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ACTIVITY REPORT

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FOREWORD CLIENT TESTIMONIALS EIFER – AREAS OF COMPETENCES AND SELECTED PROJECTS

PARTNERSHIPS AND MEMBERSHIPS

by Pascal Terrien, Director of EIFERand Nurten Avcı, Deputy Director of EIFER

08Smart and Sustainable City

34Local Energy Concepts and Low Carbon Solutions

66Trends and Interactions within Energy Systems

81Laboratories

06Claude NahonDr. Philipp BouteillerBertrand Guillemot

80Jean Noel GuillotJean-Bernard Barthel

87Mirela Atanasiu

88Bernard GsellDidier Fruhauf

90Strategic Partnerships

91Memberships

93Committee Work

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CONTENTS

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FOREWORD

Dear readers,

We are currently living in a time of unprecedented change within the field of energy driven by climate change mitigation and renewable energy deployment. New technologies such as hydrogen emerge and have the potential of becoming a game changer. In addition, continuous worldwide urbanisation challenges cities, local authorities and other decision makers in designing future energy systems.The change of energy systems in numerous countries is a non-linear and complex process, involving a large variety of stakeholders. Technological solutions are needed for the smart integration of (intermittent) renewable energy into existing systems. Due to the long-term impact of the transformation of today’s infrastructure, a holistic and systemic view, including the energy demand aspect, is a prerequisite. Boundaries between the different energy sectors (heating, cooling, electricity and mobility) are disappearing more and more and subsequently increasing the complexity of the overall systems.

Creating solutions for sustainable cities and territories is at the core of EIFER’s research on innovative and low-carbon energy concepts and solutions which require a re-thinking and a re-design. In particular, for the re-thinking of urban planning processes energy-related questions as well as viewpoints and needs of citizens and stakeholders need to be considered from a very early stage.EIFER contributes to a better understanding of complex energy systems by using systemic modelling approaches and proposing solutions for its sustainable development. With this Activity Report, we would like to give you an insight into our achievements, approaches and competences. Innovative solutions and pathways to tackle the energy challenge are presented in EIFER’s key research areas:

- Smart and Sustainable City- Local Energy Concepts and Low Carbon Solutions - Trends and Interactions within Energy Systems

This report highlights a specific part of our work since 2013. The selected projects reflect our principles of interdisciplinarity and demonstrate the success of a comprehensive approach. This success is based on the scientific expertise of our employees, but not only. Due to their passion and their open-minded exchange with our partners and stakeholders, they strive for the best solution – perhaps for you as well. We hope you enjoy this report.

Pascal TerrienDirector of EIFER

Nurten AvcıDeputy Director of EIFER

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Dr. Alberto PasanisiGroup Manager “Urban Systems“

Dr. Andreas KochGroup Manager

“Energy Planning and Geosimulation“

Dr. Annie-France FritschGroup Manager

“Distributed Energy“

David EylerGroup Manager

“Bioenergy and Geosciences“

THE INSTITUTE IN BRIEF

EIFER – European Institute for Energy Research is a joint research institute between EDF and the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology. For more than 15 years, EIFER has been bridging the gap between science and industry and has been creating value for its members.

GENERAL ASSEMBLY OF MEMBERS Bernard Salha, Senior Vice President of EDF’s R&DProf. Dr. Thomas Hirth, Vice President for Innovation and International Affairs at KIT

BOARD OF DIRECTORS Jacques Sacreste, Sylvie Moulet (EDF’s R&D)Prof. Dr. rer. pol. Wolf Fichtner, Prof. Dr.-Ing. Hagenmeyer (KIT)

Prof. Dr. Nurten AvcıDeputy Director

Heike StockmannGeneral Affairs Manager

Pascal TerrienDirector

Prof. Dr. Ute KarlScientific Cooperation Manager

EIFER‘S MANAGEMENT

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SUSTAINABILITY GROUPEIFER's Sustainability Group encourages the active involve-ment of employees in activities regarding sustainability. It raises awareness on environmental, economic and social aspects, which are also important dimensions in EIFER's research activities.

104EMPLOYEES

6242

MEN

WOMEN

40% FRENCH40%GERMAN

20% OTHERS

GREEN ELECTRICITYFuture energy systems and their environmental impacts are among the research topics of EIFER. That’s why EIFER meets its respon-sibility for the environment and has purchased green electricity from hydroelectric power plants since December 2015. As a result, 65.520kg of CO2 emissions are avoided over a three-year period.

EFFICIENT INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIESThanks to energy efficiency gains in our server infrastructure we have successfully reduced our electricity consumption by 20% in 2016.

TEAM & COMMUNITY- Team Events- Sports Groups- Summer & Christmas Party

EXCHANGE & FURTHER EDUCATION- Trainings- Scientific Journals and Books- Participation in International Conferences

FAMILY & CAREER- Flexible Working Hours- Home Office- Part Time Positions

SAFETY AND HEALTH@WORK- Safety Management- Health Days- Ergonomics at Work- Health Promotion

As of December 2016

Engineers

Geoscientists

UrbanPlanners

Sociologists

Architects

Geographers

Economists

GIS-Specialists

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“EIFER’s work has allowed us to identify and explore concepts that were relatively new some years ago, and that are now starting to prevail as ecosystem services, green accounting or mitigation banks. This upstream work empowers the company by providing scientific knowledge and tools to adapt its practices in an evolving regulatory context. It also contributes to the assessment of risks and opportunities related to biodiversity and to the definition and implementation of the biodiversity roadmap of EDF.”Claude Nahon, Sustainable Development Senior Vice President at EDF

“In order to develop smart city strategies for tomorrow, we need smart and innovative tools today. By simulating integrated energy systems, we can demonstrate the potential for optimization at hand. This allows us to break down barriers together with our partners. The interactive visualisation and simulation tool, provided by TU-Berlin, Drees & Sommer and EIFER supported the development of the future energy system of Berlin TXL - The Urban Tech Republic."Dr. Philipp Bouteiller, Chief Executive Officer of Tegel Projekt GmbH

“I discovered EIFER when Dalkia became part of the EDF Group. I was impressed by their accurate understanding of Dalkia's activities and their attention to detail. At EIFER, we found highly skilled people who really understood our topics of renewable energy, recovered energy and energy efficiency. In a very short space of time we experienced a very interesting collaboration. Today, we are working more closely together, presenting and sharing R&D results, within the Calobs project. Soon, we will be able to offer a high level platform to a lot of people which shows synthesis covering a wide range of both existing and future technologies. We dreamed it, EIFER has done it.”Bertrand Guillemot, Director Innovation at Dalkia

07EIFER – AREAS OF COMPETENCE

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09SMART AND SUSTAINABLE CITY

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Today, cities are facing a number of unprecedented chal-lenges in a worldwide context of growing urbanisation of the population: by 2050, two-thirds of human beings are expected to live in urban areas with a number of new urban inhabitants estimated around 2.5 billion. Indeed, there is an increasing need for sustainable planning that optimises the capital expenditure, is compliant with environmental and climate change related ambitious goals and meets the cross-disciplinary challenges of digitilisation, interleave of planning sectors as well as energy transition.

Energy efficiency and water management, appropriate waste management, local renewable energies, low-carbon, fast and reliable transportation, limited air-pollution and noise, optimisation of synergies between industrial, tertiary and residential buildings, development of infrastructures are all parts of a comprehensive strategy that shall not be consid-ered separately, but in a systemic approach.

In the 21st century, citizens also want to be more and more involved in the on-going transformation as "smart users" of their city, rather than just being simple inhabitants. IT infrastructure allows us to collect, exchange and analyse a huge quantity of data and open the way for new services and business opportunities.

A SYSTEMIC APPROACH EIFER works at the connecting points of the described chal-lenges in order to provide a better understanding of urban developments and needs, providing stakeholders with tools for diagnostics and forecasting at short, mid and long term.

SMART AND SUSTAINABLE CITY

In a systemic approach, urban systems are considered as interacting systems to provide guidance from early planning phases to implementation. EIFER employs researchers with different skills (engineering, urban planning, computer science, geomatics, political and social sciences) in multidisciplinary project teams.

The aim is to support local actors in reaching long-term goals in respect of sustainable planning for a district, city or region. Based on different data sources and on the expertise of EIFER and its partners on energy use and consumption, tools are developed for energy diagnostic and projection of long-term development. As examples of results: the analysis of the stock of dwellings (namely with respect to their energy performance), the transportation needs and expenses or the localisation of areas prone to energy poverty. This question involving the social responsibility of utilities is also studied considering the related issue of transport poverty.

DIGITAL TRANSFORMATIONTransforming the huge amount of available data in valuable information for citizens and stakeholders is a challenge for modern cities. EIFER's approach, involving domain exper-tise, data analysis and social sciences, complies with the orientations of modern data science. Results are delivered under digital formats (web-based software and apps) with a particular care given to the easiness of use.

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LOCAL ENERGY PLANNINGSeveral demonstration projects have been carried out worldwide. In Singapore, an innovative decision support tool has been developed for and in cooperation with the Housing & Development Board (housing agency hosting more than 80% of Singaporeans) to be used by local planners for urban diagnosis and for analysing and comparing the short and long-term effects of sustainable development strategies. In close collaboration with EDF Deutschland GmbH local energy planning projects have been conducted in the city of Berlin. Based on the first energy concept of the rede-velopment site of Tegel Airport, a prototype for an interactive planning tool was developed for the local development agency Tegel Projekt GmbH.

Smart solutions are assessed based on an Agent Based Modelling approach applied to Smart Grids and more recently to multi-energy systems. In these sometimes complex systems the interaction of different sub-systems as well as corresponding actors are simulated to evaluate the impact of individual strategies on the larger system.

LOW-CARBON MOBILITY At EIFER the question is regarded from several perspectives. As far as technologies are concerned, electric mobility is investigated together with hydrogen mobility, to be seen as a complementary way to decarbonise transportation. The challenges of the integration of an appropriate hydrogen refuelling infrastructure as well as electrical charging stations in modern cities and regions, were identified as key drivers for the development of low-carbon mobility.

ENVIRONMENT AND HUMAN HEALTH IN CITIES Cities and environment is a multifaceted question. Long-term planning must consider the impact of "external" environment on urban areas e.g. in terms of resilience to extreme weather conditions or catastrophic events and climate change. On the other hand, cities are themselves a "network of ecosystems", from which populations derive benefits (ecosystem services), for instance in terms of the quality of life.

The paramount question of "health in the city" has been investigated in particular with respect to air pollution, noise and urban heat islands, mostly at the district level. Studies involve modelling and simulation as well as the quantitative assessment of impacts on human health, in terms of induced disease and changes in life expectancy.

INVOLVING CITIZENS IN THE URBAN TRANSFORMATION Collaborative projects encourage citizens to partake with their local knowledge in the urban planning process. This innovative participation process is becoming more and more common in Germany as the decisions taken, reflect the residents’ needs. For instance, in close cooperation with the city of Karlsruhe, EIFER researchers organized and animated workshops with panels of citizens to let them voice their own vision for their neighbourhoods in 2030+. In the district Karlsruhe-Oststadt, an energy concept based on the ex-pressed needs of citizens is developed in a common project together with institutes of KIT.

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The development of the City Platform is coordinated by EIFER in close collaboration with EDF's R&D and the international centres of EDF. The IT-based solution creates a highly visual interactive 3D interface to plan the cities of the future. Its advanced features for simulation, data display and statistics break down the traditional constituent parts of a city by establishing connections between: energy, transportation, water, housing and people.

The platform intends to foster the collaboration of various stakeholders in the early stage of urban planning. It serves urban planners, experts, designers, architects and geogra-phers in working together using an intuitive and user-friend-ly interface which allows them to assign specific characteris-tics to the city and investigate different alternative solutions.

AN OPEN APPROACH As the City Platform is based on a modular approach it can be adapted to new cities. While the models are hosted and executed locally, the user interacts with a web-frontend that runs in a browser. Urban planners can virtually edit buildings or neighbourhood characteristics, develop and evaluate scenarios at different scales: from single buildings to whole neighbourhoods. The planner can upload the neighbour-hood data (e.g. size and height of buildings) in a standardised format like CityGML, and upload the buildings’ parameters in the format of spreadsheet files.

Scenarios to implement e.g. energy efficiency measures can be defined regarding the requirements of the city and be adapted to the geography or the local culture. With an ergonomic interface, the urban planner is able to create different virtual scenarios to develop the city and calculate how its spatial layout affects the way people live in it. The scenarios always consider the complexity of the urban system as a whole and can be completed by academics or

An Urban Decision-making Tool Providing Support in the Early Planning Phase

EDF CITY PLATFORM

partner companies’ points of view as well as by the citizens themselves. This function lends itself to conducting partici-patory workshops on urban development planning with various stakeholders and citizens. In this way the platform can be used for neighbourhood refurbishment or for new neighbourhood development projects.

SIMULATION BASED IMPACT ANALYSISOnce the scenario is implemented across the territory, the simulation can be obtained within a few minutes and gives the results of each key performance indicators (KPI) concerning energy, environment or economic viability.

Fig. 1: 3D view of a city in the future

Fig. 2: Evaluation of urban KPIs

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KEY WORDS

ON BEHALF OF

PARTNERS

CONTACT

Housing Development Board Singapore

EDF’s R&D

Decision Support Tool

Urban Planning Scenarios

3D Visualization

Simulation

Urban Data Analysis

David Blin

Pierre Imbert

Andreas Koch

The software rapidly generates a 3D colour-coded visualisation representing different KPIs, which enables urban planners to compare several scenarios with each other or with a referenced target value, from a building to a city scale. It is also possible to classify the simulations according to users’ specific focus criteria by giving a specific weight to some indicators as to order simulations regarding users’ interests and highlight the best solution. The results of the simulation can be displayed over a short period, from a day to a week, or on a long-term basis, up to 20 years long, depending on the type of initiative simulated.

One hundred indicators are available on current elements. They can be adapted according to customers’ needs. Users or partners can add new initiatives. This results in a complete set of different scenarios, and they can relate them to already existing ones.

OPEN CALCULATION POSSIBILITIESThe City Platform has been developed around a component-based architecture that allows it to run with all kinds of software tools, from simulation models to statistic functions. A new simulation system is developed which allows to carry out event based models or time-stepped models programmed in Python, Java, etc. In recent application cases the platform was successfully linked with other IT solutions, for example in a public funded project in Lyon (cf. Modelisation Urbaine Gerland pp. 14) with the consortium’s own infrastructure as well as with a graphical interface from virtualcitySYSTEMS GmbH in an application in Berlin (cf. Energy Efficient Street Lighting in Moabit p. 18).

APPLICATION OF THE PLATFORM FOR THE HOUSING DEVELOPMENT BOARD, SINGAPOREA first application was carried out for the Housing Development Board (HDB) in Singapore. The scenar-ios and measures were defined and implemented in

close cooperation with HDB. The implemented planning measures that were simulated include:

- renewal of the air conditioning system; - improvement of public lighting inside and outside of buildings by changing the bulb types, their efficiency, illumination and setting up movement sensors and intelligent management systems; - installation of photovoltaic panels; - rooftop and facade greening with different types of plants;- motivation of tenants to replace domestic appliances by more efficient ones (e.g. fridges and TVs);- equip old lifts with energy recovery systems.

OUTLOOKFurther functions such as the distribution of charging points for electric vehicles, energy poverty and local availabilities of heating networks are currently developed. Due to the modular structure the models once implemented can be carried out for any other application case of the City Platform. Thus, each project adds further functionalities available for all cases; this latter aspect is especially true for technical models applicable to different local conditions.

Fig. 3: EDF City Platform web interface allows to create urban planning scenarios

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Cities are key drivers to a sustainable transition and are thus in the focus of both, research as well as politics. At the same time cities are complex systems that need to be studied holistically in order to understand their inherent complexities. The research project Modélisation Urbaine Gerland (MUG) aims at studying novel approaches to urban planning and thus implements a decision support tool, which combines a computerised urban planning platform. This will be done in a joint effort with the Métropole de Lyon in order to preserve and improve the quality of life of its inhabitants. In this case, the study area is the Lyon district of Gerland, which is an ideal laboratory to achieve and evaluate those objectives, due to its ongoing urban transformation and the associated challenges.

The main objectives of the project Modélisation Urbaine Gerland are:- To reflect on the construction of the city of the future in an joined effort with two industrial partners and two local start-ups by merging visionary urban planning and computerised modelling;- To reflect on new ways of governance, by linking different domains in urban planning in a holistic and integrated way;- To prepare for tomorrow’s urban planning challenges, by developing a decision support tool for long-term planning of the district Gerland; and,- To support the development of new tools by accompany- ing the process of urban and social transition in the urban district Gerland.

The platform will allow the definition, simulation and com-parison of possible urban planning measures and scenarios within a time horizon of 15-20 years in order to identify the optimal solution for the future development of Gerland. Current areas of transformation and challenges in Gerland have been identified in workshops. These are, for example, the residential attractiveness, transport and mobility,

Shaping New Perspectives: Enhancing Urban Planning by a Model Based Approach in Lyon

MODELISATION URBAINE GERLAND

economic shift and future development as well as the quality of life of its residents.

Tackling these topics shall be achieved in a partnership combining the competencies of the different project partners encompassing: (1) urban planning (Métropole de Lyon), (2) industrial research and infrastructure planning (EDF’s R&D, Veolia Research and Innovation), (3) complex systems (The CoSMo Company) as well as (4) land use and transport dynamics (ForCity).

