advanced ndt 2
DESCRIPTION
NDTTRANSCRIPT
NDT PART 2
Wave forming
• Sending a bundle with a conventional UT probe (EMISSION) :
– Pointing an acoustic bundle according to Huyghens principle
– Sole introduces diverse time delays so that a certain angle is determined
• Sending a bundle with a Phased-Array UT probe (EMISSION) :
– Pointing an acoustic bundle according to Huyghens principle
– Exact time delays are electronically generate, so that a certain angle is determined
• Possibilities of Phased Array Technology
Principles of Phased Array
Beam Deviation Beam Focalisation Beam Deviation +Beam
Focalisation
This example illustrates a linear PA probe
Combined bundle processing
• The phased-array technology makes it possible to use almost every combination of bundle processing's like:– focusing + sending– linear scanning + sending– …
Contemporary Medical PA
Example of Phased Array equipment
Omniscan
Scale X
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Channel name
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X: 0 Y: 0
End Y
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VinVinçotte’s çotte’s approach on Carbon Steel;approach on Carbon Steel;
By using linear phased array probes, the By using linear phased array probes, the volume will be inspected with multiple TOFD volume will be inspected with multiple TOFD
channelschannels
ASME BPV Code Section VIII div.1 & 2edition 2001 Code Case 2235-6 and API
620
VinVinçotte’sçotte’s approach on C/St.;approach on C/St.;
In addition to the two TOFD channels, Phased In addition to the two TOFD channels, Phased Array PE will be applied from both sides to compensate Array PE will be applied from both sides to compensate
the limitations of TOFD at the surface and widththe limitations of TOFD at the surface and width
ASME BPV Code Section VIII div.1 & 2ASME BPV Code Section VIII div.1 & 2edition 2001 Code Case 2235-6 and API edition 2001 Code Case 2235-6 and API
620620
TOFD 60-SW(right)60 SW (left) 45-SW(right)45-SW(left)
Pro
be
mov
emen
t
Data Visualization for TOFD and PE Combined
Justification of the use of TRL PA probes on stainless
steelThe use of piezocomposite, twin, side by side, phased array UT probes, gives a good response to all of the diffuculties that are encountered in stainless steel welds / casts.
With these TRL PA probes, multiple laws can be simultaneously generated (with variable refracted angle, variable focalisation depth and variable skew angle), as illustrated below : Variable Refracted Angle Variable Focalisation Depth Variable
Skew Angle
Page 9
Variation of Refracted Angle
ANGLE = 0
Variation of Focal Depth
FOCAL DEPTH
Variation of Skew Angle
SKEW = 0
VinVinçotte’sçotte’s approach approach
on Stainlesson Stainless
Using low frequency TRL PA probes,Using low frequency TRL PA probes,PE channels from both sides for volumetric inspectionPE channels from both sides for volumetric inspection
Applications of TRL PA Probes
Illustration of the volume coverage using a set of 48 laws
Examination of the inner surface Examination of the upper surface
searching without skip searching after skip
Searching fordefects at the inner surface
14.5 mm
30 mm
Elements 1-64 Elements 65-127
Refracted Angle = 0°
Searching fordefects at the upper surface
14.5 mm
30 mm
Elements 1-64 Elements 65-127
Refracted Angle = 8°
14.5 mm
30 mm
Real Image
Complemenary Image
Searching forembedded defects without skip
14.5 mm
30 mm
Elements 1-64 Elements 65-127
Refracted Angle = 39°
Searching forembedded defects after skip
14.5 mm
30 mm
Elements 1-64 Elements 65-127
Refracted Angle = 37°
14.5 mm
30 mm
Real Image
Complemenary Image
Applications of TRL PA ProbesInfluence of these different components is simulated
Beam simulations using CIVA 7 and PASS software’s
Finite element code for piezoelectric structure design
Inspection on HHA (back scatter technique)
•Micro cracks at the grain boundaries scatterultrasound,
•Example with conventional ultrasound equipment
Inspection on HHA (back scatter technique)
•Micro cracks at the grain boundaries scatterultrasound,
•Example with Phased Array equipment
Construction Welding:
T-Joint Corner Crack weld
Corner Crack
Inspection of rotors and bladesInspection of rotors and blades
UT Pipeline inspections
Principles & Industrial Applications
Combination PE - TOFD
Combination PE - TOFD
Combination PE - TOFD
TOFD-PE Phased Array
High-speed pipe weld inspection
RPV welds
Turbine bore Upper Pressuriser weld
3D simulations
CANDU feeder tubes
UT of SG tubes
Turbines disk, blade attachments
Flexible PA Probes CRDM head penetrations
BWR core shroud, BMW, CCSS, & other austenitic welds
Turbines disk
BMK Fuel Channels
Validation Work
Inspection Of Pressure Vessels
Advanced training
Corrosion mapping
• The efficient way to present, visualize and measure corrosion and erosion
Conventional thickness measurements
After calibration a time measurement is done and it takes the sound 4,194..µs to get back to the receiver:
4,194..µs x 5,96mm/µs = 25mm
25,00
12,50
After calibration a time measurement is done and it takes the sound 2,097..µs to get back to the receiver:
2,097.. µs x 5,96mm/µs = 12,55mm
Corrosion mapping
Corrosion mapping• Examination possible on complex geometries by positioning of probe
with infrared camera or pattern recognition• Analysis with help of computer• Proof of entire examination• Thin zones are directly visualized in a given color • High reproducibility for repeated examinations• No ionizing radiation ( On Streams)• No interference with other activities (no evacuation/transport)• No environment damaging waste• Permanent data saving in digital format in on line produced C-scan• High inspection speed• Direct available information, automatic report printing• Easy distinction between corrosion and laminations
