitude goes to:

1. Dr. H. Hadri Hasan, MA as a Rector of the State Institute for Islamic

Studies of Sulthan Thaha Saifuddin Jambi.

2. Prof. Dr. Maisah, M. Pd. I as the Dean of Adab and Humanities Faculty.

Dr. Alfian, M. Ed. as the first Dean of Academic. Dr. H. Muhammad

Fadlil, M.Ag. as the Second Assistant Dean of ADAB and Humanities

faculty.

Dr. Raudhoh, M.Pd.I as the Third Assistant Dean of ADAB and

Humanities.

vii

3. Ulfatmi Azlan, SS. MA as the head of English Department of ADAB and

Humanities faculty and the secretary of English Literature Departmen

Dian Mukhlisa, MA.

4. My great supervisor Dr. Diana Rozelin, SS, M.Hum and Ulfatmi Azlan,

SS, MA who have continuosly guided me throughout the process of

accomplishing this thesis.

5. All the Lecturers and staffs of Adab and Humanities Faculty, then

contribution and assistant during studying in State Islamic University of

Sulthan Thaha Saifuddin Jambi.

6. The Head and officers of the library of State Islamic University and public

library of Jambi province.

7. My beloved Husband, Awaludin Manihuruk for your love, support, always

accompany me, you are good life‟s companion and your pray.My beloved

Fathers, Bambang Hermanto and Randi Muslim Manihuruk for your love,

support and pray My beloved Mothers, Siti Meisyaroh, Hanifah and

Masria for all your pattiens to educate me so far, gave me away to be

student, for your love , support and pray. My beloved Daughters, Arsyila

Zenia Manihuruk and Aiza Romeesa Manihuruk for your love, patince

amd never comoplain. And My beloved Brothers and Sisters, Iqbal

Ardiansyah, Irvan Ardiansyah, Anisa Meinatasya, Anjeli Monika

Manihuruk and Nurul Azkia also your support and pray.

viii

This thesis is still far away from perfection, I need some critics and

suggestions so that I can be better in the future. Finally, the writer hopes

this thesis will give positive contributions for the reader, especially for

student of English Literature Department of Adab Faculty.

Jambi, June 20th 2019

Atika Rahmadiana NIM. AI 121253

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ABBREVATION

Adj : Adjective

Adv : Adverb

AdvPs : Adverb Phrase

Aps : Adjective Phrase

AV : Auxiliary Verb

N : Noun

NPs : Noun Phrase

P : Page

PPs : Preposition Phrase

S : Subject

SH : Sleepy Hollow

V : Verb

x

ABSTRACT

Atika Rahmadiana, 2019 The Analysis adverb of Degree in the Short Story the Legend of Sleepy Hollow by Washington Irving. English Literature Department and Adab And Humanities Faculty. University Of Islamic Studies Sulthan Thaha Saifuddin Jambi.

Supervisor I : Dr. Diana Rozelin, SS, M. Hum Supervisor II : Ulfatmi Azlan, SS, MA

This research analyzes one of works, the short story, The Legend of Sleepy Hollow by Washington Irving. The researcher interested on adverb of degree because adverb in the sentence give better understand in sentence. So that purpose of the research; To identify the forms of adverbs of degree in sentences that occur in Short story the Legend of Sleepy Hollow by Washington Irving. To describe the positions of adverbs of degree in sentences that occur Short story the Legend of Sleepy Hollow by Washington Irving. To analyze the functions of adverbs of degree in sentences that occur Short story the Legend of Sleepy Hollow by Washington Irving.

To answer that formulation of the problem, the writer used the theory of adverb by Andrew Carstairs (2002) and theory by Marion Schulte (2015) to know the form of adverb, theory is used for research position of adverb in the sentence is theory by Eva Engels (2012) and theory by Artemis Alexiadou (1997). This theory also supported to explain the function of adverb degree in the sentence. This research applies qualitative method and descriptive technique to expose and analyze datta. This research is through several procedures. First, the writer read the shory story of The Legend of Sleepy Hollow repeatedly. Then the writer collecting example of adverb, Finally the writet collected, identified, and classified the data about adverb of degree based on discussion formulation.

The result of this research are three; the form of adverb degree, the position of adverb degree in the sentence, and the function of adverb degree. The first is the form of adverb degree there are two; inflectional and derivational form of word. The second is the position, the position of adverb degree are; preverbal position, post verbal position, initial position, parenthetical position, and interpretation. The third of the research is function of adverb degree in the sentence. The function are for adjective modifier, adverb modifiers, prepositional modifiers and verbal modifier

Keyword: adverb of Degree, Short Story and Adverb.

xi

ABSTRAK

Atika Rahmadiana, 2019 Kata keterangan derajat di dalam cerita pendek karya Washington Irving. Jurusan Bahasa dan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Adab dan Humaniora. Universitas Islam Negri Sulthan Thaha Saifuddin Jambi.

Supervisor I : Dr. Diana Rozelin, SS, M.Hum Supervisor II : Ulfatmi Azlan, SS, MA

Penelitian ini menganalisis sebuah karya sastra yakni cerita pendek karya Washington Irving dengan judul The Legend of Sleepy Hollow. Peneliti tertarik dengan kata keterangan derajat karena kata keterangan derajat memberikan pemahaman yang lebih baik di dalam kalimat.. Jadi tujuan penelitian tersebut adalah: Untuk mengidentifikasi bentuk kata keterangan derajat di dalam cerita pendek karya Washington Irving. Untuk mendeskripsikan posisi kata keterangan derajat di dalam cerita pendek karya Washington Irving. Untuk menganalisis fungsi kata keterangan derajat di dalam kalimat, di dalam cerita pendek karya Washington Irving.

Dalam melakukan penelitian ini penulis menggunakan teori adverb oleh Andrew Carstairs (2002) dan teori oleh Marion Schulte (2015) untuk mengetahui bentuk kata keterangan derajat. Dan teori yang di gunakan untuk meneliti posisi kata keterangan derajat adalah teori dari Eva Engels (2012) dan teori dari Artemis Alexiadou (1997) Teori ini juga mendukung untuk menjelaskaan fungsinya didalam kalimat.

Adapun hasil dari penelitian ini ada tiga, yakni; yang pertama, terbentuknya kata-kata dan kata adverb of degree ada dua yakni derivational dan inflectional. Yang kedua, terdapat lima posisi adverb of degree di dalam kalimat, yakni; sebelum kata kerja, setelah kata kerja, posisi initial, posisi parenthetical dan makna. Yang ketiga adalah fungsi adverb of degree dalam kalimat, yakni modifiers kata sifat, modifiers kata kerja, modifiers kata keterangan, modifiers kata depan, modifiers kata benda, dan modifier kalimat.

Kata kunci: kata keterangan derajat, cerita pendek dan kata keterangan.

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TABLE OF CONTENT

PAGE OF TITLE…………………………………………………………… i

APPROVAL………………………………………………………………… ii

STATEMENT OF THE AUTHENTICITY………………………………… iii

MOTTO……………………………………………………………………... iv

DEDICATION………………………………………………………………. v

ACKNOWLEDGMENT…………………………………………………….. vi

ABBREVIATION………………………………………………………….... ix

ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………. x

ABSTRAK…………………………………………………………………... xi

TABLE OF CONTENT……………………………………………………… xiii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background Of The Problem………………………………….... 1

1.2 Formulation Of The Problem…………………………………… 4

1.3 Limitation Of The Problem…………………………………….. 4

1.4 Purpose Of The Problem……………………………………….. 4

1.5 Significant Of The Problem……………………………………. 5

CHAPTER II THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK

2.1 Adverb Theory…………………………………………………. 6

2.1.1. Form of Adverb Degree…………………………….. 8

A. Inflectional morphology or Inflection………… 10

B. Derivational Morphology……………………… 11

2.1.2 Positions of Adverb………………………………….. 14

A. Post- Verbal Position………………………….. 14

B. Pre- Verbal Position…………………………… 15

C. Initial Position…………………………………. 15

D. Parenthetical Position………………………….. 15

E. Interpretation…………………………………… 16

2.1.3 Function of Adverb………………………………….. 16

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A. Adjective Phrase…………………………….. 17

B. Adverb Phrase……………………………….. 17

C. Prepositional Phrase………………………… 18

D. Modify Verb………………………………… 18

2.2 Class of Word……………………………………………….. 19

2.3 Review of Related Research………………………………… 19

CHAPTER III METHOD OF RESEARCH

3.1 Design of Research …………………………………………. 22

3.2 Source of Data………………………………………………. 23

3.3 Technique of Data Collection………………………………. 24

3.4 Technique of Data Analysis………………………………… 25

CHAPTER IV FINDING AND ANALYSIS

4..1 The Form of Adverb Degree…………………….. 26

A. Inflectional morphology or Inflection……… 27

B. Derivational Morphology………………….. 28

4.2 Positions of Adverb……………………………… 30

A. Post- Verbal Position………………………. 30

B. Pre- Verbal Position……………………….. 32

C. Initial Position…………………………….. 34

D. Parenthetical Position……………………… 34

E. Interpretation……………………………….. 36

4.3 Function of Adverb……………………………… 36

A. Adjective Phrase…………………………… 36

B. Adverb Phrase……………………………… 37

C. Prepositional Phrase………………………… 38

D. Modify Verb……………………………….. 39

xiv

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

5.1 Conclusion………………………………………………….. 41

5.2 Suggestions…………………………………………………. 42

REFERENCES

APPENDIX I

APPENDIX II

APPENDIX III

1

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Problem

English is an international language, spoken in many countries both as a

native and as a second or foreign language. It is taught in the schools in almost

every country on this earth. English language is an international language used all

over the world as a means of communication. The important thing of which

learning English is Grammar. Grammar is the study of the way words are used to

make sentences, one part of grammar is adverbs. Adverb is a word that describes

or modifies, as grammarians, an adjective or another adverb it is commonly used

by the speaker in communication.