The project will provide the Métropole de Lyon with an interactive planning platform that combines urban planning and simulation. The user can define and set scenarios via an ergonomic graphical user interface and visualise and compare the results on a dashboard as well as a 3D interface representing the study area. This is enabled by combining the diverse competences of the project consortium, which allows to holistically tackle urban challenges and to transfer them into computerised models and visualisation.

The planning platform will empower the city planning authority of Lyon to model different future scenarios of the urban development of Gerland, which comprises different actions. To give an example, the user can define concrete actions such as the rehabilitation of the residential building stock of a defined age class, the development of new public transport stations and the redevelopment of the public space including new parking possibilities or green space. The visua-lisation of the interdependencies of the developed scenarios helps to facilitate an interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary exchange among the different stakeholders. Furthermore, it tears down the traditional silo approach of urban planning.

The computerised quantitative simulation models developed by EIFER and EDF’s R&D will target the quality of life of inhabitants, energy transition as well as social-environmental

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The roles and competences of the consortium in the project Modélisation Urbaine Gerland in detail:

(1) Métropole de Lyon is project leader, main site stakeholder and future principle user

(2) The CoSMo Company is expert on complex systems working on the industrialisation of CoSMo software-based urban modelling toolkit

(3) EDF supports the project by expertise in energy and quality of life through consulting and computational models

(4) ForCity is consortium leader, leading the development of the decision support tool, the land use and transport inter-action model, the urban models and the platform hosting the technological components designed by the project partners

(5) Veolia supports the project by expertise in air and waste management through consulting and computational models

KEY WORDS

FUNDING AGENCY

PARTNERS

CONTACT

French National Research Call “Ville de Demain-le réseau ECOCITÉ”

Agence d’Urbanisme de la Métropole de Lyon

Mission Gerland

EDF’s R&D

Veolia Research and Innovation

The Cosmo Company

ForCity

Monika Heyder

Alberto Pasanisi

justice. Models integrated are for instance, urban energy planning models integrating energy systems, rehabilitation measures and social justice.As well as the above, EIFER develops the following models, which allow computerised quantitative simulation of the subjects:

- Energy performance of residential dwellings - Energy poverty- District heating (including the simulation of production units and the primary network)- Charging infrastructure diffusion of electrical vehicles

In addition, EIFER works together with the R&D department ENERBAT of EDF on developing the following models:- Energy performance of tertiary buildings- PV potential of roofs and facades using 3D data

Urban Planning

Quality of Life

Urban Systemic Modelling

Multi-sectoral Urban Modelling

Gerland

Métropole de Lyon

Connecting, for example, the models on district heating, energy performance of dwellings and ener-gy poverty allows the Métropole de Lyon to test different actions and scenarios like rehabilitation of a targeted building stock as well as connection to the district heating network and how to meet their energy transition and climate mitigation targets while assuring the participation and inclusion of the citizens. EDF’s R&D and EIFER provide integrated simulation models for energy and quality of life, which are hosted on the EDF City Platform. These models are connected to other models developed by Veolia and ForCity through web services, which allow a communication between the ForCity plat-form and the EDF City Platform. The graphical user interface is hosted on the ForCity platform.

More information on the project available under:www.lyon-gerland.com/le-projet-urbain/modelisation-urbaine-de-gerland-mug

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Initially focusing on integral simulation of smart grids, the Intelligent Energy System activities are now addressing the development of re-usable and multi-purpose simulation models for local energy systems, extending the electrical domain to multiple energy carriers to cover different kinds of energy services or end use. The aim is to develop flexible tools that allow early stage prototyping of local energy systems, to tackle the upcoming challenges of the energy transition at local and regional level in a more complex and dynamic context.

METHODS AND TOOLSThe models pursue a multi-method approach, which is mainly based on continuous modelling for continuous parts of the system e.g. physical flows like thermal processes or power flow and agent based models for the discrete parts (control, infrastructure and changes of the state of systems). The models can also be geo-localized. A library serves as a common exchange and storage format: EnergyLogic is a collection of different multi-energy models created in the modelling environment Anylogic (cf. Fig. 1). It currently counts 30 different modules, reaching from generation e.g. PV, wind turbines, CHP, over storage e.g. batteries, thermal storages, networks e.g. district heating, power grids, to demand (thermal/electrical).

Simulation of Smart Grids and Multi-Energy Systems

PARTICIPATIVE SPATIAL ENERGY PLANNING

The modules from EnergyLogic can be used for several purposes, such as a simulation-based development or assessment of energy management strategies e.g. centralised vs. decentralised. The integration of communication and interaction between different technologies, and the coupled study of design and operation of a system are further fields of application. Using heuristic optimisation techniques, the simulation models can also serve to find improved solutions for different levels of the system.

PARTICIPATIVE SPATIAL ENERGY PLANNING FOR BERLIN TXL – THE URBAN TECH REPUBLICA recent application case is the model supported energy planning approach tested for the redevelopment of Tegel Airport (495 ha), which will be redeveloped as an innovative hub for cutting-edge research and industry under the umbrella of “Berlin TXL – The Urban Tech Republic”. In 2014, EIFER, EDF Deutschland GmbH, Drees & Sommer and the Institute of Urban and Regional Planning of the TU Berlin started a collaboration with Tegel Projekt GmbH, the development agency, in order to connect urban and energy planning for the redevelopment of Berlin TXL. Based on EIFER’s and EDF’s high expertise in energy systems modelling and in developing decision support solutions for sustainable cities, a prototype of an integrated spatial energy system simulation has been developed (cf. Fig. 2). This prototype provides the means to build scenarios for an efficient integration of innovative urban technologies, based on the site’s initial energy concept developed by Drees & Sommer. The solution enables the user to visualise and to assess different urban planning strategies by analysing the inter-relation between planning decisions and multi-energy systems e.g. integration of renewable energy sources, combined heat & power, etc.

Fig. 1: Interconnected modules from the EnergyLogic library representing an energy system

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KEY WORDS

ON BEHALF OF

PARTNERS

CONTACT

Tegel Projekt GmbH

EDF Deutschland GmbH

TU Berlin

Institute of Urban and Regional Planning (ISR)

Drees & Sommer

EDF Energy UK R&D Centre

University Las Palmas SIANI

Agile Decision Support

Collaborative Development

Energy Systems Simulation

Exploration of Complex

Energy Systems

Enrique Kremers

Diane Pétillon

Andreas Koch

Several workshops (cf. Fig. 3) of Urban Design Thinking were conducted in the TU Berlin Urban Lab format in order to engage with relevant actors and domain experts in the planning process of the energy system for the Tegel site. This enabled participants to challenge the main issues related to the energy concept of the Urban Tech Republic and to visualise the effects of specific hypothesis on the energy demand and supply.

RESULTS AND PERSPECTIVESThe prototype provides Tegel Projekt GmbH with a decision support involving relevant actors at an early stage and a means of communication for their development strategy. This pilot project is the first step of an ambitious applied research approach aiming to bridge the gap between urban planners and energy experts with the support of performant integrated multi-energy systems modelling tools.

For more information: https://www.eifer.kit.edu/Spatial-Energy-Simulation-for-Berlin-Tegel-RES-TXL

Fig. 3: Urban Lab planning session with Tegel Projekt GmbH

Fig. 2: Screenshot of the interactive visualisation of the local energy system

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CONTACT

Climate-KIC (TU-Berlin, VCS)

EDF Group

Interactive Urban Energy Planning

Street Lighting Simulation

3D Web-based InterfaceImmersive Application

Collaborative Decision-making

virtualcitySYSTEMS GmbH

TU-Berlin Chora

David Blin

Andreas Koch

KEY WORDS

ON BEHALF OF

PARTNERS

In 2016, EIFER, EDF, virtualcitySYSTEMS GmbH (VCS), and the Chair for Sustainable Planning and Urban Design at the TU Berlin started a joint collaboration in order to develop a demonstrator for a web-based energy simulation platform as decision support for urban planners. The purpose of the demonstrator is to illustrate in a 3D web environment the impact of discussed energy efficiency measures in the district of Moabit in Berlin. Moabit has been chosen as a case study in order to assess the impact on energy consumption, CO2 emissions and costs induced by the replacement of streetlamps (existing gas lamps vs. new LED lamps).

THE 3D WEB-BASED ENERGY SIMULATIONThe web platform aims to couple the City Platform (cf. pp. 12) with the 3D Spatial Data Infrastructure of virtualcitySYSTEMS. The latter includes several ser-vices from VCS such as the virtualcityDATABASE 3.0 and the virtualcityWFS 3.0 which enable web-based access to the streetlight data (CityGML). The 3D visualisation is provided by the virtualcityMAP 3.0.The interactive simulation tool is hosted by the City Platform. It enables the user to change the type of selected streetlamps and to evaluate the impact in terms of key performance indicators (e.g. CO2 emissions, energy consumption and costs) for different development strategies. The user can indeed run a business-as-usual scenario (existing gas lamps) or an alternative scenario deploying different LED lamps in the defined area of interest. The different lamp types and results are then visualised in the 3D city model of Berlin (cf. Fig. 1).

3D Web-based Energy Simulation for Street Lighting in Berlin Moabit

ENERGY EFFICIENT STREET LIGHTING IN MOABIT

RESULTS AND OUTLOOKThe first results present potential energy savings and CO2 mitigations for the district of Moabit. It is planned to integrate more simulation scenarios in the future for energy efficiency measures in the urban context. The demonstrator was integrated into the CHORA-BrainBox of the TU Berlin and presented at the Metropolitan Solutions 2016, congress and trade fair for smart cities in Berlin (cf. Fig. 2). The CHORA-BrainBox is an immersive Smart City Lab allowing scenarios and collaborative decision-making. This enables the direct cross-impact assessment of local sustainability strategies and thus to make decisions jointly based on calculated energy para-meters and the visual appearance of the lamp types in the cityscape.

Fig. 1: Screenshot of the web interface

Fig. 2: Demonstration of the TU Berlin CHORA-BrainBox at the Metropolitan Solutions 2016

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In the 21st century cities and territories in France face numerous challenges in various fields, with energy being a transversal topic having links to many others, such as climate change, mobility, poverty or infrastructure. French regulation encourages cities and territories in dealing with these challenges in the framework of a multi-level system of urban and territorial planning documents.EIFER develops solutions to assist cities and territories in tackling these challenges. Tools are developed to help a range of administrative entities from technical services to local politicians, municipal councillors or mayors of cities and territories in their strategic orientations

- to improve their understanding of the composition of their energy demand and the associated emissions as of present,- to identify energy saving potential or local renewable energy potential, and- to quantify their impact on consumption, emissions and energy poverty, using scenario analysis with trajectories up to 2030.

METHODSThe decision support tool for residential sector analysis is an integrated bottom-up statistical engineering and sociological simulation model for scenario analysis. Based on national statistics describing the distribution of the residential building stock in France with a high spatial disaggregation and on French regulation, normative and real energy consumption of a given territorial perimeter are calculated taking into account

- the thermal building performance (insulation

for French Cities and Territories Focusing on the Residential Sector

DECISION SUPPORT FOR LONG TERM ENERGY PLANNING

of the building envelope consisting of walls, roof, windows, etc.),- the building morphology (compactness, height, contiguity, orientation, etc.),- environmental variables such as outside temperature and solar irradiation,- the heating conversion system efficiency, and- the user behaviour.

Scenario analysis considers structural evolutions such as demography, economic growth, technical progress, new appliances as well as deliberate actions taken by territory such as energy efficiency measures or energy vector switches.

CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOKBased on this decision support tool, recommenda-tions can be derived for cities and territories. For example, EIFER supported the urban development agency of the agglomeration of Strasbourg (ADEUS) in planning their local energy transition. The spatial and typological resolution allows for a precise targeting of refurbishment actions in specific districts and dwelling types. This way, EIFER contributes to cities and territories identifying strategies to reduce energy poverty, mitigate pollution and greenhouse gas emissions and move towards a more sustainable energy supply.

KEY WORDS

ON BEHALF OF

PARTNERS

CONTACT

EDF Group

R&D departments of EDF (ENERBAT, EPI)

Energy Planning

Cities and Territories

Residential Sector

Prospective Analysis

Decision Support

Daniel Fehrenbach

Gilles Plessis

Alberto Pasanisi

Fig. 1: EIFER tools quickly provide detailed local analysis with national coverage

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2020

Hydrogen produced by low carbon electricity enables us to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and local pollutants in the transport sector, beside battery electric mobility. It is, therefore, one of the solutions for sustainable transport. The market potential of the transport sector is considerable and represents a major opportunity for utilities, even if the ramp-up of a break-through technology takes a long time, due to the inertia of the automobile fleet and the slow diffusion of innovation into the population. The first fuel cell electric vehicles have entered the commercialisation phase and are today available on the market.

ANALYSING THE CHANCES OF CLEAN HYDROGEN MOBILITYIn this context, EIFER has been investigating the opportu-nities offered by hydrogen mobility through technical and economic studies for more than ten years, and this in colla-boration with R&D departments of the EDF Group and a large network of academic and industrial partners in Europe. The key issue identified is the primary energy source: hydrogen should be produced from low carbon energies, such as renewable electricity, in order to contribute significantly to reduce the GHG emissions of the transport sector. Therefore, electrolysis technologies and their combination with refuelling stations are a major issue. The challenges of the deployment of an appropriate hydrogen refuelling infrastructure were identified as key drivers for the develop-ment of hydrogen mobility. EIFER contributes to assess the technical maturity as well as the economic viability of the main components of the stations, from the electricity supply to the refuelling nozzle. In parallel, EIFER investigates innovative business and activity models in the construction and operation of hydrogen refuelling stations.

HYDROGEN MOBILITY AS A SOLUTION FOR SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT

DEMONSTRATING THE TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY OF INNOVATIVE USE CASES In 2009, EIFER committed to being involved in demonstration projects, in order to increase our understanding of the hydro-gen infrastructure technologies, identify remaining technical bottlenecks and contribute to accelerating the deployment of hydrogen mobility through additional R&D efforts on key technologies. In this context, the MobyPost project started in 2011, in collaboration with European partners, including La Poste, UTBM, H2Nitidor, MES, Ducati Energia, MaHyTec and Steinbeis-Europa-Zentrum (http://mobypost-project.eu/). Small innovative hydrogen refuelling stations fed with PV electricity were developed to supply two fleets of vehicles dedicated to the French Post company for mail delivery in the East of France (cf. Fig.1).

The objective was to demonstrate the technical feasibility of developing an autonomous, green hydrogen mobility concept based on low pressure solutions, from the sun to the wheel. The project lasted until 2015 and successfully performed more than 250 refuellings. EIFER developed the hydrogen refuelling concept, specified the different components, contributed to its engineering, supervised the construction phase of the stations, developed, built and operated a remote monitoring and control system.

Fig. 1: MobyPost Hydrogen Station of Audincourt

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KEY WORDS

FUNDING AGENCY

PARTNERS

CONTACT

European Union’s Horizon 2020 Programme through the Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Joint Under-taking (FCH 2 JU)

Symbio FCell

Communauté d'Agglomération Sarreguemines Confluences (CASC)

McPhy Energy

La Poste

AREVA H2Gen

Semitan

Braley

Université de Technologie de Belfort Montbéliard (UTBM)

MAHYTEC

Engineering of Electrolysis Installations and H2 Refuelling Stations

Technical-economic Analysis

Monitoring and Remote Control Solutions

Know-how of Regulations

Codes and Standards

David Colomar

Annabelle Brisse

Annie-France Fritsch

Based on the results of MobyPost, it was decided to investigate the coupling of electrolysis with the refuelling stations at larger installations at high pressure (400 bar or more). For this purpose, EIFER got involved in two large European demonstration projects H2ME and H2ME2 with more than 30 Eu-ropean partners aiming at deploying 50 hydrogen refuelling stations and more than 1,500 hydrogen vehicles (http://h2me.eu/). EIFER, together with industrial partners and local communities, is actively contributing to the construction, operation and analysis of three refuelling stations equipped with onsite production from carbon free electricity. These stations are located in Sarreguemines, Nantes and Rodez, France (cf. Fig. 2). There are different use cases (e.g. industrial fleets, mutualized urban mobility, and heavy mobility in rural areas, cross border mo-bility) and the potential of electrolysis flexibility for the electricity grids is being assessed.

SOLVING THE REMAINING BOTTLENECK OF THE HYDROGEN MOBILITYThese demonstration projects enabled EIFER to identify some remaining bottlenecks on the refuelling infrastructure, especially on electrolysis, hydrogen compression and cooling, and on control and monitoring. EIFER has forged collaborations with industrial and academic partners and is developing and testing breakthrough technologies in its laboratories (EIFER/ICT Lab and FCTestLab, cf. p. 85 and 86) to contribute to solve these bottlenecks.

Finally, these new technologies are used to revise our analysis and will be implemented in future demonstration projects, making the R&D strategy of EIFER a highly iterative and dynamic process.

Fig. 2: H2ME Deployment Map

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CONTACT

EDF Group

Transport Node

Low Carbon Mobility

System Dynamics Modelling

Scenario Analysis

Land Use Transport Interaction

SNCF

Anne-Sophie Fulda

Elise Nimal

Alberto Pasanisi

KEY WORDS

ON BEHALF OF

PARTNER

The “NODE” research project primarily tackles the questions of “how to improve energy efficiency in a transport hub”. Will the development of new transport technologies significantly reduce energy consumption? Or will it mostly result in a change of mobility pattern due to new transport policies? To what extent do neighbourhood density and functional mixing influence energy efficiency in transport?

