AD/GLO/84/191 FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY: Assignment Report NOT FOR GENERAL DISTRIBUTION Education concerning the problem v associated with the use of drugs

Z A M B I A

Education concerning the problem associated with the use of drugs

2 - 1 0 August 1984

by

N. Friderich

The views expressed are those of the author and not necessarily those of Unesco

UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL ORGANIZATION

(Unesco)

Serial No: FMR/ED/SCM/85/230 (UNFDAC)

AB/GLO/84/191 Assignment Report (Friderich) FMR/ED/SCM/85/230 (UNFDAC) Paris, 30 May 1985

Table of Contents

Page

I. INTRODUCTION 1

II. BACKGROUND 1

III. THE SITUATION AT THE TIME OF THE MISSION 1 - 2

IV. THE MISSION 2 - 4

V. RECOMMENDATION 4

VI. CONCLUSION 5

ANNEXES

ANNEX I - List of persons consulted 6 - 7

ANNEX II - A brief description of the Zambia Training Course on Drug Abuse - 11

AD/GLO/84/191 - Education concerning the problem associated with the use of drugs

ASSIGNMENT REPORT

I. INTRODUCTION

1. The mission described in the present report was carried out between 2 and 10 August 1984 and was funded by the United Nations Fund for Drug Abuse Control (UNFDAC).

The purpose of the mission was :

a) to obtain information concerning any follow-up activities in Zambia in the field of preventive education after the Course for English-speaking African Educators on the Methodology of Education concerning the problems associated with the Use of Drugs, which took place at Embu from 17 January to 3 February 1983;

b) to envisage with the authorities possible future programmes to be financed eventually through multilateral aid.

II. BACKGROUND

2. Zambia has been participating since 1979 in the Unesco programme of education concerning the problems associated with the use of drugs in a number of African countries. A fellowship for a short study tour was granted to a Zambian educator, and a contract was signed with the Educational Research Bureau for a survey of the drugs used in Zambia, the attitudes of different groups towards that use, and the preventative education measures already existing. A consultant (Ms. Montandon) visited Zambia in 1980 to help prepare materials for a Sub-regional workshop on educational and information material concerning the problems associated with the use of drugs, organized by Unesco in Freetown (Sierra Leone) from 20 to 29 August 1980, in which two Zambian educators participated. A further visit was paid to Zambia by the Chief of the Section of education concerning the problems associated with the use of drags at Unesco in 1981, and three Zambian educators took part in the three weeks' Course for English-speaking African Countries on the Methodology of Preventive Education at Embu (January 1983). A copy of the film "SOS Drogue" with English subtitles was sent to the Zambia National Commission for Unesco.

3. It should be noted that Zambia was one of three countries (with Mexico and Scotland) where a survey sponsored by WHO was carried out on "Community Response to Alcohol-related Problems", which provided considerable information on the use of alcholol in the country and evidenced the interest and concern of the authorities for the problem.

III. THE SITUATION AT THE TIME OF THE MISSION

4. The drugs mainly used in Zambia were alcohol, tobacco and cannabis, though amphetamines, tranquillizers, sedatives and inhablents were also

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mentioned. Cannabis was described in a study(*) as very common and known by over 200 colloquial terms, the most common being "dagga", "chamba", "ibange" and "matokwani", and the study remarked that there is unlikely to be any effective means of controlling the availability of a herb which gorws so ubiquitously. Concerning alcohol, the consumption of which causes concern to the authorities, another study(**) remarked that there is "a polarization of drinking with a tendency either not to drink at all or to drink very large quantities on every drinking occasion".

5. Advertisement for "Castle Beer" and for cigarettes has been banned on Radio Zambia, and an effort has been made to replace the traditional "Uganda waraghi", a drink with a very high alcohol content, by a variety with a lower degree of alcohol.

IV. THE MISSION

6. With the assistance of the Director of the Zambia National Commission for Unesco and of his colleague in charge of the Science Sector, Ms. Simwemba, and the support of Mr. Misginna, Unesco Regional Representative to Southern Africa, the consultant was able to visit several ministries and institutions and to meet with the officials concerned by future activities in preventive education. Arrangements were also made for her to meet on several occasions the three Zambian participants in the Embu course, Ms. Kanyanja, Mr. Mbulwe, Mr. Zimba.

7. At the Ministry of General Education and Culture, a meeting was held under the chairmanship of the Under Secretary, with the participation of two Assistant Secretaries of the Acting Chief Inspector of Schools and of Inspectors of Schools for Science and for History. Reference was made to the important role the science teachers could play in preventive education, to the possibilities of integration in the science curriculum and in other subjects, with the cooperation of the curriculum committees, within the context of the new educational reform. The follow-up activities that the participants in the Embu course had undertaken with the approval of the authorities, were also mentioned. Interest was expressed for a possible national course in preventive education to be organized with the assistance of Unesco.

8. The Permanent Secretary of the Ministry of Higher Education also expressed concern about problems associated with the use of drugs- and a willingness to have members of his Ministry and associated institutions participate in a national course on the subject.