DEPEC
• Detection and Evaluation of Piping Erosion/Corrosion
• Carbon Steel piping 4” to 10”• Evaluation of corrosion under pipe
supports
DEPEC
• DEPEC– Way to inspect under piping support
• Lower costs• Removes the risk of damage during lifting
– DEPEC is able to detect corrosion or erosion on large surfaces in a fast way
– Wall thickness diminutions will form an obstruction for the sound passage– Analysis is done by looking at the A-scan characteristics – Data can be analyzed on-line or afterwards by saving a B-scan
• Disadvantages– With this method it’s only possible to evaluate the quality of the erosion /
corrosion signs, i.e. reporting the gravity of the corrosion : • no discrimination between erosion/corrosion• slight corrosion• serious corrosion (thickness decrease larger than 35% of the nominal thickness)• The gravity of erosion according to graphics
Digital Radiography
A radiographic pattern is exposed on reusable phosphor plates, which creates a latent imageThis latent image is read and digitalized in a “CR Reader”, and can be viewed on site => No reshootsThis data is processed and can form a digital radiographic image => Data can be used in data base (RBI)Immediate follow up.No chemicals, no darkroomD5/D4 film type image qualityExposure time 2 to 20 times less than with conventional radiography, depending on necessary image quality
Digital Radiography
Raw ImageRaw ImageContrast enhancement Contrast enhancement by window/levelby window/levelSharpeningSharpening
Emboss in ROIEmboss in ROI
– Change contrast
– Measure
WT-Scope for On-Stream applications
Wall Thickness measurement :
Source set up for tray 3
TRAY 3
Phospor Plates
Co-60 Isotope( positioned 50 cm below tray level )
Downcomer
Diameter of tower (bottom section) : 7m400Diameter of tower (bottom section) : 7m400
Wall thickness : 20 mmWall thickness : 20 mm
Inside 4 trays of 3 mm thickness eachInside 4 trays of 3 mm thickness each
In normal condition a few centimetres of liquid on the trays and in the downcomerIn normal condition a few centimetres of liquid on the trays and in the downcomer
Operating temperature : 400°COperating temperature : 400°C
North-East View of 3rd TrayNorth-East View of 3rd Tray
Wide gap between two panels
Downcomer
North-West View of 3rd Tray
Wide gap between two panels
Source set up for tray 2
TRAY 2
Phosphor Plates
Co-60 Isotope( positioned 50 cm below tray level )
Downcomer
North-East View of 2nd Tray
Panels missing from tray 2
North-West View of 2nd Tray
Panels missing from tray 2
Digital Radiography
• Digitizing Films
Positive Material Identification• Positive Material Identification
Positive Material Identification (PMI) is one of the more specialized non-destructive testing methods. With Positive Material Identification the alloy composition of materials can be determined. If a material certificate is missing or it is not clear what the composition of a material is, then PMI offers the solution. PMI is particularly used for high-quality metals like stainless steel and high alloy metals. While engineers push the boundaries of material capacities to their limits in the design, assurance that the proper material is used becomes ever more important.
Eddy Current
• Heat exchanger pipes (ferritic and non ferritic)
• Surface and near-surface defects
UT - ET
Eddy Current Ultrasonic
Good at detecting surface defects
Poor at detecting surface defects
Near sub-surface defects reasonable to detect
Near sub-surface defects difficult to detect
Deep sub-surface defect detection is impossible
Good sub-surface defect detection
Probes are less sensitive to flaw orientation
Signal is strongly influenced by flaw orientation
No couplant needed, stable results
Couplant is needed between probe and material causing cariable results
Probe can be made wide and profiled to cover wear face
Defect must be on probe centre line
Faster inspection speeds Slow inspection speeds
Materials
• Material structure – Macro structure– Micro structure – Corrosion
Materials
• Material analysing– Destructive testing– Hardness testing – Replica’s– Certification– Welding & Welders
certification– ……..
Other
•• Other:– Assessment Inspection of
rotating machines – Measurements using a
dilatometer – Machines – Vibration analysis – Tele-visual inspections – Pipe Current Mapper (PCM) – Storage Tanks Vacuum testing – Tightness Helium tightness
studies – Coating inspection– Roughness ISO 805
NON INTRUSIVE INSPECTIONS
• POTENTIAL BENEFITS ARE:Improved safety for inspection personnel, by averting vessel entryIncreased confidence in plant integrityBasis for plant life extensionCritical flaw size can be quantified for future purposeIntrusive inspection can be averted, saving operational and maintenance costsThe method (s) applied are:
• Systematic• Fully auditable• Compliant with applicable regulations• Derived using competent personnel throughout• Cost effective
RISK BASED INSPECTION
• Risk Based Inspection is the explicit use of Risk Assessment to plan, justify and aid the assessment of results from
inspection, testing and monitoring regimes.
Our NDT & Inspection clients / services
Petro- Chemical TrainingPipelines
Construction Power Generation
Off shoreStorage tanks
Energy
Vinçotte
Thank you for your attention•
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