adm e-zine issue 2 - advanced diver magazine · 2009-04-06 · secrets of the seahorse...

Secrets ofthe Seahorse

WashingtonsHood Canal

The Curse ofLake Erie

CCR Cave Summit

Hammerhead CCR

Diving into theMetric System

Wakatobi Indonesia

USS SaufleyKey West

Secrets ofthe Seahorse

WashingtonsHood Canal

The Curse ofLake Erie

CCR Cave Summit

Hammerhead CCR


Wakatobi Indonesia

USS SaufleyKey West

Issue 2 bull January 2008

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Secrets of the Seahorseby David Harasti

Testing the WatersWashingtons Hood Canalby John Rawlings

The Curse of Lake Erieby Vlada Dekina

CCR Cave SummitThe Future of CaveExploration is Hereby Jeff Toorish

Hammerhead CCRby Kevin Juergensen and JakubRehacek

Rebreather World2007 Awards

by Jeff Toorish


by John Janzen

Wakatobi Indonesiaby Cass Lawson

USS Saufley DD-465by Barry Lawson Scott Macleanand Bert Wilcher

Cover

Brett Hemphill exploresdeep into a Florida CaveCCR Cave Summit bringstogether serious ques-tions about the use ofrebreathers in a cave andspecific rules for safety

Photo by Curt Bowen

Publisher Curt BowenCo-Publisher Linda Bowen

Copy Editor Victoria LeighChief Staff Writer John RawlingsWeb Master Jakub RehacekPhotojournalist Jeff ToorishTrike Master Savannah Bowen

ADM Staff PhotojournalistMel Clark bull Richard HarrisTom Isgar bull John RawlingsTamara Thomsen

Contributing Writers PhotographersKeith Ambrose Thaddius Bedford Leigh BishopJoseph Dovala Erik Foreman Jill HeinerthBrett Hemphill Dr Thomas Iliffe Brian KakukCass Lawson Jim Rozzi Wes SkilesDr Bruce Wienke

Editorial Contributors amp Dive AssistantsJack amp Karen Bowen bull Vlada DekinaRich amp Doris Chupak bull David HarastiKevin Juergensen bull Barry LawsonScott Maclean bull Kim SmithCharlie Tulip bull Bert Wilcher

Contact Information

Write Advanced Diver Magazine327 Snapdragon LoopBradenton FL 34212 USA

Phone 941-748-3483 (DIVE)E-Mail AdvDvrMaggmailcom

ADM Hard Copy Subscription Rates$2500 (4 issues) bull $5000 (8 issues) bull $7500 (12 issues)

Canada and Mexico add $25yr samphOther foreign add $3500yr samph

To Subscribe visit ADM On-Line atwwwAdvancedDiverMagazinecom

The reproduction in whole or in part of any of thecontents of Advanced Diver Magazine is expressly

forbidden without the written permission of thePublisher Opinions expressed herein are those of

the authors and do not necessarily represent those ofthe Publisher Advanced Diver Magazine and theauthors respectively accept no responsibility or

liability for any errors omissions or alterations or forany consequences ensuing upon the use of or

reliance upon any information contained hereinDiving involves increased risk of injury or death if not

carried out by suitably qualified divers who haveundertaken the proper training via an authorized

training agency

W A R N I N G

ADM E-Zine FEATURES

74

65

55

52

45

36

20

13

9

Publishers Notes

Thinking back to when I first got into deep diving everything was completely different than it istoday It was over twenty years ago and we didnrsquot have rebreathers available or trimix computersor oxygen analyzers not even nitrox Air was it mdash and it came in steel 72rsquos aluminum 80rsquos or if youwere lucky heavy 104rsquos

And those were the days as some might remember when the dive master course tookmonths of helping with classes working in the shop for free filling tanks and carrying gearfrom dive boats beach dives etchellip I was trying to get my dive master and helping out in thelocal dive shop when one afternoon a new customer wandered in

I was going over my PADI dive tables but stopped to help him and to listen He wastalking crazy stuff about going to 200 feet in some hole in the ground that was filled withwater and located just north of Tampa

As I filled his double 80rsquos with air he turned and asked me whether I wanted to tag along I wasoff the next day so I said sure but I didnrsquot own a set of doubles or know how to use them Noproblem he told me Wersquoll just band another aluminum 80 beside the single on your back with somelong hose clamps from the local hardware store

Early the next morning we headed north to a secluded hole in the ground surrounded by largeFlorida oaks It was called Wardrsquos Sink Using my standard open water BCD we banded a secondaluminum 80 onto its left side and attached a separate regulator I added about eight pounds ofweight on my right side to offset the weight of the extra 80 on my left and into the water we went

Holding a single Pelican light we dropped into the round shaft and deeper into the ground At adepth of 120 feet deeper than I had ever been before we landed on top of a silt mound containingone large oak tree that was lying on its side With the small light beaming off into the darkness Ifollowed my new dive buddy down the sloping silt mound 150 160 170 180hellipthen the wall cameinto view and we landed in a cloud of silt right at 200 feet With my bubbles sounding like windchimes I stared wide-eyed as he showed me his fancy Aladdin dive computer 202 feet Returning tothe surface he made me do these strange things called decompression stops that the computerdirected us to do

Charlie Tulip was the name of the wildguy who ventured into the shop that day andenticed me into my first deep dive A lot ofyears followed that memorable day andCharlie and I would venture into many cavesreefs and even deep Lake Superior ship-wrecks If it were not for Charlie introducingme to deep diving most likely you would notbe reading this publisherrsquos note

Charlie passed away on the morning ofDecember 27th 2007

With the soft tones of a lone buglewhispering the call of Taps we bid a finalfarewell to our friend Charlie Tulip He willbe missed by the many whose lives hetouched and changed

May he rest in peace

Curt Bowen

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There are many divers in New South Wales who havebeen fortunate enough to venture below the watersof Port Stephens or Sydney Harbour and encounter

one of the oceanrsquos shyest and most elusive animalshellipthe seahorse

Seahorses are bizarre and fascinating little marinecreatures that belong to a family called lsquoSyngnathidaersquowhich includes seahorses pipefish seadragons andpipehorses They are known to occur throughout theoceans of the world (except in the coldest seas) and canbe found living in various habitats including seagrassmeadows sponge gardens and coral reefs They areclosely related to ghost pipefish (Solenostomidae) andsea moths (Pegasidae) and all seahorses belong to theone genus Hippocampus which is derived from theGreek words lsquohipposrsquo (meaning horse) and lsquocampusrsquo(meaning sea monster) Most species are found in shallowcoastal habitats (less than 20 metres) but some speciesare known to occur in water depths of up to 150 metres

There is considerable conjecture over the number ofseahorses that are found worldwide with ProjectSeahorse recognising 33 species in A Guide to theIdentification of Seahorses (2004) whilst Rudie Kuiter inhis Comprehensive Guide to Syngnathiformes (2006)indicates that there are at least 60 different speciesworldwide and the total figure could be higher than 100The largest seahorse is considered to be the AustralianPot Belly Seahorse (Hippocampus abdominalis) that canbe found on the protective swimming nets in SydneyHarbour whilst the smallest is the Pygmy Seahorse(Hippocampus denise) that lives on gorgonian fans in thetropics However there may be even smaller seahorsesyet to be discovered as indicated by a new undescribedspecies recently found in Indonesia and Papua NewGuinea Commonly referred to as the Pontohrsquos Seahorseit is incredibly small and proves to be very hard tophotograph

Text and Photography by David Harasti

ADM E-ZINE ISSUE 2 bull 9

Seahorse habitats are among the most threatened inthe world More than 25 million dead and live seahorsesare traded globally on an annual basis with around 95of these being used in traditional medicines aquariumand the souvenir trade make up the rest In areas suchas Vietnam Indonesia and the Philippines populationsof seahorses have noticeably declined To help minimisethe decline in seahorse populations all species ofseahorses (Genus Hippocampus) were protected underCITES (Convention on International Trade in EndangeredSpecies) in May 2004 Listing means that exportingcountries need to ensure that trade does not threatenwild populations of seahorses Consideration is beinggiven to list all species in the syngnathid family on CITESto ensure the trade of pipefish and pipehorses is eco-logically sustainable

There are at least 31 syngnathids (7 seahorses) andfour solenostomids (ghost pipefish) species known toexist in NSW waters Two of these species the Whitersquosseahorse (Hippocampus whitei) and the pygmypipehorse (Idiotropiseis lumnitzeri) are considered to beendemic to NSW (meaning they are only known to occurin NSW waters) Australia has taken several measures toprotect seahorse populations with protection beingafforded in New South Wales Victoria South AustraliaTasmania and Commonwealth waters All species in theSyngnathidae family became protected in New SouthWales in July 2004 and it is illegal to take them from thewild or possess any of the species in the Syngnathidaefamily Therefore if a diver notices an activity occurringwith seahorses being taken from the wild they shouldreport it immediately to NSW DPI-Fisheries

Seahorses are a very unique species as unlike therest of the animal kingdom it is actually the maleseahorse that becomes pregnant carrying eggs in apouch-like opening The female deposits her eggs intothe malersquos pouch the eggs are then fertilised by hissperm In seahorses pregnancy lasts from two weeks toone month and the male can then give birth to upwardsof 150 babies The babies are left to fend for them-selves after birth the adults provide no parental care

In Port Stephens and Sydney Harbour the mostcommon seahorse that can be found is the WhitersquosSeahorse (Hippocampus whitei) This shy and elusiveanimal likes to live in the sponge gardens and seagrassesof the Port and is currently being studied by DavidHarasti from Project Seahorse and the University ofNewcastle as part of his PhD research His study iscurrently in its second year he is examining the habitatpreferences of the seahorse and assessing the effective-ness of marine protected areas for seahorse conservation

In March 2007 David discovered the ThornySeahorse (Hippocampus histrix) which was the firstconfirmed sighting of this tropical seahorse in Australianwaters ndash a very unusual discovery as this species isgenerally found in the Philippines and Indonesia TheAustralian Pot Belly seahorse (Hippocampus

10 bull ADM E-ZINE ISSUE 2

abdominalis) has also been sighted during the seahorsesurveys therefore at least three species of seahorsesare known to occur within Port Stephens

Additional elements to the seahorse researchproject include mark-recapture analysis by the taggingof seahorses the role of artificial structures as seahorsehabitat and the potential for releasing captive-bredanimals into the wild The tagging involves injectingthree small coloured fluorescent implants (elastomer)into different sections of the seahorse that can be easilyseen by a diver These small tags are fluorescent andare usually pink yellow orange or green in colour

As of June 2006 over 400 seahorses and 50+pipefish have been individually tagged in PortStephens It is believed that the population of Hippoc-ampus whitei within Port Stephens is much greater thanoriginally thought with initial mark-recapture estimatesindicating that one of the dive sites could have as manyas 1500 animals

Over the past eight months research has also beenconducted on the protective swimming enclosure atManly (located between the ferry wharf and OceanworldManly) Over 130 Hippocampus whitei have been taggedat this site and surveys are conducted each month toexamine growth rates seahorse movements andpopulation size This work will hopefully assist ManlyCouncil with their management of the net particularly inregards to net cleaning methods to minimise the impacton the seahorse population

If divers are interested they can assist with theseahorse research by taking photos of any of the taggedanimals within Port Stephens or Sydney Harbour andrecording the date location depth and water tempDonrsquot forget that both sides of the tagged seahorsemust be photographed as all three tags must be seen todetermine the individual identity

This seahorse research has been supported with fundingfrom the Sydney Aquarium Conservation Foundation andthe University of Newcastle and assistance has alsobeen kindly provided by Ikelite and Mares throughprovision of equipment For further information onseahorses and associated research or on marine life ofNew South Wales visit wwwdaveharasticom

In April 1791 CaptainGeorge Vancouver sailedfrom Falmouth Englandwith an expedition welloutfitted and equipped withthe finest scientific instru-ments available His crew ofapproximately 150 men washandpicked His flagship

the Discovery was asloop of war of some

340 tons She wasnamed after the shipon which Vancouverhad accompaniedthe famous Captain

James Cook on hislast voyage of explo-

ration Both captain andcrew hoped for discover-

ies that would rival thoseof the great Cook The

British Admiralty remainedhopeful that the fabled

ldquoNorthwest Passagerdquo existedand Captain Vancouver was

instructed to make an extensiveexploration of the Pacific Coast of

North America during his voyageparticularly searching for evidence of

any river or passage that might connectthe Pacific and Atlantic Oceans

Text and Photography byADM Photojournalist

John Rawlings

A Long-Mouthed Aeolid Nudibranch Flabellina trophinaslowly glides down a wall in Washingtonrsquos Hood Canal

searching for hydroids its favorite prey Found in the watersof Alaska southward to Oregon this species of nudibranchcan often suddenly appear in their hundreds at a particular

location only to disappear as abruptly as they came


In April 1792 the Discovery entered the Strait ofJuan de Fuca excitement building on board at thethought that the entrance to such a passage might befound the further eastward they sailed In mid-May anentrance to a long narrow body of water that wasalmost fjord-like was discovered The formation of thisnarrow body of water began over three million yearsago and its current ldquofishhookrdquo shape was created byglaciers around 15000 years ago This narrow body ofwater is 61 miles long and has 242 miles ofshorelinehellipsmall wonder that it initially caught theattention of Vancouver and his crew

ldquoEarly on Sunday morning the 13th we againembarked directing our route down the inlet whichafter the Right Honorable Lord Hood I called HoodrsquosChannelhelliprdquo Log entry HMS Discovery May 13 1792

Their initial exploration showed that the ldquochannelrdquojutted southwestward It was clearly not the greatentrance they sought and the expedition turned backnortheastward in their quest Interestingly though he

referred to it as a ldquochannelrdquo in his log CaptainVancouver labeled it as a ldquocanalrdquo on the superb chartsbeing created as part of the expedition of discovery andldquoHood Canalrdquo it remains to this day Hood Canal itselfwould remain a backwater of international events notseeing much activity at all compared to other areasexplored by Discovery and her crew

Today Hood Canal is welcoming another group ofexplorers They are researchers and divers with a deepand abiding love for the body of water now knownfondly as ldquothe Hoodrdquo The discoveries they seek todayhowever are not new lands to be claimed but answers toa perplexing scientific problem Periodically parts of theCanal will literally ldquochokerdquo due to a lack of oxygenResearchers from the University of Washington andother state and tribal agencies have joined hands withselect teams of volunteer divers to gather data fromspecific locations within Hood Canal that have beenparticularly effected by the lower oxygen level phenom-ena Human populations have grown dramatically aroundHood Canal since the days of George Vancouver and it has

Itrsquos extended dorsel spines clearly show-ing how it came by its common name aQuillback Rockfish Sebastes maligerprepares itself to quickly dart away fromme as I approach Seconds after thisphoto was taken only a cloud of siltremained One of the more common ofthe Rockfish species found in Puget Soundand Hood Canal the Quillback prefersrocky reefs and crevices for habitat but isalso commonly found on wrecks as well


become an area popular for waterfront vacation homesboating and fishing as well as being home to the Bangornuclear submarine base It would be a simple thing merelyto trumpet that the cause of oxygen depletion is due solelyto the encroachment of humans in the ecosystem butthere is far more to the problem than that Reports of ldquofishkillsrdquo in the Canal go back well over a hundred years longbefore the advent of increased population and intenserecreational and military use While human activity surelymust play a role other extremely significant factors arealso at play here