The objective of the project is to understand the interactions between policies in the field of trans-portation, urban development and energy. For this purpose, EIFER develops a tool, called NODE, to support local actors in strategic decisions with regard to urban development. It brings together different stakeholders like urban planners, transport planners and energy providers - with distinct points of view and various areas of expertise - to generate knowledge about energy governance. NODE is a tool to coordinate actors and define energy strategies of a station and its neighbourhood.

To integrate several sectors in a single system, a system dynamics (SD) modelling method is espe-cially adapted. This method is used to represent the interactions between the different parameters, which are part of the following three systems: 1) urban development, 2) transport and 3) energy. For example, if some new surfaces are established, then the district attractiveness increases as well as the demand for transport. If public transport becomes cheaper, district accessibility will improve and the use of different modes will change, as well as the energy consumption. If electric energy is promoted for transport, the use of individual vehicles will change, and the fares for public transport will be affected.

NODE: ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN A TRANSPORT HUB

Those changes have an effect on the energy (kWh) and the environmental balance (eq. CO2).

The model has been applied twice in France, in collaboration with local actors, Strasbourg (Rotonde) with CUS and Paris in partnership with SNCF. Different long term scenarios have been simulated. For example, a scenario where electric transportation is promoted shows that even if more kilometres are driven, the CO2 emission balance is stable.

It is the first tool integrating three different sectors: energy, land use and transport. This “E-LUTI” (Energy - Land Use - Transport Interaction) standardised tool allows us to perform quick and high quality applications. It is now in discussion, if the tool will be applied in further nodes in France and elsewhere.

Fig. 1: CO₂ emission and modal choice (km) for a transport node

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Environment and human health are now a growing concern, especially in cities where inhabitants are exposed to many stressors: air pollution, noise, extreme heat, combined with less natural space and less biodiversity. It has now been proven that dete-riorated environmental conditions lead to mortality and morbidity with important distress and costs for the affected people as well as for the society.

METHODThis approach focused on decentralized energy production (including district heating) and mobility, two main sources of air pollution for inhabitants, in order to determine the consequences of urban planning on air quality and health on a city scale. It is made up of methods specific to each domain:

1. Analysing the current situation and the urban de-velopment project using town planning documents to define evolution scenarios.

2. Determining the emissions of pollutants of each scenario, using literature data and emissions registries, including emissions from other sources (near or far from the city).

3. Modelling the dispersion of pollutants in the city, with a Gaussian air pollution dispersion model (cf. Fig. 1).

4. Assessing the resulting health effects, with a focus on vulnerable people (children, elderly, ill people) using the human health risk assessment method and Health Impact Assessment (HIA).

Case Study on Strasbourg

AIR QUALITY AND HEALTH IN CITIES

With this approach we can compare the results of the different scenarios which enable us to choose the one with less impact on air quality and health.

CASE STUDYA case study was conducted from 2015 to 2016 in Strasbourg. Strasbourg is rehabilitating a former industrial neighbourhood into a mix-use one (tertiary activities, services and residential), with major changes in the transport network (including an increase of public transport) and the energy production system, especially developing the district heating network.

The main results of this study are:1. Traffic is a major cause of air pollution in the city, distributed energy production influence is minimal.

2. The influence of the studied neighbourhood on the whole city's air quality is marginal.

However, each emissions reduction may have an impact locally, especially if decreasing the exposure on the vulnerable population.

KEY WORDS

ON BEHALF OF

PARTNERS

CONTACT

EDF Group

EDF's R&D

Air Quality Agency in Alsace (ASPA)

École Centrale de Lyon

Eurométropole de Strasbourg

Pascal de Giudici (Consulting)

Health

District Heating

Mobility

Air Quality

City Planning

Camille Payre

Guillaume Bardeau

Alberto Pasanisi

Fig. 1: Particles concentration in Strasbourg - scenario 2030

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CONTACT

Ministerium für Wissen-schaft, Forschung und Kunst Baden-Württemberg

Bottom-up Urban Planning

Local Energy Planning in line with Citizens’ Needs

Data Analysis of Semantic 3D Building Models

Syed Monjur Murshed

Jochen Wendel

Andreas Koch

KEY WORDS

FUNDING AGENCY

KIT-fbta

KIT-IIP

KIT-ITAS

PARTNERS

REALLABOR 131The project “Reallabor 131” led by the KIT Institute for Technology Assessment and System Analysis (ITAS) was set up as an interdisciplinary exchange between science and society. It deals with five main topics that emerged from a participative exchange with the citizens of the district Oststadt: the city as social space, climate and energy, livable mobility, circular and sustainable economy, health and demographic change.

The core of the project is interdisciplinary studies composed of different project teams dealing with the identified challenges. The project provides the platform for the exchange among these research projects in the form of a corner shop in the district (“LaWiNE - Laden für Wissenschaft und Nachhaltige Entwicklung“) which serves as meeting point and contact point for citizens.

ENERGY CONCEPTThe energy concept aims at reducing the non-renewable share of the primary energy use in the

Participatory Development of an Energy Concept for Karlsruhe Oststadt

“REALLABOR 131: KIT FINDET STADT”

district Karlsruhe Oststadt. It will be developed based on the 3D building model provided by the city of Karlsruhe as well as built on data collected in the Reallabor project and will further analyse the standardised assessment of a large percentage of the existing building stock conducted by the KIT Institute for Industrial Production (KIT-IIP). EIFER uses semantically enriched 3D data models to classify the residential building stock and validate the clusters selected for the building analysis. The KIT Building Science Group (fbta) conducted detailed simulations of typical buildings and supply systems. The project will further investigate potential low-energy heat sources in the Oststadt district.

EXPECTED RESULTS AND OUTLOOKResults will be visualized in a Geographic Information System (GIS) to be used as a basis for the discussion of decentral energy solutions with citizens and relevant stakeholders such as Karlsruhe Energy and Climate Protection Agency (KEK). In addition to the applied results, the project will deliver insights into the issue of data protection and the use of sensitive data for local energy planning. Both topics will be discussed with citizens and institutional actors.

Fig. 1: Automated building classification based on Self Organising Maps (SOM)

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Karlsruhe is one of 51 cities, which have been chosen to take part in a “Future City” contest organized by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research in 2015. The goal of the city was to develop visions for the future with citizens in two Karlsruhe quarters: Mühlburg and Knielingen.

PARTICIPATIVE VISION BUILDINGIn this framework, EIFER developed and realised a concept of a participative vision development with citizens and urban planners as well as representatives from local trade and industry. In a first step, specific target groups were identi-fied such as school children, citizen associations, elderly citizens, representatives of local trade and industry and citizens with migrant background. This helped to gather target group specific needs and expectations as well as the most relevant fields (e.g. mobility, living, working, local supply), for the pre-paration of two citizen vision workshops - “Visions-werkstätten”. The format of the one-day workshops was developed by EIFER based on formats like the “Future Workshop” and backcasting approaches. In such an approach, the participants are encouraged to leave the limits of the present behind and “jump” into the future before thinking, out of this perspec-tive, how this envisioned future could be achieved. During the workshops, the participants discussed their needs and wishes and developed visions of their city quarter in the future 2030+.

RESULTSThe researchers of EIFER analysed and evaluated the results of the workshops, using the vision elements of the future for Mühlburg and Knielingen. Accor-

FUTURE CITY PROJECT: “SMARTQUARTERVISION KA 2030+“

ding to these results, Mühlburg 2030+ presents its-elf as a lively city quarter as a “City at the river”, with an integrated Rhine harbor. Local history is present according to the motto “historic-innovative”. Thus, relating to the fact that inventor Carl Benz was born in Mühlburg, the quarter is perceived as an ideal test space for new mobility concepts. In the future, a system of autonomous clean vehicles replaces the individual cars of today and complements the traditional public transport system.

The citizen’s vision of Knielingen 2030+ shows a modern and green village with a vital social life. The reduction of the present traffic load is an important topic in Knielingen. The developed idea replaces individual traffic by an innovative multi-modal mobility system with shared hydrogen vehicles and bicycles.

The results of the visioning process were finally presented and handed out in a public event to the mayor of Karlsruhe, Frank Mentrup, as well as to representatives of the city council, city administration and the citizens. For more information: https://www.karlsruhe.de/b2/zukunftsstadt

KEY WORDS

FUNDING AGENCY

PARTNERS

CONTACT

German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF)

Stadt Karlsruhe

CyberForum Service GmbH

KIT-ITAS

Citizen Participation

District Development

City of the Future

Vision Building

BMBF Zukunftsstadt

Pia Laborgne

Joanna Skok

Alberto Pasanisi

Fig. 1: Citizen vision workshop Knielingen - working group on nature and environment

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SMART AND SUSTAINABLE CITY – FURTHER PUBLIC FUNDED PROJECTS

CATIMINI2Capacité des Territoires à Intégrer les Innovations de MobilitéTimescale: 10/2016 - 01/2019Funded by: Agence de l’environnement et de la maîtrise de l’énergie (ADEME)

CI-NERGYSmart Cities with Sustainable Energy SystemsTimescale: 10/2013 - 09/2017 Funded by: European Seventh Framework Programme (FP7) www.ci-nergy.eu

H2MEHydrogen Mobility Europe Timescale: 06/2015 - 05/2020Funded by: European Union's Horizon 2020 Programme through the Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking (FCH 2 JU)h2me.eu

H2ME2Hydrogen Mobility Europe 2Timescale: 05/2016 - 06/2022Funded by: European Union's Horizon 2020 Programme through the Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking (FCH 2 JU)

IEA EBC ANNEX 63Implementation of Energy Strategies in CommunitiesTimescale: 05/2015 - 10/2017Funded by: Agence de l’environnement et de la maîtrise de l’énergie (ADEME)www.annex63.org

PERITHELMéthodologie opérationnelle de calcul de bilans énergétiques, environnementaux socio-économiquesTimescale: 07/2014 – 07/2017Funded by: Agence de l’environnement et de la maîtrise de l’énergie (ADEME)

REALLABOR 131 – KIT FINDET STADT Timescale: 09/2015 - 12/2017 Funded by: Ministerium für Wissenschaft, Forschung und Kunst, Baden-Württemberg (MWK)

RESOURCE URBANISMS - LSE CITIESNatural resources, urban form and infrastructure in the case of Asia's diverging city modelsTimescale: 08/2015 - 07/2017Funded by: Kuwait Programme of Applied Research

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PUBLICATIONS

2016

THESIS

Boutaud, B. (2016). Un modèle énergétique en transition. Centralisme et décentralisation dans la régulation du système électrique. Université Paris-Est. Koch, A. (2016). Continuous Simulation for Urban Energy Planning Based on a Non-Linear Data-Driven Modelling Approach. Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT).

Murshed, S. M. (2016). Assessment of Impacts of Extreme Winter Storms on the Forest Resources in Baden-Würt-temberg - A Combined Spatial and System Dynamics Approach. Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT).

BOOKS AND BOOK SECTIONS

Wendel, J., Murshed, S. M., Sriramulu, A., Nichersu, A. (2016). Development of a Web-Browser Based Interface for 3D Data – A Case Study of a Plug-in Free Approach for Visualizing Energy Modelling Results. In Gartner, G., Jobst, M., Huang, H. (Eds.) Progress in Cartography: EuroCarto 2015 (pp. 185-205). Cham: Springer International Publishing.

Laborgne, P. (2016). Local Intermediaries in Energy Tran-sitions: A Case in Frankfurt/Main. In Bammé, A., Getzinger, G. (Eds.) Yearbook 2015 of the Institute for Advanced Studies on Science, Technology and Society.

JOURNAL ARTICLES

Damblin, G., Keller, M., Barbillon, P., Pasanisi, A., Parent, É. (2016). Bayesian Model Selection for the Validation of Computer Codes. Quality and Reliability Engineering Interna-tional, 32(6), 2043-2054. doi:10.1002/qre.2036

Imbert, I., Nogues, P., Sevenet, M. (2016). Same but different: On the applicability of fuel poverty indicators across countries – Insights from France. Energy Research & Social Science, 15, 75-85. doi:10.1016/j.erss.2016.03.002

Laborgne, P. (2016). Bürgerenergie im Fokus. Bericht zur 3. Energy & Society Konferenz: Transforming Energy for Society. Technikfolgenabschätzung - Theorie und Praxis, 25(3).

Wendel, J., Buttenfield, B. P., Stanislawski, L. V. (2016). An evaluation of unsupervised and supervised learning algorithms for clustering landscape types in the United States. Cartography and Geographic Information Science, 43(3), 233-249. doi:10.1080/15230406.2015.1067829

Wendel, J., Nichersu, A. (2016). Open-source solutions for 3D geodata visualization. Geomatik aktuell 2016 - Geodaten in der Cloud, Reihe B (9), 53-60.

CONFERENCE CONTRIBUTIONS

Cajot, S., Schüler, N., Peter, M., Page, J., Koch A., François, M. (2016). An integrated approach for the planning of sustainable districts. Sustainable Built Environment (SBE) Regional Conference, Zurich, Switzerland.

Ge, X., Kremers, E. (2016). Simulation optimization in the task of urban energy planning. European simulation and modeling conference, Gran Canaria, Spain.

Huber, A. (2016). Recent dynamics of every day sharing between neighbours in France and Germany. 2nd Inter-national Workshop on the Sharing Economy, Paris, France.

Huber, A. (2016). Trends of neighbourhood sharing in France and Germany. Demand Centre Conference, Lancaster, UK.

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Laborgne, P. (2016). Local Energy Transition Strategies: Case Studies in Germany. International Sustainability Transi-tion, Wuppertal, Germany.

Laborgne, P., Skok, J. (2016). "Smart” Citizen’s Visions? Experiences and views of the SmartQuarterVision KA 2030+ Project. STS Conference, Graz, Austria. Murshed, S. M., Reed, E. (2016). Mapping of the vulnerability of forest resources due to extreme winter storms in the state of Baden-Württemberg in Germany. AutoCarto 2016, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA.

Murshed, S. M., Werner, U. (2016). A System dynamics approach to assess economic impacts of extreme winter storms in forestry. 34th International Conference of the System Dynamics Society, Delft, Netherlands.

Payre, C., Bardeau, G., Lopez Ruiz, H., Mousseau, B., Rivière, E., Schillinger, C., Soulhac, L., Charvolin-Volta, P., Guillossou, G., Piotrowski, A., Soldano, B., De Giudici, P., Moreau, M., Mas-carell, S., Willm, T. (2016). Étude relative à la conséquence sur la qualité de l’air de scénarios prospectifs transport et énergies décentralisées pour en connaître l’impact sanitaire : le cas du quartier des Deux Rives (Strasbourg) (CONS AIR TEIS). 7eme Congrès National Santé Environnement, Strasbourg, France.

Pradel, B., Fulda, A.S., Huber, A. (2016). Sharing charging stations. A socio-economical study on sharing private charging stations for electric vehicles: actors, social organizations and practices. 11th ITS European Congress, Glasgow, Scotland. Wendel, J., Nichersu, A., Murshed, S. M., Simons, A., Saed, M., Wieland, M. (2016). GIS energy analysis in smart city approaches. AAG Annual Meeting, San Francisco, USA.

Zoarder, M. A. M., Murshed, S. M., Bahu, J.-M., Coors, V. (2016). Development of an Integrated GIS Based Approach for Urban Heat Island Modeling. 4th International Conference on Countermeasures to Urban Heat Island, Singapore.

2015


Boutaud, B. (2015). Territoires à énergie positive Diction-naire des collectivités territoriales et du développement durable. Paris : Editions du Moniteur.

Mirakyan, A., De Guio, R. (2015). Three Domain Modelling and Uncertainty Analysis - Applications in Long Range Infrastructure Planning. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing.

JOURNAL ARTICLES

Evora, J., Hernandez, J. J., Hernandez, M., Dzemyda, G., Kurasova, O., Kremers, E. (2015). Swarm Intelligence for Frequency Management in Smart Grids. Informática, 26(3), 419-434. doi:10.15388/Informatica.2015.56

Gonzalez de Durana, J. M., Barambones, O., Kremers, E., Varga, L. (2015). Agent based modelling of local energy networks as instances of complex infrastructure systems. Emer-gence: Complexity & Organization, 17(2). doi:10.emerg/10.17357.6bbf8c719fe8297768ce3f8be212957c

Gonzalez de Durana, J. M., Barambones, O., Kremers, E., Varga, L. (2015). Agent-based modeling of the energy network for hybrid cars. Energy Conversion and Management, 98, 376-386.

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Mattes, J., Huber, A., Koehrsen, J. (2015). Energy transitions in small-scale regions – What we can learn from a regional innovation systems perspective. Energy Policy, 78, 255-264. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2014.12.011

Mirakyan, A., De Guio, R. (2015). Modelling and uncertain-ties in integrated energy planning. Renewable and Sustai-nable Energy Reviews, 46, 62-69. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2015.02.028

Oldenberg, O., Murshed, S. M., Kremers, E., Mainzer, K., Koch, A. (2015). Model-based analysis of urban energy systems (on the basis of a city’s energy Master Plan). Emergence: Complexity & Organization, 17(2). doi:10.emerg/10.17357.03a4747a4b28258c105148d3775522a1

Rat-Fischer, C., Payre, C. (2015). Comment intégrer la ques-tion de la qualité de l’air dans la planification urbaine? Environnement, Risques & Santé, 14(4), 337-341. doi:10.1684/ers.2015.0787

Viejo, P., Gonzalez de Durana, J. M., Barambones, O., Hernan-dez, M., Hernandez, J., Evora, J., Kremers, E. (2015). Criticality in complex socio-technical systems: An empirical ap-proach. Emergence: Complexity & Organization. doi:10.emerg/10.17357.2d42edb5c874f2ddfb32e751f3be32f3


Bahu, J. M., Kremers., E., Koch, A. (2015). Spatial and multi-energy modelling integrated into district urban planning at master plan phase. Energy, Science and Technology (EST) Conference and Exhibition, Karlsruhe, Germany.