Concerning grammar readers usually don‟t pay attention to whether the

sentence is included into adjectives, verbs or nouns. In this study, the writer tries to

explain to the reader that in every sentence has a different grammar including

adverb of degree sentence. Defines degree adverbs as follows: “Degree adverbs

express the degree or extent of a certain quality or state and presuppose an analysis

of the grading properties in the semantics of, especially, adjectives. These adverbs

either serve to indicate descriptively something about the degree, as in “She was

very tall” or indicate the speaker‟s reaction to the degree, as in “She was

surprisingly tall.1

1 http://dictionary.cambridge.org/grammar/british-grammar/adjective-and-adverb-

phrases/adverb-phrases21.13am

1

2

In the research the writer choose the short story from Washington Irving

because Washington Irving is among the first influential American writers in

Europe, every work that it creates is always well received by short story lovers.

Many short stories that have been made by Washington Irving include the Legend

of sleepy hollow and this short story that the author made as the object of research.

In this short story Washington Irving tried to capture the gripping story that

occurred in the 18th century there was a series of vile murder cases, where the

culprit resembles a legendary figure. The writer chooses this short story because

the short story very interesting and many problems in this story. The writer see

many problem about economy, social, culture, and government in Europe 18th.

There are many adverbs of the degree contained in the short story and it can see in

the dialogs below.

Example: I had wandered into it at noontime, when all nature is peculiarly

quiet, and was startled by the roar of my own gun, as it broke the Sabbath stillness

around and was prolonged and reverberated by the angry echoes. (SH page: 2) The

example is in the words italicized below. The easiest sign to recognize a word is an

adverb or adverb usually formed by adding the word suffix -ly to the adjective.

Example: With these he lived successively a week at a time, thus going the

rounds of the neighborhood, with all his worldly effects tied up in a cotton

handkerchief. This example more emphasized is the sense of the meaning of the

overall intensity in a sentence. The word completely enough means that it is very

sufficient.

3

This study focuses on adverb of degree in the short story the Legend of

Sleepy Hollow by Washington Irving. Adverbs of Degree vary in terms of their

morphology, functions and positions. The functions of adverbs of degree in

sentences are also important to be described and observed in which their functions

are as adjective modifier, as adverb modifier, as prepositional phrase modifier, as

determiner modifier and as noun phrase modifier. Besides, the positions of adverbs

of degree still affect their functions as well; different position may cause different

function. Therefore, it is important to know and observe the forms, functions, and

positions of adverbs of degree in order to be able to use them correctly in

communication. In addition, through this study the readers will enrich vocabulary

and also gives better understanding to reader about English adverbs especially

adverbs of degree.

Therefore, the writer is interested in studying structure of Washington

Irving. Moreover, The reason why this short story is chosen because it is the shape

attitude Washington Irving which the track in the 18th . So, the writer will analyze

adverb of degree from short story Washington Irving in the title of short story is

the Legend of sleepy hollow. Based on the reason, the writer will analyze this

thesis under the title “The Analysis adverb of Degree in the Short Story the Legend

of Sleepy Hollow by Washington Irving.

4

1.2 Formulation of The Research

After Reading the short story The Legend of Sleepy Hollow By

Washington Irving, there were several problem s that would be analyzed. In this

research, the writer classify the formulation of the problem:

1. What are the forms of adverbs of degree in sentences that occur in Short

story the Legend of Sleepy Hollow by Washington Irving?

2. How are the positions of adverbs of degree in sentences in Short story the

Legend of Sleepy Hollow by Washington Irving?

3. What are the functions of adverbs of degree in sentences that occur in Short

story the Legend of Sleepy Hollow by Washington Irving?

1.3 Limitation Of The Problem

In this research the writer limits her analysis on the adverb of degree in

the short story The Legend Of Sleepy Hollow By Washington Irving. There are

form adverb of degree, positions adverb of degree and function adverb of degree.

1.4 Purpose of The Research

1. To identify the forms of adverbs of degree in sentences that occur in Short

story the Legend of Sleepy Hollow by Washington Irving.

2. To describe the positions of adverbs of degree in sentences that occur Short

story the Legend of Sleepy Hollow by Washington Irving.

5

3. To analyze the functions of adverbs of degree in sentences that occur Short

story the Legend of Sleepy Hollow by Washington Irving.

1.5 Significance of The Research

The writer hopefully that the researches are: this research gives information

and knowledge to the writer and the readers about adverb of degree. This research

will contribute the writer and readers to understand more about adverb of degree.

6

CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

2.1 Adverb Theory

In traditional Grammar contains two main word categories, which is called

part of speech are noun and verb. An adverb and an adjective are not instantiated

in any given language, including an English language.2 An adverb is catch-all

categories, that any word with semantic content – other than grammatical particles.

It is not clearly a noun, a verb, or even an adjective, and it was often put into the

class of adverb.3 Adverb are undeclinable sentences element that modify or

accompany the verb, they may be simple or complex and they fall into a number of

semantically defined clauses, like as adverbs of time, place, manner and quantity.4

Some of adverb in English is followed by suffix –ly, and adverb describes or limits

the verb, adjective, or another adverb.

Adverb is a word that describes when, how, where, how often and how

much.5 The following suffix in some adverb is influenced by the semantic

derivational in some language, especially English language. The categorical adverb

has an uncertain status in the set of lexical categories. If the lexical categories are

2 Thomas E. Payne. Describing Morphosyntax: A Guide for Field Linguist. 1997.

Edinburg: Cambridge University Press. P. 32 3 Thomas E. Payne. Describing Morphosyntax: A Guide for Field Linguist. 4 Dagmar Haumann. Adverb Licensing and Clause Structure in English. 2007.

Amsterdam/Philadephia: John Benjamins Publishing Company. P.2 5 Brian P. Clearly. Dearly, Nearly, Insincerely: What is an adverb. Minneapolis:

Carolrhoda Book. INC.

6

7

those characterized by either one or both of the features (+V) and (+N).6 According

to David Crystal agree that the adverb is the most heterogeneous of all the word

classes in English grammar. According to Kiss more an adverb is more or less

fixed and more or less invariant across language, whereas instance of adjunction to

one and the some category are syntactically unordered.7 Every changer of an

adverb in language more influenced by the position of adverb in a sentence and

followed or is followed by what word in a sentence.

It is not only the categorical adverb that represents the problem in

generative theory; the function adverbial or adverbial adjunct. The adverb can

change following the word which it followed. It can modify so many different part

of speech besides modifying groups and sentences – that their position varies

greatly.8 It means the following adverb in English language determine the meaning

of the word which is following or being followed by the adverb. There so many

kind of adverb in English language that are divided into the following word, such

adjective, verb, and noun. An adverb can qualify preposition and conjunction, as

well as verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs.9 Adverb also are subdivided into three

distinct classes; simple, interrogative and conjunctive.10

First, the simple adverb can be distinguish from one another according to

their meaning, they are; time, place, number, description, quantity, extent or

6 Katalin E. Kiss, introduction. On Adverb and Adverbtial Adjunct at the Interfaces, editor by Katalin E. Kiss. 2009. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyler. P.1

7 Katalin E. Kiss, introduction. On Adverb and Adverbtial Adjunct at the Interfaces, editor by Katalin E. Kiss. P.4

8 Henry Sweet. English Grammar, Logical and Historical. 1898. Oxford: The Clarendon Press. P. 18

9 J. C. Nesfield. Aids to study and composition of English. 1947. London: Macmillan. P.70 10 J. C. Nesfield. Aids to study and composition of English. P.71.

8

degree, and affirming or denying, and so does interrogative and conjunctive. It will

be differentiated on the function, and the meaning of the words are following to. In

analyzing this short story the writer look the degree of verb in that short story,

while there are many more adverb than adverb of degree. This is very interesting

because the authors see rarely researchers want to examine the adverb of degree.

