advancing sustainability and security goals … · advancing sustainability and security goals...

ADVANCING SUSTAINABILITY AND

SECURITY GOALS USING

ARCHITECTURAL SMART GLASS

Presented at the National Building Museum by:

Gregory M. Sottile, Ph.D.

Research Frontiers Inc.

January 25, 2011

© Research Frontiers Inc.

Introduction

• Thank you for this opportunity.

• Today’s presentation:

– summarizes energy use in United States buildings.

– describes architectural smart glass.

– discusses how architectural smart glass can advance

sustainability and security goals in buildings.

2Advancing Sustainability and Security Goals Using Architectural Smart Glass

All U.S. Buildings: Energy Consumption

3Advancing Sustainability and Security Goals Using Architectural Smart Glass

U.S. building stock: approximately 254.3 billion ft2. Public buildings: approximately 17.8 billion ft2 (7% of total)

All U.S. buildings: commercial, residential and industrial.

Annual growth, 2010-2030: approximately 0.8%

Approximately:

• 40% of primary

energy used in US

• 75% of electricity

U.S. Commercial and Residential Buildings

Advancing Sustainability and Security Goals Using Architectural Smart Glass 4

(1) Built after 2000

COMMERCIAL

2010:

• 76% existing

• 24% new

1) Based on PNNL calculations. 2) Built after 2000. 4) EIA

now excludes parking garages and commercial buildings on

multi-building manufacturing facilities from the commercial

building sector.

RESIDENTIAL

2010:

• 85% existing

• 15% new

U.S. Commercial and Residential Buildings:

Aggregate Energy Expenditures


> $400 billion/year (2006 dollars (adjusted for inflation))



Primary Energy Consumption

Increasing

dependence on

electricity



Primary Energy Consumption by Fuel Type



Energy Consumption by End-Use Splits

HEATING & COOLING = 32.5%

LIGHTING = 17.7%

Example: Contributions to Cooling

Requirements (10,000 ft2 Office Building)


Windows (30%) + Lighting (19%) = 49% of total contribution

Fenestration in U.S. Buildings


Insulating Glass Historical Penetration, by Sector (% of Total U.S. “Usage”, i.e. “Sales”)1

Despite the increasing sales penetration of

insulating glass, fully 43% of the widows in

the U.S. are still single glazed (i.e. non-IG).2

High-Performance Buildings


U.S. EISA-2007 Legislation

A high-performance commercial building that is designed,

constructed, and operated:

• to require a greatly balanced quantity of energy to operate;

• to meet the balance of energy needs from sources of

energy that do not produce greenhouse gases;

• in a manner that will result in no net emissions of

greenhouse gases; and

• to be economically viable.

High-Performance Buildings: Energy

Efficiency, Occupant Well-Being, Security


Does the building excel at its intended purpose?

• Energy efficiency

• Occupant comfort, health

• Worker productivity

• Learning rates in schools

• Sales in retail environments

• Security

• More

LEED®: Holistic View of Green Building

and Sustainability


EXAMPLE:

LEED 2009 for New Construction and Major Renovations

CATEGORY

POSSIBLE

POINTS

Sustainable Sites 26

Water Efficiency 10

Energy and Atmosphere 35

Materials and Resources 14

Indoor Environmental Quality 15

Innovation and Design

Process

6

Regional Priority Credits 4

TOTAL 110

INCLUDES:

• Indoor air quality (IAQ)

• Controllability of systems

• Thermal comfort

• Daylight and views

“Exceptional” and/or

“innovative” performance

above LEED requirements

Smart Glass


SMART GLASS

Energy Efficiency

Occupant Well-Being

Security

Smart Glass


Glazing/Fenestration

products whose light-control

properties change in

response to a stimulus

Smart Glass

Windows Doors Skylights Partitions

Various Terms for Smart Glass


Smart Glass

Chromogenic Glazings

Dynamic Glazings

Smart Windows

Dimmable Windows

SwitchablesSwitchable

GlassVariable

Tint Glass

Smart Glass: Industry Definitions


ASTM International: “Chromogenic Glazings”

A glazing consisting of one or more layers of

chromogenic materials, which are able to alter their

optical properties in response to a change in ambient

conditions such as illumination intensity, temperature, or

applied electric field.