Beer, K., Heyder, M., Laborgne, P. (2015). Fassadenbegrünung als Maßnahme nachhaltiger Stadtentwicklung - Eine sozial-geographische Untersuchung von Akteuren in der Karlsruher Oststadt. Grüne städtische Gemeingüter?, Vienna, Austria.

Cajot, S., Peter, M., Bahu, J. M., Koch, A., Maréchal, F. (2015). Energy Planning in the Urban Context: Challenges and Perspectives. 6th International Building Physics Conference, IBPC 2015, Torino, Italy.

Ge, X., Kremers, E. (2015). A modelling approach towards multi energy systems. Energy, Science and Technology (EST) Conference and Exhibition, Karlsruhe, Germany.

Ge, X., Kremers, E. (2015). Optimization applied with agent based modelling in the context of urban energy planning. Winter Simulation Conference, Huntington Beach, California.

Hernandez, J. J., Evora, J., Kremers, E., Schäuble, J. (2015). Action horizon: on the controllability of complex systems. CoSMoS: 8th Complex Systems Modelling and Simulation Work-shop at ECAL 2015: the 13th European Conference on Artificial Life, York, UK.

Huber, A., Mayer, I. (2015). Is this a smart city? Narratives of city smartness and their critical assessment. ECEEE Summer Study 2015, Presqu'île de Giens Toulon/Hyères, France.

Kremers, E. (2015). Modeling Intelligent Energy Systems for Cities and Regions. AnyLogic Conference, Philadelphia, USA.

Kremers., E. (2015). Simulating the Complexity of Demand Side Management using Agent-Based Models. Energy, Science and Technology (EST) Conference and Exhibition, Karlsruhe, Germany.

Laborgne, P. (2015). L’intermédiation en tant qu’innovation sociale et stratégie pour les transitions énergétiques locales. Journées Internationales de sociologie de l’énergie, Tours, France.

Laborgne, P. (2015). Local Organizational Changes as Element of the Energy Transition. STS Conference, Graz, Austria.

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Laborgne, P. (2015). Social Innovations in Local Energy Systems. European Sociological Association Conference, Prague, Czech Republic.

Marzabal, F., Kremers, E., Koch, A., Hernandez, J. J., Evora, J. (2015). Cyber-Physical Systems in Energy Simulation. Ener-gy, Science and Technology (EST) Conference and Exhibition, Karlsruhe, Germany.

Petillon, D., Ge, X., Kremers, E., Bahu, J.-M., Koch, A. (2015). Spatial and multi-energy modelling integrated into dis-trict urban planning at master plan phase. Energy, Science and Technology (EST) Conference and Exhibition, Karlsruhe, Germany.

Pierre, M., Fulda, A.-S. (2015). Driving an EV: a new practice? How electric vehicle private users overcome limited bat-tery range through their mobility practice? ECEEE Summer Study 2015, Presqu'île de Giens Toulon/Hyères, France.

Saed, M., Wendel, J. (2015). Estimating heating energy consumption and CO2 production – a novel modeling approach. 14th International Conference on Computers in Urban Planning and Urban Management, Cambridge, USA.

Torres, S., Barambones, O., de Durana, J. M. G., Marzabal, F., Kremers, E., Wirges, J. (2015). Agent-based modelling of electric vehicle driving and charging behavior. 23rd Mediterranean Conference on Control and Automation, Torremolinos, Spain.

Wendel, J., Nichersu, A. (2015). An open-source data infra-structure for storage, analysis and visualization of city energy geospatial data. Energy, Science and Technology (EST) Conference and Exhibition, Karlsruhe, Germany.

Wieland, M., Nichersu, A., Murshed, S. M., Wendel, J. (2015). Computing solar radiation on CityGML building data.

18th AGILE International Conference on Geographic Information Science, Lisbon, Portugal.

2014

THESIS

Mirakyan, A. (2014). Methodological frameworks for uncer-tainty analysis in long range integrated energy planning for cities and territories. Institut National des Sciences Appli-quées Strasbourg (INSA), Strasbourg, France.


Huber, A., Girard, S., Le Marre, P. (2014). A chaque profil de population son modèle d'économies d'énergie. In Masboungi, A. (Ed.) L'énergie au cœur du projet urbain (Vol. Collection Ville-Aménagement n°7, pp. 136-139). Paris : Editions du Moniteur.

Peter, M. (2014). Une méthode pour modéliser les dynamiques spatiales de la consommation énergétique. In Masboungi, A. (Ed.) L'énergie au cœur du projet urbain (Vol. Collection Ville-Aménagement n°7, pp. 159). Paris : Editions du Moniteur.

Rode, P., Burdett, R., Robazza, G et al. (2014). Cities and Energy: Urban Morphology and Heat Energy Demand. LSE Cities Report.

JOURNAL ARTICLES

Bahu, J.M., Koch, A., Kremers, E., Murshed, S. M. (2014). Towards a 3D Spatial Urban Energy Modelling Approach. International Journal of 3D Information Modeling, 3(3), 1-16. doi:10.4018/ij3dim.2014070101

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Bouffaron, P., Koch, A. (2014). The Benefits of Combined District Energy Modelling and Monitoring: the Case of District Heating. International Journal of Energy, Information and Communications, 5(1), 21-32.

Fulda, A.-S., Nimal, E. (2014). Node: Methodology for Energy Balance for a Transportation Hub and its Neighbourhood. Transportation Research Procedia, 4, 25-41. doi:10.1016/j.trpro.2014.11.003

Gonzalez de Durana, J. M., Barambones, O., Kremers, E., Varga, L. (2014). Agent based modeling of energy networks. Energy Conversion and Management, 82, 308-319. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2014.03.018

Mayer, I., Nimal, E., Nogue, P., Sevenet, M. (2014). The Two Faces of Energy Poverty: A Case Study of Households’ Energy Burden in the Residential and Mobility Sectors at the City Level. Transportation Research Procedia, 4, 228-240. doi:10.1016/j.trpro.2014.11.018

Mirakyan, A., De Guio, R. (2014). A methodology in in-novative support of the integrated energy planning preparation and orientation phase. ENERGY, 78, 916-927. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.10.089


Boutaud, B. (2014). Transition énergétique et territoires locaux en France. Séminaire "Transitions énergétiques locales: France-Allemagne", Paris, France

Fulda, A.-S., Nimal, E. (2014). NODE: Methodology for energy balance for a transportation hub and its neigh-bourhood. mobil.TUM, International Scientific Conference on Mobility and Transport, Munich, Germany.

Huber, A. (2014). Composite : L’innovation énergétique locale – l’étude de cas de Bottrop. Séminaire "Transitions énergétiques locales : France-Allemagne", Paris, France.

Huber, A. (2014). One collaborative consumption or many? On the potential spread of community-based consump-tion practice. 2nd Energy & Society Conference, Krakow, Poland.

Huber, A., Allibe, B. (2014). Community and trust in practices of Collaborative Consumption. OuiShare Fest, Paris, France.

Laborgne, P. (2014). Intermediaries as change agents in local energy transitions. Energy & Society Conference, Krakow, Poland. Laborgne, P. (2014). Involving Incumbent Actors in Local Strategies for Energy System Transformations. Examples from three Case Studies. STS Conference, Graz, Austria. Mayer, I., Nimal, E., Nogues, P., Sevenet, M. (2014). The two faces of energy poverty: A case study of households’ energy burden in the residential and mobility sectors at the city level. mobil.TUM, International Scientific Conference on Mobility and Transport, Munich, Germany.

Nichersu, A., Simons, A. (2014). Building a CityGML Infra-structure for Energy Related Simulations. GIScience, Vienna, Austria. Payre, C., Rat-Fischer, C. (2014). Comment intégrer la questi-on qualité de l’air dans la planification urbaine ? L’apport de la modélisation. Paysage, Urbanisme et Santé. 5e Congrès National Santé Environnement, Rennes, France.

Rapp, F., Rat-Fischer, C., Lewald, N. (2014). Cities – what smart grids can tell us about resilient infrastructure design. 5th Global Forum on Urban Resilience and Adaption, Bonn, Germany.

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THESIS Kremers, E. A. (2013). Modelling and Simulation of Electri-cal Energy Systems through a Complex Systems Approach using Agent-Based Models. Universidad del País Vasco - Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea.


Boutaud, B. (2013). Collectivités territoriales et énergie : ambitions et contradictions Droit et gestion des collec-tivités territoriales. In Les énergies renouvelables, énergies des collectivités territoriales. (pp. 195-204). Paris : Editions du Moniteur.

Dubois, U., Mayer, I. (2013). La problématique de la précarité énergétique : un état des lieux franco-allemand. In Droit et gestion des collectivités territoriales (pp. 247-256). Paris : Editions du Moniteur.

Huber, A. (2013). Composite Case Study Bottrop. Report in the frame of the ADEME funded Composite project.

Jank, R., Church, K., Kimman, J., Koch, A., Pol, O., Dalla Rosa, A., Strasser, H., Webster, J. (2013). Local Energy Planning Methods: From Demand to Future-proof Solutions. In pro:21 GmbH & Projektträger Jülich (Eds.) Case Studies and Guidelines for Energy Efficient Communities - A Guidebook on Suc-cessful Urban Energy Planning. Stuttgart: Fraunhofer IRB Verlag.

Kremers, E., González de Durana, J. M., Barambones, O., Lachaud, A. (2013). Synchronisation Phenomena in Electrical Systems: Emergent Oscillation in a Refrigerator Population. In Aiguier, M., Caseau, Y., Krob, D., Rauzy, A. (Eds.) Complex Systems Design & Management (pp. 273-284) Springer Berlin Heidelberg.

Webster, J., Baier, C., Jank, R., Koch, A., Shimoda, Y. (2013). Community Energy and Emissions Inventory and Model-ling Tools to Support Local Energy Planning (LEP). In pro:21 GmbH & Projektträger Jülich (Eds.), Case Studies and Guidelines for Energy Efficient Communities - A Guidebook on Successful Urban Energy Planning. Stuttgart: Fraunhofer IRB Verlag.

JOURNAL ARTICLES

Huber, A., Girard, S., Le Marre, P. (2013). Vers des modes de vie durables : Une variété de modes de vie pour une am-bition unique : la société postcarbone. Futuribles, n° 392, Janvier-Février 2013 (La société post carbone), 43-60.

Kremers, E., Gonzales de Durana, J.-M., Barambones, O. (2013). Emergent Synchronisation Properties of a Refrige-rator Demand Side Management System. Applied Energy, 101, 709-717. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2012.07.021

Kremers, E., González de Durana, J. M., Barambones, O. (2013). Multi-agent modelling for the simulation of a simple smart microgrid. Energy Conversion and Management, 75, 643-650. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2013.07.050

Kremers, E., González de Durana, J. M., Barambones, O., Koch, A. (2013). Towards Complex System Design and Manage-ment in the Engineering Domain- the Smart Grid Challen-ge. Emergence: Complexity & Organization, 15(2, Complexity and the Smart Energy Grid), 14-22.

Mayer, I. (2013). Energiearmut: der weiße Fleck in der deutschen Forschungslandschaft. Energiewirtschaftliche Tagesfragen, 6, 61-63.

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Mirakyan, A., De Guio, R. (2013). Integrated energy plan-ning in cities and territories: A review of methods and tools. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 22, 289-297. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2013.01.033

Sliz-Szkliniarz, B. (2013). Assessment of the renewable energy-mix and land use trade-off at a regional level: A case study for the Kujawsko-Pomorskie Voivodship. Land Use Policy, 35, 257–270. doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2013.05.018


Alcántara, S., Laborgne, P., Wassermann, S. (2013). Inter-mediaries of the Housing Sector as Change Agents for Sustainable Energy Consumption? European Sociological Association Conference, Torino, Italy.

Bahu, J.-M. (2013). Applied Energy Geo-Simulation for Cities from 3D Urban Data. Chancen der Energiewende: wissenschaftliche Beiträge des KIT zur 1. Jahrestagung des KIT-Zentrums Energie, Karlsruhe, Germany.

Bahu, J.-M., Koch, A., Kremers, E., Murshed, S. M. (2013). Towards a 3D spatial urban energy modelling approach. ISPRS 8th 3DGeoInfo Conference & WG II/2 Workshop, Istanbul, Turkey.

Gonzalez de Durana, J. M., Barambones, O., Kremers, E., Varga, L. (2013). Agent based modelling of local energy networks as tractable instances of Complex Infrastructure Systems. European Conference on Complex Systems - Integrated Utility Services: Smart Systems – Technology, Digital Economy and Agent Based Modelling, Barcelona, Spain.

Huber, A., Koehrsen, J., Mattes, J. (2013). Towards a better understanding of local reorganization processes – empirical findings from two case studies. ECEEE Summer Study 2013, Presqu'île de Giens Toulon/Hyères, France.

Kremers, E., Gonzalez de Durana, J. M., Barambones, O. (2013). Modelling and Simulation of Electrical Energy Systems through a Complex Systems Approach using Agent- Based Models Case study: Under-frequency load shedding for refrigerators. Chancen der Energiewende: wissenschaftliche Beiträge des KIT zur 1. Jahrestagung des KIT-Zentrums Energie, Karlsruhe, Germany.

Laborgne, P., Henning, W. (2013). Energy efficiency in public buildings – local transition strategies. ECEEE Summer Study 2013, Presqu'île de Giens Toulon/Hyères, France.

Mattes, J., Köhrsen, J., Huber, A. (2013). Energy transition at the regional scale: An empirical investigation of develop-ment dynamics. 4th International Conference on Sustainability Transitions, Zurich, Switzerland.

Oldenburg, O., Murshed, S. M., Kremers, E., Koch, A. (2013). Model-based analysis of urban Energy Systems (on the basis of a city’s energy Master Plan). European Conference on Complex Systems - Integrated Utility Services: Smart Systems – Technology, Digital Economy and Agent Based Modelling, Barcelona, Spain.

Torres, S., Marzabal, F., Kremers, E., Wirges, J., Barambones, O., Gonzales de Durana, J.-M. (2013). Agent-Based Modelling of Electric Vehicle Driving and Charging Behaviour - a Case Study of La Réunion. MASyCo 2013 : Modélisation Agents pour les Systèmes Complexes, Lille, France.

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LOCAL ENERGY CONCEPTS AND LOW CARBON SOLUTIONS

Through the development and implementation of reliable local energy concepts, cities and territories are achieving multiple benefits such as the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, energy efficiency improvements and the increase of resilience of energy provision.

Since its foundation in 2002, EIFER has worked on the topic of distributed energy systems and focused its research on the techno-economic and environmental assessment of technological solutions in particular for biomass, geothermal energy, combined heat and power (CHP) systems, stationary fuel cells, electrolytic hydrogen and district heating systems. Thanks to its laboratories for bioenergy and geothermal energy, the characterisation of renewable energy resources is possible. In the laboratory facilities on fuel cells, electrolysis applications and CHP, EIFER evaluates the technologies in particular with respect to long-term performance. In addition, the impact of new materials is studied. Beside lab tests, EIFER is setting up field tests to obtain real on-site behaviour of these technologies.

BIOENERGY AND SUSTAINABLE HEAT SUPPLYThe research activities on bioenergy lead to a general under-standing of the entire value chain, from biomass production to energy conversion technologies (heat, power and gas). In this field, the key research areas are resource potential analysis, biomass logistics, assessment of pre-treatment and energy conversion technologies. EIFER focuses on the evaluation, the performance improvement and the integration of these technologies, enabling increased profitability for the operator. A special focus is given on concepts of sustainable heat supply.

GEOSCIENCES AND GEOTHERMAL ENERGY EIFER works since several years on a broad range of activities from the assessment of geothermal resources, to innovative conversion technologies and multi physical modelling. For the assessment of the performance of geo-technologies, EIFER is performing detailed analyses in (geo)-material sciences in various conditions. The evaluation of the behaviour of different materials under operating conditions is done in the frame of several research / industrial projects. Regarding shallow geothermal systems for heating and cooling, EIFER is working on quality control, planning and visualisation tools, new backfill materials and innovative concepts for borehole heat exchanger systems. Based on the large competences new innovative systems can be proposed in the framework of local energy concepts and solutions.

COMBINED HEAT AND POWER (CHP) CHP systems are widely recognised as having a high potential for improving energy and exergy efficiency compared to the separate production of energy carriers. EIFER focuses on the assessment of the techno-economic performance of micro-CHP technologies by testing them in its laboratory as well as in field experiments. Thanks to field studies, EIFER has developed competences regarding design, monitoring, control strategy, technical and environmental evaluations. Recently, EIFER focuses its research on the flexibility of decentralized CHP systems and its potential role in the energy markets. Thus, the current operation of heat-driven CHP systems is slowly changing towards an electricity-oriented one of which the operation adapts to the conditions and incentives given by electricity markets.

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FUEL CELLS AND HYDROGENIn order to take into account potential game changers in local energy concepts, EIFER concentrates its research on fuel cells and hydrogen. The research covers the whole value chain from material development;stack testing and system integration to field-testing as well as techno-economic and environmental assessments. These activities aim at tackling critical technological bottlenecks that prevent fuel cells from reaching market maturity. Cell, stack and system testing combined with electrochemical modelling allows EIFER to better understand degradation mechanisms, to define the right mitigation strategies and to develop diagnostic and prognostic tools for this purpose.