According to Quirk “An adverb of degree is a word that modifies an adjective, a

verb, or another adverb that tells to what level or extent.”11

To analyze the adverb in the short story of Washington Irving is important

to know the form of adverb degree, the function and the position of adverb in the

sentences. These can impact to the meaning of word which is followed by the

adverb of degree.

2.1.1 Form of adverb degree

Before talked about the form of adverb degree, importantly we should

know about what is adverb degree, it can impact to the meaning of the word are

following and the sentences itself. Adverb degrees are known as an adverb show

the quantities of the words are following to. Adverbs of degree tell us about

the intensity of something. Adverbs of degree are usually placed before the

adjective, adverb, or verb that they modify, although there are some exceptions.

The words "too", "enough", "very", and "extremely" are examples of adverbs of

degree.12

11 Quirk, A University Grammar of English. 1973. Longman Group Limited. P.50 12 http://www.ef.com/english-resources/english-grammar/adverbs-degree/07:13A.M

9

The form of adverb as a kind of words is influenced by the root of the word

and suffix are following the word. It means, the adverb as kind of word is impacted

by the morphemes13. The roots of complex word are free, but in non-root word the

word are being followed by the prefix, suffix and affix. In the adverb form, beside

the root also the suffix –ly and other suffix have a role by making the word. The

adverb degree likes the writer has explained before, there are the adverb degrees

with the morphemes root and some follow by suffix –ly. The morphological

structure emerge from the connection they make with other word in the lexicon.1415

The form of word in English generally derived inflectional morphology or

derivation and derivational morphology. The word form is to tie so closely to

pronunciation that pronunciation is its sole criterion; two word forms are the same

if and only if they are pronounced the same or are homophonous.16 Here some

explanation of making the word in English language, the form of word and refers

to the adverb degree as the object this research.

A. Inflectional morphology or inflection

Like other words in English language, in morphological views all of words

in English language and other languages have their own form and so does the

13 Morpheme: minimal unit of grammatical structures. The morphemes is often defined as

the minimal meaningful unit of language. See Andrew Carstairs – McCarthy. An Introduction to English Morphology Word and Their Structure. 2002. Edinburg: Edinburg University Press. P.144

14 Lexicon : inventory of lexical item, seen of part of a native speaker‟s knowledge of his or her language. See Andrew Carstairs – McCarthy. An Introduction to English Morphology Word and Their Structure. P.144

15 Marion Schulte. The Semantics of Derivational Morphology: A Synchronic and Diachronic Investigation of the Suffixes – age and - ery in English. 2015. Dischingerweg: Narr Francke Attempto Verlag. P.25

16 Andrew Carstairs – McCarthy. An Introduction to English Morphology Word and Their Structure. 2002. Edinburg: Edinburg University Press. P.30

10

adverb and adverb degree. The scientist mark the formation of word are influence

to the sentence what word is join to. The inflectional morphology or inflection, the

writer most likely using term inflection, is the one way to determine form of word,

and form of adverb degree. The inflection is the kind of variation that words

exhibit on the basis of their grammatical context.17 Means, the inflection is the way

to show the position of word on their grammatical context. Like the adverb degree,

the form of adverb degree, the root or suffix –ly are exhibit the basis the adverb of

degree in a sentences of grammatical context in the short story.

Like an adjective, an adverb of quality has degrees of comparison, which

are formed in the same way as those of adjective.18 All the exhibition of adverb

degree of comparison exhibit a regular pattern of suffixation such –er and –est19

which indicate degree of an adverb. Like long – longer – longest, late – later –

latest, etc. in one syllable word, and slowly – more slowly – most slowly, happily –

more happily – most happily, etc. The adverb degree of comparison derived from

adverb of time, place, number, sometime adverb of quantity or degree, and many

of them are adverb of manner or description. The notion different word forms

belonging to the same word is peculiar to inflectional morphological.

17 Andrew Carstairs – McCarthy. An Introduction to English Morphology Word and Their

Structure. P.30 18 J. C. Nesfield. Aids to study and composition of English. P.73 19 Andrew Carstairs – McCarthy. An Introduction to English Morphology Word and Their

Structure. P.41

11

Inflection that processes for relating such word form play their central

role.20The adverb has degree of comparison are often the adverb has a form like

adjective, like far (adjective) – far (adverb), fast (adjective) – fast (adverb). Here,

inflectional is one of the smallest suffixes and even they are just contain morpheme

root in grammatically context, such suffixes –s, -es, -ed and other in verb. Some of

word and suffix –er, - est in degrees of comparison of adverb and adjective. The

suffix – ly will be discussed in the next form of word, derivational morphology. It

is not band with grammatical context like inflectional morphology.

B. Derivational morphology

In some word like verb usually band to the grammatically context to use

the morpheme, and so does some adjective and adverb. The following

grammatically context by using morpheme is known as inflection of form of word.

Different to inflection, derivational is concern with one kind of relationship

between lexeme21.22 The morphological structures seem to be present for

semantically transparent derivatives that contain productive suffixes.23 The term

derivational itself are used for all aspect of word – structure involving affixation

and suffixation that is not inflectional. Means, the derivational morphology is a

way to form word more than the basis morphemes such –s, - es, - ed, - ing, - and

20 Andrew Carstairs – McCarthy. An Introduction to English Morphology Word and Their

Structure. P. 116 21 Lexeme: word seen as an abstract by one or more different inflected word forms

according to the grammatical context. See Andrew Carstairs – McCarthy. An Introduction to English Morphology Word and Their Structure. P.144

22 Andrew Carstairs – McCarthy. An Introduction to English Morphology Word and Their Structure. P.44

23Marion Schulte. The Semantics of Derivational Morphology: A Synchronic and Diachronic Investigation of the Suffixes – age and - ery in English. P.25

12

other basis morphemes which following the root or basis word. Bound morphemes

such as affixes and suffixes do not have independent representations, but are

always part of word.24

This is area concerned with the way in which lexemes are related two one

another (or in which one lexeme derived from another)25. For example verb

perform derivationally to be perform - ance and perform - er. Derivational are

composed of one root morpheme and one more derivational morpheme.26 Like the

example above, from the root morpheme perform to be performance with the

morpheme – ance. In derivational form of word, the morpheme is not following

the grammatically context. Perform does not to be performs, performing, or

performed like in inflectional form of word.

Andrew makes an example of adjective clear. This neatly illustrates the

distinction between lexeme and lexical item; clearly is a distinct lexeme from

clear. A derivational process is semantically regular if the contribution that it

makes to the meaning of the lexeme produced by it is uniform and consistent, an

example is adverb form –ly.27 Back to the word clear and clearly above, this

illustrate a widespread though not universal characteristic of derivational

processes: unlike inflection, they can change the word class of the bases to which

24Marion Schulte. The Semantics of Derivational Morphology: A Synchronic and

Diachronic Investigation of the Suffixes – age and - ery in English. P.25 25Andrew Carstairs – McCarthy. An Introduction to English Morphology Word and Their

Structure. P. 142 26Marion Schulte. The Semantics of Derivational Morphology: A Synchronic and

Diachronic Investigation of the Suffixes – age and - ery in English. 27 Andrew Carstairs – McCarthy. An Introduction to English Morphology Word and Their

Structure. P.88

13

they apply.28 Many but not all adverb s end in –ly, it would be unusual word class,

all of its member being derived. Simple or mono morphemic adverb include; very

common word like often, seldom, morphologically complex without containing –

ly like everywhere, nowhere, some are form by conversion (from adjective to

adverb), and derived from the adjective.

In this case, there is suffixation process from adjective into adverb. In

suffixation process,

adverb is formed by: occasional + - ly suffix becoming occasionally and world + -

ly suffix becomes worldly. Derivational morphology studies the principles

governing the construction of new words, without reference to the specific

grammatical role a word might play in a sentence.

In the formation of drinkable from drink, or disinfect from infect, for

example, we see the formation of new words, each with its

own grammatical properties. Derivational suffixes, on the other hand, usually

change both the meaning and the word class; that is, a suffix is often added to a

verb or adjective to form a new noun with a different meaning.