9. In this respect, visits were paid to the Curriculum Development Centre (CDC) where the Director emphasized the need, in revising the curricula, to consider the gaps caused in education by urbanization, breaking off with the

(*) A. Haworth, Associate Professor, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka. "Views on Drug Abuse of Primary Health Care Planners in Zambia".

(**) A. Haworth. Attitudes to Drinking and Drinking Age Norms of Primary Health Care Planners and Members of the General Population in Lusaka (Zambia), 1983.

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traditional setting where ethnic values were strongly adhered to, and the consequent disillusionment of youth who in their dismay sometimes resorted to the use of various drugs. He mentioned that the Youth League (a part of the United National Independence party, and the Zambian National party) was reintroducing counselling in Zambian traditional values.

10. The Department of Technical Education and Vocational Training (DTEVT), Ministry of Higher Education, underlined the importance of preventive education concerning the use of drugs, which was of special interest for safety precautions in the workshops, since their students are preparing for employment as soon as they graduate, and must be conscious of the dangers that drug and alcohol use entail for the type of work they are doing. The DTEVT would be interested in participating in a course on preventive education.

11. At a meeting at the University of Zambia, the Principal, Deans of students, of Natural Sciences, Humanities and Social Sciences, representatives of the Educational Research Bureau and of the Medical Laboratory and Pharmacy, mentioned that drug use seemed so far a limited problem where students were concerned, though instances of use of cannabis and alcohol were quoted. They considered that prevention was important and referred to the various studies undertaken at the University, as well as to the researches by Professor A. Haworth and Professor D. Morgan. The University would be willing to send participants to a course on preventive education.

12, The Commissioner for Youth, Ministry of Youth and Sports, mentioned the need for coordination between the various bodies involved in preventive education, including social welfare and community development. He mentioned the close cooperation of the Ministry with the Youth Leagues of UNIP and referred to the use of the media to reach young people, such as "Youth Magazine", the weekly "Youth Forum" on television and the weekly "Youth Perspective" on the radio. He also quoted, as a preventive measure and a means of contacting the youth, the "skills training centres" for school leavers, the "Youth Farmers Clubs", and the Zambia National Service. Non-governmental organizations, he said, were also active, e.g. the YMCA, Girl Guides and Boy Scouts, and the Youth Department established by the Church of Zambia.

13, The Health Education Unit of the Ministry of Health indicated that the problems associated with the use of drugs including smoking and drinking were part of the training of public health educators, who were called upon later to lecture in teacher-training institutions, as well as in the community for the benefit of political, religious and community leaders. Short in-service training courses were organized by the Ministry.

14, At the Department of Social Welfare of the Ministry of Labour and Social Welfare reference was made to the responsibilities of adults who sometimes showed a bad example and should be more conscious of the social values that they should inculcate. The Department would be interested in participating in a course on preventive education.

15. The consultant was informed by Professor A. Haworth, Head, Department of Psychiatry, University of Zambia, of the training course to be organized by the International Council on Alcohol and Addictions (ICAA), financed by the United Nations Fund for Drug Abuse Control (UNFDAC) at the University of

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Zambia, from 19 to 30 November 1984, The course was intended for Zambian participants, mainly health workers, psychiatric workers and the police. Contrary to previous similar courses held in other African countries it had been decided to include a.group of teachers, of which the Zambian participants in the Unesco course at Embu would form the core. The course (see description and timetable in Annex II) included lectures by national and foreign specialists on themes such as the pharmacological or the socio-cultural factors of drug use, the health effects of alcohol, drug detection, clinical assessment, etc,, and specialized workshops to be undertaken by the various groups. For the teachers' workshops, Professor Haworth agreed, on the suggestion of the consultant, that the Zambian participants at Embu would lead the activities of the group, with a specialist acting as a resource person, that the objectives would be to provide a detailed description of the methods used and work done at the Unesco course, and on that basis to make participants acquainted with the methodology of preventive education with the relevant educational materials and their use, Unesco would be asked to provide copies of the necessary reports (of the Unesco Workshop on the preparation of educational materials, Freetown, 1980, and of the Embu Course 1983) and other educational materials,

V. RECOMMENDATION

16. At a final meeting with the Director of the Zambian National Commission for Unesco it was suggested that a national course along the lines of the international one held at Embu should be organized as a follow-up to the latter with financial and technical assistance from Unesco. The course would last for 5 or 6 weeks, with one week for preparation and contacts with the local primary and secondary education institutions and with the adult and out-of-school education bodies, followed by 3 or 4 weeks of practical experimentation of the preventive educational materials in cooperation with the local staff, and one week of evaluation and conclusions. Participants would number approximately 30, with the three Embu participants acting as leaders, and two participants each from the following ministries and institutions: Ministry of General Education and Culture (2 from primary, 2 from secondary and 2 from adult education), Ministry of Higher Education (2 from technical education and vocational training, 2 from teacher training, 2 from the curriculum development centre), Ministry of Labour and Social Welfare (2 social workers), Ministry of Youth and Sports (1 from UNIP, 1 from Youth League, 1 from President's Citizenship College Youth) , Ministry of Health (2 from health education), University of Zambia (2), trade unions (2), non-governmental organizations (2). A director would be responsible for the general organization of the course, and some national specialists would act as resource persons during the preparatory week. The first or the last week could take place during school holidays but the experimentation period would of course have to be within the school term.