Smart Glass: Industry Definitions


NFRC: “Dynamic Glazings”

Any fenestration product with the ability to change its

performance properties, allowing the occupant to control

their environment by tinting (or darkening) a window with

the flip of a switch or by raising and lowering a shade

positioned between panes of glass.

Smart Glass is Not New

• Electrochromic automotive mirrors

– Worldwide demand in 2009 > 14 million

mirrors1

• Photochromic eyewear

– 18% of eyeglass lenses sold in the U.S.2, up

from approximately 13% in 20033


Evolving Smart Glass Industry


Small Area

Auto mirrors

Eyewear

Lenses

Large Area

Windows &

skylights

Doors

Partitions

Sunroofs

Aerospace Smart Glass/Polycarbonate


Automotive Smart Glass


Automotive Sunroofs Using Smart Glass:

Example


Architectural Smart Glass


Smart Glass: A Growing Segment of the

U.S. Glass Market


Smart glass demand is projected to grow 20X

faster than demand for flat glass overall.

Types of Smart Glass


Passive Active

Photochromic Thermochromic

Electrochromic (EC)

Liquid Crystal (PDLC)

Suspended Particle

Device (SPD)Passive smart glass

responds to non-electrical

stimuli and is not controllable.Active smart glass responds

to an electrical stimulus and is

controllable manually or

automatically.

Smart Glass

Active Smart Glass: Electrochromic (EC)


Active Smart Glass: Liquid Crystal (LC)


Also known

as polymer

dispersed

liquid crystal

(PDLC)

technology.

Active Smart Glass: Suspended Particle

Device (SPD)


Active Smart Glass: Comparison of

Performance Characteristics


CHARACTERISTIC

ELECTROCHROMIC

(EC)

LIQUID

CRSYSTAL (LC)

SUSPENDED

PARTICLE

DEVICE (SPD)

Light-control Effect Shading

(Dark to clear)

Diffusing

(Translucent and

clear)

Shading

(Dark to clear)

Powered State Dark Clear Clear

Visible Light

Transmission (VLT)

(approx.) in

Darkest State

>3.0% >55% <0.5%

Switching Speed and

Consistency

Slow (minutes),

slower as window

size increases

Milliseconds,

regardless of

window size

1-3 seconds,

regardless of

window size

Number of Light-Control

States

Typically 2 2 Infinite

Voltage DC AC AC


Smart Glass: Product and Project Types


SMART GLASS

Energy Efficiency

Occupant Well-Being

Security

IGUs and Single Panels for:

• New construction

• Replacements

• Retrofits

Smart Glass & Energy Efficiency:

Variable Heat-Control


44%

3%

Typically managed by

spectrally selective

coatings (e.g. low-e)

Dynamically controllable

by smart glass

Smart glass

products typically

block 99% of UV




Dynamic control of

incoming solar

energy:

•Harvest heat on cold

days (reduce energy for

heating)

•Reject heat on hot days

(reduce energy for

cooling)

•Adapt to varying

conditions and needs

during the day

29%

57%

6%

25%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

Smart Glass/Dark Smart Glass/Clear

Solar Heat Gain Coefficients: Examples of Two Smart Glass Configurations

Northern Zone

Southern Zone

SHGC




CASE STUDY

Problem

•Residential home

•3 large skylights in kitchen

•Desire for natural light

•Excessive heat gain in summer

•High energy bills, occupants uncomfortable

Solution

•Retrofits (SPD); structural integrity of initial

skylight installation preserved

•Dynamic heat control

Result

•22% reduction in zoned heating (year-over-

year, July and August)

•Occupant comfort improved

University of Cambridge Study –

“Smart Building Envelopes”


FOCUS:

The associated reduction in

energy cooling required to

maintain a user comfortable

room environment.

• Laboratory testing

• Real-world testing

• Environmental modeling

CONCLUSIONS

• Suspended Particle Device (SPD)

smart glass used in windows was

significantly more energy efficient

than regular clear float glass.