2.1.2 Position of Adverb

By optimality theory by Prince and Smolensky grammatically is defined as

optimal satisfaction of a hierarchy of violable constrant.29 Semantic plays an

28 Andrew Carstairs – McCarthy. An Introduction to English Morphology Word and Their

Structure. P.48 29 Eva Engels. Optimizing Adverb Position. 2012. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John

Benjamins Publishing Company. P.3

14

important role in adverb positioning. Certain adverb positions are only

grammatically under a particular reading of a verb. The available of a certain

structural position does not only depend on the type of adverb but also on co –

occurring elements.30 Agree to Eva Engels statement above, Artemis Alexiadou in

his book Adverb Placement: A Case Study in Antisymetric Syntax defined at least

there are four adverb positions in language, including English language. These are

post – verbal position, pre – verbal position, initial position, parenthetical position,

and interpretation adverb. Let we look deeply to this kind of position of adverb

from Artemis Alexiadou below:

A. Post – Verbal Position

In many languages such English, adverb can occupy a post – verbal

position, preceding the other complements are manner ones, temporal adverb that

denote indefinite time, and frequently both definite and indefinite.31 Like adverb

fast, hard and other mostly non – ly adverb appear only in final position. For

example; he ate his food quietly, and John hit Bill hard. The adverb quietly and

non – ly hard are occur in the final of the sentences. Adverb that denote indefinite

time and bare manner like adverb well, and temporal adverb that denote definite

time occupy in the final position of the sentences. For example he was visiting his

mother frequently, and john is called yesterday (temporal adverb). Frequently is

the indefinite adverb and yesterday is definite adverb, and both of those adverb

30 Eva Engels. Optimizing Adverb Position . P.6 31Artemis Alexiadou. Adverb Placement: A Case Study in Antisymmetric Syntax. 1997.

Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamin Publishing Company. P.10

15

occur in the post – verbal position. The last is resultative adverb such completely

appear also in final position. Negative or assertive one is grammatical in final

position. For example He has lost his mind completely.

B. Pre – verbal position

It includes slots that precede finite verb and participle. Adverb like quickly,

slowly frequently can occupy a final and a pre – verbal position as well without a

change their meaning.32 For example; John quickly left the institute. Adverb

probably can appear between the auxiliary and the verbal participle. For example

John has probably bought the house.

C. Initial position

Most adverb can occupy a sentences initial position either accompanied by

a comma intonation or when focalized.33 For example yesterday, John came.

Negaticce and resultative adverbs cannot appear in initial position when followed

by comma intonation. Modal verb can also appear in sentences initial position. For

example; probably, they left, and obviously, they left.

D. Parenthetical position

Parenthetical positions are not available to all adverb types. Rather this

position is restricted to a limited set of adverb. Sentence and temporal adverb can

appear in parenthetical position, while manner and negative adverb are not

32 Artemis Alexiadou. Adverb Placement: A Case Study in Antisymmetric Syntax. 12 33 Artemis Alexiadou. Adverb Placement: A Case Study in Antisymmetric Syntax. 13

16

available.34. For example; John, yesterday, bought a car. There is a comma

between the adverb.

E. Interpretation

Interpretation, as already mentioned, some adverbs receive a different

interpretation, when they appear in different positions. For example, adverbs like

carefully are subject-oriented in initial position In other words, they express some

additional information about the subject, as they can be paraphrased by It was

careful of SUB J to on the other hand, the adverb has a manner interpretation. For

example; John carefully cleaned the floor, and John cleaned the floor carefully.

2.1.3 Functions of The Adverb

Adverbs are traditionally consider as having a modifying or as adjunct

function over sentence or verb phrase.35 They are divided into two major group; s –

modifier, and VP – modifier. Modifiers can occur all types or phrase. Modifier is a

word a phrase or clause which functions as an adjective or adverb to limit or

quantify the meaning of another word called the head. The modifiers are divided

into two kinds of modifiers; pre-modifier which appears in front of the head. The

second was post modifier which appears after the head.36

34 Artemis Alexiadou. Adverb Placement: A Case Study in Antisymmetric Syntax. P.14 35 Artemis Alexiadou. Adverb Placement: A Case Study in Antisymmetric Syntax. P.6 36 D. dpasic, J. Babic Antic, and M. Spasic Stojkovic . Adverb or Adverbial Phrase –

Structure Meaning, Function. Prosiding fakultas pelatihan Guru No. 9 tahun 2015. Hal. 180.

17

Adverb can also modify adjective phrase (Aps), adverb phrase (AdvPs),

Verb Phrase (VP) and prepotional Phrase (PPs). In this function, mostly find

intensifier adverb such as adverb of degree or of quantity.

A. Adjective Phrase

Degree modifiers give specifications of degree concerning the adjectives

they modify. Adverbs such as very, extremely, absolutely scale adjectival

properties 'upwards,' whereas other adverbs, such as slightly, a little, somewhat

scale adjectival properties 'downwards.' Rather, quite, fairly, and pretty set the

qualities that gradable adjectives denote to a moderate level. Along

with moderately and relatively, these degree modifiers are known as 'moderators'.

“A degree modifier is a word (such as very, rather, fairly, quite, somewhat,

pretty, sort of, and kind of) that can precede adjectives and adverbs to indicate the

degree or extent to which they apply, also known as a degree adverb (ial) and

a degree word.37A degree adverb may express a high degree of a quality for an

adjective. The degree adverb such may express a high degree in an adjective

phrase. What expresses a similar meaning an interjection. For example; they are

completely crazy, and Sure enough, he remembered her and greeted her with a

double Scotch on the rocks and introduced her to some of the regulars.

B. Adverb Phrase

A degree adverb may be used to modify the intensity of an adverb. It

expresses "to what degree". Example: And had just recently moved to a small city

37 https://www.thoughtco.com/degree-modifier-grammar-1690425 20.43AM

18

in Washington state, and that alcohol abuse can so easily expose woman. The

function of adverb just and so in sentences are as pre - modifier of the other adverb

and as intensifier

C. Prepositional Phrase

An adverb phrase consists of one or more words. The adverb is the head

of the phrase and can appear alone or it can be modified by other words. Adverbs

are one of the four major word classes, along with nouns, verbs and

adjectives.38A degree adverb may modify the precisely, approximately or across

a distance. The degree adverb is placed before the preposition.

Example: She did not hit him again until just before sunset.

He came right in the months of sudden bad weather.

The adverb just and right in sentences above have a function to pre -

modify the prepositional phrases before sunset and in the months of sudden bad

weather.

D. Modify Verb

Adverb modify verb, describe the way an action is happening. The adverb

modifying the verb is to answering some question such where, when, how and how

much. The point to differentiate between adjective and adverb is adjective modify

38 http://dictionary.cambridge.org/grammar/british-grammar/adjective-and-adverb-

phrases/adverb-phrases

19

the nominal modifier beside the adverb is verbal modifier.39 Difference to adjective

modifiers which modify gender, nominal and non-verbal word, the adverb

modifiers is function to modify an action happening. The action happening in the

grammatical sentences was a verb.

2.2 Class of Words

The term class of word is related to kind of grammatical part in English

language. We called that part of speech as the basic of English language. Part of

speech corresponds to the quasi-intuitively identified classes into which words

fall.40 Member of part of speech category or word class may belong to syntactic

category.

2.3 Review of Related Research

The first thesis by Gusti Agung Wulandari with the title “ adverb of degree

Analysis in “ Real Life Reads” pages of cosmopolitan magazine” she analyze

about form function and position from adverbs of degree in cosmopolitan

magazine with English. Source of data uses in her thesis is article with title real life

cosmopolitan magazine. The purpose her thesis are find out to identify the forms of

adverbs of degree, to analyze the function of adverbs of degree and then to

describe the positions of degree. Conclusion in her thesis are most of degree are

39

Artemis Alexiadou. Adverb Placement: A Case Study in Antisymmetric Syntax. P.200 40 Categorical features, 3

20

formed by adding-ly suffix from adjective or they have the suffixation process.

Based on their function, adverb of degree, in the sentences are used to modify

adjective.

The second thesis by Ira Susanti had written 2009 with the title “ An

analysis of adverb of Manner in Sidney Sheldon‟s Morning, Noon, and Night and

its translation into Indonesia by Hendarto Setiadi”. She analyze about translation

of adverb of manner from English into Indonesia. Source of the data taken by

Novel‟s Moon, Noon and Night by Sidney Sheldon Morning, Noon, and Night and

its translation into Indonesia by Hendarto Setiadi”. The purpose of her thesis is

find out how the English adverb of manner, the conclusion in her thesis is five

ways translation adverb of manner (adjective + ly), as they are 32 adverb of

manner.

The last dissertation by chih-hsing had written 2011 with the title “

sentence adverbs in the kingdom of agree:. His analyze about novel account of the

syntax of sentence adverbs. The need for new account is clear from the lack of

description coverage and theoretical coherence incurrent work on adverbial syntax.

The main proposal he makes that sentence adverb, as well as focusing adverbs in

general, are “inflectional affixes large” in the other words, sentence adverbs are

derived in the same way as inflectional affixes are derived in syntax.

The writer research about adverb of degree in the short story The Legend of

Sleepy Hollow by Washington Irving, in the research the writer explain about form

adverb of degree, position adverb of degree and the function adverb of degree. The

21

first research above research about adverb of degree, just different in the magazine.

The second research about adverb of manner. The third research about sentence of

adverb. The writer hope, next research about adverb of place, or adverb of time.