Demonstrated reversible operation of solid oxide electrochemical cells, either for the production of electricity and heat or for hydrogen production, offer efficient solutions for robust and resilient energy systems with multiple energy supply options. High temperature hydrogen technologies are currently under field test and EIFER is working with German and European partners in public funded projects on both fuel cells and high temperature electrolysis in order to meet technical and economic targets for their sustainable deployment particularly in the mobility sector and industrial applications.

DISTRICT HEATING AND COOLING SYSTEMSAn important backbone technology for local energy systems, in particular in cities, are district heating and cooling systems. They are a proven energy solution and have been deployed for many years in a growing number of cities worldwide. The system can use diverse sources of heat, including low-grade waste heat, and can allow consumers to supply heat as well. Through heat storage, smart systems and flexible supply, these systems are an inexpensive solution for creating the flexibility required to integrate high levels of variable

renewable energy into the electricity grid. The research focuses on the analysis of the potential for improved system performance through innovative technologies and control strategies. Based on this analysis EIFER is currently develo-ping guidelines for the planning and operation of low-tem-perature district heating networks with heat pumps.

MULTI-ENERGY SYSTEMS (MES)The development of sustainable local energy concepts and solutions needs a holistic approach. There is key potential in the bundling of various energy sources in a connected system. Within the MES, different sectors and networks such as electricity, heat, cooling, fuels, transport, water, hydrogen, optimally interact with each other. This MES thinking is required to unlock hidden technical, economic and environ-mental value when considering energy systems in a classical way, as here sectors are treated “in silos” i.e. independently. At the same time, MES potentially enable access to new forms of flexibility from various sectors that may be essential in future networks.

Therefore, EIFER is currently focusing its research activity on the design and optimisation of multi-energy solutions using both its interdisciplinary expertise on various technologies and integration capabilities in terms of modelling tools and platforms.

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Decarbonisation is the declared goal of industrial countries. One partial solution will be the increase of bioenergy in order to meet the national targets for the market share of renewable energy consumption. However, energy from biomass faces several challenges like biomass availability, its distribution, supply and costs, as well as problems through land use, competition between food and feed production, raw material use and provision of fuels. Because an increasing firewood demand cannot be supplied in a sustainable way by Europe itself, non-woody biomasses and their energy conversion technologies are of increasing interest.Unfortunately, non-woody biomasses like biowastes and residues usually contain a significant amount of water and inorganic substances. Therefore, these resources cannot be burned or gasified directly, except with the insertion of costly pre-treatment and thermal drying. So far, the only energy and economic efficient way to convert these humid biogenic resources into useful energy also benefiting from inorganic nutrients, is anaerobic digestion for the production of biogas.

Over the last few years, EIFER has been working on different aspects of anaerobic digestion, in particular on flexible biogas production concepts as well as on the valorisation of by-products of the fermentation process.

FLEXIBLE BIOGAS AND POWER PRODUCTION Currently, the legal framework in Germany and France is changing towards more market integration which could trigger and enhance biogas production. Most of the existing, biogas plants are usually designed to continuously produce as much biogas as possible to maximise the fixed remuneration. Whereas, the adaption of biogas plants to a more flexible operation according to the fluctuating demand is becoming an important issue, since higher remuneration can be aimed at when converting biogas at high demand and storing at low demand. Thus, a contribution to service security is also

(BIO-)WASTE TO ENERGY AND BIOGAS

possible. Power production can be varied by enhanced gas storage and power capacities in order to respond to:

1. Residual load demand, when fluctuating renewables can´t produce power; 2. Provide balancing energy, when supply and demand is unbalanced; 3. Use of power surplus (Power to Heat): with additional heat storage.

While flexible power production can also address short-term (daily) flexibility; flexible biogas production from adapted input to date is used for mid-term (seasonal) demand variations. In Germany, subsidies for flexible power production are paid via the direct marketing and flexibility premium, while in France, until now, only direct marketing is supported. EIFER has investigated and compared the incentives in both countries. Furthermore, flexible power production models for enhanced CHP conversion capacities have been developed; the models have been adapted to the different tariff systems/technical conditions in order to develop and test complex control strategies for biogas plants. Some selected results are shown in Fig. 1 and in Fig. 2.

Fig. 1: Modelling of demand orientation and SPOT market revenues

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KEY WORDS

FUNDING AGENCY

PARTNERS

CONTACT

Agency for Renewable Resources (FNR)

Fraunhofer Institute for Chemical Technology (ICT)

University of Hohenheim

Biogas Flexibility

Bioeconomy

Biowaste

Bioenergy

Service Security

Rainer Bolduan

Marie-Laure Rabot-Querci

David Eyler

The modelling results have shown that for specific flexibility conditions the flexible concepts can be financially more beneficial than the existing continuous ones.

The second promising concept for a more flexible biogas production is the adaptation of the substrate feeding rate and/or its composition. The aim is to feed the biogas plant according to a desired biogas production anticipating the demand, thus reducing the need for gas storage. In times of expected high power demand, the feeding rate is increased and fast-degrading substrates are used, whereas the feeding rate is decreased and slower degradable substrates can be used in expected times of low power demand. The main problem for such feeding concepts is the high sensitivity of biological sys-tems, like anaerobic digestion or abrupt changes of process parameters. Therefore, the limitations of the feeding rates and/or quality changes as well as its temporal reaction time have to be carefully tested. To investigate these limits, EIFER has started a joint research cooperation with the Agricultural Research Institute (INRA) Narbonne for a common PhD thesis, and within this activity many of these technological constraints will be investigated, determined and modelled. To perform tests under practical con-ditions, experimental runs are foreseen in EIFERs 2m3 biogas plant (cf. Fig. 3) in cooperation with the University of Lorraine (ENSAIA) for different feeding rates and substrates to predict the biogas quantity at a given time and the stability of the operation. The study focuses on short-term biogas production changes to increase daily flexibility.

BIOENERGY MEETS BIOECONOMYAnother issue is the bioeconomy concept of coupling bio-based material with energy use in order to improve the efficiency of biogas plants by valori-sation of their by-products. In respect of the public funded German project “OPTIGÄR” EIFER is working on coupling biogas production with material use of disturbing precursor by-products in the biogas process, together with the University of Hohenheim and the Fraunhofer Institute for Chemical Technology. By-products of interest are organic acids to be separated from the process to serve as raw material for the chemical industry. In the project, experimental work is accompanied by ecologic assessment and economic calculations.

Fig. 2: Modelling contribution of flexible biogas power to compensate PV production

Fig. 3: 2m³ pilot fermenter of EIFER and the University of Lorraine (ENSAIA)

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Besides the work on improvement and economic optimi-sation of the conventional biowaste technology anaerobic digestion, EIFER works also on new and innovative technologies and concepts. In the last five years, the Hydrothermal Carbonization (HTC) process is attracting a lot of interest as a source of a solid, non-fossil and CO2-neutral fuel from wet biowastes. Research on HTC started in the 1930s to under-stand natural coal formation; it was rediscovered in 2005 by German researchers and was identified and studied by EIFER since 2007. The interest on HTC is mainly attracted by the possibility to convert wet biomass into a dry and solid fuel that can be used as fuel for combustion and gasification plants.

THE HYDROTHERMAL CARBONIZATION PROCESS Hydrothermal Carbonization (wet, aqueous or hydrous pyrolysis are used synonymously) is a pre-treatment technology, in particular for wet biomasses like biowastes. The EIFER bioenergy group has worked for several years on this topic. Besides experimental work on HTC coal characterisation, gasification and combustion, the mass and energy balances of the overall process, the feasibility of coupling HTC with existing plants as well as economical aspects like costs, business models and future market opportunities were investigated.

HTC copies the natural formation of coal from biogenic materials; but, this artificial coalification process is shortened from millions of years to hours. Biomass in water or biomass with high water content is converted into a coal-like substance. HTC can be simply described as pressure cooking of biomass; it requires residence times of one to six hours, moderate reaction conditions of 180-250°C, with corresponding pressures of 15-25 bar to prevent the evaporation of water. The chemical process can be summarised as water release from biomass. As a result, a carbonaceous solid is obtained (the so-called HTC coal or hydrochar), with a liquid and gaseous

HTC - FROM BIOWASTES TO BIOCOAL

phase as a by-product. The amount and composition of each phase depends on the processing conditions as well as on the input. The HTC coal which is obtained can subsequently be used, either as CO2-neutral fuel for (co-)combustion or gasification to produce power and/or heat, as raw material for specialized chemicals or as a soil amendment. The overall process consists of a pre-heating step, the HTC conversion process as well as the post-treatment by cooling, depressuring and dewatering. Depending on the feedstock characteristics and the HTC coal usage, pre-treatment of the wastes and an additional drying of the HTC coal is required (Fig. 1).

EIFER results have shown that the energy demand of HTC is lowered by more than 50% compared to pure thermal drying; this fact shows the high efficiency of the HTC process. The overall net efficiency was calculated at around 70-80%; that is significantly higher than the typically achieved 40-50% by anaerobic digestion or thermal drying of wet wastes.

PROMISING FUEL AND COMBUSTION CHARACTERISTICS OF HTC COALEIFER has intensively worked on the investigation of the combustion and gasification of HTC coal. In the public funded KIC InnoEnergy project XGaTe, the partners and EIFER could successfully gasify HTC coal in different gasifier types. This project was awarded first place as "Project of the Year" in the category of "Business Orientation" at the Energy for Chemical Fuels Conference in Frankfurt 2013. The structural and compositional changes of biowastes during the hydrothermal conversion turn HTC coal into a very promising feedstock for combustion and gasification:

- higher heating value and, therefore, higher energy density - lower ash amount compared to the raw material leads to less slagging and fouling

An Option for Decarbonisation by Waste-to-Energy?

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KEY WORDS

FUNDING AGENCY

PARTNERS

CONTACT

KIC InnoEnergy

KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm

University Stuttgart – IFK

EQTEC

AVA-CO2

Steinbeis-Europa-Zentrum

BOSON Energy

KIT

Biowaste

Fuel

Pretreatment

Combustion

Gasification

Stephan Seidelt

David Eyler

- elevated ash melting temperatures due to alkaline removal during the HTC process- chlorine removal during the HTC process leads to reduced chlorine corrosion- easy to grind- higher biological stability.

Usually, biomass as a fuel substitute for fossils, and in particular biowastes, present several problems regarding its technical application, such as its lower energy density, the heterogeneity of its properties, biological instability, poor grindability, and high moisture contents. All of these problems are reduced or even diminished in biocoal.

ECONOMIC ASPECTSA very interesting point is the feasible feedstock. HTC is dedicated to non-woody and wet biomass with dry matter content below 50%. Since such feedstock mainly originates from biogenic residues like biowastes, no competition between energy, food or material usage occurs. EIFER has performed some analysis of the wet biowaste potential feasible for HTC; the rough estimation for the EU-27 result is

Fig. 1: Hydrothermal Carbonization (HTC) Process

around 250 TWh. A comprehensive, but non-exhaustive list of feasible and economically interesting feedstock, comprise:

- organic municipal wastes- green wastes- sewage sludge- digestates, slurry from bioethanol plants- brewer‘s spent grain- grape, apple or olive oil press cakes- horse manure- and many more industrial wastes.

Most of these feedstock species are considered as biowastes: Due to the fact that wastes usually cause disposal costs, the feedstock costs for HTC can be negative; and therefore fuel costs for HTC coal can occur. EIFER has investigated the influence of gate fees on the treatment costs of HTC and the HT coal price. HTC treatment is cost-competitive to the anaerobic digestion of wastes. For typical gate fees for organic municipal wastes, the fuel costs for HTC coal are cheaper than for fossil gas as well as for wood chip.

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CONTACT

EDF Group

Geothermal Energy

Heat & Power Markets

Business Opportunities

R&D Departments of EDF (EFESE, LNHE)

Elodie Jeandel

David Eyler

KEY WORDS

ON BEHALF OF

PARTNERS

With the objective to investigate the opportunities and potential obstacles offered by the geothermal energy market in various countries of interest, EIFER, in collaboration with EDF's R&D, performed a detailed analysis of the branch deployment con-ditions.

This activity addresses the whole value chain of geothermal energy projects, starting from the identification of untapped geothermal potential and the assessment of the associated geological and drilling risks. Insights on the data coverage and state of knowledge on the thermal and hydrodynamic conditions of the geothermal prospects are also addressed thanks to exploration history. Focusing on the site-specific resource conditions, a merit order of the used and breakthrough technologies has been established as well.

In the second part of the study for our industrial partners, market barriers and success factors are identified, based on the overview of the on-going and planned pipe of geothermal energy projects. The regulatory framework and the geothermal licensing processes, the energy (power & heat) market context and market entry conditions as well as the existing guarantee funds and incentives have also been detailed for each investigated region.The local competitive landscape and the strategy of the key players (operator, geo-services and drilling companies, equipment manufacturer etc.) have been studied, with a focus on their ambitions and involvement in the geothermal energy market. Energy demand and offer provided by the geothermal heat have been mapped and matched at territorial scales to determine the areas of interest for further geothermal development.

DIGGING DEEPER INTO THE GEOTHERMAL ENERGY MARKET

Finally, geothermal energy projects (power and/or heat) are also evaluated by analysing their technical, economic and financial features to reveal commercially relevant geothermal energy-associated business models. In particular, geological, geophysical and geochemical data as well as conceptual geothermal field models have been thoroughly reviewed to estimate the level of risks and the associated mitigation costs.

Fig. 1: Larderello Geothermal Power Plant

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PROGRAMME ORIENTED FUNDING (POF) – “GÉOTHERMIE” BY THE HELMHOLTZ ASSOCIATION One of the major problems associated with the use of deep geothermal energy is the corrosion and degradation of the constructing materials assuming a big risk for the long-term functionality of a power plant. It is well known that hot geothermal brines represent highly corrosive media due to their high salt and gas content. The selection of constructing materials is a trade-off between initial costs vs. life time and replacement costs. One useful method to prevent the destruction of metallic constructing materials is the application of corrosion inhibitors. The goal of this work is to study the efficiency of different corrosion inhibitors by

a) electrochemical measuring techniques such as electrochemical polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy andb) exposing tests in an autoclave to simulate in-situ conditions.

Corrosion investigation of metallic materials is done and the performance of corrosion inhibitors at geothermal conditions is tested within the project.

GEOTHERMAL PLANT AT RITTERSHOFENThe aim of the project was to do corrosion and scaling investigation of potential heat exchanger materials for the new geothermal power plant at Rittershofen, France. At the Rittershofen site, the high chloride content of the geothermal brine can lead to pitting corrosion resulting in short term failure. Therefore, corrosion and scaling investigations were performed on post exposure tube and coupon samples of different chemical composition and

CORROSION AND SCALING IN GEOTHERMAL ENVIRONMENTS

geometry. High performance materials like titanium, nickel-based alloys, super and hyper duplex, duplex stainless steel and austenitic stainless steel were tested. The samples were previously exposed by the operating team at the Soultz power plant in a corrosion by-pass at production conditions over a time period of 83 days. The samples were investigated by stereomicroscopy and SEM/EDX analytics. Furthermore, electrochemical polarization tests were performed on selected samples. The investigations supported “ES-Géothermie” in the material selection of corrosion critical components for the running geothermal plant at Rittershofen.

KEY WORDS

ON BEHALF OF

FUNDING AGENCY

PARTNERS

CONTACT

ÉS-Géothermie

Helmholtz Association of German Research Centres

ÉCOGI

KIT (AGW, IAM, IKET)

Kurita Europe GmbH

k-labor GmbH

Corrosion Type

Scaling

Inhibitor

Electrochemical and Exposure Tests

Material Selection

Petra Huttenloch

Roman Zorn

David Eyler

Fig. 1 and Fig. 2: Scanning electron microscope images to identify corrosion and scaling phenomena

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Borehole heat exchanger (BHE) technology is used to a great extent as a heat source for ground-coupled heat pumps for heating, as a heat sink for cooling, and as heat reservoirs for heating or combined heating and cooling. The future development in this sector is very dependent on quality assurance issues, in particular on the quality improvement during the installation respectively the backfilling of new BHEs as well as on appropriate low-cost methods for the recovery of already existing, but inefficient BHEs. Developing technical solutions for these issues is the aim of a range of on-going and upcoming public funded projects in which EIFER is involved with various partners including EWSTech I & II, Recover EWS and QEWS II which are all summarized under the topic “Quality management for BHE”.

Especially in Baden-Württemberg, there are a lot of prominent damage events in respect of drilling, installing and operating borehole heat exchangers (uplift of the historic center of Staufen, the uplift in Böblingen, etc.). Badly grouted and backfilled borehole heat exchangers (BHE) could be indicated as one of the main reasons for damaging events. Thus, the behaviour of grouting materials for BHE has to be extensi-vely investigated under most realistic boundary conditions.

BOREHOLE HEAT EXCHANGER QUALITY MANAGEMENT

However, one central goal is to understand and quantify the mechanism of defects depending on the dimensions of a borehole, the topography of the borehole, the position of the BHE and the characteristics of the grouting material in the borehole.

ACTIVITIESThe BHE quality management or assurance projects include a range of experimental installations and work which are at different laboratory and field scales and are shared between the different projects. A proper backfilling process of BHEs is essential to ensure BHE efficiency, the protection of ground-water, and prevention of damage events.

At laboratory scale, both batch and flow around experiments give an idea about the chemical stability and integrity of backfilling materials for BHEs. At intermediate scale the backfilling process can be visualised and investigated with regard to defects in transparent columns. At field scale the efficiency of BHEs can be studied as a function of the backfilling quality (cf. Fig. 1).