The average width of Hood Canal is only a mile anda half its narrowest point being only half a mile wideand its widest being around four miles The Canalrsquosdeepest depths exceed 600 feet and average 500 feetin the central channel for much of its length A vast ldquosillrdquoexists at the entrance of Hood Canal The entrance toHood Canal is relatively shallow only around about 150FSW Immediately south of the entrance it suddenlybecomes very deep between 500 and 600 FSW Thissituation at the entrance creates a condition thatprevents efficient water exchange seasonally or withchanging tides Instead this physical ldquosillrdquo at theentrance tends to retain the water and estimates ofcomplete water exchange rates are speculated to be inthe range of years This natural situation not only slowsthe flushing action of the Canal it also negativelyimpacts deep water circulation This situationcauses Hood Canal to flush extremely slowlytaking around six months to complete the

flushing process This is one of the factors that havecaused historic chronically low levels of oxygen asituation that worsens with distance from the mouth tothe head of Hood Canal

Something as ordinary as the wind can also play asignificant role in the lowered levels of oxygen withinparts of Hood Canal Research indicates that oxygendepletion may be partially due to simple changes in winddirection The prevailing north wind generally pushesoxygenated water into the oxygen-depleted areas of theCanal A sustained south wind can in turn cut off thissource of oxygen An extremely visible type of oxygenstress is the sudden appearance of dead fish and othermarine life on beaches Such ldquofish kill eventsrdquo have beenhistorically recorded in Hood Canal and have beenrecently recorded in 2002 2003 2004 and 2006 Whilethese events have been relatively localized and theseverity of them has varied they typically occur in thelate summer and fall They are associated with an

An extremely abundant creature inHood Canal a ldquoSquat Lobsterrdquo

Munida quadrispina peers out at mycamera lens from its hole Not really aldquolobsterrdquo this species is a member ofthe Galatheid crab family and can be

found ranging from Sitka Alaska inthe North down to Baja California in

the South - often in populations ofhigh density


upwelling of deep low-oxygen water to the surface Suchan upwelling can be gradual due to the addition ofnewer denser ocean water at depth or it can beextremely rapid due to southerly winds that push surfacelayers northwards resulting in the upwelling of deeperwaters In fact most of the recent fish kills were docu-mented with a period of southerly winds immediatelyfollowing a period of northerly winds There has beensome speculation that such fish kills may even be part ofa natural 50-year cycle of oxygen levels in the Canalsince there is historical documentation of such events inthe past

The waters of Hood Canal can also be highly strati-fied in terms of temperature and salinity upper layersoften having dramatically different temperature andsalinity levels than those of deeper levels Such greatlystratified water resists efficient mixing further contrib-uting to the oxygen depletion problem in parts of theCanal In a nutshell the waters of Hood Canal are deepstratified and exchange extremely slowlynone ofwhich are good things for a marine environment experi-encing a steadily increasing impact from human popula-tions

Increased human population bringing with itldquonormalrdquo run-off from homes business and populationcenters causes increased levels of nutrients such asseptic and sewer contaminants salmon carcasses fromfish hatcheries herbicides and fertilizers in the CanalSuch increases in nutrients in areas of poor waterexchange can lead to massive algal blooms and hugeincreases in bacteria populations leading to plunginglevels of oxygen at local sites This is particularly thecase in the southern reaches of Hood Canal where thereis normally such poor exchange The human impact tothe naturally ldquopoorly-flushedrdquo waters of Hood Canal isthus probably also a significant factor in oxygen deple-tion events over recent years

A favorite fish species for divers in the PacificNorthwest a Grunt Sculpin Rhamphocottusrichardsonii appears to rdquowalkrdquo along the bottomusing its tiny pectoral fins Only a few inches long atmost this sculpin has evolved so that its faceresembles a closed giant acorn barnacle while its tailresembles the feeding tendrils of an open barnacleThis enables this tiny fish to hide inside a desertedbarnacle shell with either its face or tail extended -perfectly camouflaged


The Hood Canal Dissolved Oxygen Program(HCDOP) wwwhoodcanalwashingtonedu wasformed as a coalition of groups jointly conductingresearch in an effort to determine the reasons whyoxygen levels are so persistently low in Hood Canaland whether human activities are a significant contrib-uting factor to that depletion Funding for the study isprimarily federal with additional funds and resourcesbeing made available from local tribes WashingtonState and private sources

In June of 2007 it was my honor and privilege todive with a few of those ldquoprivate sourcesrdquo After anearly morning ferry ride and a long drive into thewoods of the Olympia Peninsula I found myself turningdown a one-lane road toward the waters of HoodCanal and a beautiful little marina appropriately namedPleasant Harbor It was there that I was to meet theteam ndash a dedicated group of divers donating their timeand skills to gather long-term data for the scientistsand researchers of HCDOP Most government agenciesdonrsquot have the training or the resources to fieldteams of trained divers andvolunteers have steppedforward to fill that gap Theprogram known as theHood Canal Diver Observa-

tion program (also called HCDOP)wwwhoodcanalwashingtoneduobservationsdiver_observationsjsp has an established goal todocument the behavior and distribution of marine life asdissolved oxygen levels change at specific locations withinHood Canal during the year The diver observationprogram provides a conduit for the teamsrsquo observationsof marine life impacts to be systematically collectedcompiled and shared with the several scientific andgovernmental agencies attempting to understand thecomplex issues faced in Hood Canal The data collectedby the volunteer dive teams is used to track changes inmarine populations over time ndash in terms of population

A juvenile Swimming Anemone Stomphia didemonextends its tentacles into the current As an adult this

species is a glowing bright orange with distinctivestripes on the tentacles In this photo a few of the

orange stripes are just beginning to appear Alsoknown as the ldquoCowardly Anemonerdquo this anemone can

detach itself from the bottom as an escapemechanism and by contracting each side

of its column can literally ldquoswimrdquoaway from predators The

Swimming Anemoneis extremely

common in HoodCanal and

throughoutmuch of the

PacificNorthwest


density and abundance depth and stress levels Collectedon an established time frame over an extended periodsuch data will be used to show both trends in abundance ofvarious species as well as depth distributions and howsuch trends may correspond with the dissolved oxygenlevels in Hood Canal throughout the year

The Diver Observation Program is coordinated byJanna Nichols an extraordinarily active board member ofthe Washington Scuba Alliance wwwwascubaorg wholeads each trip and is literally the ldquoheart and soulrdquo behindthe project On the day that I was to dive with them otherteam members on hand were Phil Green Jackie DeHavenTy Hillebrand and Sarah Hillebrand all well trained byJanna in fish and invertebrate marine identification andbriefed on the specific methods to be utilized in thegathering of data Local dive charter operators Don andDiane Coleman of Pacific Adventureswwwpacadventurecom have donated both the use oftheir dive boat Down Time and their time for the on-goingproject ensuring that Janna and her teams have high-quality surface support I have been struck by the enthusi-asm and professionalism of everyone associated with thisendeavor and the Colemans are no exception to this

For the sake of accuracy the methodology utilized forthe HCDOP dives does not vary and each dive teamfollows a strict regimen Marine life is observed anddocumented within four different and specific depth zonesUpon entering the water each team immediately descendsto 80 FSW and will begin surveying at that depth Depthsare adjusted based on current tidal heights so that eachteam begins the dive at the same depthlocation as eachprevious team over time Each diver within the team thendocuments marine life observed within a three-foot wideswath directly in front of himher as the team ascendsthrough each zone which are established as

80 FSW ndash 60 FSW Zone 460 FSW ndash 50 FSW Sub-Zone 3B50 FSW ndash 40 FSW Sub-Zone 3A40 FSW ndash 20 FSW Zone 220 FSW ndash Surface Zone 1

Each diver is equipped with a pre-printed slate fornumeric and anecdotal documentation of observed fish andinvertebrate numbers Additionally each team carries atleast one camera to accurately document any anomaliesnoted ndash particularly if irregular behavior or stressed animals

A tiny juvenile Giant Sea Cucumber Parastichopuscalifornicus clings to a silty wall in Hood

Canal Though this photo shows a small one only afew inches long adults can reach up to 20 inches in

length and the color variations can seem almostinfinite This is another seemingly ldquolethargicrdquo

species but when threatened by a predator such asthe Sunflower Star the Giant Sea Cucumber can

quickly writhe back and forth as an escape mecha-nism Divers watching this predatorprey interaction

for the first time are often stunned


observed Notes are also to be made of additional speciessighted that are not included on the master list and anyother unusual sightings or developments noted during thedive Upon surfacing each team correlates their data andprepares it for submittal Definitely mission-oriented andNOT your typical ldquoletrsquos get wetrdquo kind of a dive The teamwas both serious and enthusiastichellipand it was infectious Ifound myself grinning in anticipation of dives that wouldbe both enjoyable AND scientifically important

My buddy for the dive would be Jackie DeHaven avivacious school teacher with hundreds of cold-water divesto her credit Together with Team Leader Janna Nicholsand Phil Green we would be the first group to enter thewater It felt good to dive with a team in which you can feela strong sense of dedication and purpose Striding off thestern of Down Time I felt the blast of cold water on myface as the dive commenced and the team slowly sank intothe rich emerald depths of Hood Canal I was the tag-alonga rather large appendage whose sole assignmentwas to take photos of the team doing their job

Freed of any requirements other than my own creativ-ity once the team reached the established depth andbegan surveying I flitted around them like a rather largebee snapping photos of the divers as they concentrateddeeply on the tiny little portion of the rocky wall directly infront of their mask face-plates After avery short while I realized that sofar as they were concerned Iwasnrsquot even there sodevoted to the taskwere they Moving inunison almost gla-cially up the under-water slope of thewall shoulder-to-

shoulder the team made note of anything thatswam crawled or skittered down a hole theirpencils darting up and down and their slates gradu-ally filling with data These people really know whatthey are doing and whyhellipI felt like a bit of a punk

Upon surfacing once again it was all business ndasheach team member transferring the data from theslates onto permanent log sheets and discussingany anomalies noted during the dive or unusualspecies that might have been noted Captain DonColeman turned Down Time toward the next desig-nated survey site and the second dive team begandonning their gear in anticipation of descending todo their part I stood and watched as the forestedshoreline of Hood Canal swept past and mused tomyself about how satisfying the day had been ndashldquoSomething worth doing is being done herehelliprdquo

During the dive I didnrsquot see anything amazing interms of rare specieshellipno dramatic evidence orscenes of the impact of oxygen depletionhellipbut I didsee a solid team of volunteers doing a behind-the-scenes job that few people know or even careabout The task they have taken on is one that willmake a huge difference in the scientific understand-ing of the challenges faced by a body of water thatthey dearly love ndash ldquothe Hoodrdquo


Text and Photography by Vlada Dekina

My first Great Lakes pictures were taken in Lake Erie The schoonerGeorge Finnie had just been discovered (or re-discovered as isoften the case with Great Lakes wrecks) in the spring of 2002

when I got to dive her with my then brand new Sea amp Sea camera with asingle strobe The pictures from that dive came out somewhat decent for afirst attempt at shooting a Great Lakes wreck (meaning one could actuallysee the pieces of wreck as opposed to the storm of backscatter) and I wasconvinced I would have a great Lake Erie collection in no time Little did Iknow but apparently that early success was beginnerrsquos luck

Over the next few years numerous dives in Lake Erie produced noadditions to my web site as I have experienced every single camera prob-lem known to an underwater photographer but one Diving without a rollof film or a card loaded in the camera Check I still remember the sinkingfeeling as I made that discovery well into the dive when it was too late togo back I would not even try to describe the emotions after discoveringthat the lens cap on my Nikonos was still on my lens while hanging on along deco stop after a great dive Or what was a great dive until I noticedthe cap I will not tell how many times that happened either At leastshooting a roll of beautifully exposed pictures that were all precisely out offocus did not spoil the dive right away Non-working strobes flooded synccords and other lighting issues spoiled a few more dives as ambient lightshooting is all but impossible in darker lakes such as Erie and Ontario sincethere is very little ambient light below 150 ft (45 m)

Given the camera problems on every Lake Erie dive I made between2002 and 2006 I was beginning to believe that some sort of Lake Erie cursewas hanging over me How else would one explain the fact that most ofthese problems only happened at Erie while my collection of wrecks fromthe other four Great Lakes was growing nicely Almost ready to give up onLake Erie I decided to give it one more try when a buddy and I wereinvited to shoot a newly re-discovered wreck now known as ldquoUnknown Crdquo

ldquoRerdquo in front of ldquodiscoveredrdquo for a Great Lakes wreck means that thelocation was discovered and forgotten a few times since that particularwreckrsquos sinking Unknown C or Brig C as she is also called was supposedlydiscovered in the 1970rsquos then forgotten about discovered for a secondtime 10 years ago forgotten once more and discovered again in 2006 byJim Herbert of Osprey Charters



Rediscovered or not she was a virgin wreck forme Not seen in years there were no pictures ofher Remembering my past issues the camera gotchecked more times than a space shuttle before themission Everything was working perfectly on thesurface Until I decided to shoot RAW on that diveSomehow a combination of slower card olderbattery and the very cold water resulted in ex-tremely slow recording times and no preview I onlymanaged about 15 shots on an hour-long diveFifteen was vastly better than none though Itmeant that years after the Finnie shots were taken Ifinally had the pictures of another Lake Erie wreckand a virgin one at that

I wish I knew more about her but the identity ofBrig C remains unknown The number of deadeyeson the railing next to the mast was unusually large(eight in a row I believe) giving rise to a speculationthat she was a brig as opposed to a more typicalschooner type

Unlike lost forgotten and re-discovered Brig Cthe 220 ft (67 m) long George Whelan was a newdiscovery at the very end of the 2005 season Shesank in 1930 in a squall that first caused her to listto one side and then roll completely upside downbefore sinking I got to dive her in 2006 and couldbarely believe it when I experienced absolutely noproblems on that dive Too bad there was not muchto shoot on the outside as Whelan was one of thoseupside down wrecks that are much more interestingon the inside where I am yet to go with the cameraI did enjoy shooting her huge prop and the rudderand looking at the silt dunes that accumulated on


the lakebed near the stern area The lifeboat half buried in silt was a silent reminder that only seven peopleof her crew of twenty-two survived the sinking

With Whelan and Brig C added to my collection in 2006 I was looking forward to 2007 with a mixture ofanticipation and trepidation Would it be back to business as usual (lots of dives and no pictures) or was myluck about to change Well with four and a half wrecks added to the Erie page so far it would appear that mystreak of bad luck had finally ended

While a vast majority of my previous Erie dives were to wrecks in technical depths all the wrecks I visitedthis season were in the100 to 130 ft (30 to 40 m) range as I was also getting up to speed on a new rebreatherAlthough not as intact and full of artifacts as their deeper sisters Acme (Propeller) Washington Irving Indi-ana and Dean Richmond all had something to offer

Acme (Propeller) was a 190 ft (58 m) long package freighter with the twin hogging arches that wentalongside the vessel from bow to stern providing structural support Acme apparently was such a popularname that there is another wreck named Acme in Eastern Lake Erie hence the (Propeller) addition Sincesinking in a gale in 1867 Acme has been slowly consumed by the lake and silted out to above the deck levelso that only the arches and the engine remain above the lake bottom Those arches were quite a sight rising adozen feet above the lake floor Almost nothing save a few planks of wood was left of the stern but the bowwas slightly more intact including the large winch Cabins blown off during sinking the engine and boiler weresitting in the open



