RESEARCH TOPIC;

 ALKALI-TREATED SORGHUM SPENT GRAIN AS A FEED INGREDIENT IN BROILER DIET

A CASE STUDY AT VALLEY VIEW UNIVERSITY-TECHIMAN CAMPUS”

PRESENTATION

BY

ADU FOSU ABRAHAM

(211AB01000010)

RESEARCH PROPOSAL

1. INTRODUCTION

2. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

3. LITERATURE REVIEW

4. MATERIALS AND METHODS

5. WORKPLAN FOR THE PROJECT

6. BUDGET FOR THE PROJECT

OUTLINE OF PRESENTATION

INTRODUCTION

Poultry are domesticated birds that are kept by humans for the purposes of obtaining meat, eggs and sometimes feathers. Some examples are; chicken, duck, turkey, guinea fowl, etc.

Broilers are kept for their meat. Local breeds and exotic breeds are the type of breeds in Ghana, but exotic breeds are kept for commercial production, White Cornish and the White Plymouth Rock are examples. Broilers originated from USA, South America and Australia

Domesticated birds (poultry) belong to a sub family called Galliformis and have a scientific name of (Gallus domesticus.)

Birds (wild and domesticated) belong to the family Phasianidae.

The diet of a particular household in Ghana today is always supplemented with protein of vegetable sources, which fall short in meeting the protein requirement of an individual (Ndams et al,2008 ).

INTRODUCTION

This is as a result of the drastic drop in the daily intake of meat or egg as a source of protein for an average family. The World Health Organization (WHO) has been working among nations to see that the world problem of malnutrition is solved, particularly in the third world countries.

Broiler production has been reported to offer the most rapid and cost effective means of making available, high quality animal protein to man in many parts of the world ( Ndams et al,2008).

Beszedits and Lugowski as cited by Shier and Purwono (1994) reported an estimated 4 million metric tons of annual protein shortfall worldwide.

INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION

BROILERS IMAGE

This trend in protein production has left animal producers particularly poultry, a great challenge to face.

Therefore, the need to work hard and meet the FAO recommendation for animal protein intake through commercial broiler production cannot be over emphasized.

With broiler production, cost of feed has been a major concern as this has always led to high cost of production, and has not been a lucrative enterprise because apart from the high cost and unavailability of the conventional feedstuffs, there is also competition with human beings, livestock and poultry (Amisah et al., 2009)

INTRODUCTION

To solve this problem, Animal nutritionist are searching for non-conventional feedstuffs which are readily available and cheaper in order to cut down on the feed cost which constitute about 65-70% of the total cost of production ( Reddy 1996)

Some of the unconventional feed resources includes crop residues and agro-industrial by-products.

INTRODUCTION

Among the non-conventional feed resources is the sorghum spent grain locally known as pito mash (PM). This is a by-product from sorghum grains used in the production of a local bear called pito in Ghana.

The inclusion of dry Pito mash (DPM) in animal feed is essential due to its nutritional content, availability and non-competitiveness. In some communities, the wet grains are left to rot, but a few farmers in some communities where sorghum beer (pito) is brewed feeds their sheep and goats with it.

INTRODUCTION

PITO MASH

Dry pito mash (DPM), however contains a wide range of essential nutrients which are needed by poultry.

For instance Couch (1978) and Ewing (1965) found that the DPM contains over 20% CP, about 6% EE, over 15% CF, and about 4% ash.

Almquist (1972) also discovered that the dry pito mash contains 25% CP and that it was fairly contain 0.9% lysine, 0.4% methionine, 0.4% tryptophan, 1.2% phenylalanine, 1.1% threonine and 1.6% valine.

INTRODUCTION

Adeleye et al. (2004) also reported that DPM contains 24.29% CP, 15.58% CF and 8.90% EE.

The nutrient profile of the pito mash, as been stated, makes it clear that pito mash can be made a better feed ingredient for non-ruminants.

In fact various inclusion levels of pito mash have been incorporated in the diet of pigs and poultry with some level of success achieved in Ghana.

INTRODUCTION

Lamptey (1980), for instance, reported that various replacements levels of pito mash as the main energy source, have been utilized in poultry and pigs diet.

Fombad and Mafeni(1989) also had some positive results when fed poultry with DPM at 30% inclusion level but stated that, dry pito mash has a high crude fibre and moderate protein content.

INTRODUCTION

That resulted in lower digestibility of the diet containing high amount of DPM.

NB;

It should be noted that poultry is a monogastric and that they are unable to manufacture essential amino acids or the B vitamins, therefore cannot utilize a high crude fibre content diets.

It is therefore significant to reduce the crude fibre content before giving to the poultry for efficient utilization.

INTRODUCTION

However, these limitations (high crude fibre content, low feed conversion efficiency) may be overcome by treating the dried pito mash with alkali (plantain peel ash extract) to improve it’s utilization by broilers

The study seeks to assess the nutritive value of sorghum spent grain (pito mash) treated with plantain peel ash extract as a feed ingredient and further determine the meat yield of a broiler fed with diet containing the alkali-treated pito mash from 2nd week to 10th week.

INTRODUCTION

The Specific objective of the study include;

Determine the optimum inclusion level of alkali-treated pito mash that can replace maize in the grower and finisher diet without adverse effect on the productive performance.