Fig. 1 (from left to right): Flow around experiments at laboratory scale, column experiments at intermediate scale (6 m), and field scale experiments with BHEs down to 30 m.

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KEY WORDS

FUNDING AGENCIES

PARTNERS

CONTACT

Ministry of the Environ-ment, Climate Protection and the Energy Sector Baden-Württemberg

German Federal Ministry of Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi)

Landesforschungszentrum Geothermie (LFZG)

KIT (AGW, MPA, IMB)

Bavarian Center for Applied Energy Research (ZAE Bayern)

Steinbeis Research Institute for Solar and Sustainable Thermal Energy Systems (SOLITES)

Biberach University of Applied Sciences

Burkhardt GmbH

enOware GmbH

Quality Management

Grouting

Innovative Monitoring

New Testing Methods

Heat Pipes

Roman Zorn

Olaf Ukelis

David Eyler

In the frame of different projects, a demixing of back-filling materials was identified as one major critical issue, which requires a case by case approval test on site before the backfilling process can start. Appropriate approval tests for different backfilling materials were elaborated. A wide range of backfilling materials were investigated as a basis for recom-mendations with regard to improved backfilling processes for BHEs. Within new ongoing projects, EIFER will continue with its research and development into grouting materials. Existing automatic back-filling control methods are tested and completely new testing and controlling methods are developed to improve the overall quality and security of future installed BHEs.

Because of the uncertainties and upcoming problems of existing BHEs, the future market development of borehole heat exchangers depends on suitable strategies for a secure, efficient and cost-effective deconstruction and remediation of problematic BHEs. Thus, for the recovery of already installed, but inefficient BHEs, electrical sensors are developed for BHE positioning measurements underground, furthermore magnetic measurements are done at laboratory scale to develop magnetic contrast materials for magnetic BHE detection and directional drilling control for BHE recovery (cf. Fig. 2 and Fig. 3).

The aim of the research activity is to give nearly everybody the possibility to remediate and recover problematic BHE without extensive costs, so that values of the properties are not affected too much. EIFER is also involved in the IEA ECES Annex 27 – Quality Management of Design, Construction and Operation of Borehole Systems which has started in May 2016 (likely ending beginning 2020) with the aim to initiate international and national standards and guidelines for BHE systems.

Fig. 2 (from left to right): Prototype GEOsniff® LOC positioning sensor; magnetic field measurements around a BHE rope at laboratory scale.

Fig. 3: Test drillingLO

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LOCAL AUTHORITIES: KEY PLAYERS OF THE FRENCH ENERGY TRANSITION Since 2010, the French government has set ambitious targets to increase the share of renewable energy in its energy mix. The latest development in promoting the energy transition is the adoption of the “Energy Transition for Green Growth Act” (“Loi de Transition Energétique pour la Croissance Verte”) in August 2015, of which the target is, among others, to raise the share of renewable energy to 32% of the total final energy consumption and to 40% of the electricity consump-tion by 2030. Additionally, the new law introduced different measures according to which local authorities should play a growing role in implementing the energy transition at local level, for example by joining the programme “Positive Energy Territory for Green Growth” (TEPCV - “Territoire à Energie Positive pour la Croissance Verte”). It is, therefore, important to provide local authorities with reliable and comprehensive information about the opportunities to meet their energy demand in a sustainable way.

A COMPREHENSIVE DIAGNOSIS TOOL TO ASSESS RENEWABLE ENERGY POTENTIAL AT LOCAL LEVELOver the years, EIFER has developed significant expertise in assessing renewable energy potential at local level. The methodology enables us to retrieve the potential of producing energy from different renewable energy sources at the French local level:

- rooftop and ground-mounted photovoltaics- onshore wind- biogas from several substrates- forest biomass- different types of waste streams.

A METHODOLOGY BASED ON GIS, STATISTICS AND EXPERTISE ON TECHNOLOGIES IN ORDER TO ASSESS SEVERAL TYPES OF POTENTIALEIFER’s methodology, based on a pre-existing approach for potential analysis, takes into account several types of poten-tial. The theoretical potential represents a maximum value and is calculated on the basis of currently available resources e.g. wind speed, solar irradiance or annual forest increment. An extensive analysis of regulatory constraints and of technical limits allows to determine a technical and regulatory potential e.g. remaining wind power potential after exclusion of protected areas, of steep areas, etc. Lastly, economic considerations are used to calculate the cost of the produced energy and to cap the potential to comply with economic constraints e.g. limits of feed-in tariffs. Additionally, for wind power and ground-mounted photovoltaics, the possibility to take into account some optional land-use constraints enable us to retrieve an acceptable potential. The tool provides a value of installable power in MW and a producible energy in MWh for each renewable energy source, with the associated cost in €/MWh for each French "commune". A database on existing renewable energy installations gives an idea of the room left for new projects according to the potential.

The bottom-up approach allows to get precise results for different types of renewable energy sources at local level for the whole metropolitan France as well as for overseas de-partments. In addition, the user of the tool can set different parameters in order to assess a potential for the conditions fitting to the local context.

For photovoltaics, onshore wind and forest biomass, EIFER carries out GIS-based analyses in order to identify surfaces on which the potential is located. For the biogas and waste sectors, the potential is calculated on the basis of a detailed analysis of statistics. In order to develop a comprehensive view on renewable energy potential in particular in the fields

RENEWABLE ENERGY POTENTIAL ASSESSMENT FOR TERRITORIES IN FRANCE

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KEY WORDS

ON BEHALF OF

PARTNERS

CONTACT

EDF Group

R&D Departments of EDF (MFEE, ENERBAT, EFESE)

Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM)

Renewable Energy

Potential Assessment

France

Local Scale

Léa Dieckhoff

Beata Sliz-Szkliniarz

David Eyler

of photovoltaics and wind potential, EIFER collabo-rated with other R&D departments of EDF.This resulting tool was already used by the com-mercial division of EDF in order to carry out energy diagnoses for local authorities. The results are displayed on dynamic dashboards with graphs and maps, enabling us to focus on specific aspects of the potential assessment. Additionally, information on economic constraints can be obtained from supply curves representing the available potential as a function of energy costs.

Since 2014, 25 territorial analyses have been realised by EDF for local authorities e.g. for Grand

Dijon, Département Cantal and the Agglomération de La Rochelle, providing them with new arguments to think again about the development of renewable energy sources on their territory. In most cases, the new elements enabled EDF to relaunch the debate on renewable energy development and sometimes also led to feasibility studies investigating different energy supply sources for delegation contract renewal.

The renewable potential analysis tool is undergoing a continuous improvement and can be adapted to further renewable technologies or countries, provided that input data is available.

Fig. 1: Approach adopted for the calculation of wind energy potential

Fig. 2: Cost classes for wind onshore power after exclusion of protected areas (left) and after exclusion of protected areas and of a buffer around buildings (right)

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EDF Group

District Heating and Cooling Network

Monitoring Data Analysis

Knowledge Management

Multi-Energy Systems

Power-to-Heat

EDF’s R&D

Technical University of Denmark (DTU)

EnergyVille

DHC+ Technology Platform

European Technology and Innovation Platform on Renewable Heating & Cooling (RHC-ETIP)

CONTACT

Nicole Pini

Guillaume Bardeau

David Eyler

KEY WORDS

ON BEHALF OF

PARTNERS

District Heating and Cooling systems are expected to play a key role in the future European energy system. They support the integration of renewable energy sources, waste heat recovery as well as low carbon heat and cold production. So called “Power-to-Heat” solutions enable the coupling of the different energy grids and sectors. EIFER’s research activities around District Heating & Cooling (DHC)are targeting both technology assessment and the analysis of the regulatory and operational context in direct cooperation with plant operators, cities and local authorities.

OPTIMISATION OF DISTRICT HEATING AND COOLING SYSTEMS’ OPERATIONEIFER’s activities in this area directly support DHC systems’ operators through in-depth analysis of monitoring data, technology assessment and benchmarking against current state-of-the-art. Based on monitoring data from existing installations, EIFER is able to derive recommendations for technology choice and control strategies to improve the overall system’s performances.

Furthermore, demand side management strategies and end-users involvement are analysed together with current H&C markets and business models to derive recommendations for an optimal systems’ design. Operators aim at increasing the end users’ awareness and providing customised services to them. Therefore, EIFER analyses the regulatory context, innovative heat pricing mechanisms and business models so as to derive the appropriate guidelines. Finally, the various technical and economic assessments of installations and best practices are gathered in an interactive knowledge management

DISTRICT HEATING AND COOLING

system with a web-based access proposed to the activity’s stakeholders.

TOOL DEVELOPMENT FOR DISTRICT HEATING AND COOLING SYSTEMS’ PLANNINGThe District Heating and Cooling activities are directly linked to EIFER’s R&D, targeting multi-energy system analysis and city planning. Power-to-Heat solutions are a key element of smart, local and multi-energy systems integrating intermittent renewable energies together with storage options. Heat storage can in fact allow a reduction of peak heat supply systems and optimising the load profiles of the individual customers and the entire network. EIFER is currently contributing to a European Horizon 2020 project (SmILES) dedicated to the optimisation of multi-energy systems including smart heat storage.

Another current key issue is the potential for the penetration of heat pumps in the residential and tertiary sector. Based on the techno-economic expertise outlined above, EIFER performed several country analyses taking into account detailed technological constraints, current regulation together with local characteristics of the electricity and heat markets.

This expertise provides valuable input to EIFER’s modelling activities targeting the needs of cities and local authorities. EIFER is currently developing district heating (traditional and low temperature) and cooling models for early-stage energy planning (cf. pp. 16), for multi-energy grid modelling (cf. pp. 14), and for environmental analysis regarding the change in local air pollutant emissions (cf. p. 23).

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Fuel Cell

Electrolysis

Electrochemistry

Nanotechnology

ENERMAT Laboratory

CNRS

Technical University of Denmark (DTU)

Topsoe Fuel Cell

CerPoTech

Marion Technologies

KIT

FZ Jülich

Julian Dailly

Mathieu Marrony


The challenge concerning high temperature fuel cells is to reduce the manufacturing cost and to improve the stability of cell performances for stationary applications (micro-cogeneration, back-up, auxiliary power unit). Based on previous work through French ANR public funded projects (TECTONIC 2006-2008 and CONDOR 2009-2011), EIFER enhances its expertise on Protonic Ceramic Cells (PCC), considered as the 3rd generation of high temperature fuel cells. The public funded project FCH-JU METPROCELL (2011-2015) was the first European project on Protonic Ceramic Fuel Cells. Its main objective was to cover the complete value chain of the PPC manufacture for a maximum impact on the European industry. The scientific challenge was the manufacture of performing anode- or metal-supported protonic cells at industrial scale (P>400 mW/cm², stability of hundreds of hours).

ACHIEVEMENTS Half-industrial PCCs (20cm²) have been jointly manu-factured by EIFER and CNRS (ICG-AIME) using humid routes (tape-casting, wet powder spraying) showing high electrical performances (P=0.5W/cm² at 600°C). Based on its experience and capabilities, EIFER manu-factured the largest PCCs in the world, 50cm² (cf. Fig. 1). Moreover, a feasibility study of PCC technology at EIFER’s ENERMAT Platform laboratory (cf. p. 84) led to the manufacture of a complete “Made in EIFER” cell. A low electrical degradation (<1.3%/kh) has been measured after several thousand hours under harsh power cycles simulating a micro-cogeneration seasonal profile (cf. Fig. 2). The same cell has been operated under electrolysis profile and reversibility cycles (alternation of electrolysis and fuel cell modes), opening to new development opportunities.

DEVELOPMENT OF INNOVATIVE MATERIALS & CELLS FOR ENERGY

As part of dissemination activities, the METPROCELL project was a great framework for the organization and chair of “Prospects in Protonic Ceramic Cell” (PPCC) International Workshop.

OUTLOOK The competencies gathered at EIFER are a key point to maintain a high level of scientific expertise in energy fields and to develop new strategic research activities within the EDF Group or with external strategic partnerships mainly in the field of cell per-formance improvement by infiltration of nanomate-rials into electrode layers, gas separation membrane and ammonia synthesis.

German Public Funding (BMBF, BMWi)

European Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking (EU FCH-JU)

Fig. 1: Largest PPC in the world manufactured at EIFER’s ENERMAT Platform laboratory

Fig. 2: Seasonal micro-cogeneration profile (Fig. 2a) and reversibility profile (Fig. 2b) performed on PCC at EIFER.

KEY WORDS

FUNDING AGENCIES

PARTNERS

CONTACT

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The conversion of electrical energy into chemical energy via water or steam electrolysis provides a means for energy storage in the context of the generation of electricity from intermittent renewable sources. The produced hydrogen may be used for electricity generation on demand, but evidently also for any of the other applications in industry or the ener-gy supply chain (e.g. for mobility). Steam electrolysis in solid oxide cells (SOCs) operating at high temperature allows H2 production with high electrical-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency, a part of the energy being supplied in the form of heat.

EIFER started its activities on the high temperature electrolysis technology by operating reversibly solid oxide fuel cells for H2 production in 2004. Reversible (electrolysis and fuel cell) operation was included in these activities at an early stage. Long-term testing soon became the main activity, ranging from the testing of medium sized cells (45 cm2) to short and industry sized stacks up to 10 kW electrical power.

IDENTIFICATION, UNDERSTANDING, AND REDUCING CELL DEGRADATION The EIFER test facilities are designed for reliable long-term testing in the above 1,000 hours’ time range. The steam sup-ply is done with controlled evaporation mixing units or direct evaporators, providing an absolute feed humidity of at least 75 and up to 100 %. The test facilities are equipped for Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). EIS is a powerful diagnostic tool usable for the characterisation of degradation during the operation of the electrolyser cells and stacks. The experimental separation and quantification of the voltage losses in the cells over time can then be correlated with post-test methodologies, in order to optimise performance and lifetime.

The development of test protocols and determination of optimised operation parameters of the cells and stacks are a further part of the EIFER competencies. This expertise can rely on 12 years of collaboration with academics and industrial partners aiming at developing the high temperature electrolysis technology. For example, long term testing coupled with EIS was extensively done with cells from the Forschungszentrum Jülich in the frame of the German project “HORIZONT” (BMWi, 2012 - 2015). In-situ measure-ments coupled with post-test analysis realised by the RWTH Aachen University were used for the elaboration of correlations between degradation and operation parameters (e.g. current density, temperature, gas composition). These results were later used as the basis for the German project “SUNFIRE” (BMBF, 2012 - 2015), where EIFER was responsible for the degradation milestone of the project consisting of the experimental validation of the lifetime of a solid oxide cell from the company KERAFOL® (above 1,000 h in the project, now 23,000 h achieved).The project, which was coordinated by the German start-up Sunfire GmbH, demonstrated the production of synthetic diesel from non-fossil resources with electrolytic hydrogen reacting with carbon dioxide.

In addition to reversible operation, solid oxide cells are also able to co-electrolyze water and carbon dioxide for a one-step production of syngas (H₂+CO). Simplifying the process for synthetic fuel production is of particular importance for CO₂ emitting industries aiming at reducing their greenhouse gas footprint (ECO project supported by the FCH 2 JU).

HIGHLIGHT In February 2016, EIFER achieved the demonstration of 23,000 h continuous steam electrolysis operation of a ceramic solid oxide cell for hydrogen production (cf. Fig.1).

HIGH TEMPERATURE STEAM ELECTROLYSIS Changing from a Fossil Generation to an Electricity Based Highly Efficient Hydrogen Generation

51

OUTLOOK EIFER and Sunfire are continuing their collaboration through the European project GrInHy (FCH 2 JU, 2016 – 2019) which intends to bring the reversible solid oxide cell (rSOC) technology from the lab to the industrial customer. A 120 kW system is foreseen to be installed by 2018 into the steel production plant of the company Salzgitter for delivering green hydrogen to the annealing process (cf. Fig. 2).

SOFC/SOEC reversibility is positioning the rSOC technology as a bridge between the electrical grid and the gas grid with the possibility to consume heat losses from external processes allowing high electrical to hydrogen conversion efficiency.

KEY WORDS

PARTNERS

EDF’s R&D

Scientific and Industrial Consortia Partners

Independent Evaluation of Electrochemical Cells and Stacks

Performance and Degradation Monitoring

Identification and Quantification of Degradation

Such a cell represents the heart of a steam electrolyser system. The operation time is, at present, the longest reported so far, worldwide. Thus, cell lifetime is experimentally proven for more than two years, and the extrapolation of the degradation curve leads to five years of usable operation. Since similar lifetime is achieved for the fuel cell operation of identical cells, the EIFER test moreover verifies a high degree of reversibility of high temperature solid oxide cells. During the 23,000 h test, the cell consumed about 1.2 MWh electrical energy and 300 kg water for the production of about 370 Nm3 hydrogen. The charge stored was 486 Ampere-hours during 12 h or ~175,000 Ah during a period of six months, numbers which highlight the day/night or seasonal storage capacity (e.g. compared to batteries).

Fig. 1: View of the electrolyser cell after dismantling. The cell of 45 cm2 area and 0.2 mm thickness has finally consumed 300 kg water for the production of 370 cubic metres of hydrogen.

ON BEHALF OF

EDF Group

CONTACT

Annabelle Brisse

Josef Schefold


FUNDING AGENCIES

European Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking (EU FCH-JU) German Public Funding (BMBF, BMWi)

Fig. 2: Project Outline GrInHy

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Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) produces electricity from a variety of fuels (e.g. natural gas, LPG, diesel) with high efficiency and low emission. The aim of project SMART is to develop SOFC stacks for applications like combined heat and power systems for houses (μ-CHP) and for mobile and stationary grid-inde-pendent power supply such as auxiliary power units (APUs) for trucks. The stack technology under development in this project has a compact design, which is required for mobile applications. The focus of the development is on the improvement of efficiency, durability and reliability.