Washington Irving was a very small 80 ft (24 m) schooner that sank in1860 She was leaning to port and covered by silt so much that only thestarboard side remained above the lake floor The bowsprit was intact andthe masts were still standing albeit on an angle Very nice but a very tinywreck so small that when I swam off the stern it took me a few seconds torealize that I had literally run out of wreck

I would like to revisit Indiana someday An unusual type for the GreatLakes she was a 140 ft (43 m) long three-masted wooden bark She sank in1870 in a storm while carrying a cargo of paving stones Given her heavycargo she must have gone down fast and furious The bow probablyabsorbed most of the impact of meeting the lake bottom and broke prettybadly making the task of determining where the ldquopointy endrdquo was amongthe tangled mess almost impossible

Bow damage aside the rest of the wreck was rather intact withremainders of masts still standing little bilge pump still in place near oneof the masts the cargo of stones in the holds and various rigging detailsand artifacts on top of the railings and on the deck Unlike the bow thestern was in one piece but the rudder was flat on the bottom

My dive on the 253 ft (77m) long steel steamer John J Boland was filledwith anxiety for she was one of those wrecks that I spent the whole diveon with the lens cap still on my lens That discovery was so disturbing I didnot remember the dive itself and was not expecting much


I knew my expectations weregoing to be blown away when Idescended bellow 100ft (30m) to finda beautiful wreck laying on herstarboard side and the visibility sogood I could see almost half of herFor the next half hour I occupiedmyself by taking pictures of the frontsuperstructure with its very invitingbut very narrow doorways spaciouscargo holds with some resident linkcod (local fish) stern structures withthe boat divots still in place and ofcourse her stunning four-bladedpropeller and massive rudder

My favorite Erie wreck thisseason was the Dean Richmond Builtin 1864 four years after WashingtonIrving had sunk she was a 236 ft (72m) long two-screw wooden packageand passenger steamer Loaded withzinc ingots barrels of flour and othergeneral goods she sank in a gale in1893 taking all her crew with herRumors that she was carrying copperor gold that had circulated for yearsafter she was lost were put to restwhen she was located in 1984 and novaluables found One of her propel-lers was salvaged at that time

She landed on the bottomcompletely upside down whichnormally means a pretty boring diveas one travels from rudder and propto the bow Not in this case Whilethe rudder with the remaining propand the bow are definitely worthvisiting there is also a huge debrisfield surrounding this wreck thatcontains some zinc ingots and largepieces of the ship The sides have afew openings inviting one to go andplay inside I have to come back todo exactly that

And I even got to see anothervirgin Erie shipwreck before thisseason was over but the lake didhave the last laugh Having beenblown out once before we did get tothe wreck and my camera wasworking perfectlyhellip except shootingwas all but impossible in 3-6 ft (1-2meter) visibility It looked like thewreck was another very small andlikely previously salvaged schoonerThe best pictures of her were thosefrom the side-scan sonar


Jetsam Technologies manufacturer of the Classic KISS and Sport KISSrebreathers is delighted to announce the results of recent scrubber du-ration testing The testing reinforces our previous beliefs regardinghow long scrubber will remain effective during diving This is great newsfor KISS rebreather divers everywhere

Jetsam Technologies has opted to release all its scrubber durationdata including testing methodology via paid media At JetsamTechnologies we believe it is important for divers to have as muchinformation as possible

Testing was done at ANSTI Test Systems who are based in the UnitedKingdom This independent testing agency utilizing established strictscientific standards tested both the Classic KISS and the Sport KISSrebreathers The criterion below utilizes a constant rate of CO2 whichis well beyond what any human could produce for the duration oftime listed below These tests were conducted in accordance with theEN14143 European CE Standard and utilized Sofnolime 797 grade

When comparing this data with information provided by other rebreathermanufacturers it is important to ensure you are comparing ldquoapples toapplesrdquo It is vital that the durations are based on the same depthtemperature CO2 generation and breathing rate

Why is Jetsam doing this Because we believe all divers should have asmuch information as possible to ensure their safety For more detailedinformation we invite you to visit wwwjetsamca

With a KISS Rebreather you will always know where you stand

Kim Smith DirectorJetsam Technologies LTD

Scrubber Duration Study

Depth(meters)

Temperature(degrees C)

CO2 Generation(litres)

Breathing Rate(litres min)

Duration (min)5 mbar CO2 Point

40m 4 degrees C 16 litres 40 litremin 157 min - 5 mbar CO2

Data for the Classic KISS

Depth(meters)






Data for the Sport KISS



(several sets of data were studied with positive results)

The SOLUS range of underwater lightingproducts are based on High Intensity SolidState Light Engines The advantages of thislight source over current offerings are in-creased efficiency longer burntimes betterlight quality and increased damage resistanceComparable to High Intensity Discharge lampsin performance they are far more robust andhave longer lifespans

SOLUS Submersible Products LTD 15a Kennilworth Park Harolds CrossDublin 6W Ireland Tel+353 (0) 1 406 7456 Email infosspie wwwsspie

ADM Issue 14 Hands 2 Brains by Curt BowenArtifact Preservation - Bones by Curt BowenCave Softly by Shelly OrlowskiThe Death of Technical Diving by Jarrod JablonskiDragons Lair - Crystal Beach Cave by Michael GarmanLiftbag Ops by Curt BowenOne Hand Numbering by Curt BowenPonderosa by Nancy DeRosaRemembering Sheck Exley by Jim BowdenSubmarine Coast by Stephen BradyTerrence Tysall by ADMVienna by Curt Bowen

ADM Issue 2 Additional articles not listedNEST by Joseph KafflXlacahExploration by Jesse ArmantroutTank Marking for Multiple Mixtures by J Jablonski amp G IrvineHydro Atlantic by Curt BowenLake Invaders by Joe RojasBeneath Cloud Mountain by J Bowden amp A KristovichTruk by A White amp C BowenWorld Record Traverse 14000 feet by ADMEquipment Configuration by ADMNorthern Lights - Key Largo Florida by ADMDrift Decompression by Curt Bowen

ADM Issue 3 Additional articles not listedSidemount Diving by Lamar HiresGrand Cayman Carrie Lee Wreck by ADMOxygen Enriched Trimix by ADMHID High Intensity Discharge by Curt BowenMethox by ADMHalcyon Rebreather by Curt BowenFantastico by K Sweeney amp J RozziS-16 WWI US Submarine by James RozziSabak-Ha by Andreas MatthesExtreme Depth by B Vestol amp J BowdenAdvanced Nitrox Dive Planning by Curt BowenLake Eriersquos Mystery X Schooner by Chris LaughreyDNAx Denitrogenated Air by ADM

ADM Issue 4 Additional articles not listedIn Search of New Life by Curt BowenCis-Lunar Rebreather by Richard R NordstromCenotes of the Riviera Maya by Steve GerrardScientific Diving by Joe RojasGUE - Britannic Expedition by Anthony RueArtifact Preservation - IRON by Andrew WhiteDuane amp Bibb - Key Largo Florida by C Williams amp L BowenCannon Ball Cave by Joe RojasRGBM Deep Stop Modeling by T OrsquoLeary amp B WienkeCave Survey Techniques by Curt BowenCave Diving Group - John S Buxton by Jim RozziWes Skiles - Capturing Nature by Wes SkilesSurvival at Sea by Andrew White

ADM Issue 5 Additional articles not listedAntarctica by Henrik LovendahlArrested for Shipwreck Diving by ADMBeneath the Top of the World by Dr Brett CormickDaniel J Morrell Lake Huron by Richard J ReichenbacherLarry Curtis Photography by Larry CurtisLost Mines of Wisconsin by T Ebert amp K MeverdenBack Mount Side Mount by Brett HemphilRecreational Wrecker by Ed DilgerRGBM Full Up Phase Tables by B Wienke and T OrsquoLearySilver Bank Humpback Whale by Curt Bowen amp Wes SkilesYonaguni Pre-Ice Age Temple by Gary Hagland

ADM Issue 6 Additional articles not listedSteven J Auer Cave Photography by ADMBeacon Woods Cave Exploration by Tony HyattDiving into the Kauhako Crater Lake by Michael GarmanDzonote Maya by Curt BowenADM Gas Fill Charts by ADMGUE Global Underwater Explorers by Tina RheaJourney Beneath Jurassic Park by MSalvarezzaLowrance Pompano Beach Florida by Curt BowenFeatured Photographer William M MercadanteNeon Photography by ADMThe Pit Sistema Dos Ojos by Jill HeinerthRESOR New Jersey Shipwreck by ADM

ADM Issue 7 Additional articles not listedAltitude Diving by Bruce WeinkeBonito Brazil by Curt BowenInto the Abyss by Jeffrey BozanicJungle Mix Gaining Access by Curt BowenStraits of Mackinac by ADMOxygen Mathematical Computations by Dr Bruce WienkeRoatan Honduras by ADMRoatan Express by Rusty FarstUSS Saufley DD-465 by BLawsonSouthern California by Michael KaneFeatured photographer - Steve May by ADMU-352 Class VII-C German Submarine by Jeff BarrisLake Huronrsquos Elusive Wexford by Steve Lewis

ADM Issue 8 Additional articles not listedLake Eriersquos Schooner CB Benson by Georgann WachterStolt Dagali - Manasquan New Jersy by Jeff BarrisDive Planning by Eric FineDzonot-Ila by Roberto HashimotoThe Furtive Frogfish by Tom IsgarHole in the Wall by Varesha IvesReturn to the Ice Queenrsquos Palace by Brian KakukMedical Concerns for the Tech Diver by Bruce WienkeOXFORD - Lake Erie by Mike WachterBrett Seymour - PhotographyGulf of Mexico Oil Rig Diving by Michael SalvarezzaContinous Nitrox - Trimix Blending by Bart BajorkmanWarm Mineral Springs by Curt Bowen

ADM Issue 9 Additional articles not listedDeep Into the Abyss by Joel SilversteinUSS Algol - New Jersy by Jeff BarrisArmadillo - Side Mount Rig by Brett HemphillExpedition Bacalar by Linda BowenCUBA - Liveaboard Oceanus by Rusty FarstDiamond Knot Wreck by John RawlingsJungle Mix II - The Ascent by Linda BowenMS Rhein - Dry Tortugas Florida by Michael BarnettePipefish by Tom IsgarWilliam Dooley - Featured photographer by ADMYonaguni - The Stage by Gary HaglandWhere White Sharks Fly by Chris FallowsIn Search of Virgins - Yucatan 2001 by Curt Bowen

ADM Issue 10 Additional articles not listedExploration Beyond the Sump by Jason RichardsReduced Gradient Bubble Model by Bruce WienkeCave Diving and Conservation by Jeffrey BozanicCoral Sea Trio by Bob HalsteadWild Dolphin Filming Expedition by Dan MaloneCities Service Empire by Mark ZurlLooking Deeper into the Florida Keys by Michael C BarnetteOxygen Clean is a Myth by Bart BjorkmanSpeleo Plongee by Jon BojarPacific Northwest Photographer by ADMRMS Oregon by Jeff BarrisSide Scan Sonar by Curt BowenSilty Secrets by Jitka Hyniova

To order back issues of Advanced Diver Magazine in either a printed magazine format oras a downloadable PDF go to

wwwAdvancedDiverMagazinecom

ADM Issue 11 Additional articles not listedAngelita QRoo H2S by Curt BowenBikini Atoll by Jeffrey BozanicJohn J Boland - Lake Erie by Jeff BarrisCDG Britainrsquos Cave Diving Group by jon BojarDZIBILCHALTUN Exploration XLACAH by Michael GarmanGiant Pacific Octopus by John RawlingsDeep in Grand Cayman by Leroy McNealHidden Worlds Cenotes by Brain RentonPaddlewheel Wreck by Jim RozziSistema de Paraiso - Cozumel Mexico by Scott CarnahanDiving the Salem Express by John DugganSting of the Scorpionfish by Tom IsgarUSS Wilkes-Barre by Jim Holt

ADM Issue 12 Additional articles not listedUSS Atlanta Revisited by Miria DenlayTulamben Bali by Tom IsgarDeep Stops by Bruce WienkeDornier 24 by Aldo FerrucciWreck of the Eber Ward by Robert UnderhillThe Emerald Sea by John RawlingsUSS Emmons by Gary HaglandFossil Diving on the Cooper River by Curt BowenGalloping Gertie by John RawlingsHigh-Tech Diving in a Low-Tech Era by Rob PolichPozzo Del Merro by Dr Giorgio CaramannaPWLL-y-Cwm by Duncan PriceWings - Tools of the Trade by Scott Carnahan

ADM Issue 13 Additional articles not listedThe Steam Barges of Whitefish Point by Robert UnderhillCanadarsquos Barkley Sound by John RawlingsDeep Helium by Bruce WienkeInterview with Martyn Farr by Jon BojarGavin Newman Photography by ADMIce Island by Jill HeinerthReturn to the Lusitania by Leigh BishopDiving into a 72 Year-Old Mystery by John RawlingsNASIM II by Aldo FerrucciBeacon Woods Waynes World Cave by Beth SomersEndangered Cave - Bermuda by Thomas M IliffeThe Discovery of the SS Keilawarra by Kevin DenlayDiving the Moravian Karst by Jitka Hyniova

ADM Issue 14 Additional articles not listedWolf Eels by John RawlingsNAECO Wreck by Jeff BarrisFiat BR20 Cicogna by Aldo FerrucciKamloops by Rob PolichSeventy Fathoms Deep by Leigh BishopCave Diving for Science by Brian KakukSea Fever - Bahamas Diving Adventure by Curt BowenDeep RGBM by Bruce WienkeSwimming with Arctic Whales by Graham DicksonCH47 Chinook Helicopter by Riccardo MalatestaRancho Cenote Perdido by Sam MeachamLa Paz - Pearl of the Sea of Cortez by John Rawlings

ADM Issue 15 Additional articles not listedArmadillo Sidemount by Curt BowenTony Karacsinyi Photography by ADMBoiling Spring on the Casconade by Tamara ThomsenThe Sydney Project by Samir AlhafithSS Tahoe - The Mile High Challenge by Martin McClellanMegalodon CCR by Curt BowenSt Lawrence River Diving by Jeff BarrisPuget Sound King Crab by John RawlingsJesse Cancelmo Featured Photographer by ADMZero Gravity 30 by Curt BowenGrenada by Tom IsgarGaby Nenadal Featured Photographer by ADMDiscovering Ligpo by Nonoy Tan


wwwAdvancedDiverMagazinecomADM Issue 16 Additional articles not listedIsla de Coco by Jim RozziInspiration CCR by Ron BensonSixgill Shark by John RawlingsDiamond Rock Cave by Eric OskingCruisers for Breakfast by Kevin DenlayB29A Superfortress by Gregg MikolasekDavid Evans Photography by ADMExploration Discovery by Jill HeinerthBianca C by James RozziDissecting a Hammerhead by Jakub RehacekSS Cumberland Expedition by Samir AlhafithFeatured Photorgapher Ziggy Livnat by ADMExuma Cave Expedition by Curt Bowen

ADM Issue 17 Additional articles not listedA Tale of Two Schooners by Robert UnderhillDive the Deep Blue Utila by Tom IsgarDark Images by Richard HarrisIsobaric Counter Diffusion by BR WienkeLand of Clouds by John RawlingsYucatan Expedition 2004 by Curt BowenWreck of Vanlene by John RawlingsCave diving on Merritts Mill Pond by Jitka HyniovaDeep into the Apex of Hell by Curt BowenWreck of the Mairi Bhan by John RawlingsGreat Lakes Graveyard by Tom WilsonIdentity Crisis by Michael C BarnetteWreck of the MS Lubrafol by John Coffey