• Solar gain was found to be

reduced by as much as 90%

through SPD smart glass.

• Contributing to substantial

reduction in annual cooling

loads.


Daylighting


Daylighting

A design strategy that

employs the available daytime

exterior light to illuminate the

interior of buildings.

Goals:

•Satisfy task and ambient lighting needs

with natural daylight

•Reduce energy used for artificial lighting

•Improve occupant comfort


Daylight Harvesting


Economic Benefits of

Daylight Harvesting

Potential annual savings of 35% to

60% on lighting energy.



Daylight Harvesting

SMART GLASS

(e.g. T-Vis Range: 1-50%)

STATIC TINT (e.g. T-vis 30%) &

CONVETIONAL WINDOW TREATMENT

Integrated System:

Glazing and Shading as Single Unit

(Low maintenance)

Multi-Component System: Glazing (with

Tint) and Window Treatments are Distinct

Components

(Higher maintenance)

9AM

5PM

9AM

5PM

1PM 1PM

Example: Typical Office, Windows/Skylights with…

Glazing in clear state; harvest

natural light; reduce use of

energy for artificial lighting

Glazing’s tint too light-blocking;

increased energy used for

artificial lighting to satisfy

task/ambient needs

Glazing in optimally tinted

state to balance energy and

task/ambient lighting needs

Glazing in optimally tinted

state to balance energy and

task/ambient lighting needs


Smart Glass and Occupant Well-Being

Reduction of Glare

Shading with View Preservation

Daylighting (including thermal comfort)

Indoor Air Quality (IAQ)

Distinctive Features of Smart Glass



Glare Control

Glare from windows detracts from worker performance1

Shading with View Preservation

Adequate and pleasing window view contributes positively

to worker performance1

Daylighting

Improved learning rates in schools with the most daylight2

Higher retail sales in daylit versus non-daylit stores3

Thermal Comfort

Solar heat gain control4


• Improved Indoor Air Quality (IAQ)

– Window and shading system as a single unit

– “Smooth as glass” surface is easily cleaned

– Accumulation of particulates and germs is minimized

– Health care facilities:

• Risk of nosocomial infections is reduced.


Smart Glass and Security: Occupants

and Facilities


• Automated Light-Control

• Preserve or Inhibit Views On-Demand

Visual Security

• Laminated Fabrications

• Blast-resistance

• Ballistic-resistance

• Anti-eavesdropping

• RF Sheltering

Structural Security


Smart Glass: Conclusion


SMART GLASS

Energy Efficiency

Occupant Well-Being

Security

HIGH-PERFORMANCE BUILDINGS

Energy Efficiency

• Solar Control

• Daylight Harvesting

Occupant Well-Being

• Reduction of Glare

• Shading with View Preservation

• Daylighting

• Solar heat gain control

Security (Occupants and Facilities)

• Visual Security

• Structural Security

Sources


PAGE 3: All U.S. Buildings: Energy Consumption

Testimony of Edward Mazria (Architecture 2030) before the United States Senate Committee on Energy

and Natural Resources “Building Sector Energy Policy Issues”, February 26, 2009.

PAGE 4: U.S. Commercial and Residential Buildings

2009 Buildings Energy Data Book, U.S. Department of Energy.

PAGE 5: U.S. Commercial and Residential Buildings: Energy Expenditures


PAGE 6: U.S. Commercial and Residential Buildings: Primary Energy Consumption


PAGE 7: U.S. Commercial and Residential Buildings: Primary Energy Consumption by Fuel Type


PAGE 8: U.S. Commercial and Residential Buildings: Energy Consumption by End-Use Splits


PAGE 9: Example: Contributions to Cooling Requirements (10,000 ft2 Office Building)

U.S. Department of Energy, as cited by APS

(http://www.aps.com/_files/services/BusWaysToSave/Envelope.pdf)

Sources


PAGE 10: Fenestration in U.S. Buildings

1.) 2009 Buildings Energy Data Book, U.S. Department of Energy, 2.) Helms, J.H., Lawrence Berkeley

National Laboratory, (2002), Measured Winter Performance of Storm Windows.