Estimate the effect of alkali-treated pito mash diet on intake and growth parameters of the birds, e.g. feed intake, water consumption and feed consumption efficiency in kilogram-feed per weight gain

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

Cost-benefit analysis will be carried out to establish the economic feasibility of the experimental diet.

Recommendation will be drawn based on the results of the study.

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

The consumption of poultry meat and eggs has increased in this decade and has resulted in increase in the demand for poultry product and hence feed ingredients cost.

Therefore there is a great need for substitutes, which are not compete for by human and can be successfully included in poultry diets to replace the commonly used ingredients. (Reddy 1996)

LITERATURE REVIEW

Recently, the growth of animal feed industry has allowed a considerable use of by- products, of which some of them have some limitations such as: high fiber and low energy contents, low availability of amino acids or anti-nutritive factors (Ishibashi and Ohta, 2000).

Sorghum spent grain (pito mash) is a by-product of the local breweries. The residue is brownish and odorless when properly dried and has a sour taste. The local breweries are scattered all over Ghana especially in the Northern parts of Ghana, which makes it something not difficult to come by.

LITERATURE REVIEW

Materials that will be needed are;

I. Sorghum spent grains(SSG)

II. Plantain peel ash extract(PPAE)

III. Broilers (day old chicks)

IV. Broiler feed

V. Vaccines and drugs

VI. Poultry house

VII.Feeding trough

VIII.Water trough

IX. Weighing scale

METHODOLOGYMATERIALS

Four (4) different inclusion levels of alkaline-treated pito mash in broiler diet in a scattered arrangement with 3 replication will be used for the experiment

In all 240 birds would be used under dip letter system, with 20 birds per replicate, given 60 birds per treatment.

Broiler starter diet will be used to feed the broiler chicks in the first week.

The birds will be moved to different cages after one week and be put under their various experimental diets.

EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

The experiment would be conducted using four different types of diet which will be replicated six times.

The treatments would be as follows; 0% alkaline treated SSG inclusion level (no treated SSP )10 % alkaline treated SSG inclusion level20 % alkaline treated SSG inclusion level30 % alkaline treated SSG inclusion level

TREATMENTS

The treatments will be represented as follows;

1. 0% inclusion level will be represented as T1

2. 10% will be represented asT2

3. 20% will represented as T3

4. 30% will be represented asT4

NB: These treatments will be arranged as T1,T2,T3 and T4 as shown in the next slide.

EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

4 treatments with 6 replications arranged in an orderly manner.

1

T1

3

T2

5

T3

7

T4

9

T3

11

T4

13

T1

15

T2

17

T3

21

T1

23

T2

2

T1

4

T2

3

T3

8

T4

10

T3

12

T4

14

T1

16

T2

20

T3

22

T1

24

T2

PEN 1(12 CAGES) PEN2 (12 CAGES)

The data to be collected during the project for analysis are;

I. Cost of production

II. Feed and Water intake daily,.

III. The initial weight of the birds before they are put on the experimental diet.

IV. Weight monitoring in every week

V. Live weight after the experiment

DATA COLLECTION

At the end of the experiment, 10 birds from each replicate will be selected for carcass analysis on the basis of these parameters;

I. Dressing percentage

II. Gizzard weight

III. Shank length

IV. Weight of intestines

V. Wing weight

VI. Drum stick weight

VII.Thigh weight

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The data collected on these parameters will be subjected to;

I. Analysis of variance (Anova)

II. Test of significance(LSD test)

DATA ANALYSIS

The results will report on the performance of broilers fed with alkaline- treated sorghum spent grain inclusion diet and the control diet.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The following would be achieved or known after the research;

I. To get a broiler feed that is low in cost but not detrimental to their growth.

II. To find alkaline- treated SSG inclusion levels in diets with high intake level and high feed conversion efficiency

III. To obtain percentage of alkaline treated pito mash that should be added to broiler feed for good performance.

EXPECTED OUTCOME

ACTIVITY SEPTEMBER OCTOBER NOVEMBER DECEMBER JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH

LIT.REVIEW

BIRDS REARING

DATA COLLECTION

DATA SCREANING

DATA ANALYSIS

REPORT WRITING

REPORT EDITTING & SUBMISSION

RESEARCH SCHEDULE

ITEMS QUANTITY UNITPRICE ESTIMATE

Birds (D.O.C) 240 2.50 600.00

Soya bean meal 3 105.00 315.00

Maize 3 60.00 240.00

Fish meal 2 160.00 320.00

Salt 20 0.50 10.00

Methionine lysine 5 14.00 70.00

Oyster shells 2 11.00 22.00

Broiler premix 5 8.00 40.00

Pito mash 3 20.00 60.00

Coccidiostat 1 1 55.00 55.00

Coccidiostat 2 1 52.00 52.00

Antibiotics 1 48.00 48.00

Broiler vitamins 5 38.00 190.00

Wheat bran 5 12.00 60.00

GRAND TOTAL 2,082

3.6.RESEARCH BUDGET

Estimation of returns;

200 birds will be sold out of 240 The least weight gain per bird after the 10 weeks is expected to be

1.5kg If 1kg= GHC 10Then 1.5 × 10= GHC 15Therefore 200 birds × GHC15=GHC 3,000

EXPECTED RETURNS /INCOME

THE END