ADM Issue 18 Additional articles not listedWreck of the Capilano by John RawlingsBonaire by John RawlingsNo Limits - Zero Gravity 40 by Curt BowenBeyond Megadome by Eric OskingSport Kiss Rebreather by Curt BowenWookey to the Max by Duncan PriceWreck of the William Young by Tamara ThomsenFrom Bali to Komoto by Tom IsgarKissing the Lady by Richard HarrisLooking thru the Oxygen Window by BR WienkeDiving the Titanic by Leigh BishopThresher Sharks of Malapascua by Tony KaracsonyiThe Loss of the Holstein by Michael Barnette

ADM Issue 19 Additional articles not listedReturn to the Mystery by John RawlingsSiberiarsquos Frozen Underground by Phill ShortThe Cave ndash The Movie by Jakub RehacekCrocodile Cave by Brian KakukWreck of the John B Osborne by Vlada DekinaWreck of the Carl D Bradley by John JanzenThermal Cave Diving in Hungary by Peter SchneiderThe Scow Ocean Wave by Tamara ThomsenHMS Repulse by Greg DoyleThe Discovery of Sacred Waters by Rusty FarstCCR - SCR Calculations by BR WienkeThe Wreck of the Lakeland by Rob PolichIn Search of Prehistoric Relics by Andreas Kerner

ADM Issue 20 Additional articles not listedExtreme Shooters by Dan MacMahonJewel of Roatan by By John RawlingsPirates Cove Dominican Republic by Jill HeinerthDiving the Dubnik Opal Mines by David CaniAraby Maid by Michael BarnetteRGBM - Nitty Gritty Issues by B Wienke amp T OrsquoLearyThe Vandal amp the Jury by Leigh BishopSt Kitts Diving off the Beaten Path by Cass LawsonSS Wisconsin by Keith MererdenDive Venezuela by Tom IsgarHyenas of the Sea by John RawlingsNautilus Explorer by Cass LawsonKISS Classic Rebreather by Curt Bowen

ADM Issue 21 Additional articles not listedShipwrecks of Crimea by Leigh BishopSS Metropole by David TrotterNewfoundlandrsquos Diving Deversity by Bernie ChowdhuryQueen of Nassau by Curt BowenUSS Curb Wreck by Curt BowenGood Luck comes in Threes by Richard HarrisHIJMS Amagiri by Kevin DenlayDoorway to Bloody Bay Wall by John RawlingsThe Helmet Wreck by Jim RozziBermuda High by Jill HeinerthThe Walls of Quadra Island by John RawlingsDiveritersquos O2ptima CC Rebreather by Jeff GourleyOuroboros CCR by Leigh Bishop

ADM Issue 22 Additional articles not listedHidden Passage Expose Mayan History by Tracy RazEmerald Immersion by Kim SmithGashkiria Cave Expedition Russia by Phil ShortThe Sarakata Resurgence by Richard HarrisFeatured Photographer Radek Husak by ADMFeatured Photographer Petr Vaverka by ADMDiving OC like a CCR by Bruce R WienkeRaja Ampat Islands by Tom IsgarWreck of the North Wind by Rick KruzelSchooner Daniel Lyons by Tamara ThomsenP4Y-2 Privateer Bomber by John RawlingsThe 1000 Islands Brockville Canada by Cass LawsonX-Scooter by Dive Xtras inc by ADM

ADM Issue 23Wreck of the Selah Chamberlain by Tamara ThomsenEvolution CCR by Cass LawsonThe Ghosts of Sunda Strait by Kevin DenlayRebreather Piracy by Jill HeinerthDiving Northern Sulawsesi Indonesia by Tom IsgarOperation Hailstorm CCR Invasion by Curt BowenWhere Currents Collide by Peter PinnockExploring the Blue Holes of Abaco by Curt BowenUNEXSO by Curt BowenLingcod Queen of Northwest Predators by John RawlingsThaddius Bedford by ADM

ADM Issue 24Warren Lo Photography by ADMShearwater GF by Curt BowenBonaire by Cass LawsonSan Salvador by John RawlingsGuadalupe Island by CJ BahnsenNew kid on the block COPIS MCCR by Mel ClarkVideo Shipwreck Photo Mosaics by Tamara ThomsenFeatured Photographer bull Dos Winkel by ADMCCR Sidemount by Curt BowenAnatomy of a HIT by John RawlingsKija Blue by Richard HarrisAll Hands Lost bull Kamloops by Curt Bowen

ADM Issue 25Coelacanth Fever by Jitka HyniovaThe Wreck of the SS William Dawes by Richard HarrisGetting the Shot by Jill HeinerthInca Gold Lake Titicaca Bolivia by Erik ForemanFeatured Photographer Becky Kagan by ADMWreck Divers Paradise Manitowac by Tamara ThomsenDiscovery of the USS Perch SS by Mel ClarkTobago by Tom IsgarWar and the Thistlegorm by Jill HeinerthTransition to Rebreather Diving by Howard Packer2007 Yucatan Expedition by Jeff Toorish

ADM Issue 26Mayans Myths Monsters amp ldquoMaximonrdquo by Jeff ToorishBritish Virgin Islands BVI by Curt BowenDave Harasti Photography by ADMDeeper into the Pearse Resurgence by Richard HarrisDiving the RMS Niagara by Richard HarrisExploration of Rodham Lead amp Zinc Mine by Tamara ThomsenHer Majestyrsquos Canadian Ship Columbia by Mel ClarkJoseph Dovalarsquos Photography by ADMSharkwater The Movie by Rob StewartThe Russian Underground by Jill HeinerthWreck Diving bull Sardinia Italy by Jim Rozzi

Designed for professionals who demandhigh performance lighting with moderndigital camera systems and film camerasystemsMultiple flash modes including S-TTL 24-step ExternalAuto 13-step Manual amp Nikonos TTL for film camerasupport High Power - Powerful 24 Guide Number (ISO100 Air x 1 meter GN=79feet) for DSLR users shootingsmall apertures in macro or lighting reefscapes withfullframe fisheye lenses

AA NiMH (2700mAh) batteries to fill the largecards of modern DSLR systems

Super fast recycle time 16 seconds after full dumpwhen using AA NiMH (2700mAh) batteries Keep upwith the high-speed burst imaging possible with DSLRsystems

Light Quality Clean daylight color temperature 5500Kfor an unbiased ldquonaturalrdquo baseline color

Wide circular beam angle 100 degree circular beamfully covers 100 degree wide angle attachment lensesor 20mm lenses in fullframe DSLR systems

wwwInonAmericacom

Donrsquot Miss the Largest NSS-CDSCave Diving Workshop in History

Marianna - Jackson County Florida

ldquoFunded in part by the Jackson County

Tourist Development Councilrdquo

Memorial Day Weekend

May 23rd 24th and 25th 2008

A man and a woman are sitting next to eachother at a bar The man looks at the womanand says ldquoWould you make love to me one

time for a million dollarsrdquo

The woman says ldquoYes I would for a million dollarsrdquo

So the man says ldquoWell how about for a hundredbucksrdquo

The woman says ldquoWhat do you think I amrdquo

The man says ldquoWersquove already established thatnow wersquore just negotiating pricerdquo

Infancy to Adulthood

This old joke illustrates the current state ofrebreathers in cave diving Itrsquos a matter of negotiat-ing the protocols to move things forward Thequestion is no longer if closed circuit rebreathers willbecome common among cave divers only when

That is in stark contrast to the predomi-nant industry view as recently as a couple ofyears ago when some instructors activelywarned their students against using closedcircuit rebreathers (CCR) or semi-closedcircuit gear in overhead environments Irecall during my early cave training seeing arebreather diver heading into a cave Anearby instructor was openly critical sug-gesting that rebreathers simply had noplace in cave diving

That view is changing rapidly as evi-denced by a recent CCR Cave Diving Sum-mit sponsored by the oldest cave divingorganization the National Association ofCave Divers (NACD) Organizers originallyintended the summit as an information toolfor instructors but eventually decided toinclude the general public as well

By ADM Staff Photojournalist Jeff Toorish

Pho

to b

y Ji

ll H

eine

rth


Closed circuit and semi-closed circuitrebreathers have been used in cuttingedge exploration diving for years TheWoodville Karst Plain Project (WKPP)expedition explorers have used semi-closed gear and the recent push to nearlyseven thousand feet in Weeki WacheeSprings employed closed circuit equip-ment In both cases open circuit SCUBAwas simply not adequate for the extremelong range and extended bottom timesnecessary for the projects It now appearsgeneral cave divers those not necessarilyinvolved in advanced exploration arebeginning to consider rebreathers aviable tool

Renowned cave diver explorer andunderwater photographer andvideographer Jill Heinerth organized theNACD event Heinerth a veteran CCRdiver said in welcoming the roughly 150attendees to the Devilrsquos Pavilion at GinnieSprings ldquorebreather cave diving is still inits infancy but it is emergingrdquo

What emerged from the presenta-tions by several major rebreather manu-facturers and a subsequent panel discus-sion is that rebreathers in caves are hereto stay

Lamar Hires Founder of Dive RiteManufacturing maker of the Optimarebreather summed up the views of manyldquoWersquove crossed a line but the line is nodifferent from debates wersquove had andstill have about DPVs in cavesrdquo

ldquoMore and more people are divingrebreathers and theyrsquore showing that itcan be done safelyrdquo said NACD BoardMember Richard Dreher

According to Dreher and others thepurpose of the NACD CCR summit wasto begin the necessary dialogue thatwill eventually result in formal trainingstandards As any introduction to cavediving student knows standardizedprocedures are critical to safety inoverhead environments But introducingrebreathers to general cave divingdramatically changes equipment con-figurations requiring new protocols


And like any significant change to thestatus quo the widespread introduction ofrebreathers into caves comes with some inevi-table controversy

One point of dispute involves bailoutprocedures Two distinct schools of thoughtare emerging The traditional view is that eachmember of a team must carry enough bailoutgas to ensure he or she can make it safely backto open water from the deepest point in theplanned dive The competing theory is ldquoteambailoutrdquo in which the dive team divides thebailout gas among themselves essentiallycarrying enough gas to ensure a team memberin trouble can make it out of the cave safely

Esteemed cave and CCR diver Tom Mountis a powerful advocate for the team bailoutnotion He suggests that in many cave divesfor each team member to carry all the gasnecessary for bailout is an unnecessary redun-dancy that can actually have a negative effectMount is a formidable authority with thou-sands of hours on a variety of rebreathers inmany different diving environments

Using standard formulas to calculate bail-out requirements Mount suggests that eachCCR cave diver on a team will be required tocarry so many bottles of bailout gas that he orshe may wind working too hard becomingfatigued faster and causing a greater internalbuildup of CO2

Mount Board Chairman of the certifyingagency International Association of NITROXand Technical Divers (IANTD) Dismisses theconcern that team members may become split-up in a cave leaving a member in trouble withnot enough bailout gas in an emergencyMount argues team members will stay to-gether and jointly carry the necessary bailoutgas The concept is called team bailout



ldquoTake 15 times the necessary bailout gasfor the highest need diver and divide by twordquofor a two person team suggests Mount Thatmeans two divers will have enough emergencygas to exit the cave from the furthest point inthe planned dive That is the official position ofIANTD and has been for several years

Mount maintains this approach is actuallyaffords greater protection to cave divers onCCR who suffer a catastrophic failure at thefurthest point in a penetration ldquoYou get awayfrom the long hose because that slows youdown I donrsquot care how good you are that slowsyou downrdquo says Mount

If a single diver has a failure there will be33 more air than needed in a team bailoutscenario

Mount continues with a caution about twodivers on open circuit with failing units If bothopen circuit units quit at the maximum point ofpenetration you die at the maximum point ofpenetration Therersquos a little difference thererdquo


when compared with two CCRs failing atthe maximum point of the dive With tworebreathers even with team bailoutdivers would still have gas remaining

Not everyone agrees

Cave explorer Brett Hemphillsuggested that it is unreasonable tobelieve that teams will always staytogether Hemphill is the principaldiver in the Weeki Wachee Springsexploration team He recently ex-tended the line in that system to 6800feet using a modified Classic KISSrebreather He believes it is necessaryfor each team member to carry orstage enough gas to ensure a safe exitfrom the cave in the event of a cata-strophic failure of a CCR Hemphillrepresented Jetsam Technologiesmanufacturer of KISS rebreathers atthe summit

And even Mount acknowledges thatteam bailout may not be suitable inevery circumstance

Dive Ritersquos Hires argues the ulti-mate protocol will be a hybrid ofindividual bailout staged bailout andteam bailout

This is not merely an intellectualexercise Ultimately some standardiza-tion of CCR bailout procedures will benecessary The delicate balancing actrequired by industry leaders will ulti-mately decide the margin of safety CCRcave divers will enjoy If the benefits asrelated to effort (such as carrying morebailout gas) are too narrow many diverswill opt to stay on open circuit But iffatalities rise and political leaders orothers authorities perceive the industryhas not taken adequate safety precau-tions rebreathers may be outlawed orseverely restricted in caves


Bailout not the only contention

The other contention is trainingLeon Scamahorn of Innerspace SystemsCorporation manufacturer of theMegalodon rebreather stunned summitparticipants by openly criticizing in-structors suggesting that CCR makersand certifying agencies must do abetter job of monitoring and policingwho is teaching the next generation ofrebreather divers

ldquoEverybody needs to take responsi-bility for his own productrdquo saidScamahorn who went on to predict thedemise of rebreathers in diving if thingsdonrsquot change Scamahorn saidInnerspace Technologies has ldquogotten ridofrdquo instructors who are not up to snuff

And while clearly not everyoneagrees with Scamahornrsquos dire predic-tions there appears to be generalconsensus that rebreather instructorsshould limit themselves to teachingonly those units they themselves divebecause of the great variances amongrebreathers themselves

More remains to be done

All this is of course complicatedby the fact that no certifying agencyactually has an exclusively CCR versionof even their basic cavern course letalone a cave course While rebreathersare clearly on the rise NACD or someother certifying agency will eventuallyhave to create a certification programfor CCR cave divers When that hap-pens CCR cave diving will move fromits infancy to adolescence and eventu-ally adulthood

Jeff Toorish is the Chief Photojournalistfor Advanced Diver Magazine and ADME-zine He is fully cave certified anddives a KISS rebreather


Join ADMrsquos expedition team as wesearch for ancient Maya artifacts inone of the worlds most beautifullakes

OC amp CCR Divers Welcome

see

wwwadvanceddivermagazinecom

for complete details and diverqualification requirements

Guatemala 2008

By Kevin Juergensen and Jakub Rehacek PhD

It all began with an idea How could we build a newClosed Circuit Rebreather that would incorporatesome of the best ideas of the last twenty years yet

be simple and elegant

Building such a machine was made easier by theknowledge base that spawned the new JuergensenMarine ldquoHammerheadrdquo CCR Long the leader in elec-tronic control systems for practically every majorrebreather in the world Kevin Juergensen had justsuccessfully collaborated with Lamar Hires of Dive Riteand Tom McKenna of Micropore to design and build the

new Dive Rite Optima which in less than eighteenmonths has sold over three hundred units worldwide