PAGE 11: High-Performance Buildings

Zero Energy Commercial Buildings Consortium, Net-Zero Energy: A Directional Goal for Commercial

Buildings, http://zeroenergycbc.org/index.php.

PAGE 12: High-Performance Buildings: Energy Efficiency AND Occupant Well-Being

Photos credits - Innovative Glass Corp. and Research Frontiers Inc.

PAGE 13: LEED®: Holistic View of Green Building and Sustainability

U.S. Green Building Council, LEED 2009 for New Construction and Major Renovations

PAGE 15: Smart Glass

Photo credit - Research Frontiers Inc.

PAGES 17-18: Smart Glass: Industry Definitions

1.) ASTM International, and 2.) National Fenestration Rating Council (NFRC)

Sources


PAGE 19: Smart Glass is Not New

1.) Gentex Corporation, 10-K, and 2.) Heiting, G., (2010), All About Vision, Photochromic Lenses, and

3.) Schell, J.F. (2008), Eyecare Business, Photochromic Phenomenon.

PAGE 21: Aerospace Smart Glass/Polycarbonate

Photos: 1.) Nextant Aerospace (upper left), and 2.) InspecTech Aero Service, Inc.

PAGE 22: Automotive Smart Glass

Photo credits – (clockwise from upper left): 1.) Hino Motors, Ltd., 2.) DiMora Motor Car Company, 3.)

Isoclima S.p.A., and 4.) Elite Auto Tune.

PAGE 23: Automotive Sunroofs Using Smart Glass: Example

Video: Research Frontiers Inc.

PAGE 24: Architectural Smart Glass

Photo credits – 1.) SmartGlass International (upper left), and 2.) Innovative Glass Corp.

PAGE 25: Smart Glass: A Growing Segment of the U.S. Glass Market

The Freedonia Group, (2008), Advanced Flat Glass to 2012.

PAGE 27: Active Smart Glass: Electrochromic (EC)

www.How StuffWorks.com

Sources


PAGE 28: Active Smart Glass: Liquid Crystal (LC)

www.How StuffWorks.com

PAGE 29: Active Smart Glass: Suspended Particle Device (SPD)

1.) www.How StuffWorks.com, and 2.) Video from Research Frontiers Inc.

PAGE 30: Active Smart Glass: Comparison of Performance Characteristics

Research Frontiers analysis of various industry sources

PAGE 32: Smart Glass & Energy Efficiency: Variable Heat-Control

National Renewable Energy Lab, Reference Solar Spectral Irradiance: Air Mass 1.5,

http://rredc.nrel.gov/solar/spectra/am1.5/.


DSET Laboratories, a division of Atlas Material Testing Technology, in accordance with ASTM and

ASHRAE testing and calculation protocols, using samples of SPD smart glass.


1.) Photos credit – Innovative Glass Corp., and 2.) Case study supplied by Research Frontiers Inc.

PAGE 35: University of Cambridge Study –“Smart Building Envelopes”

University of Cambridge, Department of Engineering, June 2010, Smart Building Envelopes, released

by SmartGlass International Ltd.

Sources


PAGE 36: Smart Glass & Energy Efficiency: Daylighting

1.) American Institute of Architects, AIA 50/50, and 2.) Photo credit – Lawrence Berkeley National

Laboratory.

PAGE 37: Smart Glass & Energy Efficiency: Daylight Harvesting

New Buildings Institute as cited by Archi-Tech Magazine, 2008

PAGE 40: Smart Glass and Occupant Well-Being

Sources. 1.) California Energy Commission, (2003), Windows and Offices: A Study of Office Worker

Performance and the Indoor Environment, 2.) California Energy Commission, (2003), Daylighting in

Schools: Reanalysis Report, 3.) California Energy Commission, (2003), Daylight and Retail Sales, and

4.) University of Cambridge, Department of Engineering, June 2010, Smart Building Envelopes,

released by SmartGlass International Ltd.

PAGE 41: Smart Glass and Occupant Well-Being

Photo credit – Research Frontiers Inc.

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