The project is funded by the German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi). After the successful execution of project SMART (June 2011 – May 2014), a follow-up 3-year project (SMART II) was started in September 2015. The total budgets of SMART and SMART II are 7.8 and 10 million euros, respectively. Involved partners in SMART II are CeramTec (cell manufacturer), Elring-Klinger (stack manufacturer) and four research institutions: DLR, EIFER, Research Centre Jülich and KIT.

TOWARDS AN ENERGY AUTONOMY

EIFER works mainly on the conditioning and durabili-ty testing of stacks under application-relevant conditions simulated with our lab facilities (EIFER / ICT Lab cf. p. 85). Figure 1 shows a 5-cell stack mounted in the test station. The aim is to evaluate the stack behaviour under non-idealized conditions and identify underlying decay mechanisms to propose suggestions for optimisation.

For example, through long-term testing (up to 3,200 h) of several stacks under conditions of direct internal steam reforming of methane and with the aid of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (cf. Fig. 2), it was found that complete internal reforming of methane inside the stack leads to accelerated anode degradation in comparison to 10% external pre-reforming. These results indicate the benefit of a partial steam reformer in the μ-CHP system.

Besides long-term testing, another important issue in SMART II is related to stack conditioning at customer sites using readily available reformat gases in order to reduce the cost. This issue is also being addressed at EIFER through close simulation of system conditioning conditions under test bench environment.

KEY WORDS

PARTNERS

CONTACT

ElringKlinger AG

CeramTec GmbH

German Aerospace Centre (DLR)

Research Centre Jülich

KIT

Solid Oxide Fuel Cell

Stack Testing

Close-to-Application Conditions

Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy

Degradation Analysis

Qingxi Fu


Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Technology for Mobile and Stationary Applications

FUNDING AGENCY

German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi)

Fig. 1: An SOFC stack with 5 cells mounted in the test station. Fig. 2: Evolution of impedance spectra of one cell in a stack operated under direct internal steam reforming of methane.

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For large market penetration, electrochemical devices (and especially fuel cells and electrolyzers for hydrogen production) need a longer lifetime, high reliability and robustness. To achieve these goals, EIFER has developed deep knowledge and understanding of the degradation mechanisms and the cause and consequences of faulty states in fuel cells and electrolyzers. EIFER is also developing tools and algorithms for detecting faulty conditions or drifts towards them, but also for estimating their Remaining Useful Lifetime (RUL). These activities and developments have already resulted in different patents.

With its contributions, and mainly focused on fuel cells (both proton exchange membrane fuel cell - PEMFC and solid oxide fuel cell - SOFC technologies), EIFER has integrated a strong network with leading European industrials (Hexis, Ballard Power Systems, Solid Power, Bitron, etc.) and academic institutions (SINTEF, CEA, University of Salerno, FC Lab, etc.). EIFER contributed to and still participates to the success of different European and national public funded projects, such as: GENIUS (diagnostic of

PROGNOSTICS AND HEALTH MANAGEMENT OF ELECTROCHEMICAL DEVICES

faulty conditions in SOFC based µ-CHP systems), DIAPASON 1&2, D-CODE, HEALTH-CODE (diagnostic of faults in stationary PEMFC stacks and systems), PROPICE and SAPPHIRE (RUL estimation of PEMFC stacks and systems for µ-CHP and automotive applications).

EIFER developed with its partners (FC Lab, SINTEF, CEA, University of Split and Ballard Power Systems) an integrated hardware-software control tool for fault diagnostic and lifetime prediction. EIFER is, in this way, contributing to the achievement of the ambitious and applicative targets set by the European Commission for the market deployment of fuel cell technologies.

In the future, through its partnerships, EIFER will also contribute to the integration into real systems of all these developments and to their final on-field validation. EIFER has also undertaken the transfer of all these skills and know-how to other electrochemical devices, with first promising results.

Fig. 1: Overview of Prognostics and Health Management.

CONTACT

European Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking (EU FCH-JU)

French National Research Agency (ANR)

Fuel Cells & Hydrogen

Prognostics and Health Management

Diagnostic

Remaining Useful Lifetime Estimation

Algorithms

University of Salerno

University of Franche Comté

Ballard Power Systems

Zentrum für Sonnenenergie- und Wasserstoff-Forschung Baden-Württemberg (ZSW)

Electro Power System

French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA)

SINTEF

Technical Research Centre of Finland (VTT)

Solid Power

Hexis

Philippe Moçotéguy

Christoph Kändler


KEY WORDS

FUNDING AGENCIES

PARTNERS

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Compared to separated heat and power generation, combined heat and power technologies (CHP) offer advantages such as primary energy saving, GHG emission reduction, decentralised electricity generation, reduction of peak demand and increased flexibility of electrical networks.

In the individual residential sector, μ-CHP could replace gas boilers in the near future. Today, the main barrier for a mass market development is the cost of this technology. Current prices are high, but major cost reduction is expected through learning and scaling up. At the moment, the internal combustion engine is the most developed μ-CHP technology in Europe, but PEM fuel cell sales have increased since 2009. The market maturity of the existing technologies could be classified as follows:

FROM LABORATORY TO DEMONSTRATION PROJECTSSince 2003, EIFER has been testing the technical performance and emissions of all μ-CHP systems in its laboratory. To obtain real on-site behaviour, field tests were also set up and 12 μ-CHPs are running at different sites in France and Germany, all monitored by EIFER. One of these technologies (PEM fuel cell), tested in our laboratory, has also been installed in the “Evolutive House” of EDF’s R&D Lab Les Renar-

CONTACT

Arnaud Roulland

Christian Schraube


MICRO-CHP AND FLEXIBILITY

dières. These tests aim to compare the knowledge gained in the laboratory with real conditions, to acquire heat and electricity load curves on residen-tial and tertiary sites, as well as developing EIFER's expertise in the field of collecting, processing and analysing data.

Considering the entire value chain and its stakeholders (manufacturers, end users, energy companies, etc.), EIFER's expertise in residential cogeneration covers the following areas:

- Evaluation of the different technologies available on the market and their profitability- Regulatory framework on new policies and subsidies in Europe- Standardisation of testing protocols- Methods and tools required to model and simulate systems- Assessment of innovative business models in Europe.

New policies appear in Europe and aim to reduce the investment cost as well as to increase the integration of μ-CHP in the thermal regulation. EIFER's participation to the working group FCH 2 JU “Business models and financing arrangements for the commercialisation of fuel cells” gives the opportunity to analyse which stakeholders will allow to unlock the market opportunity for stationary fuel cells in Europe. In the context of energy transition, where dispatchable electricity productions are more and more required to balance non-dispatchable renewable electricity production, EIFER's activities are now focusing on the potential of CHP technologies to be operated in a flexible way depending on the electricity and heat demands, but also gas and electricity prices.

KEY WORDS

State of the Art of CHP in France and Germany

Market Potential

μ-CHP Field Tests

Flexibility Potential

Innovative Business Models

CHP: From the Residential Sector to the Industry through District Heating

ON BEHALF OF

EDF Group

Internal Combustion Engine (ICE 1 kWe – 50 kWe)

External Combustion Engine (Stirling – 1 kWe),

Fuel cell (low and high temperature systems ~1 kWe),

Micro-turbine technology (MTT 3 – 30 kWe)

Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC – 1 kWe).

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Industrial and domestic fuel cell applications are still in an early phase of market introduction. In or-der to facilitate product acceptance of the technolo-gy, it is necessary to create and maintain standards, which support product development, safety of operation and product certification.Local product safety regulations have to be res-pected in the different markets. Product liability and insurance issues require standardised product certification. Especially in Europe, conformity with the respective European directives needs to be as-sured, preferably by harmonised European product standards.Due to the wide range of fuel cell based systems, their standardisation is a challenge. Several different base technologies are known which vary conside-rably in e.g. operation temperature, applied fuels and power output. Fuel cell systems can range from an output of a few watts up to several megawatts and may be applied in various environments as portable, stationary or mobile applications.

EIFER ACTIVITIES IN FUEL CELL STANDARDISATIONEIFER has been involved in the standardisation of fuel cell technologies since 2009. During this time, EIFER has taken an active role in drafting and reviewing new and existing standards at international and European level, by contributing with compe-tences on performance testing, environmental impact and life cycle assessment of stationary fuel cell systems. EIFER sends experts to the corresponding working groups of the following standardisation bodies:- IEC - International Electrotechnical Commission: Technical committee fuel cell technologies

FUEL CELL STANDARDIZATION

- CEN/CENELEC – European Committee for Standardisation: Joint working group fuel cell gas appliances- DKE - German Commission for Electrical, Electronic & Information Technologies of DIN and VDE: German national mirror committee fuel cells

EIFER PARTICIPATION IN STANDARD DEVELOPMENTEIFER experts contributed to the development of the following standards:- EN 50465:2015 Combined heat and power appliance of nominal heat input inferior or equal to 70 kW- IEC 62282-3-200:2015 Stationary fuel cell power systems – Performance test methods- IEC 62282-3-201:2013 Performance test methods for small fuel cell power systems- IEC 62282-3-400:2016 Small stationary fuel cell power systems with combined heat and power output

The IEC has recently started new standardisation projects, aiming for international standards on fuel cell life cycle assessment and on fuel cell electrolysis technology. EIFER experts are contributing to these activities.

BENEFITS OF INVOLVEMENT IN STANDARDISATIONContributing to international standards enables a deeper understanding of new technologies. The work is carried out in collaboration with experts from industry, research and certification at international level. This enables to anticipate the state of the art of fuel cell systems and facilitates technology assessment.

Motivation for Standardization of Fuel Cell Technologies

EDF Group

Standardization

Fuel Cell Test Methods

Fuel Cell Systems

Fuel Cell Electrolysis

Small CHP Systems

Christian Schraube

Till M. Bachmann


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The growing share of intermittent renewable energies in the European electricity mix may induce a need for large scale energy storage. The natural gas grid can be used as a large storage system, presenting the advantage of being available almost every-where in Europe. Electrolysers could be installed close to electricity production capacities and feed hydrogen into the gas grid, either in large installations or in small decentralised units, and become the link between the electricity and the gas networks. This concept is called “Power-to-Gas (PtG)” . However, many issues regarding technical feasibility as well as viability of the associated business cases are still to be solved.

DEMONSTRATING THE TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY OF DIRECT INJECTION OF HYDROGEN INTO THE GAS GRIDEIFER has been closely collaborating with the German research centre DVGW (Deutscher Verein des Gas- und Wasserfaches e.V.), on behalf of the Thüga Group, in analysing the performances of a PtG demonstration installation located in Frankfurt and operated by the municipal utility Mainova. The electrolyser was provided by the UK manufacturer ITM Power and is based on an innovative, highly flexible Proton Exchange Membrane technology. EIFER provided technical support to the Thüga Group in the commissioning phase and defined operation protocols for the electrolyser. Technical and economic data were gathered and analysed over three years, providing input for further studies and tests. In particular, EIFER demonstrated an ef-ficiency of up to 77% *and the ability of the system to support the German secondary reserve market of electricity.

EVALUATION OF POWER-TO-GAS CONCEPTS

DEVELOPING AND MODELLING THE POWER-TO-GAS CONCEPTS OF THE FUTUREThe current PtG demonstration installations tested in Europe still have improvement potential, regarding their efficiency, lifetime and costs. EIFER contributes to the development of innovative concepts which would accelerate the time-to-market of PtG solutions by implementing breakthrough technologies such as high temperature electrolysis. The integration of such innovative technologies could allow to drastically improve the round-trip efficiency of the hydrogen value chain, especially by an intelligent usage of the by-products of the electrolysis process, including oxygen, waste heat and steam. For this purpose, EIFER is working together with German academic partners in the framework of the project “Res2CNG” supported by the State of Baden-Württemberg. Innovative coupling concepts of different PtG components are designed, modelled and assessed, in order to elaborate the PtG solutions of the future.

INVESTING THE VALUE OF FLEXIBILITY FOR THE ELECTRICITY GRIDPtG installations are flexible: they can start and stop in a very short time according to the requirements of the operator. This represents an opportunity for the electricity grids. Based on the results of the demonstration projects and modelling activities performed at EIFER, the potential offered by the flexibility of electrolyzers is assessed. From the primary reserve to the capacity market, several innovative business models are being investigated and internal studies are being realised in order to identify the most promising opportunities.

KEY WORDS

PARTNERS

CONTACT

DVGW-Forschungsstelle am Engler-Bunte-Institut des KIT (DVGW EBI)

Universität Stuttgart

Institut für Feuerungs- und Kraftwerkstechnik (IFK)

Institut für Energiewirt-schaft und Rationelle Energieanwendung (IER)

Energy System Modelling

Engineering of Electrolysis Installations

Technical-economic Analysis

Electricity Markets

David Colomar

Régis Anghilante


ON BEHALF OF

FUNDING AGENCY

Thüga Group

BWPLUS

*http://www.thuega.de/no_cache/service/presse/presseinformationen/presseinformationen-detail/article/pressemitteilung-12.html

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In the frame of the energy transition several technologies are expected to provide aid to tackle the upcoming hurdles and to seize the opportunities created by the increasing supply of volatile renew-able energy and falling prices on the electricity market. A method worth considering, increasing the flexibility of the electricity grid and transferring energy from the electricity market to the heat market, is Power-to-Heat (PtH). Key aspects regarding the provision of customers with heat are, amongst others, to ensure the heat supply on a long-term basis, to identify new innovation fields for the provision with heat and to optimise the heat supply economically.

ACTIVITIESWithin the research collaboration between EDF Deutschland GmbH, Stadtwerke Leipzig GmbH and EIFER, several concepts concerning heat supply security, decentralised heat transfer by means of heat pumps and the valorisation of waste heat sources with heat pumps were investigated, taking into account the local heat and electricity generation units. Moreover, the economic viability of PtH systems in the district heating network (DHN) has been analysed. The considered PtH technologies were electrode boilers and heat pumps (cf. Fig. 1). The potential lying in the integration of an innovative heat pump process with intermediate storage allowing higher COPs (Coefficient of Performance) was investigated as well.

To evaluate the economic viability of PtH systems simulations were performed with a deterministic discrete multi-agent model taking into account the district heating network, the PtH system and the

POWER-TO-HEAT

energy markets. Based on ex-post analyses the eco-nomic viability was assessed considering different market development scenarios.

It was shown that the economic viability of PtH highly depends on the specifications of the chosen technology and the future development of energy markets. With electricity market conditions from 2011 to 2015, electric boilers were shown to be economically viable and could have reached payback periods of a few years. The main cash-flow originates from the provision of negative control reserve, and in particular from the capacity related remuneration. With reducing control reserve prices, viability is still not certain for investments in the near future. The results are fundamentally different for the heat pumps: at current market conditions, heat pumps would be able to operate at capacity factors of around 50 %. However, in the analysed setup of the DHN, heat pumps could not be proven to be economically feasible. This is mainly due to the low costs of heat from the local lignite fired power station which feeds heat into the DHN, rendering the heat costs in the DHN generally low. Further scenarios excluding this power station were investigated. In these scenarios, heat pumps were proven to be viable and payback periods of around ten years could be reached.

