adaptive immunity
DESCRIPTION
Adaptive Immunity. Vertebrates only Specificity - recognition modules - BCR, Ab and TCR - gene rearrangement is the source of diversity - clonal selection Small lymphocytes - types and sub-types - functions. Recognition concept Receptor or Antibody molecule - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Adaptive Immunity
1. Vertebrates only
2. Specificity- recognition modules - BCR, Ab and TCR- gene rearrangement is the source of diversity- clonal selection
3. Small lymphocytes- types and sub-types- functions
Recognition concept
Receptor or Antibody molecule
Antigen - structure recognized by an Ab, BCR or TCR
Epitope - particular sub-structure of the Ag that is bound
Affinity - how much a molecule likes to bind to a structure
B-cellsBCR is Immunoglobulin (Ig)Plasma cells - effector cells that secrete Ab
T-cellsTc = cytotoxic (CD8+)
TH = helper T-cells (CD4+)Th1 (inflammation)Th2 (help B-cells make AB)
Small lymphocyte sub-types
Recognition modules of Adaptive immunity
B cells T cells
B-cell receptor
B-cells T-cell
Native vs Denatured
Antigen processing
Major Histocomp-atibility (MHC)
How does MHC work?
Intracellularpathogens
All nucleated cellsAPC
Extracellular pathogens
Only immune cellsProfessional APC
APC - Antigen Presenting Cells
Professional APC- macrophages- B cells- Dendritic cells
Figure 1-26MHC class I communicates with Tc cells
Figure 1-27MHC class II communicates with TH cells
Dendritic cells interact with naïve T-cells and initiate differentiation
How do Antibodies work?
Parasite +
Mast cell
Inflammation
Mast cell activated
Expel and/or destroy
pathogen
• Neutralization• Opsonization• Inflammation
Parasitic infection
Principles of Adaptive Immunity
DiversitySpecificityMemorySelf-tolerance
Gene Rearrangement is the source of Diversity
Germline configuration
Diversity1. Alternative combinations2. Imprecise joints3. Different types of chains4. B-cells - somatic hypermutation
In the absence of antigen
Clonal Selection
1. Each cell = one receptor2. Millions of lymphocytes
are generated3. Small subset will
recognize a pathogen4. Proliferation and
differentiation5. Acquired immunity - the
adaptive immunity provided by immunological memory
Figure 1-22Antibodies are usually very specific
Figure 1-30
Few specific lymphocytes
Many lymphocytes
Some memory lymphocytes
Concept Behind Vaccination
•Pre-industrialization infants built immunity naturally
•Post-industrialization polio rate increased in adults hence a need for vaccination
Polio Vaccine - Inactive vs Oral “live” version
VDPV - vaccine derived polio virus- mutations can lead to polio at extremely low rate
Principle of Self-tolerance
B-cells with BCR that bind to self will undergo Apoptosis
More complicated scheme of selection for T cells
Mechanism of Self-tolerance
Selection of T cells
1. Thymocytes
2. Positive selection-Self MHC
3. Negative selection
Immunodeficiencies
Inherited deficienciese.g. Bubble boy disease
Stress induced nutrition, emotional
Pathogen caused deficienciesHIV - attacks CD4 T lymphocyte
Figure 1-32
• IgE
• IgG
• CD4 TH1
• CD8 CTL
Cells and molecules involved in Hypersensitivity Diseases
Figure 1-33Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus
Beta cells of the Islets of Langerhans
Figure 1-34
Hygiene Hypothesis
Inflammatory Adaptive Immune Response