22

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Design of The Research

In principle, any research design uses any type of data collection method

either qualitative or quantities research. In this thesis, the writer chooses qualitative

research because it can describe systematically the fact and characteristics of the

data. Research is a process that is conduct to get the data with the purpose and

usefulness. This research the writer will use qualitative method. Definition of

qualitative, according to Sugiyono:“penelitian kualitatif dilakukan pada kondisi

alamiah (sebagai awalnya eksperimen), langsung ke sumber data dan peneliti

adalah instrument kumci. Penelitian kualitatif bersifat deskriptif. Data yang

terkumpul berbentuk kata-kata atau gambar, sehingga tidak menekan pada

angka”.41

Based on statement above, it mean that qualitative research is study by

collecting words, image, or document as a source of data and qualitative research

also known as descriptive or describe of reveal the fact, situation, phenomena,

variable and state of the data is research. Qualitative research is method which is

descriptive. The data collecting usually from words or picture take from the source

41Kalean, MetodePenelitianKualitatifInterdisipliner. 2012.yogyakarta:Paradigma. P.1

22

23

of the data. “penelitian kualitatif bersifat deskriptif. Data yang terkumpul

berbentuk kata-kata atau gambar, sehingga tidak menekankan pada angka.”42

In qualitative research, the writer also needs to choose the appreciate

method, then the writer choose descriptive method. According to Nyoman Kutha

Ratna, “Metode desceiptive dilakukan dengan mendeskripsikan fakta-fakta yang

kemudian disusun dengan analisis”.43 It means that do this research with the

describe the fact and continue with the analysis.So, in this research the writer used

descriptive qualitative data which suitable with the research.

3.2 Technique of Data Collecting

The purposing and the using of technique of data collecting data can be

found in the statement of Mahi M Hidayat in his book : “Teknik pengumpulan

data merupakan langkah yang sangat penting dalam melakukan penelitian, tetapi

pengambilan data peneliti tidak di jamin akan menghasilkan kesimpulan yang

memuaskan karena kualitas peneliti tidak hanya di tentukan oleh keberadaan data

tetapi juga cara pengambilan data”44. It means that technique of data collection is

important to the research, without data collection we cannot do research, and

retrieval of data determines the quality of the data and quality of the data will

determine the quality of the results. Therefore, before doing collection of data, a

researcher first need to determine how the data collected will be used to collect the 42

Kalean, Metode Penelitian Kualitatif Interdisipliner. (Yogyakarta Paradigma, 2012) p.01 43NyomanKhutaRatna, TeoriMetodedanTeknikPenelitianSastra, 2004.Yogyakarta :PustakaPelajar. P.53

44Mahi M Hikmat, MetodePenelitianDalamPerspektifIlmuKomunikasiDanSastra. 2011. Bandung GarahaIlmu.P.52

24

data. In this research, the writer only used the data that document review.

According in Sugiyono :”Teknik pengumpulan data merupakan langkah yang

paling strategis dallam penelitian, karena tujuan utama dari penelitian adalah

mendapatkan angka.”45 It means technique is the data take from note and

documentation. Taking note method is writing the important in the data, after note

technique to take data. In this research the data from internet and the short story.

There are some steps that writer does in collecting the data. Firstly, the writer

reads short story of The Legend of Sleepy Hollow repeatedly. Then the writer

collecting example of words adverb. The last, the writer collect, identifies and

classifies the data based on formulation of the problem.

3.3 Technique of Data Analyisis

In this research the writer uses analysis technique because it is suitable

analyze the data, according to Patton “analisis data merupakan suatu proses

mengatur urutan data, mengorganisasikannya dalam suatu pola kategori dan

satuan urut dasar”.46 The writer took the data from the short story as seen in “The

Legend of Sleepy Hollow” short story by Washington Irving.

Based on the statement above, ist means that qualitative method is study by

collecting words, document as a source of data and qualitative research also known

as descriptive or describes of the fact situation, variable and state of the data is

45

Sugiyono , Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif, Kualitatif R&D. (Cetakan keempat, Bandung, Bandung: CV Alfabeta 2008), p.224

46Muhammad, MetodePenelitsianBahasa. 2011. P.221

25

research. So, this research the writer used descriptive qualitative data which

suitable with the research. Bogman and taylor (1993 : 30) stated in metode

penelitian kualitatif perspective rancangan penelitian” that method kualitatif

adalahprosedur penelitian yang menghasilkan data descriptive kualitatif berupa

kata-kata tertulis dan lisan dari orang-orang dan prilaku yang di amati.”47 this

statement tells that the qualitative method produces the descriptive data in written

or oral. These data are got from the people or the objects that are analyzed.

3.4 Source of Data

In this research the writer use short story “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow by

Washington Irving . itwas published in 1820. It is featured in our collection

of Halloween Stories. This book the second book which wrote by Washington

Irving and can given influence for public in Europe. The page was about 33 pages.

In this research the writer also uses several sources. As the primary data. Primary

data is the main data. In this research, the writer uses Short story as the primary

data in this research. The title of short story is the Legendof sleepy hollow the

writer of short story is Washington Irving..

47

PrastowoAndi, 2011. MetodePenelitianKualitatiffDalamperspektifRancanganpenelitian. Jogjakarta AR-RUZZ Media, p.22

26

BAB IV

Finding and Analysis

The result of this research there are three; the form of adverb degree, the

position of adverb degree in the sentence, and the function of adverb degree. The

first is the form of adverb degree there are two; inflectional and derivational form

of word. The second is the position, the position of adverb degree are; preverbal

position, post verbal position, initial position, parenthetical position, and

interpretation. The third of the research is function of adverb degree in the

sentence. The function are for adjective modifier, adverb modifiers, prepositional

modifiers and verbal modifier

4.1 The form of adverb degree in the sentence

Talked about adverb in the sentence, there were many kinds of adverb are

found in the short story, Sleepy Hollow. Here, the writer focuses on the adverb of

degree, so the writer took some adverb of degree as the data of the research. Most

of language include English language were formed by morpheme. It can be free

morpheme (root of word), compound morpheme and bound morpheme. The forms

of adverb here were divided into two; the inflectional and derivational. The forms

of adverb or word were defined by the morphemes which follow to.

26

27

A. Inflectional Form

An inflectional usually formed by free morpheme, bound morpheme, and

compound morpheme. Free morpheme form root or core word, it can be adverb,

verb, adjective, or other class of word. In this research, there are some free

morphemes such The words quite, much, little, too, very, half, off, just, least, far,

most, so, how,can stand alone without followed any morpheme. Like the

explanation of Andrew above, the root or the core can stand in their own form, it

called free morpheme.

The root of a complex word is usually free. Of the non-root morphemes in

the words that we have looked at so far, those that precede the root for example en-

in enlarge An –en in word enlarge is called prefix. The root in word enlarge is

large, large as free morpheme can stand without any morpheme like –en, and have

its own meaning. In the other side, prefix –en cannot alone and do not have any

meaning without root morpheme or core word. Like example above, word almost

also have same case, when we separated word almost become two morphemes,

there will be –al and most. In English language word most have its own meaning

and it is called core of word. Morpheme –al cannot stand alone without core word,

-al as prefix there has no meaning by itself. Morpheme –al is followed by

morpheme most, almost will have meaning. Different with word Rat and her that

are a compound morpheme, morpheme –al is bound morpheme.

Word ratheris kind of compound morpheme, where two core become one

word, for example greenhouse. The compound morpheme is the much smaller part

28

of phrasal words. But it is so complicated when talk about the compound and

phrasal, where the different meaning of both two are depended on the how to

pronounce of the word. Another example with similar word is a green house,

There is a difference in sound corresponding to the difference in meaning: in the

first expression the main stress is on house, while in the second the main stress is

on green. This pattern of semantic contrast between expressions stressed in

different places is quite common.

From the explanation above, the same word among compound morpheme

and phrasal word were differentiated with difference sound. The phrasal word is

stressed the literal meaning of the word, different to compound morpheme the

meaning of compound is not based on the literal word. Let me back to the word

rather, rather combined two root morphemes, Rat and her, where both of two have

different meaning and sound. Rat and the second her can stand alone without any

adding morpheme. The Rat and -her are not herRat or a Rat her but rather, they

are not phrasal word but compound morpheme which produce different meaning in

different sound.

B. Derivational Form

Derivational form mostly formed by bound morpheme. Talked about bound

morpheme, most of adverb have suffix –ly. Morpheme –ly is bound morpheme

where cannot stand alone and have its own meaning. Different with other

morpheme, morpheme –ly include to derivational morpheme. Where is inflectional

morpheme can change the grammatical structure, but the derivational morpheme

29

cannot change the grammatical structure of the sentences. Like suffix –ing, -s, -es,

-ed those are bound morpheme can change the grammatical structure of sentence.

But some bound morpheme; suffix morpheme such –ly, - ance, - ful, and –ness

cannot.

