adventure in energy
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History of Science Course
Prof. Mika Sillanp
ADVENTURE IN ENERGY
presented byThuy Duong PhamMikkeli, 17.07.2008
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ADVENTURE IN ENERGY
I. A Brief History of Energy
II. Energy Issues of Contemporary Age
III. Towards a Sustainable EnergyFuture
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I. A Brief History of Energy
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Our first energy sources
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1880: Coal powered a steamengine attached to the worlds
1st electric generator.
Coal powered-steam engineprovided a landmark in industrial
development in Europe.
1885 -1950: The Golden Age of Coal
Coal
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Hydropower
1882: The first hydroelectric station opened in Wisconsin.
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Petroleum oil
1859: Edwin Drake first drilled for oil in U.S.
Kerosene used for lighting had been the main oil product.
1890: Mass production of automobiles began, creating
demand for gasoline.
1951-present: Oil has given us most of our energy.
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Nuclear power (fission)
1942: Scientists produced nuclear energy in a sustained
nuclear reaction.
1957: The first commercial nuclear power plant began
operating.
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II. Energy Issues of Our Age
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Energy consumption per capita through history
(unit: kcal/day)
Source link: http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/jwh/14.4/images/christian_fig01a.gif
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World primary energy use, by energy sources (2007)
Source link: http://www.interacademycouncil.net/Object.File/Master/12/027/LTW1-3.jpg
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:
Source link: http://www.urbanoptions.org/RenewableEnergy/FossilFuelsAShortBlip.htm
http://www.urbanoptions.org/RenewableEnergy/FossilFuelsAShortBlip.htmhttp://www.urbanoptions.org/RenewableEnergy/FossilFuelsAShortBlip.htm -
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Coal formation
Fossil fuels
formation
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Current Energy Issues
Fossil fuelrelated issues: Resource depletion Environmental pollution Climate change
Acid rain
Nuclear powerrelated issues: Safety of operation
Plant decommisioning cost Radioactive wastes disposal Thermal pollution Threat of nuclear weapons
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Something to think about
Is there still any hope for future?
How can we make a transition to a more
sustainable energy future?
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II. Towards a Sustainable Energy Future
Reducing energy waste (conservation)
Improving energy efficiency
Using renewable energy
Shifting from large, centralized macropower systems tosmaller, decentralized micropower systems.
* Hydrogen - fuelcell, fusion, Earth resonance?
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Reducing energy waste
Four widely used devices waste large amounts of energy:
Incandescent light bulb: 95% is lost as heat.
Internal combustion engine: 94% of the energy in its fuelis wasted.
Nuclear power plant: 92% of energy is wasted through
nuclear fuel and energy needed for waste management.
Coal-burning power plant: 66% of the energy released
by burning coal is lost.
(G. Tyler Miller Jr., 2007)
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Improving energy efficiency
Benefits:
Prolongs fossil fuel supplies
Low cost
Reduces pollution and environmental degradation
Buys time to phase in renewable energy
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Saving energy and improving energy efficiency
Producing both heat and electricity from one energy
source (industry)
Using more energy-efficient electric motors and lighting.
Increasing fuel efficiency and making vehicles fromlighter and stronger materials (transportation).
Getting heat from the sun, superinsulating them, and
using plant covered green roofs.
Saving energy in existing buildings by insulating them,plugging leaks, and using energy-efficient heating and
cooling systems, appliances, and lighting.
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Using renewable energies
Solar power
Bioenergy Wind power
Hydropower
Geothermal energy
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Heating buildings and water with Solar energy
We can heat buildings by orienting them toward the sun (passive) or
by pumping a liquid such as water through rooftop collectors (active).
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Cooling house naturally
Roofs covered with plants, built from a blend of light-
weight compost, mulch and sponge-like materials that
hold water.
Taking advantages
of breezes.
Shading them.
Having light colored
or green roofs.
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Generating electricity with Solarcells
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Nanosolar powersheet
The new dawn of solar
Revolution solar energy:
One of the largest inhibitorsto cheap solar power hasalways been the high costof solar panels (due to theirthick glass, framing, andexpensive silicon).
San Jose-based Nanosolar,Inc. appears ready toeliminate these barriers withsolar technology that
utilizes thin sheets of non-silicon components thatreduce the production costsby over 90% and decreasesthe thickness by 99% (theNanosolar PowerSheets arethin enough to be rolled up).
Innovation of the year 2007Link: http://www.nanosolar.com
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Nanosolar is on track to make solar electricity:
cost-efficient for ubiquitous deployment
mass-produced on a global scale
available in many versatile forms.
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Generating electricity from Wind
Wind power is a promising energy resourcebecause it is abundant, inexhaustible, widelydistributed, cheap, clean, and emits no greenhousegases.
Much of the worlds potential for wind powerremains untapped.
Capturing only 20% of the wind energy at theworlds best energy sites could meet all the worldsenergy demands.
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Generating electrictity from Wind
Wind turbines can be used individually to produce electricity.They are also used interconnected in arrays on wind farms.
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Producing energy from biomass
Plant materials and animalwastes can be burned toprovide heat or electricity orconverted into gaseous orliquid biofuels.
The major advantages ofbiofuels are:
Crops used for productioncan be grown almostanywhere.
There is no net increase inCO2 emissions.
Widely available and easyto store and transport.
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Make fuel from wastes
Transform landfill methane,animal manure, or strawand other agriculturalwastes into fuel.
These produce energywithout competing with foodproduction.
