Advanced 1Additional Grammar

This material is going to Help you to understand Grammar in Advanced 1

Unit 1Cultural Differences

Clauses Of ResultSo…that / Such…that

So–that vs. Such–that

So [Adverb / Adjective] ThatSo is paired with that + a clause to express emphasis. So, a degree adverb, modifies or intensifies an adjective or adverb in the main clause.This expression is followed by a subordinated clause (that + clause) which expresses a surprising or remarkable effect. (Note that may be omitted, and very cannot be used in place of so.)

Cause EffectThe meteor storm was so beautiful

The meteor storm passed so quickly

that we watched it all night.

that it went by in one week.

Such Adjective Noun ThatSuch is part of an adjective phrase [such + (determiner) + adjective] which modifies a noun phrase. This expression is followed by a subordinated clause (that + clause) which expresses a surprising or remarkable effect. (Such is one of the few adjectives that occurs before the article of the noun.) Cause EffectIt was [such a beautiful] meteor storm

It was such a quick meteor storm

that we watched it all night.

that it passed by in one week.

So–that vs. Such–that

So – Emphasis vs. Effect

Intensifier

In the examples below, so modifies or intensifies an adjective or adverb in the cause-clause. And that follows in the effect-clause with a remarkable or extraordinary comment.

Event with emphasis Remarkable effect

The meteor storm was so beautiful

The meteor storm was so beautiful

that we watched it all night. (remarkable) that we couldn’t believe our eyes. that we called everyone out to see it. that we shouted “ooow” and “awww”. that we wished it would never end.

Preposition

In the examples below, so is also a connective adverb complemented by a clause that expresses the logical effect or result (to the action in the main clause.)

Cause (no emphasis) Effect/Result

We heard about the Perseid meteors,

We became hungry,

I saw a falling star,

so we watched the sky for them.

so we went inside.

so I made a wish.

So Much vs. Such

So much/many Such

Use so much or so many to place emphasis on the quantity of the object-noun in the cause-clause.

Emphasis on quantity

We will learn so much interesting information that it will take years to process it. (so much – adjective + noncount noun)

We will see so many beautiful stars that it will be hard to count them.

(so many – adjective + count noun)

Use such to place emphasis on the quality of the modifier to the object-noun in the cause-clause.

Emphasis on quality

We will learn such interesting information that we will want to read more. (such – adjective + noncount noun)

We’ll see such beautiful stars that we’ll be amazed.

(such – adjective + count noun)

Unit 2Life in the City

More future tenses: future perfectThe future perfect tense is formed with will have + past participle, as in, “I will have left by tomorrow” or “They will have been friends for a long time.” The form stays the same no matter what subject you use.We use the future perfect tense to talk about an action that will be completed sometime in the future. Usually this action will be completed before something else happens or by a certain time in the future. For example, we can say, “I will have graduated by the time I turn 18.” This means that I will turn 18 in the future, and at some point before then, I will graduate in the future.

He will have left by the time you get to his house.

Will you have finished eating dinner by the time I arrive?

Here are some more examples of sentences using the future perfect tense:

Clarissa won’t have finished getting her hair done by noon.We will have been married for one year in October.

Unit 3Dangerous Sports

More Infinitives: other usesAn infinitive is a phrase, consisting of the word to and the basic form of a verb, that functions as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb. Here’s a discussion of the five types of infinitives.

An infinitive can constitute the subject of a sentence.

For example, in “To go, even after all that trouble, didn’t seem worthwhile anymore,” “to go” is the action that drives the sentence.

Subject

In the sentence “We all want to see,” “to see” is the direct object, the noun (or noun substitute) that receives the action of the verb. “To see” refers to a thing being done — or, in this case, desired to be done: the act of seeing.

In “My goal is to write,” “to write” is the subject complement. A subject complement looks just like a direct object, but the difference is in the type of verb preceding it. The verb in the previous example, want, is a transitive verb. (Transitive verbs have two defining characteristics: They precede a direct object, and they express an action.)

In “My goal is to write,” the verb is a copular, or linking, verb — one that links a subject to a word or phrase that complements it. (In this sentence, “to write” is the goal, so it’s the complement of goal. Note that in the previous example, “to see” is what those referred to as we want, but it’s not the complement of we.)

In “She didn’t have permission to go,” “to go” modifies permission — it describes what type of permission is being discussed — so the phrase serves as an adjective.

In “He took the psychology class to try to understand human behavior,” “to understand (human behavior)” explains why the taking of the class occurred, so it’s an adverb modifying the verb took.

Direct Object

Subject Complement

Adjective

Adverb

Unit 4Complaints

More future tenses: future progressive

Basic formSubject + WILL + BE + Verb (continuous form)

Quick examples

Tomorrow at this time, I will be taking my English langauge exam.Ben won’t be eating the dinner now. He usually eats it around noon!Will you be comingto the party tonight?