The bound morpheme is formed by adding the prefix and suffix before and

after the root morpheme. For example word helpfulness, each of word continued

help – ful – andness. The core or the starting point of this form is help, the

morpheme -ful is then added to form helpful, which in turn is the basis for the

formation of helpfulness. The reason why the word help the only core or root

because it can stand by itself, without needed other morpheme to stand. The

morpheme –ful and –ness cannot stand alone without any morpheme.

Some of adjective and adverb consist on suffix –ly. Different to other word

such verb is followed by inflectional morpheme which can change the sentence.

Verb usually follow by –ing, -s, -es, and -ed to make different structure and even

meaning. Bound morphemes which follow the verb establish the core word or root

morpheme what are they following to. Derivational suffixes, on the other hand,

usually change both the meaning and the word class; that is, a suffix is often added

to a verb or adjective to form a new noun with a different meaning. In the chapter

II the writer has mentioned the example of adverb with suffix –ly, clearly, where

the core word is clear. The core clear have had its own meaning, but while word

clear became clearly the meaning of clear changed to be clearly.

30

The explanation of example above also suitable to adverb of degree on the

table, they are partly and quietly. Some of adverbs have word core continually

highly, absolutely, completely, nearly, scarcely and quiet. Morpheme –ly is added

to both of adverb and change the meaning of core word. Kinds of adverb are

adverbs, there is no change of meaning from the sound on kind of adverb, but on

morphologically it changed. Some of adverb is derived from the adjective and it

belongs to a different word class, but it is not a distinct lexical item.This also

illustrates a widespread though not universal characteristic ofderivational

processes: unlike inflection, they can change the word classof the bases to which

they apply. The word absolute is followed by suffix –ly, and so does the other

adverb of degree such the word high, complete, near are followed by the suffix –ly.

4.2 Position of Adverb

There five positions at least for the adverb of degree in a sentences. They

are post verbal position, pre verbal position, initial position, parenthetical

position, and interpretation. But, not all adverbs matched to this position and so

does adverb of degree. There some adverb just matched on one position and some

can match more than one position in a sentence. In this part, the writer will

explained the position and function of adverb of degree, what position matched to

adverb of degree on the table. To analyze the adverb of degree in the sentence, the

writer will limit for three sentences in each adverb of degree.

31

A. Post Verbal Position

Let me analyze one by one the sentence below. Where will the adverb

degree take their position in those sentences:

a. And which may even be heard half a mile off,Quite to the opposite

side

S V ADV

of the mill-pond. (SH. P.5)

The sentence „And which may even be heard half a mile off,Quite to the

opposite side of the mill-pond‟ the adverb degree quite come after comma and the

A.V „may‟. After the adverb degree quite there is no more verb or A.V following

it. That sentence the adverb degree quite take the position after the A.V „may‟, it

means quite take on post verbal position.

b. As he approached a little nearer (SH. P.22)

S V ADV

The sentence above showed that adverb of degree a little come after verb. a

little came after verb approached, it means a little take on post verbal position.

c. Where the sunbeams seem to sleep so quietly (SH. P.20)

S V ADV

The sentence above showed that adverb of degree quietly come after verb,

quietly come after verb seem, it means quietly take on post verbal position.

d. It was a matter of no little vanity to him on Sundays. (SH. P.5)

32

S AV ADV

This sentence adverb little comes after auxiliary „was‟ while it function

as verb. It means, adverb little in sentence have post verbal position in the

sentence

e. That all this might not be too onerous. (SH. P.5)

S AV ADV

The sentences here we can see a glance that adverb of degree too came after

verb or A.V. But if we looked carefully to those three sentences. The sentence

adverb degree too came after A.V „might‟, and too took the position post verbal

position.

f. When all nature is peculiarly quite (SH. P.1)

S AV ADV

The sentence above „When all nature is peculiarly quite’, the adverb quite

comes after the auxiliary verb „is‟ and adverb peculiarly. When the A.V „is‟ is

functioned as the verb in the sentence, and the adverb degree quite take the

position after verbal „it‟ position

33

B. Pre Verbal Position.

a. Pretty much as I have enumerated them.(SH. P.18)

ADV S V

Adverb much take a position before the verb. The verb in the sentence is

enumerated and the adverb degree much comes before the verb.

b. It such little retired Dutch valleys. (SH. P.3)

S ADV V

Adverb little come after adjective such and clearly before verb retired.

When it come before the verb, adverb little position is pre verbal.

c. Just sufficient time had elapsed to enable

ADV S V

Adverb just come before subject sufficient time and before verb elapsed.

When it come before the verb, adverb just position is pre verbal.

d. An idea most probably borrowed. (SH. P.4)

S ADV V

The sentence showed that the word most came before the verb borrowed.

The sentence, the word most in pre verbal position.

e. So that it looked like a weather-cock. (SH. P. 3)

ADV S V

The sentence showed that the word so came before the verb looked. The

last sentence, the word so in pre verbal position.

f. He completely carried away the palm

34

S ADV V

The adverb degree completely was not in final position of the sentence or

even between the auxiliary and verb. The adverb degree took position pre verb

carried without any auxiliary before it.

C. Initial Position

a. He laid aside, too, all the dominant dignity. (SH. P.5)

S V ADV

The sentence adverb too come after comma and after verb laid. The

adverb of degree too took the initial position in the sentence, came after

or before comma, and after or before the verb.

b. Indeed, it behooved him to keep on good terms. (SH. P.4)

ADV S V

The first sentence, the adverb degree indeed took place in the early

sentence, „Indeed, it behooved‟ then followed by comma and subject then verb

behooved. Indeed in the sentence here took place in initial position.

D. Parenthetical Position

a. They are sure, in a little time, to inhale the witching influence

S V ADV

Of the air. (SH. P.3)

35

The first sentence, a little came after A.V are, it is like a little came after

verbal, but if we noticed to before and after adverb there is comma in between.

„They are sure, in a little time,‟ a little stand between the commas, adverb a little in

this sentence was a temporal adverb. Where is temporal adverb appeared in

parenthetical position.

b. Ichabod endeavored to dodge the horrible missile, but too

S V ADV

late.(SH.P.25)

The sentence, the adverb degree „too‟ came after comma and after verb

endeavored. The „too‟ in the third sentence took the parenthetical position.

c. Being considered a kind of idle, gentlemanlike personage, of

vastly

V

superior taste and accomplishments to the rough country

swains, and, indeed, inferior. (SH. P.6)

ADV

The third sentence is indeed took place between commas, after verb

considered. This position of adverb degree indeed in the third sentence was

parenthetical position.

36

E. interpretation

In the short story The Legend of sleepy hollow by Washington

Irving, the writer do not find about adverb of degree in position of

interpretation.

4.3 The function of Adverb Degree

Here the function of adverb degree which found in short story;

A. Adjective phrase

a. He certainly sallied forth, after no very great interval, with an air

quite desolate and chapfallen.

In this sentence, the adverb quite modifying adjective phrase desolate. The

adverb quite came first before the adjective phrase, it called pre modifiers.

b. A woodpecker is almost the only sound

c. Such heaped up platters of cakes of various and almost

indescribable kinds

The three of those sentences have two similarities, that is sentence (b) and

(c) both of them modify an adjective phrase, the adjective only and indescribable.

Both of them are also pre modifiers.

37

d. As he approached a little nearer.

This sentence adverb a little called pre modifiers to adjective nearer. A

little then modifying the adjective nearer.

e. There was contagion in the very air that blew

The three sentences above have different adverb modifiers. The (a) adverb

very came before noun air. The adverb very modified adjective phrase air. This

modifiers kinds of pre modify.

B. Adverb phrase

a. I might steal from the world and its distractions, and a dream quietly

away the remnant of the a troubled life.

The adverb quietly in this sentence modifying other adverb „away‟. Adverb

degree quietly came first before the adverb away, so it called pre adverb modifiers

to adverb phrase.

b. Where the sunbeams seem to sleep so quietly.

In this sentence, the adverb degree quietly came after other adverb phrase

„so‟. The adverb quietly modifying the adverb „so‟ and it called post modifiers.

38

c. Pretty much as I have enumerated them.

The word much in that sentence came after other adverb degree pretty. The

adverb much modifying the adverb phrase pretty and it called post modifiers,

because much came after the pretty.

d. Just then he heard the black steed painting and blowing

Adverb just is modifying other adverb „then‟ and called pre modifiers,

because just came before the word then.

e. Armed with sword in each hand, was most valiantly fighting the wind

The adverb most is modifying the other adverb valiantly. The adverb most

came first before the other adverb. This modifier called pre modifiers.

C. Preposition phrase

a. And which may even be heard half a mile off, Quite to the opposite side

of the mill-pond.

In this sentence, the word quite modifying preposition to. Adverb quite

called pre modifiers, because quite first than followed by preposition phrase to.

b. She was withal a little of a coquette.

In this sentence, adverb a little modify prepositional phrase „of‟. This

modifier called pre modifiers because a little came before the prepositional of.