Methane capture reduces
emissions of a greenhousegas 25 times more potentthan CO2.
Waste recycling/incineration plant
at Cergy Pontoise, near Paris, FranceSourceLink:
http://europa.eu.int/comm/energy_transport/atlas/htmlu/munwaste.html
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Biogas production from wastes
Source link: http://www.makinemekanik.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/09/biogas-cycle.JPG
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Hydropower
Source link: http://hydropower.inel.gov/hydrofacts/hydropower-facilities.shtml
Microhydropower
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Geothermal energy
Geothermal energy consists of heat stored in soil, underground
rocks, and fluids in the earths mantle.
We can use geothermal energy to produce electricity.
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Source: Micropower-The Next Electrica Era
Worldwatch, 2000
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Source link:
http://www.aacg.bham.ac.uk/images/hydrogen/H_from_renewables.JPG
Hydrogen from Renewable Sources
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Hydrogen and fuelcell
Fuel-efficient vehicles
powered by a fuel cell that
runs on hydrogen gas are
being developed.
Combines hydrogen gas
(H2) and oxygen gas (O2)
fuel to produce electricity
and water vapor
(2H2+O2
2H2O).
Emits no air pollution or CO2if the hydrogen is produced
from renewable-energy
sources.
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Nuclear Fusion
A possible sourceof energy in thedistant future:
clean andabundant.
Fusion couldbecome the
dominant sourceof electricity onEarth in a centuryor so.
Source link: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/6165932.stm
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JET and ITER
JET (Joint European Torus )The star of Europe that can
produce plasma.http://www.jet.efda.org
ITER
The International Thermonuclear
Experimental Reactor projecthttp://www.iter.org
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Cold electricity Teslas lost dream
Earth Resonance Technology
Free energy for people
Link: http://fuel-efficient-vehicles.org/tesla-flying-machine/Tesla-biography-Nikola.php
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What can we do, individually?
Buy the most energy-efficient homes,lights, cars, and appliances available.
Look for electronics that arerechargeable.
Turn off lights, TV sets, computers, andother electronic equipment when they arenot in use.
Walk or ride a bicycle for short trips, or
take public transportation for longer ones. Use natural cooling (shading tree,
opening window)
Effi i it (UK)
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Efficiencity (UK)
Link: http://www.greenpeace.org.uk/files/efficiencity/index.html
http://www.greenpeace.org.uk/files/efficiencity/index.htmlhttp://www.greenpeace.org.uk/files/efficiencity/index.htmlhttp://www.greenpeace.org.uk/files/efficiencity/index.html -
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The RuralZED Zero Emission Home
Link: http://www.ruralzed.com/
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MASDAR
City of the future
Zero-carbon
Zero-waste
Sustainable transport
Local, sustainable materials Sustainable food, water
Habitat and wildlife
Equitty and fair trade
Health and happiness
Culture and heritage
Video link: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yWVsi0UtmgI
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Thank you for your attention!
Together, we build!
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References
Energy Information Administrationhttp://www.eia.doe.gov/
MAST Workshop, Energy http://matse1.mse.uiuc.edu/~tw/energy/energy.html A short history of energy
http://www.ucsusa.org/clean_energy/fossil_fuels/a-short-history-of-energy.html The Olduvai Theory: Sliding Towards a Post-Industrial Stone Age
http://dieoff.org/page125.htm
The Olduvai theory and catastrophic consequenceshttp://www.energybulletin.net/node/45518 G. Tyler Miller Jr. Sustaining the Earth: An Integrated Approach, 2007 Sustainable Energy Options: http://eeru.open.ac.uk/natta/energy.html#7 Micropower-The Next Electrica Era Worldwatch, 2000 Nanosolar: http://www.nanosolar.com/ Hydrogen from renewablesources
http://www.aacg.bham.ac.uk/images/hydrogen Horizon fuelcell: http://www.horizonfuelcell.com/ ITER http://www.iter.org/ RuralZED: http://www.ruralzed.com/ Efficiencity: http://www.greenpeace.org.uk/files/efficiencity/index.html Masdar Green Utopia in the desert
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yWVsi0UtmgI
http://www.eia.doe.gov/http://matse1.mse.uiuc.edu/~tw/energy/energy.htmlhttp://www.ucsusa.org/clean_energy/fossil_fuels/a-short-history-of-energy.htmlhttp://dieoff.org/page125.htmhttp://www.energybulletin.net/node/45518http://eeru.open.ac.uk/natta/energy.html#Petroleum%20oilhttp://www.nanosolar.com/http://www.aacg.bham.ac.uk/images/hydrogenhttp://www.horizonfuelcell.com/http://www.iter.org/http://www.ruralzed.com/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yWVsi0UtmgIhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yWVsi0UtmgIhttp://www.ruralzed.com/http://www.ruralzed.com/http://www.ruralzed.com/http://www.iter.org/http://www.horizonfuelcell.com/http://www.aacg.bham.ac.uk/images/hydrogenhttp://www.nanosolar.com/http://eeru.open.ac.uk/natta/energy.html#Petroleum%20oilhttp://www.energybulletin.net/node/45518http://dieoff.org/page125.htmhttp://www.ucsusa.org/clean_energy/fossil_fuels/a-short-history-of-energy.htmlhttp://matse1.mse.uiuc.edu/~tw/energy/energy.htmlhttp://www.eia.doe.gov/http://www.eia.doe.gov/http://www.eia.doe.gov/