Good to knowIf you want to learn about somebody’s intentions, you should always use the Future Continuous rather than the Present Simple. Using the Future Simple implies that you want to influence somebody’s decision. Questions become much more objective if formed in the Future Continuous.Compare:

Will you come home? (= I want you to come home)Will you be coming home? (= I just want to know)

Use 1: Future actions in progress

The first use of the Future Continuous is to express future action in progress.

In an hour, I will be sitting in front of my TV.In the evening, I will be baking a birthday cake.

Use

We mainly use the Future Continuous to indicate that we will be in the middle of doing something in a specified time in the future. There are also two other uses, listed below:

Use 2: Guesses

Use 3: Questions

Use this tense also to make guesses about something in the present or future.

He won’t be coming any time soon. He is still at the office.Beatrice will be getting married very soon.

And the last use of the tense is to make polite questions about something or somebody.

Will you be coming home before or after 10 PM?Will you be goingto the supermarket? I have something to buy.

Unit 5Business Strategies

More infinitives: perfect infinitive

The structure ‘have + past participle’ is called a perfect infinitive. Perfect infinitives can have the same kind of meaning as perfect or past tenses.

I am glad to have found my soul mate. (= I am glad that I have found my soul mate.)

She was sorry to have missed the show. (= She was sorry that she had missed the show.)

I hope to have finished the job by next Monday. (= I hope that I will have finished the job by next Monday.)

She seems to have quit the job. (= It seems that she has quit the job.)

Unreal past situations

The perfect infinitive is often used after verbs like mean, be, would like etc., to talk about unreal past situations.

She was to have returned yesterday, but she fell ill.

I meant to have posted the letter, but I forgot. (I did not post the letter.)

After modals The perfect infinitive is also used after the modal verbs could, might, ought, should, would and needn’t to refer to unreal situations.

You should have telephoned – I was getting worried. (The person didn’t phone.)

She needn’t have come. (She came.)

I would have gone on a vacation if I had had more money. (I didn’t go.)

NotesNote that the structure modal verb + perfect infinitive does not always refer to unreal past conditions. It can also be used to express certainty or possibility.

She should have arrived by now. (=It is possible that she has arrived by now.)

Unit 6Communication

PHRASAL VERBS

Phrasal verbs are usually two-word phrases consisting of verb + adverb or verb + preposition. Think of them as you would any other English vocabulary. Study them as you come across them, rather than trying to memorize many at once. Use the list below as a reference guide when you find an expression that you don’t recognize. The example sentences will help you understand the meanings. If you think of each phrasal verb as a separate verb with a specific meaning, you will be able to remember it more easily. Like many other verbs, phrasal verbs often have more than one meaning.

phrasal verb meaning example sentenceask someone out invite on a date Brian asked Judy out to

dinner and a movie.chip in help If everyone chips in

we can get the kitchen painted by noon.

fill something in to write information in blanks, as on a form

Please fill in the form with your name, address, and phone number.

look out be careful, vigilant, and take notice

Look out! That car’s going to hit you!

throw something away dispose of We threw our old furniture away when we won the lottery.

wear off fade away Most of my make-up wore off before I got to the party.

work something out make a calculation We have to work out the total cost before we buy the house.

Unit 7Medical Issues

MORE INFINITIVES

To sneeze, to smash, to cry, to shriek, to jump, to dunk, to read, to eat, to slurp—all of these are infinitives. An infinitive will almost always begin with to followed by the simple form of the verb, like this:

Recognize an infinitive when you see one.

To + Verb = Infinitive

Important Note: Because an in-finitive is not a verb, you cannot add s, es, ed, or ing to the end. Ever!

Infinitives can be used as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs. Look at these examples:

To sleep is the only thing Eli wants after his double shift waiting tables at the neighborhood café.

To sleep functions as a noun because it is the subject of the sentence.

No matter how fascinating the biology dissection is, Emanuel turns his head and refuses to look.

To look functions as a noun because it is the direct object for the verb refuses.

Wherever Melissa goes, she always brings a book to read in case conversation lags or she has a long wait.

To read functions as an adjective because it modifies book.

Recognize an infinitive even when it is missing the to.

An infinitive will almost always begin with to. Exceptions do occur, however. An infinitive will lose its to when it follows certain verbs. These verbs are feel, hear, help, let, make, see, and watch.

The pattern looks like this:

Special Verb + Direct Object + Infinitive - to

Here are some examples:As soon as Theodore felt the rain splatter on his hot, dusty skin, he knew that he had a good excuse to return the lawn mower to the garage.

Felt = special verb; rain = direct object; splatter = infinitive minus the to.

When Danny heard the alarm clock buzz, he slapped the snooze button and burrowed under the covers for ten more minutes of sleep.

Heard = special verb; alarm clock = direct object; buzz = infinitive minus the to.

Although Dr. Ribley spent an extra class period helping us understand loga-rithms, we still bombed the test.

Helping = special verb; us = direct object; understand = infinitive minus the to.