39

c. His notable little wife, too, had enough to do to attend

d. Its limbs were gnarled and fantastic, large enough to form trunks for

ordinary trees.

Those are sentence (c) and (d), the adverb enough is modifying

prepositional phrase to. The three of them followed adverb enough and called pre

modifiers. Enough came first before the prepositional to.

e. The gallant Ichabod now spent at least an extra half hour

The adverb degree least above has differentiated among both the sentence.

In the sentence, adverb least was modifying prepositional phrase at. The sentence

was the post modifiers.

D. Modify verb

a. They have scarcely had time to finish their first nap

The sentence showed that the adverb scarcely modify the verb phrase had.

b. Who had nearly taken a British frigate

c. With a suddenness that had nearly sent his rider sprawling over his

head

40

The function of adverb degree above was to modify verb phrase taken and

sent. It can see from both of the sentence above. Nearly is modifying verb phrase

taken and sent. Both the sentence (b) and (c) was pre modifier.

d. The world did absolutely turn round

e. Insomuch that he absolutely felt in whiz round the blade

The function of adverb degree above was; the sentence (d) was looked as

adverb absolutely is modifying verb phrase turn. The sentence (e) was adverb is

modifying verb phrase felt. Both of sentence showed the position of adverb to

modified is before the verb phrase. It called pre modifiers.

41

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

A. Conclusion

From the analysis in chapter IV before, the writer can conclude the research

into some, here the conclusion of the research;

1. The word in English language derived into two kind morphological form,

they are inflectional and derivational form of word. Where the inflectional

form is definite the grammatical part in a sentence, beside derivational form

is not. Morphological form of word very definite by morpheme like prefix,

affix, and suffix which following the based word. The based word or „root‟

can stand by itself, different to morpheme which following the based word.

The morpheme influences the forming of the word. Inflectional form has a

grammatical morpheme such –ing, -ed, -s, and –es, beside derivational

form have –ance, ly ness and any other morpheme. Adverb form is

influenced to derivational form which is not definite the grammatical

sentence. The morpheme which formed the adverb is –ly. Where not all of

adverb followed by suffix –ly, in Washington Irving short story, there are

two kinds of adverb degree is follow by suffix –ly, they part + -ly and quiet

+ -ly. The other adverb degree is the „root‟ word, or based word.

2. The position and function of adverb degree in the sentence. The position of

adverb is derived into five position; post verbal position, pre verbal

41

42

position, initial position, parenthetical position, and interpretation. But not

all the adverb degrees are match to those positions. The result of analysis in

Chapter IV is found most of adverb degrees are in post verbal or pre verbal

position.

3. Which the function of adverb of degree as modifier the word before or it is

modified by the word before the adverb degree. Function adverb of degree

are adverb phrase, adjective phrase, proportional phrase and modify verb.

For example word quite in the sentence „When all nature is peculiarly

quite’, quite here occur after the auxiliary „is‟ while „it‟ itself functioned to

be a verb in the sentences. Adverb quite is after another adverb after

following auxiliary verb. Here, word quite as a modifiers to adverb

peculiarly. The adverb degree quite is in post verbal position, where the

auxiliary „is‟ function as verb in the sentence.

B. Suggestion

1. This research is dedicated to the English Literature Department, to

the reader may want to know about adverb and adverb degree, with

the forming of word or other which related to linguistic.

2. Hopefully, it can be useful to the next researcher of students

English Literature Department, who wants to analyze some object

of research, but different point of view.

REFERENCES

Book

Andi, Prastowo, 2011. Metode Penelitian Kualitatiff Dalam perspektif Rancangan penelitian. Jogjakarta: AR-RUZZ Media.

Alexiadou, Artemis, 1997. Adverb Placement: A Case Study in Antisymmetric Syntax. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamin Publishing Company.

Bejan, Camelia, 2017. English Word: Structure, Origin, and Meaning – A Linguistic Introduction. New York: Addletion Academic Publishers.

Clearly, Brian P., Dearly, Nearly, Insincerely: What is an adverb. Minneapolis: Carolrhoda Book. INC.

Engels, Eva, 2012. Optimizing Adverb Position. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.

Haumann, Dagmar, 2007. Adverb Licensing and Clause Structure in English. Amsterdam/Philadephia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.

Hikmat, Mahi M, 2011. Metode Penelitian Dalam PerspektifI lmu Komunikasi Dan Sastra. . Bandung: Garaha Ilmu.

Kalean, 2012. Metode Penelitian Kualitatif Interdisipliner. . Yogyakarta: Paradigma.

Kiss, Katalin E., 2009. introduction. On Adverb and Adverbtial Adjunct at the Interfaces, editor by Katalin E. Kiss. . Berlin: Mouton de Gruyler.

McCarthy, Andrew Carstairs –2002, An Introduction to English Morphology Word and Their Structure. . Edinburg: Edinburg University Press.

Muhammad, 2011. Metode Penelitian Bahasa. Yogyakarta: Ar-rruz. Media.

Nesfield, J. C., 1947. Aids to study and composition of English. London: Macmillan.

Panagiotidis, Phoevos, 2015. Categorical Features: A Generatice Theory of Word Class Categories. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Payne, Thomas E., 1997. Describing Morphosyntax: A Guide for Field Linguist. Edinburg: Cambridge University Press.

Quirk, 1973. A University Grammar of English. Longman Group Limited. 9

Ratna, Nyoman Khuta, 2004. Teori Metode danTeknik Penelitian Sastra, Yogyakarta : PustakaPelajar.

Schulte, Marion, 2015. The Semantics of Derivational Morphology: A Synchronic and Diachronic Investigation of the Suffixes – age and - ery in English. Dischingerweg: Narr Francke Attempto Verlag.

Sugiyono, 2008. Metode Penelitian Kualitatif Kuantitatif Dan R&D. Bandung : Alfabeta.

Sweet, Henry, 1898. English Grammar, Logical and Historical. Oxford: The Clarendon Press.

Website

https://www.thoughtco.com/degree-modifier-grammar-1690425

http://dictionary.cambridge.org/grammar/british-grammar/adjective-and-adverb-phrases/adverb-phrases.

http://dictionary.cambridge.org/grammar/british-grammar/adjective-and-adverb-phrases/adverb-phrases2.

http://www.ef.com/english-resources/english-grammar/adverbs-degree/07:13A.M

APPENDIX I

FORM OF WORD

Table 1.1

NO ADVERB

DEGREE SENTENCE

1 Quite

When all nature is peculiarly quite[P 1]

Quite to the opposite side of the mill-pond.

[5]

With an air quite desolate and chapfallen. [P

21]

2 Quietly

And a dream quietly away the remnant of the

a troubled life [P 1]

Where the sunbeams seem to sleep so

quietly[P 20]

3 Much Pretty much as I have enumerated them [P

18]

4 A little

They are sure, in a little time, to inhale the

witching influence of the air [P 3]

She was withal a little of a coquette [P 8]

In a little well-formed of a barrel [P 8]

His tale with a little becoming fiction [P 19]

With the hilt a little bent [P 19]

There is a little valley [P 1]

As he approached a little nearer [P 22]

Watching the achievement of a little wooden

warrior [P 12]

5 Little

It such little retired Dutch valleys. [P 3]

It was a matter of no little vanity to him on

Sundays [P 5]

All the content of his little literally realm [P

14]

More promising than this little valley [P 1]

The claims of justice were satisfied by

inflicting a double portion on some little

tough wrong-headed. [P 4]

Which He lorded it in his little empire [P 5]

Thus, by drivers little makeshift. [P 5]

Therefore, is apt to occasion some little stir at

the tea table. [P 6]

To stretch himself on the on the rich bed of

clover bordering the little brook ta

whimpered by his schoolhouse. [P 6]

His notable little wife, too, had enough to do

to attend. [P 12]

And whole legions of rampant little paper

gamecocks. [P 14]

By the delicate little dimpled hand of Katrina

Van Tassel. [P 16]

6 Too

That all this might not be too onerous. [P 5]

He laid aside, too, all the dominant dignity [P

5]

The fireflies, too, which sparkled most

vividly [P 6]

No tale was too gross or monstrous. [P 6]

His notable little wife, too, had enough to do

to attend. [P 12]

He was too wary to give him an opportunity.