Rebreathers like the divers who usethem are a varied bunch and there were still

those who wanted what they considered anldquoexpedition graderdquo machine ndash one thatcould be taken long and taken deep witha loose-fill scrubber of high volume

rugged yet simple to fill and maintain

Designing a rebreather is no mean featFor the Hammerhead CCR Juergensen

brought in Jakub Rehacek of Golem Gear aswell as a relative newcomer to the rebreather

field Ing Bretislav Vaisar a Czech diver designerand machine shop wizard

The new machine incorporates several innova-tions in a unit of its type including a unique six-lugquick bayonet-style mount which is backed by aspring-loaded mechanism This ensures a secureattachment while eliminating any sharp-edgedfasteners for ease of removal and minimizesentanglement hazards

The internals of the Head hold true to thetime-proven ldquoHammerheadrdquo design of up tofour oxygen sensors (three primary and afourth for third party monitoring)

Excerpt from ADM Issue 27


A Integrated BOV (Bail Out Valve) The DiveSurfacevalve includes a fully adjustable high-performanceOpen Circuit Regulator that can be supplied withdiluent or an off-board gas source The OC regula-tor can be removed for streamlined DSV configura-tion Oversized crush-proof hoses are suppleenough for comfortable diving

B Exhalation counter lung T-piece has a water trap toensure that even if there is water in the loop it getscaptured in the counter lung Rugged exhalationcounter lung with puncture-proof inner bladder hasa swiveling manual O2 add valve (L) with quickconnect fitting and over-pressure valvewater trapexhaust (M) at the bottom

C Threaded fittings on T-pieces and CCR head arespecifically keyed for inhalation or exhalation sideto ensure correct assembly Unique six-lug spring-loaded quick bayonet mount ensures secureattachment of the head to the stack with noentanglement hazards On top of the head is aswiveling oxygen port with a 60-micron filter andquick connect for easy removal Next to it are hard-wired ports for flood-proof cables of primary andsecondary electronics Fischer Connectors forDIVA and a port for an optional fourth sensormonitor (VR3 HS Explorer Pursuit) with FischerConnectors at the monitor end The time-provenldquoHammerheadrdquo design with up to four oxygensensors (three primary and a fourth for third partymonitoring) Pre-scrubber injection of the oxygenensures uniform mix through the scrubber before itreaches the sensors located on the inhalation side

D Revolutionary new radial scrubber with a built-infloating compression ring the system constantlyldquopacksrdquo itself preventing channeling Large annularopening allows easy pouring of the adsorbentmaterial Capacity 78 lbs of loose-fill sorb onstandard scrubber expedition and travel-sizescrubbers are also available

E Generous water trap at the bottom of the stackthough the radial scrubber design and t-piecewater traps will allow the Hammerhead CCR tooperate even with a partially flooded stack

F Water trap spacer

G Oxygen addition solenoid

H Inhalation counter lung T-piece has a water trap toensure that even if there is water in the loop it getscaptured in the counter lung Rugged counterlung with puncture-proof inner bladder has ADV (I)and a swiveling manual add valve (J)

I Automatic Diluent Valve (ADV) is located in theinhalation counter lung It gets triggered oncounter lung collapse or it can be activatedmanually Flow stop for minimum loop volumeoperation is included as standard equipment

J Swiveling add valve for onoff-board diluent gasaddition has a standard quick connect

K Display Integrated Vibrating Alarm (DIVA) ndash patentedheads-up display in ratcheting adjustable holder TheDIVA can be set up in ldquouser set pointrdquo mode so thata green LED flashes when user defined set point ismaintained and red flashes when PPO2 deviates fromit The other option is ldquo10 PPO2 moderdquo where DIVAflashes orange when PPO2 is at 10 PPO2 and onegreen blink for each 01 PPO2 above 10 and one redblink for each 01PPO2 below 10 The DIVA vibrateswhen loop PPO2 is at life threatening level

L Swiveling manual O2 add valve with quick connectfitting

M Over-pressure valve (OPV) also serves as water trapexhaust at the bottom of the exhalation counter lung

N Oxygen manifoldgas distribution block has 6 38rdquo-12ports (one equipped with 916 adapter)

O Diluent manifoldgas distribution block has 7 38rdquo-12ports (one equipped with 916 adapter)

P Wing inflation quick connect

Q Diluent 1st stage regulator

R Oxygen 1st stage regulator

S Secondary display provides the diver with a com-pletely redundant independently powered PPO2

monitor

bull Full trimix decompression computer with GF(independent from the primary deco computer)bull Integrated depthtimerbull Integrated barometerbull Temperature displaybull Integrated stack timerbull Alarms for end of stack lifebull Two heads-up display modesbull User definable set points for average displaybull LED ldquobuddyrdquo light on the handset

T Hammerhead primary controller has a revolutionaryIntegrated Decompression Program includinggradient factors selectable solenoid modes (includ-ing a proprietary algorithm for controlling the bolusof O2 delivered to the system)

bull User definable set pointsbull User definable gradient factorsbull Ten user definable gas mixesbull User definable solenoid firingbull User definable backlight illuminationbull User definable auto-shut downbull Built-in barometerbull Built-in temperature displaybull Built-in battery monitorbull Full trimix decompression computerbull LED ldquobuddyrdquo light on the handset

U Fischer Connector for independent third party PPO2

monitoring

Illustration by Curt Bowen copy 2007 All rights reserved

H A M M E R H E A D C C R S C H E M A T I C


C B

owen

copy 2

007


The Banana Block O2 sensor coupling system is still to befound on Juergensenrsquos newest product ensuring that the onlyelectronic assembly exposed to the harsh environment of thebreathing loop is easily replaceable

With four available oxygen sensors plus pre-scrubberinjection of the oxygen (ensuring a uniform mix through thescrubber) the Hammerhead CCR takes its place as the mostadvanced unit on the market today

Every Hammerhead CCR comes with the legendary Hammer-head Rev C+ Control System - twin fully independent monitoringsystems the patented ldquoDIVArdquo Heads Up Display (HUD) and DualTrimix Decompression Computers - all in one sleek package

Power consumption is so low on the Rev C+ ElectronicSystems that they only require a single AA alkaline cell for eachcomputer to run for the full six-hour duration of the system

Yet another first for the Hammerhead CCR the unit can beconfigured with a Constant Mass Flow (CMF) Orifice ie ManualOrifice Oxygen Delivery system ndash MOODs The MOODs canreplace the electronic solenoid oxygen injection or it can be usedin combination with the solenoid to provide a ldquobelt and suspend-ersrdquo solution where the MOODs supplies basic O2 metabolicneeds to the diver and the solenoid acts as a ldquoparachuterdquodelivering oxygen at the time of increased O2 consumption ndashhard work stress rapid ascent when the diver is too preoccupiedto manage his PPO2

The Hammerhead CCR offers unprecedented freedom ofconfiguration It can be set up as a fully electronic CCR (eCCR) ora manual CCR (mCCR) or a combination of both manual CCR withelectronic injection backup (meCCR) The mCCR version of theHammerhead CCR comes with the legendary secondary Hammer-head display including the DIVA and an integrated decompres-sion computer option An independent handset with a simplethree-sensor readout is also included making it the most sophisti-cated mCCR on the market

Configuration with back-mounted counter lungs ndash JZ Systemndash is another unique option available in the Hammerhead CCR TheJZ System back-mounted counter lungs are a ldquodrop-inrdquo option nomodification to the base system is necessary The over-the-shoulder counter lungs and hoses are removed and the JZSystem is put in their place The back-mounted counter lungsare ldquosandwichedrdquo between the back plate and the wingkeeping them as close to the diverrsquos centroid as possible thusoffering the best work-of-breathing available with back-mounted counter lungs The JZ-System is equipped with watertrapdump making it suitable for overhead environment andlongdeep exploration dives

The unique design of the JZ System opens up new configu-ration possibilities including a dual rebreather setup optionTwo independent scrubber stacks are worn on the diverrsquos backone is set up with the back mounted JZ System while the otherhas standard over-the-shoulder counter lungs A streamlined kitfor those extreme expedition dives made possible by Hammer-head CCR


At the heart of the Hammerhead CCR is a revolu-tionary new radial scrubber The base model canhold up to 78 lbs (35 kg) of loose-fill 8-12 sorb Witha built-in floating compression ring the systemconstantly ldquopacksrdquo itself thus preventing channelingA large annular opening allows easy pouring of theadsorbent material

The team decided upon the use of Metalsubreg quickconnects for the tanks In the USA the unit comes pre-configured with Faber 3-liter steel tanks but can be setup with any size bottles

It is extremely easy to remove and replace the tankswith larger ones for extended range and higher densitybatteries can be used in the Hammerhead controllersgiving up to fourteen hours of continuous use Soon itwill also be possible to install even larger scrubbers forexpedition-level dives Up to two extra pounds can befilled into the Expedition Scrubber that will be offeredby the end of 2007

A smaller travel-friendly version (The Hobo) of theHammerhead CCR is also available The scrubber stack isshorter and the smaller radial scrubber holds approx 35lbs of loose-fill sorb enough for a day of diving inrecreational destinations The Hobo still comes with allthe bells and whistles of the ldquoexpedition graderdquo Ham-merhead CCR

Thoughtful ideas for protecting your gear duringpenetration dives come standard on the HammerheadO2 fittings that are right-angled to prevent damage incaves or overhead environments Built-in filters keep salt

water and debris from entering your solenoid A uniquewater trap design on all counter lung fittings ensuresthat even if you do get water in your system it stayswhere it should Super tough Cordurareg wraps around apuncture tear resistant internal bladder to protect thebreathing loop from damage

Simple yet elegant - our ADV works in any positionflows like a champ under the most rigorous conditionsand is equipped with a shut-off valve as standardequipment

One more standard feature that is not found onanything but a Hammerhead is an integrated BOV (BailOut Valve) The diver can feed the fully adjustable high-performance Open Circuit Regulator with diluent or anoff-board source gaining unprecedented conveniencesafety and the security of being prepared no matterwhat the situation

The Juergensen Marine Hammerhead CCR is simplyput the finest commercially built rebreather in theworld Long the industry leader for Electronic Controland Decompression Computer systems the bar has nowbeen raised by one of the most trusted names in Techni-cal Rebreather Diving

wwwrebreatherus


Experience the next levelof dive training

Explorer Filmmaker TechnicalInstructor Shipwreck Researcher

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Amid the presentations vendor boothsand Halloween festivities at the recentDive Equipment Manufacturerrsquos Associa-

tion (DEMA) convention here in the heart ofDisney Country rebreather divers honoredsome of the pioneers of bubble-free diving

The RebereatherWorldcom awards dinnerhonored some of the leading innovators in CCRdiving The coveted awards were presented byStuart Schford from RebreatherWorldcom theleading online CCR portal

Those honored in various categories areamong the elite of CCR diving ndasheach of whomhas demonstrated leadership in some aspectof rebreather technology

The envelopes pleasehellip

Advanced Diver Magazine Publisher andEditor Curt Bowen received the award for hisunflagging support and promotion of closedcircuit rebreathers for not only technical butalso recreational diving Bowenrsquos ADM and



newly published online version ADM E-zineare regarded as the leading publications onrebreather technology Both feature not onlyarticles about recreational and advancedrebreather dives and expeditions but alsoreviews of rebreathers and related technology

Advanced Diver Magazine also presentedan award the ADM CCR Exploration Awardwhich went to master explorer Brett Hemphill

Hemphill is a principal diverexplorer onthe Weeki Wachee Karst Project the teamthat recently extended the line in WeekiWachee Springs to 6800 feet at a depth ofnearly 400 feet

Hemphill drew laughs from the audiencewhen he referred to his Classic KISS rebreatheras lsquoslightly modifiedrdquo To accommodate therigors of the Weeki Wachee project Hemphillrefitted his rebreather with dual oxygen tankand slung diluent

The modifications and Hemphillrsquos skills andexperience as a diver allowed him to run fornine hours on a single exploration

The Rob Davie Customer Care Award wentto Silent Diving Systems manufacturer of theInspiration and Evolution rebreathers

The Gordon Smith Innovation Award wasawarded to the English company Narked90for their aftermarket products includingrebreather stands

The prize for best rebreather accessorywent to Delta P maker of the famed VR3technical dive computer Accepting the awardfor Delta P is Kevin Gurr the president ofDelta P and the designer of the VR3 as well asthe Ourbororos and newly released SentinalRebreathers

Diving legend Tom Mount was honoredwith RBWrsquos lifetime achievement award com-memorating his decadersquos long dedication toexploration and rebreather diving Mountthanked the assembled crowd In his remarkshe spoke about the will to survive and howcritically important that is to divers every-where especially in technical CCR dives

He took time to introduce famed diver DonShirley who survived a DCS hit while diving toretrieve a body from Bushmanrsquos Hole in AfricaShirley spent 12 hours wildly swinging on aline suffering vertigo because a small bubbleof helium had formed in his inner ear

Mount urged every diver in the room toconsider Shirleyrsquos survival against incredibleodds an inspiration

For the members of the audience many ofthem experienced CCR divers cave divers andexplorers each award winner is inspiring eachis a teacher and each holds an important placein the history of closed circuit diving

Jeff Toorish is the Chief Photojournalist forAdvanced Diver Magazine and ADM E-zine


Omni Swivel International12520 Kirkham Ct 1San Diego CA 92064Phone 18587489442

wwwOmniswivelcom

500 years o f ship wrecks500 years o f ship wrecks500 years o f ship wrecks500 years o f ship wrecks500 years o f ship wrecksPrist ine ree f s wal l s p innaclesPrist ine ree f s wal l s p innaclesPrist ine ree f s wal l s p innaclesPrist ine ree f s wal l s p innaclesPrist ine ree f s wal l s p innacles

Beauti ful caves and cavernsBeauti ful caves and cavernsBeauti ful caves and cavernsBeauti ful caves and cavernsBeauti ful caves and caverns

bull D i v e w i t h t h e o n l y S D I T D I T e c h n i c a lbull D i v e w i t h t h e o n l y S D I T D I T e c h n i c a lbull D i v e w i t h t h e o n l y S D I T D I T e c h n i c a lbull D i v e w i t h t h e o n l y S D I T D I T e c h n i c a lbull D i v e w i t h t h e o n l y S D I T D I T e c h n i c a lT r a i n i n g F a c i l i t y i n t h e D o m i n i c a nT r a i n i n g F a c i l i t y i n t h e D o m i n i c a nT r a i n i n g F a c i l i t y i n t h e D o m i n i c a nT r a i n i n g F a c i l i t y i n t h e D o m i n i c a nT r a i n i n g F a c i l i t y i n t h e D o m i n i c a n

bull R e b r e a t h e r T r a i n i n g F a c i l i t ybull R e b r e a t h e r T r a i n i n g F a c i l i t ybull R e b r e a t h e r T r a i n i n g F a c i l i t ybull R e b r e a t h e r T r a i n i n g F a c i l i t ybull R e b r e a t h e r T r a i n i n g F a c i l i t ybull D i v e w i t h t h e m o s t m o d e r n f l e e t o fbull D i v e w i t h t h e m o s t m o d e r n f l e e t o fbull D i v e w i t h t h e m o s t m o d e r n f l e e t o fbull D i v e w i t h t h e m o s t m o d e r n f l e e t o fbull D i v e w i t h t h e m o s t m o d e r n f l e e t o f