17. The Director of the National Commission agreed to prepare a detailed budget for the course and propose it to Unesco, the National Commission acting as organizer and convener of the course which could take place in the Spring of 1985, it being understood that a contract had to be made before the end of 1984 so that the funds could be obligated during the present year.

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V. CONCLUSION

18. The situation in Zambia requires immediate attention and action in the preventive field, and the authorities are fully aware of it and ready to take some positive measures. Zambia's participation in previous Unesco activities constitutes a good basis for further developments, and the time seems ripe for some assistance to be given providing the necessary support for the initial training of trainers(*).

(*) This would be a first step towards a national project that could be presented to UNFDAC for financing.

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ANNEX I

List of persons consulted

Mr. J. SITALI

Mr.

Mr.

Mr.

Mr.

Mr.

Mr.

Mr.

B.E.

A.B.

F.K.

W.M.

V.M.

C.A.

MBEWE

MUSUKWA

CHELU

KAIBA

TEMBO

SIKAZWE

K. CHALI

Mr.

Mr.

R. LUBASI

E.L. PHIRI

Mr. D.J. MBEWE

Mr. G. MITWA

Mr. M. IMAKANDO

Mr. J.M. CHITUNAMI

Mr. F.C. KAWONGA

Mr. P.R. DACA

Prof. MWAULUKA

Mr. C.J.J. MPHAISHA

Mr.

Ms.

Ms.

Dr.

A.A. SIWELA

M.K. TEMBO

E. KANDUZA

A. DATTA

Under Secretary

Assistant Secretary

Assistant Secretary

Acting Chief Inspector of Schools

Inspector of Schools (Sciences)

Inspector of Schools (History)

Permanent Secretary

Director, Curriculum Development Centre

Director

Assistant Director. Planning

Acting Assistant Director, Curriculum Evaluation and Development

Acting Deputy Director

Deputy Commissioner

Principal Social Development Officer

Ministry of General Education and Culture

Ministry of Higher Education

Department of Technical Education and Vocational Training

Social Welfare Department

Commissioner for Youth Ministry of Youth and Sports

Health Education Officer Ministry of Health

Principal University of Zambia, Lusaka Campus

Dean, Humanities and Social Sciences

Dean, Natural Sciences

Acting Deputy Dean of students

Assistant Dean of students (Female counselling)

Educational Research Bureau

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ANNEX I (Cont'd)

List of persons consulted

Mr. W. NTUTUMA

Mr. A. MTONGA

Prof. D. MORGAN

Prof. A. HAWORTH

Mr. GAMELA

Ms. C.G. SIMWEMBA

Mr. MISGINNA

Medical Laboratory Technician

Pharmacy Technician

Director

Officer in charge of science programmes

University of Zambia, Lusaka Campus

Zambia National Commission for Unesco

Unesco Regional Representative to Southern Africa

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ANNEX II

A brief description of the Zambia Training Course on Drug Abuse

Dates 19-30 November, 1984, during school examination time

Venue University of Zambia, Ridgeway Campus

Number of participants 60 (20 teachers)

Faculty Lecturers who are experts in their fields will be drawn from Zambia, neighbouring countries and from further afield.

Format of the course (See the attached draft timetable)

With one exception, plenary sessions will be held in the mornings. Afternoons will be devoted to small group activities and specialized workshops. After the opening ceremony a questionnaire will be used to identify expectations and learning needs in relation to job functions.

Small group activities : will involve breaking the total group down into three small groups (A, B and C). On the first day all three groups will address the same topics. On succeeding days, while group membership remains constant, topics and resource people will be rotated. One chairman will be assigned for each group and will chair all sessions of his/her group. For rotations, at least two faculty resource persons knowledgeable in the particular subject area will be rotated with the topic. A rapporteur will provide a brief report highlighting the groups activities on the Friday of the first week.

Speacialized workshops : will be conducted during the second week for general health workers, psychiatric workers, teachers and police. Faculty resource persons will be assigned to each workshop group. The process will involve teaching as well as group activity to attain project objectives as follows :

OBJECTIVES - PSYCHIATRIC WORKERS

To have developed by Thursday afternoon of the second week a plan for a comprehensive community treatment programme for persons with alcohol and other drug problems and their families, with emphasis upon the role of the mental health service.

OBJECTIVES - GENERAL HEALTH WORKERS

To have developed by Thursday afternoon of the second week a plan for a comprehensive community treatment programme for persons with alcohol and other drug problems and their families, with emphasis upon the role of general health services.

OBJECTIVES - TEACHERS

To have developed by Thursday afternoon of the second week a curriculum for use by teachers in primary and secondary schools for the prevision of information about alcohol and other drugs aimed at primary prevention.

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ANNEX II (Cont'd)

OBJECTIVES - POLICE

To be determined.

Note: During the course of the working group sessions emphasis will be placed on promoting a convergence of approaches to prevention and treatment in which the various professional groups will see their roles as complementary, both to that of other professional groups and to members of the communities.

Individual projects : See timetable.

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