[P 13]

And am too eager to get on with my story. [P

18]

Now and then, too, the long-drawn crowing

of a cook. [P 22]

Ichabod endeavored to dodge the horrible

missile, but too late. [P 25]

7 Very

There was contagion in the very air that blew

[P 20]

And to pervade the very atmosphere [P 2]

He certainly sallied forth, after no very great

interval [P 21]

I was the very witching time of night that

Ichabod. [P 22]

He was, moreover, approaching the very

place. [P 22]

8 Rather

Rather lap of land among high hills [P 1]

The schoolhouse stood in a rather lonely but

pleasant situation. [P 4]

He administered justice with discrimination

rather than severity. [P 4]

Who had been sacking a hen roost, rather

than a fair lady’s hearth [P 21]

9 Almost

That had outlived almost everything [P 15]

A woodpecker is almost the only sound [P 1]

The skirts of his black coat fluttered out

almost to the horses tail. [P 15]

Buxom lasses, almost as antiquated as their

mother. [P 17]

Such heaped up platters of cakes of various

and almost indescribable kinds [P 17]

Accompanying every movement of the bow

with a motion of the head; bowing almost to

the ground. [P 18]

10 Enough

With just murmur enough to lull one to repose

[P 1]

His notable little wife, too, had enough to do

to attend. [P 12]

It limbs were gnarled ad fantastic, large

enough to form trunks for ordinary trees. [P

22]

11 Just

With just murmur enough to lull one to repose

[P 1]

Just at the foot of a woody. [P 4]

Just at this moment a plashy tramp by the

side of the bridge caught the sensitive ear of

Ichabod. [P 23]

Just then the shadowy object of alarm put

itself in motion. [P 24]

And had just time to save himself by clasping

[P 25]

Just then he heard the black steed painting

and blowing [P 25]

Just then he saw the goblin rising in his

stirrups. [P 25]

12 Indeed

Indeed, certain the most authentic historians

of floating facts. [P 2]

Indeed, it behooved him to keep on good

terms.[P 4]

He who keeps undisputed sway over the heart

of a coquette is indeed a hero. [P 13]

And indeed only suit of rusty black. [P 14

Indeed, it behooved him to keep on good terms. [P 4]

Being considered a kind of idle,

gentlemanlike personage, of vastly superior

taste and accomplishments to the rough

country swains, and, indeed, inferior. [P 6]

13 Most

Certain the most authentic historians of

floating facts. [P 2]

It was most ingeniously secured [P 4]

An idea most probably borrowed [P 4]

He most firmly ad potently believed. [P 6]

Armed with sword in each hand, was most

valiantly fighting the wind. [P 12]

According to the mode of those most concise

and simple reasoned [P 13]

Which sparkled most vividly in the darkest

places. [P 7]

Which was a mixture of ancient and modern

fashions, as most suited [P 8]

He taught the whine in the most ludicrous

manner. [P 13]

Feet that might have served for shovels, and

his whole frame most loosely hung together

[P 3]

14 Least

That winced at the least flourish of the rod. [P

4]

The gallant Ichabod now spent at least an

extra half hour. [P 14]

15 So

So that though a thief might get in [P 4]

where the sunbeams seem to sleep so quietly

[P 20]

It was so vague and faint as only

So that it looked like a weather-cock [P 3]

So that his appearance was always greeted

with satisfaction. [P 6]

16 Scarcely

And would have been scarcely sufficient to

furnish him. [P 5]

They have scarcely had time to finish their

first nap [P 19]

17 Completely He completely carried away the palm. [P 5]

18 Absolutely The world did absolutely turn round. [P 7]

Insomuch that he absolutely felt in whiz

round the blade. [P 19]

19 Highly Which I am speaking, was one of those

highly favored placed. [P 19]

20 Nearly

Who had nearly taken a British frigate [P 19]

With a suddenness that had nearly sent his

rider sprawling over his head. [P 23]

Table 1.2

KINDS OF ADVERB DEGREE

ROOT DERIVATIONAL INFLECTIONAL Quiet

Quietly Almost

Much Scarcely A little

Little Completely Rather

Too Absolutely Indeed

Very Highly

Enough Nearly

Just

Most

Least

So

APPENDIX II

POSITION OF ADVERB

Table 2.1

ADVERB POSITION SENTENCE

Preverbal position

1. Pretty much as I have enumerated them

2. It such little retired Dutch valleys.

3. His notable little wife, too, had enough

to do to attend.

4. Just sufficient time had elapsed to enable

5. Just then he heard the black steed

painting and blowing

6. An idea most probably borrowed

7. So that it looked like a weather-cock

8. He completely carried away the palm

Post verbal position

1. When all nature is peculiarly quite

2. And which may even be heard half a mile

off, Quite to the opposite side of the

mill-pond

3. He certainly sallied forth, after no very

great interval, with an air quite

4. I might steal from the world and its

distractions, and a dream quietly away

the remnant of the a troubled life

5. Where the sunbeams seem to sleep so

quietly

6. She was withal a little of a coquette

7. As he approached a little nearer

8. It was a matter of no little vanity to him

on Sundays

9. That all this might not be too onerous.

10. There was contagion in the very air that

blew

11. He certainly sallied forth, after no very

great interval

12. I was the very witching time of night that

Ichabod.

13. The schoolhouse stood in a rather lonely

but pleasant situation

14. He administered justice with

discrimination rather than severity

15. Who had been sacking a hen roost,

rather than a fair lady’s hearth

16. That had outlived almost everything

17. A woodpecker is almost the only sound

18. Such heaped up platters of cakes of

various and almost indescribable kinds

19. A small brook glides through it, with just

murmur enough to lull one to repose.

20. His notable little wife, too, had enough

to do to attend

21. Its limbs were gnarled and fantastic,

large enough to form trunks for ordinary

trees.

22. And had just time to save himself by

clasping

23. He who keeps undisputed sway over the

heart of a coquette is indeed a hero

24. It was most ingeniously secured

25. Armed with sword in each hand, was

most valiantly fighting the wind

26. That winced at the least flourish of the

rod

27. The gallant Ichabod now spent at least an

extra half hour

28. where the sunbeams seem to sleep so

quietly

29. It was so vague and faint as only

30. And would have been scarcely sufficient

to furnish him

31. They have scarcely had time to finish

their first nap

32. The world did absolutely turn round

33. Insomuch that he absolutely felt in whiz

round the blade

34. which I am speaking, was one of those

highly favored placed

35. Who had nearly taken a British frigate

36. With a suddenness that had nearly sent

his rider sprawling over his head

Initial position

1. He laid aside, too, all the dominant

dignity

2. Indeed, it behooved him to keep on good

terms

Parenthetical position

1. They are sure, in a little time, to inhale

the witching influence of the air

2. Ichabod endeavored to dodge the horrible

missile, but too late.

3. Being considered a kind of idle,

gentlemanlike personage, of vastly

superior taste and accomplishments to

the rough country swains, and, indeed,

inferior

ķ

APPENDIX III

FUNCTION OF ADVERB DEGREE

Table 3.1

MODIFIERS SENTENCE

VERB MODIFIERS

1. He laid aside, too, all the dominant

dignity

2. That had outlived almost everything

3. They have scarcely had time to finish

their first nap

4. He completely carried away the palm’

5. The world did absolutely turn round

6. Insomuch that he absolutely felt in whiz

round the blade

7. Who had nearly taken a British frigate

8. With a suddenness that had nearly sent

his rider sprawling over his head

ADVERB MODIFIERS

1. When all nature is peculiarly quite

2. I might steal from the world and its

distractions, and a dream quietly away

the remnant of the a troubled life

3. Where the sunbeams seem to sleep so

quietly

4. Pretty much as I have enumerated them

5. Just then he heard the black steed

painting and blowing

6. It was most ingeniously secured

7. An idea most probably borrowed

ķ

8. Armed with sword in each hand, was

most valiantly fighting the wind

9. where the sunbeams seem to sleep so

quietly

PREPOSITION

MODIFIERS

1. And which may even be heard half a mile

off, Quite to the opposite side of the mill-

pond

2. She was withal a little of a coquette

3. A small brook glides through it, with just

murmur enough to lull one to repose.

4. His notable little wife, too, had enough to

do to attend

5. Its limbs were gnarled and fantastic, large

enough to form trunks for ordinary trees.

6. The gallant Ichabod now spent at least an

extra half hour

NOUN

1. It was a matter of no little vanity to him

on Sundays

2. I was the very witching time of night that

Ichabod.

3. He administered justice with

discrimination rather than severity

4. Who had been sacking a hen roost,

rather than a fair lady’s hearth

5. He who keeps undisputed sway over the

heart of a coquette is indeed a hero

6. That winced at the least flourish of the

rod

7. Which I am speaking, was one of those

highly favored placed

ķ

ADJECTIVE MODIFIERS

1. He certainly sallied forth, after no very

great interval, with an air quite desolate

and chapfallen

2. As he approached a little nearer

3. It such little retired Dutch valleys

4. That all this might not be too onerous

5. Ichabod endeavored to dodge the horrible

missile, but too late.

6. There was contagion in the very air that

blew

7. He certainly sallied forth, after no very

great interval

8. The schoolhouse stood in a rather lonely

but pleasant situation.

9. A woodpecker is almost the only sound

10. Such heaped up platters of cakes of

various and almost indescribable kinds

11. Just sufficient time had elapsed to enable

12. It was so vague and faint as only

13. And would have been scarcely sufficient

to furnish him

CLAUS 1. So that it looked like a weather-cock