U S C G c e r t i f i e d v e s s e l sU S C G c e r t i f i e d v e s s e l sU S C G c e r t i f i e d v e s s e l sU S C G c e r t i f i e d v e s s e l sU S C G c e r t i f i e d v e s s e l sbull O M S P o s e i d o n S c u b a p r o D i v e R i t ebull O M S P o s e i d o n S c u b a p r o D i v e R i t ebull O M S P o s e i d o n S c u b a p r o D i v e R i t ebull O M S P o s e i d o n S c u b a p r o D i v e R i t ebull O M S P o s e i d o n S c u b a p r o D i v e R i t e

a n d I n s p i r a t i o na n d I n s p i r a t i o na n d I n s p i r a t i o na n d I n s p i r a t i o na n d I n s p i r a t i o nbull 4 0 0 0 s q m e t e r t r a i n i n g f a c i l i t ybull 4 0 0 0 s q m e t e r t r a i n i n g f a c i l i t ybull 4 0 0 0 s q m e t e r t r a i n i n g f a c i l i t ybull 4 0 0 0 s q m e t e r t r a i n i n g f a c i l i t ybull 4 0 0 0 s q m e t e r t r a i n i n g f a c i l i t ybull bull bull bull bull Wide var i e ty o f accommodat ions avai lab l eWide var i e ty o f accommodat ions avai lab l eWide var i e ty o f accommodat ions avai lab l eWide var i e ty o f accommodat ions avai lab l eWide var i e ty o f accommodat ions avai lab l ebull I n d i v i d u a l a n d g r o u p r a t e s a v a i l a b l ebull I n d i v i d u a l a n d g r o u p r a t e s a v a i l a b l ebull I n d i v i d u a l a n d g r o u p r a t e s a v a i l a b l ebull I n d i v i d u a l a n d g r o u p r a t e s a v a i l a b l ebull I n d i v i d u a l a n d g r o u p r a t e s a v a i l a b l e

Sign up for theSign up for theSign up for theSign up for theSign up for the14 day - 200814 day - 200814 day - 200814 day - 200814 day - 2008

Tech-WreckTech-WreckTech-WreckTech-WreckTech-WreckExpoExpoExpoExpoExpo

Ph 809-526-1970Ph 809-526-1970Ph 809-526-1970Ph 809-526-1970Ph 809-526-1970www P i ra t e sCov eDiv eCent e r c omwww P i ra t e sCov eDiv eCent e r c omwww P i ra t e sCov eDiv eCent e r c omwww P i ra t e sCov eDiv eCent e r c omwww P i ra t e sCov eDiv eCent e r c om

Text by John JanzenPhotography by Curt Bowen

Concerned about writing anarticle too dry for divers Ibegan this project with reluc-

tance In a magazine filled with awe-some stories about deep shipwrecksand mysterious underwater caveswho will read an article about themetric system Bear with me for afew minutes and keep an open mindWith metric units dive-planningcalculations like ambient pressurePO2 and gas supply are so simple youcan toss your calculator overboard


When I raise the subject of the metric system fordiving invariably I get two responses From diversoutside the US most of whom are already metric Iget laughing remarks about those Yankee divers stillsuffering with feet and PSI Conversely divers fromthe US typically give a contemptuous look release agrunt then change the subject

Why do most Americans hold such animositytoward the metric system It certainly couldnrsquot befrom experience because American society has neverused metric There was a governmental campaignpromoting metric in the 1970rsquos but it was vigorouslyridiculed and lasted about as long as the pet rock In1988 feeble legislation was passed pledging assis-tance to industries that would voluntarily go metricPledging assistance to volunteers however is notterribly effective without volunteers There wereessentially none This effortrsquos only legacy is theappearance of metric units on product labelingplaced discreetly next to the Imperial units Accord-ing to the US Metric Association the United Statesis among very few countries not officially adoptingmetric Only the United Kingdom Ireland andMyanmar accompany the US in its metric-proofbunker The European Union has been seekingmetrification of all domestic and international tradebut the United Nations under anti-metric pressurefrom the US and the UK has recently dropped itsrequirement that its members go metric

Although the US government and general publicshun metric the vast majority of its scientists engi-neers medical personnel and military have beenproudly metric for decades Why would practicallyevery nation on Earth and the majority of technicalpeople working in a anti-metric country use metricIs it because the metric system is awkward andconfusing No The metric system truly is betterdesigned and easier to use than the Imperial systemIt is also the worldwide standard

The metric system properly called SystemeacuteInternational (SI) emerged in Europe in the 1790rsquosVery few standard measurement units then existedand it was common for units of length weight andarea to vary from country to country and even be-tween regions within a single country Scientistsmerchants and manufacturers who relied uponcommon and accurate measurements recognized auniform system was needed The disarray providedby the French Revolution created a political meansby which the new system could be imposed althoughconsiderable resistance ensued Once the systemwas adopted however its simplicity and universalitywere obvious


At the foundation of the metric system arejust three units the meter for length thegram for mass and the second for time Theseare called the fundamental units becauseabsolutely everything in the universe from themagnetic field of a neutron star to the tempera-ture of the water on your next dive can beexpressed using only these three units For thesake of convenience derived units are oftenused such as watts volts bar and degreesCelsius but these all boil down to the threefundamentals Consider the many units usedjust for length in the Imperial system There areinches feet yards nautical miles and statutemiles to name but a few Converting amongthese is a nuisance With metric all you need isthe meter

To express multiples or fractions of SI unitsstandard prefixes are used For example theprefix kilo means 1000 so a kilometer is 1000meters By the same rule a kilogram is 1000grams and a kilosecond is 1000 seconds Theprefix milli means 11000 or 0001 so a milli-meter is 0001 meter a milligram is 0001gram and a millisecond is 0001 second SIprohibits reporting measurements in frac-tions requiring all values to be in decimalformat For example a quarter of a meter isexpressed as 025 meter rather than 14meter Keeping things in decimal formatmakes conversions and arithmetic easier Themetric system was designed from the founda-tion to be consistent concise and simple In

comparison the Imperial system seems ab-surd To exemplify the Imperial unit ounceshas four variations that depend upon thematerial being measured and what country itis measured in Ridiculous

To dive metric you need only to learnmeters for depth bar for pressure liters forvolume and kilograms for weight In metricthe only difference in the dive planning for-mulas is the units The arithmetic is so simplethat a calculator is often not needed If adesperate situation arose that required somequick re-planning while underwater themetric system would serve you well


Depth in Metric

Using meters to measure depth is the foundationof diving with the metric system and it will greatlysimplify all technical diving calculations One meterequals 328 feet

Labeling a gas cylinder simply with a numberindicating the maximum operating depth (MOD) infeet is often considered the right method If the footwas the worldwide standard for depth measurementthis would be plausible But since the majority of theworldrsquos divers use meters confusion from such mark-ing is possible and the consequences potentiallylethal Since universal adoption of metric remains forthe future markings should conspicuously indicatewhether the MOD is in feet or meters

Ambient Pressure in Metric

All technical divers will be familiar with thefollowing formula providing ambient pressure inatmospheres

The derived metric unit bar is about equal to anatmosphere (only 13 difference) and the two areconsidered interchangeable in application to sportdiving A tremendous advantage of metric is that 10meters of depth equal 1 bar of pressure Thus ambi-ent pressure can be calculated simply by taking thedepth in meters dividing by 10 then adding 1

For example to calculate ambient pressure at 375meters move the decimal one place to the left (giving375) then add 1 for the result of 475 bar No calcula-tor required

ambient pressurein atmospheres ( )Depth

in Feet33

+ 1

ambient pressurein bar ( )Depth

in Meters10

+ 1


PO2 in Metric

With bar and atmospheres interchangeable all of the PO2 rulesfor atmospheres are identical in bar In terms of ambient pressureand PO2 going metric is nothing more than exchanging the wordldquobarrdquo for ldquoatmospheresrdquo

The CCR divers at hand will be familiar with the diluent flush aprocedure for flushing the breathing loop with diluent gas This isconsidered by many purely a reactionary method to deal withproblems after they are suspected As important however is theproactive use of the diluent flush as a means of testing oxygensensor cell calibration A diluent flush at depth is the only means(without special equipment) for testing the cells at ambient pres-sures significantly above 1 bar Generally current CCR practice isto calibrate at 1 bar PO2 and assume linear performance of thecells during the higher ambient pressures encountered while under-water It is therefore good practice to perform a diluent flush cellcalibration check at depth early on in every dive As shown previ-ously metric units make calculation of ambient pressure easyMultiplying this by the fraction of oxygen in the diluent gas givesthe PO2 reading the cells should display

Cell readingin bar ( )Ambient

pressurein bar

= X ( )FO2 indiluent

gas

Cylinder Pressure in Metric

In metric diving bar is used for all pressure measurementsincluding cylinder pressure One bar is 145 PSI

Gas Volume in Metric

Among the markings stamped on most cylinders producedoutside the US is the internal volume (also called liquid capacity)This is not the volume of gas contained at some pressure but theinternal dimensional volume of the cylinder If a cylinder has theinternal volume given in cubic feet multiply by 283 to convert toliters Combining the metric units of bar and liters allows for asimple determination of the volume of gas in a cylinder as follows

( )Liters ofgas in cylinder

Cylinderinternal volume

in liters= X ( )Gas

pressurein bar

For example a 15 liter tank at 100 bar contains 1500 liters of gas(15 liters x 100 bar)


Gas Consumption in Metric

If your surface consumption rate is expressed in liters perminute gas supply and consumption are easily calculated

)(Liters ofgas consumed

Surfaceconsumption ratein liters per min

= X (Ambientpressure

in bar ) X (Time)For a CCR diver the rate of oxygen consumption is

governed by metabolism and is independent of depth A rateof 1 liter per minute is a general guideline With this in mindif the oxygen supply volume is expressed in liters that samenumber is also the theoretical maximum minutes of oxygenremaining For example consider a 3 liter oxygen cylinderon a CCR If the oxygen pressure is 100 bar there are 100 x3 = 300 liters of gas in the cylinder giving a theoreticalmaximum 300 minutes of gas (at 1Lmin metabolic rate)This calculation also works for estimating gas requirementsIf a CCR diver is planning a 120 minute dive based on me-tabolism the oxygen consumed would be 1 liter per minute x120 minutes which equals 120 liters

Weight in Metric

A kilogram is 22 pounds so an objectrsquos weight in kilo-grams is a little less than 12 its weight in pounds A twopound diverrsquos weight is about one kilogram

Buoyancy in Metric

Although less common than the calculations describedpreviously applications such as commercial or recoverydiving often use buoyancy calculations for lift bags Thebuoyant force of a lift bag is calculated from the volume ofwater it displaces via the following formula

)(Bouyantforce

in pounds

Lift bagvolume

in cubic feet= X (624 pounds per cubic foot

for fresh water or 640pounds for sea water )


The calculations are simplified in metric becausethe water weight constants are more intuitive Oneliter of fresh water weighs 1 kilogram and 1 liter ofsalt water weights just a bit more at 11 kilogramNotice that the volume of a lift bag in liters is also theexact lifting force in kilograms for fresh water and forsalt water add 10

)(Bouyantforce

in kilograms

Lift bagvolumein liters

= X ( 1 kilogram per liter forfresh water OR 11 kilogram

per liter sea water )Learning the Metric System

The wrong way to learn the metric system is tocontinue to employ Imperial units and convert to metriceach time This is helpful in the beginning but to mas-ter the metric system you must learn to visualize di-rectly in metric Start by learning important depthssuch as MODrsquos for your common mixes typical decom-pression stop depths and depths of your favorite divesites in meters Making a written list of these depths inboth feet and meters often helps the learning processWhen you are comfortable knowing your common depthwaypoints in meters start using metric depth gaugeMany dive computers have user adjustable settings todisplay metric It may help to use two depth gaugesone showing feet and the other meters Cylinder pres-sure gauges that show both PSI and bar units are com-mon and an excellent way to learn metric pressuremeasurements Each time you check a gauge readImperial first then compare to the metric reading Asyou gain experience transition to reading the metricunits first then use the Imperial reading only as a verifi-cation check It will take time but as you gain metricexperience you can eliminate use of the Imperial sys-tem all together

A few years ago on a dive vacation in Cozumel ourdive master gave his pre-dive briefing in metric TheAustralian German and Dutch divers in our group wereall in tune but the Americans were clueless As anAmerican it embarrassed me but also raised concernbecause metric and non-metric divers were paired eachunskilled in the otherrsquos system The Americans arro-gantly bickered that everyone should conform to theirImperial system but the others teasingly asked if usYanks would ever get it together It was obvious whowas right The world has already conformed to a uni-form and superior system and its time for America toabide A shining example is NASArsquos Mars Climate Or-biter a $125 million dollar spacecraft lost over Mars in1999 due to a mix up of Imperial and metric units


The author wishesto thank theUS Metric Asso-ciation CindyKennedy JohnScoles and GregSuch forcontributions tothis article

Dive training agencies might serve their students better by universally teach-ing the metric system from the start Teaching metric at the very beginningwould add no difficulty for the student who must learn all the basics in some kindof measurement system It might as well be metric As a result diving calcula-tions would be easier and there would be adherence to a worldwide standardSafety requires simplicity and consistency and the metric system delivers

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Our undersuits success lies in the use of three materialsperforming together in a unique manner which noundersuit containing a single factor can match

bull The outside layer of the undersuit is made from Paratex Thismaterial can often be found in outdoor clothing because it iswindproof water resistant yet breathable

bull The next layer is the filling This consists of a combination offibres with different inherent characteristics The high thermal

retention property of the suit lies in this filling One of theproperties designed into the fiber is the fact that it is

hydrophobic (repels water) so even if you suffer atotal flooding of the suit thermal retention isretainedbull The Weezle undersuit has been designedwith a wicking layer next to your skin toremove moisture and prevent heat loss

Buy a Weezle Undersuit and you are makingan investment in innovative design andmanufacturing excellence one of which willgive you a generous return through a lifetimeof superior performance

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The worlds only divingBCD harness specificallydesigned for remoteexploration

Tough durable anddependable theArmadillo SidemountBCD has assisted manyof the worldrsquos leadingexplorers in thediscovery of thousandsof unexplorered caveswrecks and deep walls

wwwgolemgearcom

bull SIDEMOUNTbull REBREATHERbull SINGLEbull NO MOUNTbull STREAMLINED


Text by Cass LawsonImages by Cass Lawson and Wakatobi staff

Wakatobi is a small islandsouth of Tomia island in theBanda Sea Archipelagoabout 640 miles (about 1000kilometers for the metric-heads) northeast of Bali andas we approach the island inWakatobirsquos private charterplane an amazing sightcomes into view



The almost virgin-like airstrip appears as agray band-aid on the rough green skin of theisland The approach over the sea is spectacu-lar and breath taking as we see atolls of allshapes and sizes disappear past the aircraftrsquoswindows Irsquom thinking ldquoWow if this is the viewfrom the air what is the diving going to belikersquo I guess Irsquoll know soon enough well assoon as my body clock has adjusted to thetime differences and about 13000 miles Irsquoveflown to say nothing of the zero lsquoMichelinStarrsquo rated airline food Irsquove consumed to keepbody and soul together Things promise to getbetter and better And herersquos a useless bit ofinformation that might come up on TrivialPursuit Wakatobi is named after the islandsWAngi-wangi KAledupia TOmia andBInongko Pink cheese and game to me

We land on Wakatobirsquos private airstrip andwersquore met by a fleet of vans that transport usto the ferry for the 15-minute boat ride to thediving resort Again the approach is spectacu-lar the long jetty is clearly a spectacularentrance point with bungalows and the mainlsquolong housersquo clearly visible and there appearsto be a bar at the end of the jetty Oh thingsare getting better and better


ADM E-Zine bull 81ADM E-ZINE ISSUE 2 bull 66

After checking in to my bungalow Irsquom ready for my first diveIrsquom buddied with Wendy one of the senior dive instructors andguides and she tells me wersquore taking a water taxi to the cave onHouse Reef where wersquoll roll over the side of the boat taxi anddrop down to 60 feet I feel the pleasant rush of 80F sea water asI descend the wall and I let the current take me slowly along itrsquossponge and coral face as I start to search for little critters tophotograph Soon Wendy is pointing out nudibranchs flatwormssea snails and such and I notice a turtle that cruises past a fewfeet above us seemingly unaware of us The current carries usalong at a gentle pace and finally after 72 minutes we swim overthe eelgrass outside the main dive center and emerge once againinto hot sun Better and better


What is the diving like There are about forty divesites and you get to them via the three dive boatsWakatobi III IV and V (in addition to the numerous watertaxis) that ferry the divers to the sites three times a dayThese long boats carry no more than 12 divers so thereis plenty of space for gear and goodies As you wouldexpect there is plenty of water on board and the trips tothe sites are usually about 30 minutes away but a coupleBlade for example is an hourrsquos cruise Most of the divesites are walls that are covered in soft coral hugesponges all manner of hard coral Among all these staticdelights is a venerable cornucopia of fish of all shapesand sizes lsquoNemosrsquo of all colors are plentiful each in theirspecific anemone

There is plenty of room for all of the divers gearcameras and other paraphernalia that divers insist ontaking diving The crew of four help with everything fromsetting up dive gear helping divers out of the waterserving refreshments and answering all questions For agroup of 12 on the boat there are three dive guides soyou get plenty of attention underwater as well as aboveAnd the guides have great eyes for spotting all of thegreat little creatures



And there are plenty of the little critters aroundWakatobi is known for itrsquos lsquomuck divesrsquo as well as foritrsquos hospitality and warmth I was determined to findcritters that I had never seen before These includethe famous pygmy seahorses (hippocampus denise)that are about 14 inch long and live in fan corals(subergorgia sp) that are identical in color Despiteone of the guides showing me one of the seahorsesit took me a full minute to see it and be able to focusmy camera on it I spent the best part of 20 minutesphotographing this little beast and I was utterly fasci-nated that Erwin my guide has managed to find it Ialso wanted to see some of the different coloredfrogfish that live in the area Again the guides wereable to help me find them In fact the guides found mejust about everything that I asked for so thanks guys

For the deeper divers out there the walls de-scend almost to the bowels of the earth andWakatobi has full trimix facilities although you willhave to bring your own manifold to build twin setsunless you happen to have an Armadillo back plate ora similar unit that will support side mounted cylin-ders And now Wakatobi is fully stocked as arebreather center They have a couple of spare Evolu-tion (11 cu ft) and Inspiration (19 cu ft) sized cylindersfor rent as well as a huge stock of 797 gradeSofnolime and several sling bottles available butplease call them beforehand to reserve the cylindersand get current pricing Again if you give the guysenough of notice there are caves and caverns thathave not yet been fully explored so if you fancysome underwater investigation this could be theplace for you to visit


What about non-diver activities Wellthe snorkeling is excellent as the housereef is shallow (6 to 8 feet) for a long wayand there is plenty to see The resort willarrange a trip into the local village so thatyou can see the indigenous people andwhere they live and work There are mas-seuses available every day at very reason-able rates and they are very good Thewhole of the resort is well laid out withnumerous plants and flowers so photogra-phy is interesting Providing there aregood clouds the sunsets are great ndash andyou can enjoy a large Bintang beer forabout $4

Getting to Wakatobi is a serious travelcommitment I flew via Houston JapanGuam and finally Bali (Continental Airlines)where the Wakatobi aircraft collected mefor the final leg of the journey The finaldetails of the charter flight to Wakatobiare decided late in the program so thatthe flights land and correspond with thetides on Tomia Island so it is wise to havea layover in Bali There are numerousplaces in Bali to stay from cheap andcheerful to the luxury resorts Try and takea few days to explore the 14th centurytemples and look at the local markets Andif you can find a local restaurant thatroasts whole suckling pigs a traditionallocal meal then go for it If and when Icame back to Wakatobi I might fly east viaSingapore and have a few days thereinstead That way I think that things willbe even better

wwwWakatobicom


88 bull ADM E-Zine

Following her shakedown off New England Saufleycommenced participation in the Guadalcanal campaign inDecember 1942 During the Japanese withdrawal fromGuadalcanal in January and February 1943 she patrolledthe waters north and west of the island sweeping foranti-ship mines and provided coastal bombardment

In March Saufley transported troops towed landingcraft to the target islands and provided shore bom-bardment in support of troops as they landed onPavuvu Saufley was engaged in the assault on theGreen Islands which broke the Japanese Rabaul-Bukasupply line and provided the Allies with another strate-gic airfield near Rabul

After sailing to Pearl Harbor Saufley was reassignedto operation Froager and provided escorts andshore bombardment for operations in the Saipan-Tinian area Saufley moved south for the invasion ofGuam Here the destroyer provided call fire supportfor the assault troops

Proceeding to Leyte Gulf Saufley soon found herselfengaged in antisubmarine action For the next twomonths Saufley engaged in escort duties between LeyteGulf and Ulithi until the end of hostilities in mid-August

She participated in many Pacific campaigns andearned 16 battle stars during WWII

In January 1951 the escort destroyer was reclassi-fied an Experimental Escort Destroyer and was as-signed to experimental work under the control ofCommander Operational Development Force in KeyWest For the next twelve years she engaged in thedevelopment and testing of sonar equipment andantisubmarine warfare weapons

In July 1962 Saufley was redesignated a general-purpose destroyer and regained her original designationDD-465 She participated in the filming of the movie PT109 and participated in patrols off the Cuban coastduring operation Cuban Quarantine

Saufley was decommissioned on January 29 1965Her use as an experimental ship continued instrumentsand gauges were placed to register stress from explo-sions and in February 1968 as a result of these tests shewas sunk off Key West

Saufley now rests upright in 420 fsw off Key WestAfter the recent NAUI Technical conferencean attempt to dive the Saufley wasplanned A three-diver teamconsisting of Barry Lawson ScottMaclean and Bert Wilcher plannedand executed a successfuldive to the Saufleyon October 8 2000

Text by Barry Lawson Scott Macleanand Bert Wilcher



Builder Federal Shipbuilding CompanyLaid Down January 27 1942Launched July 19 1942Commissioned August 28 1942Fate Stricken September 1 1966

With a length of 3766 and beam of 394 the firstchallenge became hooking a secure anchorage to thevessel to have a stable dive platform With this accom-plished the challenge of a dive to this depth with open-circuit dive systems required coordination of bottom gasmixes dive team logistics and safety diver timing toensure a safe outcome

Best mix was determined to be a tri-mix 10(55-60)EADs of 158-131 with deco gases being EAN32 and100 O2 from 20 feet Run times were planned usingAbyss and Z-planner for run times of 12 and 14 minutes toascent The dive team descended onto the fantail of theship checked the anchor and explored the aft section ofthe ship returning to the ascent line at 12 minutes

Uncoupling of the ascent line from the Soufley wascompleted and deep tri-mix decompression stops weretaken while the ascent line was secured to the surfacedive boat Intermediate decompression was completedon EAN32 and final decompression from 20 fsw wascompleted on 100 oxygen

The team was assisted by safety divers who continu-ously monitored the team after starting intermediate(130 fsw) decompression stops and during the oxygen

Additional information on Saufley can be found inDictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships and Shipsof the US Navy 1940-1945


Join Richie Kohleraboard the MV Trident

The Gulf of Thailand has been an important international seaway for hundreds of years Storms andaccidents have taken their toll on Chinese junks and during WWII the Gulf was busy with Japanesemerchant vessels and warships US submarines sank over 150 of these ships in the Gulf alone

Technical divers Jamie Macleod amp Stewart Oehl specifically designed the MV Trident for wreck divingexpeditions into the Gulf and with Jamiersquos book of ldquomarksrdquo have had great success They find a newwreck on almost every trip recently locating the USS Largarto a WWII Balao class submarine missingfor sixty years Hundreds of years of maritime history are waiting to be discovered here This is one ofthe few areas for wreck diving enthusiasts to have the rare opportunity to be the first to dive andpossibly identify a major shipwreck

Target depths vary between 180-260 feet water temps are 85 degrees and the visibility often exceeds150 feet so if you are tri-mix certified and finding and diving VIRGIN shipwrecks is something you wishto do then this is your chance to be part of a wreck hunting expedition

Candidates must be certified (open circuit or CCR) and provide a detailed diving CV with references

$350000 per person For complete details see

wwwRichieKohlercom Div ing new wrecks in Apri l 2008


Experience thePacific Northwest

wwwGoneDivingorgInfoGoneDivingorg

Ph 360-738-20421740 Iowa Street

Bellingham WA 98229

Cave bull Cavern bull Trimix InstructionNACDbullNSS-CDSbullIANTDbullTDIampDSAT

Over 35 Years of Scuba InstructionJimcavedivefloridacom

Ph 352-363-0013High Springs Florida

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Advertisers Directory63 Amigos Dive Center78 Cave Excursions4 CCRB

77 Dans Dive Shop5 - 79 Dive Rite

77 Diversions Scuba73 Divetech Cayman62 Exploration Design35 Extend Air75 Fourth Element73 Hang it Right73 Hydraulics International2 Innerspace Systems

36 Inon America29 Jill Heinerth8 Kiss Rebreathers

44 La Iquana Perdida3 Manta Industries

36 NSSCDS53 Omni Swivel77 PADI54 Pirates Cove53 Rebreather Express77 Rebreather World50 Richie Kohler12 Salvo Diving27 Silent Diving Systems29 Solus Submersible Products29 Spectrum Diving Equipment50 Subsalve62 Tampa Adventure Sports50 Viking77 Village Divers63 Weezle

ADM E-Zine bull 93

YOUR REBREATHER PORTAL

bull Articles bull Reviewsbull Photos bull Forums bull Etc

wwwRebreatherWorldcom

Openwater - DivemasterNitrox - Advanced TrimixCavern Intro amp Full CaveDPV Sidemount Survey etcRebreathers - KISS Meg Inspiration

amp Optima

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2409 Allen Blvd Middleton WI 53562Ph 608-827-0354wwwdiversions-scubacom

A Full Service DivingFacility forRecreational andTechnical Divers

125 E 4th StreetNew York NY 10003Ph 212-780-0879infoVillageDiverscomwwwVillageDiverscom

Complete Technical Dive Training FacilityEan - Adv Trimix

Rebreather Training bull Cavern to Full CaveE-Mail dansdivebeconorg

TF 800 268-DANS Ph (905) 984-2160Dans Dive Shop 329 Welland Ave

St Catharines ON Canada L2R 2R2

TRAYS PIVOTS ARMS FORCAMERAS HOUSINGSSTROBES AND LIGHTS

Your quest for the best armsystem is over

Once you have an Ultralight arm you willnever need to upgrade

Accept No ImitationsThe original arm with o-rings in the

balls for ease of useUsed by more Advanced Diver Magazine

photographers than any other arm system

wwwulcscom

ADM ProfessionalPhotographer

John Rawlings

Explore Undiscovered CavesReefs and Wrecks

bull Full service technical diving facility

bull Air Nitrox Oxygen amp Helium

bull Openwater to CCR Instructor

bull Cavern to Full Cave

wwwprotecsardiniacom

Full Service Dive FacilityThe Premier Gas Station

in North Florida(maybe even the USA)

We offerbull Hyper pure airbull Custom mix gas to your specificationsbull Banked 2130 Trimixbull Banked 50 Nitroxbull Banked 32 Nitroxbull 3000 psi Oxygenbull Trimix blended through the compressor to achievee the most accurate cost effective means to mix your gas

Facility Instructors Bill Rennaker John Orlowski Shelly Orlowski Fred Berg John Jones John Faircloth Bill Dooley Jim Wyatt Jeff Johnson Richard Courtney

We are a PADI Resort Facility with dailyweekly and monthly home rentals

Located within minutes of over15 world renowned cave systems

You want it We teach itFrom Openwater to Trimix

Cavern to Full Cave and Rebreather Instructor

Full service gear rentalsOver 40 sets of doubles HID Lights Regulators

scooters Any equipment you need to do your dive

Internet access available to our customers

Cave Excursions East is just 2 miles west of Ginnie Springs Road

Cave Excursions (386) 776-2299Cave Excursions East (386) 454-7511

w w w C a v e E x c u r s i o n s c o m

The onlymulti-mission

multi-tasking CCRin the world

Features

bull Customized electronicsand decompression

systems

bull Custom CO2scrubber assemblies

bull Custom breathingloop and

counterlung systems

bull Modularizedsub systems

bull Highly suitable for travel

bull Suitable for Sciencecommercial and

recreational diving

wwwcustomrebreatherscomPh 360-330-9018

infocustomrebreatherscom

Customized CCR Systems











by Jeff Toorish


by John Janzen



Cover


Photo by Curt Bowen






Contact Information












training agency

W A R N I N G

ADM E-Zine FEATURES

74

65

55

52

45

36

20

13

9

Publishers Notes











Curt Bowen




bull Simple Price



wwwJetsamca































John Rawlings





































PacificNorthwest

























































Depth(meters)







Depth(meters)














































wwwInonAmericacom


















Pho

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ll H

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rth






















Not everyone agrees
















see



Guatemala 2008





















F Water trap spacer














monitor





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C B

owen

copy 2

007




















wwwrebreatherus






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Depth in Metric








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in Meters10

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PO2 in Metric




pressurein bar


gas







in liters= X ( )Gas

pressurein bar










Weight in Metric


Buoyancy in Metric


)(Bouyantforce

in pounds

Lift bagvolume





)(Bouyantforce

in kilograms































wwwweezlecouk










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88 bull ADM E-Zine






























Ph 360-738-20421740 Iowa Street

Bellingham WA 98229











ADM E-Zine bull 93





amp Optima

TDI IANTD amp PADI














wwwulcscom


John Rawlings































by Jeff Toorish


by John Janzen



Cover


Photo by Curt Bowen






Contact Information












training agency

W A R N I N G

ADM E-Zine FEATURES

74

65

55

52

45

36

20

13

9

Publishers Notes











Curt Bowen




bull Simple Price



wwwJetsamca































John Rawlings





































PacificNorthwest

























































Depth(meters)







Depth(meters)














































wwwInonAmericacom


















Pho

to b

y Ji

ll H

eine

rth






















Not everyone agrees
















see



Guatemala 2008





















F Water trap spacer














monitor





monitoring




C B

owen

copy 2

007




















wwwrebreatherus






wwwRichieKohlercom
























wwwOmniswivelcom
























Depth in Metric








in Feet33

+ 1


in Meters10

+ 1


PO2 in Metric




pressurein bar


gas







in liters= X ( )Gas

pressurein bar










Weight in Metric


Buoyancy in Metric


)(Bouyantforce

in pounds

Lift bagvolume





)(Bouyantforce

in kilograms































wwwweezlecouk










wwwgolemgearcom






















wwwWakatobicom


88 bull ADM E-Zine






























Ph 360-738-20421740 Iowa Street

Bellingham WA 98229











ADM E-Zine bull 93





amp Optima

TDI IANTD amp PADI














wwwulcscom


John Rawlings





















Publishers Notes











Curt Bowen




bull Simple Price



wwwJetsamca































John Rawlings





































PacificNorthwest

























































Depth(meters)







Depth(meters)














































wwwInonAmericacom


















Pho

to b

y Ji

ll H

eine

rth






















Not everyone agrees
















see



Guatemala 2008





















F Water trap spacer














monitor





monitoring




C B

owen

copy 2

007




















wwwrebreatherus






wwwRichieKohlercom
























wwwOmniswivelcom
























Depth in Metric








in Feet33

+ 1


in Meters10

+ 1


PO2 in Metric




pressurein bar


gas







in liters= X ( )Gas

pressurein bar










Weight in Metric


Buoyancy in Metric


)(Bouyantforce

in pounds

Lift bagvolume





)(Bouyantforce

in kilograms































wwwweezlecouk










wwwgolemgearcom






















wwwWakatobicom


88 bull ADM E-Zine






























Ph 360-738-20421740 Iowa Street

Bellingham WA 98229











ADM E-Zine bull 93





amp Optima

TDI IANTD amp PADI














wwwulcscom


John Rawlings
























bull Simple Price



wwwJetsamca































John Rawlings





































PacificNorthwest

























































Depth(meters)







Depth(meters)














































wwwInonAmericacom


















Pho

to b

y Ji

ll H

eine

rth






















Not everyone agrees
















see



Guatemala 2008





















F Water trap spacer














monitor





monitoring




C B

owen

copy 2

007




















wwwrebreatherus






wwwRichieKohlercom
























wwwOmniswivelcom
























Depth in Metric








in Feet33

+ 1


in Meters10

+ 1


PO2 in Metric




pressurein bar


gas







in liters= X ( )Gas

pressurein bar










Weight in Metric


Buoyancy in Metric


)(Bouyantforce

in pounds

Lift bagvolume





)(Bouyantforce

in kilograms































wwwweezlecouk










wwwgolemgearcom






















wwwWakatobicom


88 bull ADM E-Zine






























Ph 360-738-20421740 Iowa Street

Bellingham WA 98229











ADM E-Zine bull 93





amp Optima

TDI IANTD amp PADI














wwwulcscom


John Rawlings



















































John Rawlings





































PacificNorthwest

























































Depth(meters)







Depth(meters)














































wwwInonAmericacom


















Pho

to b

y Ji

ll H

eine

rth






















Not everyone agrees
















see



Guatemala 2008





















F Water trap spacer














monitor





monitoring




C B

owen

copy 2

007




















wwwrebreatherus






wwwRichieKohlercom
























wwwOmniswivelcom
























Depth in Metric








in Feet33

+ 1


in Meters10

+ 1


PO2 in Metric




pressurein bar


gas







in liters= X ( )Gas

pressurein bar










Weight in Metric


Buoyancy in Metric


)(Bouyantforce

in pounds

Lift bagvolume





)(Bouyantforce

in kilograms































wwwweezlecouk










wwwgolemgearcom






















wwwWakatobicom


88 bull ADM E-Zine






























Ph 360-738-20421740 Iowa Street

Bellingham WA 98229











ADM E-Zine bull 93





amp Optima

TDI IANTD amp PADI














wwwulcscom


John Rawlings





















































PacificNorthwest

























































Depth(meters)







Depth(meters)














































wwwInonAmericacom


















Pho

to b

y Ji

ll H

eine

rth






















Not everyone agrees
















see



Guatemala 2008





















F Water trap spacer














monitor





monitoring




C B

owen

copy 2

007




















wwwrebreatherus






wwwRichieKohlercom
























wwwOmniswivelcom
























Depth in Metric








in Feet33

+ 1


in Meters10

+ 1


PO2 in Metric




pressurein bar


gas







in liters= X ( )Gas

pressurein bar










Weight in Metric


Buoyancy in Metric


)(Bouyantforce

in pounds

Lift bagvolume





)(Bouyantforce

in kilograms































wwwweezlecouk










wwwgolemgearcom






















wwwWakatobicom


88 bull ADM E-Zine






























Ph 360-738-20421740 Iowa Street

Bellingham WA 98229











ADM E-Zine bull 93





amp Optima

TDI IANTD amp PADI














wwwulcscom


John Rawlings












































































Depth(meters)







Depth(meters)














































wwwInonAmericacom


















Pho

to b

y Ji

ll H

eine

rth






















Not everyone agrees
















see



Guatemala 2008





















F Water trap spacer














monitor





monitoring




C B

owen

copy 2

007




















wwwrebreatherus






wwwRichieKohlercom
























wwwOmniswivelcom
























Depth in Metric








in Feet33

+ 1


in Meters10

+ 1


PO2 in Metric




pressurein bar


gas







in liters= X ( )Gas

pressurein bar










Weight in Metric


Buoyancy in Metric


)(Bouyantforce

in pounds

Lift bagvolume





)(Bouyantforce

in kilograms































wwwweezlecouk










wwwgolemgearcom






















wwwWakatobicom


88 bull ADM E-Zine






























Ph 360-738-20421740 Iowa Street

Bellingham WA 98229











ADM E-Zine bull 93





amp Optima

TDI IANTD amp PADI














wwwulcscom


John Rawlings

























































wwwInonAmericacom


















Pho

to b

y Ji

ll H

eine

rth






















Not everyone agrees
















see



Guatemala 2008





















F Water trap spacer














monitor





monitoring




C B

owen

copy 2

007




















wwwrebreatherus






wwwRichieKohlercom
























wwwOmniswivelcom
























Depth in Metric








in Feet33

+ 1


in Meters10

+ 1


PO2 in Metric




pressurein bar


gas







in liters= X ( )Gas

pressurein bar










Weight in Metric


Buoyancy in Metric


)(Bouyantforce

in pounds

Lift bagvolume





)(Bouyantforce

in kilograms































wwwweezlecouk










wwwgolemgearcom






















wwwWakatobicom


88 bull ADM E-Zine






























Ph 360-738-20421740 Iowa Street

Bellingham WA 98229











ADM E-Zine bull 93





amp Optima

TDI IANTD amp PADI














wwwulcscom


John Rawlings
































Pho

to b

y Ji

ll H

eine

rth






















Not everyone agrees
















see



Guatemala 2008





















F Water trap spacer














monitor





monitoring




C B

owen

copy 2

007




















wwwrebreatherus






wwwRichieKohlercom
























wwwOmniswivelcom
























Depth in Metric








in Feet33

+ 1


in Meters10

+ 1


PO2 in Metric




pressurein bar


gas







in liters= X ( )Gas

pressurein bar










Weight in Metric


Buoyancy in Metric


)(Bouyantforce

in pounds

Lift bagvolume





)(Bouyantforce

in kilograms































wwwweezlecouk










wwwgolemgearcom






















wwwWakatobicom


88 bull ADM E-Zine






























Ph 360-738-20421740 Iowa Street

Bellingham WA 98229











ADM E-Zine bull 93





amp Optima

TDI IANTD amp PADI














wwwulcscom


John Rawlings









































Not everyone agrees
















see



Guatemala 2008





















F Water trap spacer














monitor





monitoring




C B

owen

copy 2

007




















wwwrebreatherus






wwwRichieKohlercom
























wwwOmniswivelcom
























Depth in Metric








in Feet33

+ 1


in Meters10

+ 1


PO2 in Metric




pressurein bar


gas







in liters= X ( )Gas

pressurein bar










Weight in Metric


Buoyancy in Metric


)(Bouyantforce

in pounds

Lift bagvolume





)(Bouyantforce

in kilograms































wwwweezlecouk










wwwgolemgearcom






















wwwWakatobicom


88 bull ADM E-Zine






























Ph 360-738-20421740 Iowa Street

Bellingham WA 98229











ADM E-Zine bull 93





amp Optima

TDI IANTD amp PADI














wwwulcscom


John Rawlings































see



Guatemala 2008





















F Water trap spacer














monitor





monitoring




C B

owen

copy 2

007




















wwwrebreatherus






wwwRichieKohlercom
























wwwOmniswivelcom
























Depth in Metric








in Feet33

+ 1


in Meters10

+ 1


PO2 in Metric




pressurein bar


gas







in liters= X ( )Gas

pressurein bar










Weight in Metric


Buoyancy in Metric


)(Bouyantforce

in pounds

Lift bagvolume





)(Bouyantforce

in kilograms































wwwweezlecouk










wwwgolemgearcom






















wwwWakatobicom


88 bull ADM E-Zine






























Ph 360-738-20421740 Iowa Street

Bellingham WA 98229











ADM E-Zine bull 93





amp Optima

TDI IANTD amp PADI














wwwulcscom


John Rawlings









































F Water trap spacer














monitor





monitoring




C B

owen

copy 2

007




















wwwrebreatherus






wwwRichieKohlercom
























wwwOmniswivelcom
























Depth in Metric








in Feet33

+ 1


in Meters10

+ 1


PO2 in Metric




pressurein bar


gas







in liters= X ( )Gas

pressurein bar










Weight in Metric


Buoyancy in Metric


)(Bouyantforce

in pounds

Lift bagvolume





)(Bouyantforce

in kilograms































wwwweezlecouk










wwwgolemgearcom






















wwwWakatobicom


88 bull ADM E-Zine






























Ph 360-738-20421740 Iowa Street

Bellingham WA 98229











ADM E-Zine bull 93





amp Optima

TDI IANTD amp PADI














wwwulcscom


John Rawlings





















C B

owen

copy 2

007




















wwwrebreatherus






wwwRichieKohlercom
























wwwOmniswivelcom
























Depth in Metric








in Feet33

+ 1


in Meters10

+ 1


PO2 in Metric




pressurein bar


gas







in liters= X ( )Gas

pressurein bar










Weight in Metric


Buoyancy in Metric


)(Bouyantforce

in pounds

Lift bagvolume





)(Bouyantforce

in kilograms































wwwweezlecouk










wwwgolemgearcom






















wwwWakatobicom


88 bull ADM E-Zine






























Ph 360-738-20421740 Iowa Street

Bellingham WA 98229











ADM E-Zine bull 93





amp Optima

TDI IANTD amp PADI














wwwulcscom


John Rawlings







































wwwrebreatherus






wwwRichieKohlercom
























wwwOmniswivelcom
























Depth in Metric








in Feet33

+ 1


in Meters10

+ 1


PO2 in Metric




pressurein bar


gas







in liters= X ( )Gas

pressurein bar










Weight in Metric


Buoyancy in Metric


)(Bouyantforce

in pounds

Lift bagvolume





)(Bouyantforce

in kilograms































wwwweezlecouk










wwwgolemgearcom






















wwwWakatobicom


88 bull ADM E-Zine






























Ph 360-738-20421740 Iowa Street

Bellingham WA 98229











ADM E-Zine bull 93





amp Optima

TDI IANTD amp PADI














wwwulcscom


John Rawlings

























wwwRichieKohlercom
























wwwOmniswivelcom
























Depth in Metric








in Feet33

+ 1


in Meters10

+ 1


PO2 in Metric




pressurein bar


gas







in liters= X ( )Gas

pressurein bar










Weight in Metric


Buoyancy in Metric


)(Bouyantforce

in pounds

Lift bagvolume





)(Bouyantforce

in kilograms































wwwweezlecouk










wwwgolemgearcom






















wwwWakatobicom


88 bull ADM E-Zine






























Ph 360-738-20421740 Iowa Street

Bellingham WA 98229











ADM E-Zine bull 93





amp Optima

TDI IANTD amp PADI














wwwulcscom


John Rawlings












































wwwOmniswivelcom
























Depth in Metric








in Feet33

+ 1


in Meters10

+ 1


PO2 in Metric




pressurein bar


gas







in liters= X ( )Gas

pressurein bar










Weight in Metric


Buoyancy in Metric


)(Bouyantforce

in pounds

Lift bagvolume





)(Bouyantforce

in kilograms































wwwweezlecouk










wwwgolemgearcom






















wwwWakatobicom


88 bull ADM E-Zine






























Ph 360-738-20421740 Iowa Street

Bellingham WA 98229











ADM E-Zine bull 93





amp Optima

TDI IANTD amp PADI














wwwulcscom


John Rawlings












































Depth in Metric








in Feet33

+ 1


in Meters10

+ 1


PO2 in Metric




pressurein bar


gas







in liters= X ( )Gas

pressurein bar










Weight in Metric


Buoyancy in Metric


)(Bouyantforce

in pounds

Lift bagvolume





)(Bouyantforce

in kilograms































wwwweezlecouk










wwwgolemgearcom






















wwwWakatobicom


88 bull ADM E-Zine






























Ph 360-738-20421740 Iowa Street

Bellingham WA 98229











ADM E-Zine bull 93





amp Optima

TDI IANTD amp PADI














wwwulcscom


John Rawlings





















PO2 in Metric




pressurein bar


gas







in liters= X ( )Gas

pressurein bar










Weight in Metric


Buoyancy in Metric


)(Bouyantforce

in pounds

Lift bagvolume





)(Bouyantforce

in kilograms































wwwweezlecouk










wwwgolemgearcom






















wwwWakatobicom


88 bull ADM E-Zine






























Ph 360-738-20421740 Iowa Street

Bellingham WA 98229











ADM E-Zine bull 93





amp Optima

TDI IANTD amp PADI














wwwulcscom


John Rawlings




























Weight in Metric


Buoyancy in Metric


)(Bouyantforce

in pounds

Lift bagvolume





)(Bouyantforce

in kilograms































wwwweezlecouk










wwwgolemgearcom






















wwwWakatobicom


88 bull ADM E-Zine






























Ph 360-738-20421740 Iowa Street

Bellingham WA 98229











ADM E-Zine bull 93





amp Optima

TDI IANTD amp PADI














wwwulcscom


John Rawlings






















)(Bouyantforce

in kilograms































wwwweezlecouk










wwwgolemgearcom






















wwwWakatobicom


88 bull ADM E-Zine






























Ph 360-738-20421740 Iowa Street

Bellingham WA 98229











ADM E-Zine bull 93





amp Optima

TDI IANTD amp PADI














wwwulcscom


John Rawlings













































wwwweezlecouk










wwwgolemgearcom






















wwwWakatobicom


88 bull ADM E-Zine






























Ph 360-738-20421740 Iowa Street

Bellingham WA 98229











ADM E-Zine bull 93





amp Optima

TDI IANTD amp PADI














wwwulcscom


John Rawlings
























wwwgolemgearcom






















wwwWakatobicom


88 bull ADM E-Zine






























Ph 360-738-20421740 Iowa Street

Bellingham WA 98229











ADM E-Zine bull 93





amp Optima

TDI IANTD amp PADI














wwwulcscom


John Rawlings








































wwwWakatobicom


88 bull ADM E-Zine






























Ph 360-738-20421740 Iowa Street

Bellingham WA 98229











ADM E-Zine bull 93





amp Optima

TDI IANTD amp PADI














wwwulcscom


John Rawlings





















88 bull ADM E-Zine






























Ph 360-738-20421740 Iowa Street

Bellingham WA 98229











ADM E-Zine bull 93





amp Optima

TDI IANTD amp PADI














wwwulcscom


John Rawlings






































Ph 360-738-20421740 Iowa Street

Bellingham WA 98229











ADM E-Zine bull 93





amp Optima

TDI IANTD amp PADI














wwwulcscom


John Rawlings





















ADM E-Zine bull 93





amp Optima

TDI IANTD amp PADI














wwwulcscom


John Rawlings



























wwwulcscom


John Rawlings





















adm e-zine issue 2 - advanced diver magazine · 2009-04-06 · secrets of the seahorse...

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