A Local Energy Concept

Fig. 1: Exemplified integration of a heat pump in a district heating network

Stadtwerke Leipzig GmbH

EDF Deutschland GmbH

Heat Pumps

Electrode Boiler

District Heating Network

Energy Markets

Multi-Agent Model

Norbert Lewald

Nurten Avcı

KEY WORDS

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CONTACT

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LOCAL ENERGY CONCEPTS AND LOW CARBON SOLUTIONS – FURTHER PUBLIC FUNDED PROJECTS

BAROCKReaktionskinetik in Reservoirgesteinen: anwendungs-bereite Aufskalierung und ModellierungTimescale: 01/2017 – 12/2020Funded by: Federal Ministry for Education and Research (BMBF) CHYMENECompresseur sous HYdrures Métalliques à haut efficacité ENErgétiqueTimescale: 07/2016 - 01/2018Funded by: Agence de l’environnement et de la maîtrise de l’énergie (ADEME)

COSMHYCCOmbined hybrid Solution of Metal HYdride and mechanical Compressors for decentralised energy storage and refueling stationsTimescale: 01/2017 - 12/2019Funded by: European Union's Horizon 2020 Programme through the Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking (FCH 2 JU)

CREATECritical Raw materials Elimination by a top-down Approach To hydrogen and Electricity generationTimescale: 01/2017 - 01/2020 Funded by: European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research andInnovation Programme

DEEPEGS Deployment of deep enhanced geothermal systems for sustainable energy businessTimescale: 11/2015 - 11/2019Funded by: European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research andInnovation Programme

ECOEfficient Co-Electrolyser for Efficient Renewable Energy StorageTimescale: 05/2016 - 04/2019Funded by: European Union's Horizon 2020 Programme through the Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking (FCH 2 JU)www.eco-soec-project.eu

ENE.FIELD European field trials for residential fuel cell micro-CHP Timescale: 09/2012 – 08/2017Funded by: European Union's Horizon 2020 Programme through the Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking (FCH 2 JU)enefield.eu

EWS-TECHIIEntwicklung überprüfbarer Qualitätskriterien für Erdwärmesonden-Verfüllungen unter realitätsnahen RandbedingungenTimescale: 06/2016 - 12/2018 Funded by: BWPLUS

GEOSPEICHER BWGeothermische Speicherung in Baden-WürttembergTimescale: 09/2016 – 09/2019 Funded by: BWPLUS

GRINHYGreen Industrial Hydrogen via Reversible High-Temperature ElectrolysisTimescale: 03/2016 - 02/2019 Funded by: European Union's Horizon 2020 Programme through the Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking (FCH 2 JU)www.green-industrial-hydrogen.com

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HEALTH-CODEReal operation pem fuel cells HEALTH-state monitoring and diagnosis based on dc-dc COnverter embeddeD EisTimescale: 09/2015 - 08/2018Funded by: European Union's Horizon 2020 Programme through the Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking (FCH 2 JU)pemfc.health-code.eu

KOMBIOPTEntwicklung eines Energiemanagementsystems zur kom-binierten Nutzung erneuerbarer EnergienTimescale: 02/2015 - 07/2017Funded by: Fachagentur für Nachwachsende Rohstoffe (FNR)

OPTIGÄREntwicklung effizienter zweiphasiger Biogasanlagen über eine gekoppelte energetische und stoffliche Nutzung nach Abtrennung von HydrolyseproduktenTimescale: 09/2015 - 08/2018Funded by: Fachagentur für Nachwachsende Rohstoffe (FNR)

QEWS IIQualitätssicherung bei Erdwärmesonden IITimescale: 10/2016 - 09/2019Funded by: Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi)

RES2CNGInnovative Erzeugung von SMG und CNG aus biogenen Rest- und Abfallstoffen Timescale: 09/2015 - 08/2018Funded by: BWPLUS

SMARTIIStacks und Zellen für mobilen und stationären Einsatz IITimescale: 09/2015 - 08/2018Funded by: Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi)

SOCTESQASolid Oxide Cell and Stack Testing, Safety and Quality AssuranceTimescale: 05/2014 - 04/2017Funded by: European Union's Horizon 2020 Programme through the Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking (FCH 2 JU)www.soctesqa.eu

TG-CHARMINGTiefengeothermie Reservoir Charakterisierung und MonitoringTimescale: 12/2016 – 12/2018Funded by: BWPLUS

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PUBLICATIONS

2016

JOURNAL ARTICLES

Häfele, S., Hauck, M., Dailly, J. (2016). Life cycle assessment of the manufacture and operation of solid oxide elect-rolyser components and stacks. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 41(31), 13786-13796. doi:10.1016/j.ijhyde-ne.2016.05.069

Meier, S., Zorn, R. (2016). Messdatenerfassung in der Geothermie-Sonde mittels GEOsniff. bbr - das Fachmagazin für Leitungsbau, Brunnenbau und Geothermie(4).

Moçotéguy, P., Ludwig, B., Yousfi Steiner, N. (2016). Applica-tion of current steps and design of experiments metho-dology to the detection of water management faults in a proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack. Journal of Power Sources, 303, 126-136. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2015.10.078

Pahon, E., Morando, S., Petrone, R., Péra, M. C., Hissel, D., Yousfi-Steiner, N., Jemei, S., Gouriveau, R., Chamagne, D., Moçotéguy, P., Zerhouni, N. (2016). Long-term tests durati-on reduction for PEMFC µ-CHP application. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.06.222

Pahon, E., Yousfi Steiner, N., Jemei, S., Hissel, D., Moçoteguy, P. (2016). A signal-based method for fast PEMFC diag-nosis. Applied Energy, 165, 748-758. doi:10.1016/j.apener-gy.2015.12.084

Pahon, E., Yousfi Steiner, N., Jemei, S., Hissel, D., Péra, M. C., Wang, K., Moçoteguy, P. (2016). Solid oxide fuel cell fault diagnosis and ageing estimation based on wavelet trans-form approach. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 41(31), 13678-13687. doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.06.143

Sar, J., Schefold, J., Brisse, A., Djurado, E. (2016). Durability test on coral Ce0.9Gd0.1O2-δ-La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3-δ with La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3-δ current collector working

in SOFC and SOEC modes. Electrochimica Acta, 201, 57-69. doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2016.03.118

Zorn, R., Neuner, F., Friderich, J., Meier, S., Kauffeld, M. (2016). Miniaturisierte in-situ Druck- und Temperaturmessung in Erdwärmesonden. Zeitschrift der Geothermischen Vereini-gung e. V., Nr.83.


Auer, C., Braig, M., Lang, M., Kurz, S., Couturier, K., Nielsen, E. R., Fu, Q., Liu, Q. (2016). Increase of the quality assurance of SOFC stacks by electrochemical methods. 12th European SOFC & SOE Forum, Lucerne, Switzerland.

Brisse, A., Schefold, J., Dailly, J. (2016). 20,000 Hours Steam Electrolysis with Solid Oxide Cells Technology. 12th European SOFC & SOE Forum, Lucerne, Switzerland.

Nusiaputra, Y., Dimier, A., Kohl, T. (2016). A two-phase geothermal wellbore-simulator to model THC behaviour using Elmer-PHREEQC. European Geothermal Congress, Strasbourg, France.

Pelletier, C., François, J., Bosc, A., Picart, D., Moisy, C., Loustau, D., Fortin, M., Rogaume, Y., Dieckhoff, L., Brunelle, T., Dumas, P., Pons, M.-N., Dufour, A. (2016). Environmental and Eco-nomic Assessment of Converting Wood to Energy, Based on Modelling of the Entire Production Chain. EUBCE 25th European Biomass Conference and Exhibition, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.

Rinaldi, G., Diethelm, S., Burdet, P., Oveisi, E., Herle, J.-V., Montinaro, D., Fu, Q., Brisse, A. (2016). Post-test analysis on a Solid Oxide Cell stack operated for 10,700 hours in steam electrolysis mode. 12th European SOFC & SOE Forum, Lucerne, Switzerland.

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Seidelt, S., Bolduan, R. (2016). Techno-Economic Comparison of Biowaste Treatment: Hydrothermal Carbonization, Anaerobic Waste Fermentation and Composting. EUBCE 25th European Biomass Conference and Exhibition, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.

2015


Brisse, A. (2015). Production d'énergie et innovation. Approche technique du stockage. In L'Harmattan (Ed.) Gouvernance et innovations dans le système énergétique - De nouveaux défis pour les collectivités territoriales (pp. 73). Paris.

Marrony, M. (2015). Proton Conducting Ceramics: From Fundamentals to Applied Research. Singapore: Pan Stanford Publishing Pte. Ltd.

JOURNAL ARTICLES

Auer, C., Lang, M., Couturier, K., Nielsen, E. R., McPhail, S. J., Tsotridis, G., Fu, Q., Chan, S. H. (2015). Solid Oxide Cell and Stack Testing, Safety and Quality Assurance (SOCTESQA). ECS Transactions, 68(1), 1897-1905. doi:10.1149/06801.1897ecst

Büchner, D., Schraube, C., Carlon, E., von Sonntag, J., Schwarz, M., Verma, V. K., Ortwein, A. (2015). Survey of modern pellet boilers in Austria and Germany - System design and customer satisfaction of residential installations. Applied Energy, 160, 390-403. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.09.055

Corre, G., Brisse, A. (2015). 9,000 Hours Operation of a 25 Solid Oxide Cells Stack in Steam Electrolysis Mode. ECS Transactions, 68(1), 3481-3490. doi:10.1149/06801.3481ecst

Löffler, M. K. (2015). Trapezoid Cycles and Extended Pinch Analysis. International Journal of Refrigeration, 49, 135-140. doi:10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2014.10.002

Löffler, M. K. (2015). Trapezoid vapour compression heat pump cycles and pinch point analysis. International Journal of Refrigeration, 54, 142-150. doi:10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2015.03.003

Luo, J., Rohn, J., Xiang, W., Bayer, M., Priess, A., Wilkmann, L., Steger, H., Zorn, R. (2015). Experimental investigation of a borehole field by enhanced geothermal response test and numerical analysis of performance of the boreho-le heat exchangers. ENERGY, 84(0), 473-484. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2015.03.013

Marrony, M., Ancelin, M., Lefevre, G., Dailly, J. (2015). Elabo-ration of intermediate size planar proton conducting solid oxide cell by wet chemical routes: A way to indus-trialization. Solid State Ionics, 275, 97-100. doi:10.1016/j.ssi.2015.02.002

Menon, V., Banerjee, A., Dailly, J., Deutschmann, O. (2015). Numerical analysis of mass and heat transport in proton-conducting SOFCs with direct internal reforming. Applied Energy, 149, 161-175. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.03.037

Menon, V., Fu, Q., Janardhanan, V. M., Deutschmann, O. (2015). A model-based understanding of solid-oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs) for syngas production by H₂O/CO₂ co-electrolysis. Journal of Power Sources, 274, 768-781. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.09.158

Schefold, J., Brisse, A., Poepke, H. (2015). Long-term Steam Electrolysis with Electrolyte-Supported Solid Oxide Cells. Electrochimica Acta, 179, 161-168. doi:10.1016/j.electac-ta.2015.04.141

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The, D., Grieshammer, S., Schroeder, M., Martin, M., Al Daroukh, M., Tietz, F., Schefold, J., Brisse, A. (2015). Microstructural comparison of solid oxide electrolyser cells operated for 6,100 h and 9,000 h. Journal of Power Sources, 275, 901-911. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.10.188

Weide, T., Guschin, V., Becker, W., Koelle, S., Maier, S., Seidelt, S. (2015). Analysis of Pure Tar Substances (Polycyclic Aro-matic Hydrocarbons) in the Gas Stream Using Ultraviolet Visible (UV-Vis) Spectroscopy and Multivariate Curve Resolution (MCR). Applied Spectroscopy, 69(1), 143-153. doi:10.1366/14-07556


Fu, Q., Freundt, P., Bomhard, J., Hauler, F. (2015). SOFC Stacks Operating under Direct Internal Steam Reforming of Methane. 6th International Conference on Fundamentals and Development of Fuel Cells (FDFC2015), Toulouse, France.

Ibrahim, M., Antoni, U., Steiner, N. Y., Jemei, S., Kokonendji, C., Ludwig, B., Moçoteguy, P., Hissel, D. (2015). Signal-Based Diagnostics by Wavelet Transform for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell. The International Conference on Tech-nologies and Materials for Renewable Energy, Environment and Sustainability, Beirut, Lebanon.

Kremers, E., Bolduan, R. (2015). Modelling of power demand-oriented biogas plant entities. Energy, Science and Technology (EST) Conference and Exhibition, Karlsruhe, Germany.

Magdanz, A., Loeffler, M. K. (2015). Pinch-Point Analysis for Heat Exchanger System Layout. Conference of the 18th ITI Symposium, Dresden, Germany.

Neuner, F., Zorn, R., Friedrich, J., Meier, S. (2015). Hochauflö-sender Thermal Response Test mittels mobiler, miniaturi-sierter in-situ Druck- und Temperaturmessung. 14. Internationales Anwenderforum Oberflächennahe Geo-thermie, Otti-Profiforum 2015, Neumarkt, Germany.

Nusiaputra, Y., Dimier, A., Francke, H., Schröder, E., Herfurth, S., Kohl, T. (2015). Modeling the properties of geothermal two-phase multi-component fluids: Development of a wellbore simulator. European Geothermal Workshop, Stras-bourg, France.

Orywall, P., Dimier, A., Kohl, T., Kuhn, D., Place, J., Zorn, R. (2015). Experimental Validation of a Numerical Model - Application of an Open Source Algorithm Towards Geothermal Conditions. World Geothermal Congress 2015, Melbourne, Australia.

Seidelt, S., Nikkanen, V., Guschin, V. (May 2015). Syngas Cleaning by Molten Salts. Energy, Science and Technology (EST) Conference and Exhibition, Karlsruhe, Germany.

Zorn, R., Steger, H., Kölbel, T. (2015). De-Icing and Snow Melting System with Innovative Heat Pipe Technology. World Geothermal Congress 2015, Melbourne, Australia.

2014

THESIS

Steffen, M. (2014). Entspannungsverdampfung in einem Zentrifugalabscheider bei simultaner Expansion des Dampfes in einer Kolbenmaschine. Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT).

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Gardette, Y.-M., Dieckhoff, L., Lorne, D., Postec, G., de Cherisey, H. (2014). Biomasse internationale : Marchés internatio-naux de la biomasse énergie.

Gautier, L., Marrony, M., Zahid, M., Moçoteguy, P., Comminges, C., Fu, Q., Simon, P., Brousse, T., Baudrin, E., Larcher, D. (2014). Applications pour piles à combustible, accumulateurs, supercondensateurs. In Noël, D. (Ed.) Les nanomatériaux et leurs applications pour l´énergie électrique (pp. 111-192). Paris : Lavoisier.

JOURNAL ARTICLES

Dailly, J., Marrony, M., Taillades, G., Taillades-Jacquin, M., Gri-maud, A., Mauvy, F., Louradour, E., Salmi, J. (2014). Evaluation of proton conducting BCY10-based anode supported cells by co-pressing method: Up-scaling, performan-ces and durability. Journal of Power Sources, 255, 302-307. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.12.082

Fu, Q., Schefold, J., Brisse, A., Nielsen, J. U. (2014). Durability Testing of a High-Temperature Steam Electrolyzer Stack at 700 °C. Fuel Cells, 14 (3: Special Issue: Fundamentals & Deve-lopments of Fuel Cells Conference 2013 (FDFC2013), 395-402.

Grimaud, A., Bassat, J.-M., Mauvy, F., Pollet, M., Wattiaux, A., Marrony, M., Grenier, J. C. (2014). Oxygen reduction reaction of PrBaCo2-xFexO5+ δ compounds as H+-SOFC cathodes: correlation with physical properties. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2(10), 3594-3604. doi:10.1039/c3ta13956e

Loeffler, M. K., Griessbaum, N. (2014). Storage devices for heat exchangers with phase change. International Journal of Refrigeration, 44, 189-196. doi:10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2014.04.016

Moçotéguy, P., Ludwig, B., Steiner, N. (2014). Influence of ageing on the dynamic behaviour and the electrochemi-cal characteristics of a 500 We PEMFC stack. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 39(19), 10230-10244. doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2014.04.132

Mundhenk, N., Huttenloch, P., Bäßler, R., Kohl, T., Steger, H., Zorn, R. (2014). Electrochemical Study on Corrosion of Different Alloys Exposed to Deaerated 80°C Geother-mal Brines Containing CO₂. Corrosion Science, 84, 180-188. doi:10.1016/j.corsci.2014.03.027

Petipas, F., Brisse, A., Bouallou, C. (2014). Benefits of external heat sources for high temperature electrolyser systems. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 39(11), 5505-5513. doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2014.01.179

Puig, J., Ansart, F., Lenormand, P., Bailly, N., Georges, S., Dailly, J. (2014). Barium Borosilicate Sealing Glasses Synthesized by a Sol-Gel Process: Chemical Interactions with a Stain-less Steel and Gas-Tightness of a SOFC. Fuel Cells, 14(6), 1014-1021. doi:10.1002/fuce.201300289

Staudacher, L., Schink, D., Steger, H., Zorn, R. (2014). 100% regenerativ mit oberflächennaher Geothermie - Die geo-thermische Weichenheizung von Pintsch Aben geotherm. Geothermie in Deutschland: Profile, Porträts, Perspektiven, 63-67.


Bolduan, R. (2014). En Allemagne, quelle analyse après dix ans de recours aux cultures énergétiques ? Journée technique nationale Méthanisation, Paris, France.

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Dimier, A. (2014). A Sequential T-H-M-C Algorithm to Simu-late Links Between Stress and Geochemical Environment Evolution. TRe-PRO III, Karlsruhe, Germany.

Fu, Q., Bomhard, J., Brisse, A., Montinaro, D., Christiansen, N. (2014). Transient Operation of a Solid Oxide Electrolyzer Stack. 11th European SOFC & SOE Forum, Lucerne, Switzerland.

Kremers, E., Bolduan, R. (2014). Modellierung der Leistungs- und Einspeiseflexibilität von Biogas-Anlagen auf regiona-ler Ebene. 8. Kolloquium Sustainable Bio Economy, Karlsruhe, Germany.

Mundhenk, N., Huttenloch, P., Scheiber, J., Genter, A., Kohl, T., Zorn, R. (2014). Corrosion and scaling in the geothermal cycle of Soultz-sous-Forêts (France). NACE International's Annual Conference and Exposition, CORROSION 2014, San Antonio, USA.

Nikkanen, V., Seidelt, S., Forstner, J. (2014). Molten salt reactors in gasification and gas purification. 6th International Freiberg Conference on IGCC & XtL Technologies, Coal Conversion and Syngas, Dresden/Radebeul, Germany.

Nusiaputra, Y., Dimier, A., Kohl, T. (2014). Sensitivity Analysis of System Parameters on the Performance of Geother-mal Wellbore. European Geothermal Workshop, Karlsruhe, Germany.

2013

THESIS Petipas, F. (2013). Design and control of high temperature electrolyser systems fed with renewable energies. École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris.

Morandi, A. (2013). Integration of innovative oxide materi-als in an IT-SOFC. Université Bordeaux 1


Bolduan, R., Mougel, R., Brulé, M., Demeusy, T., Schlagermann, P. (2013). Anpassung von Biogasanlagen an eine bedarfs-orientierte Stromproduktion. In KTBL (Ed.), Biogas in der Landwirtschaft (Vol. KTBL-Schrift 501). Darmstadt.

Fu, Q. (2013). Role of electrolysis in regenerative syngas and synfuel production. In Palguandi, Antonius Indarto Jelli-arko (Ed.), Syngas: Production, Applications and Environmental Impact (pp. 209): Nova Science Publishers, Inc.

JOURNAL ARTICLES

Brulé, M., Bolduan, R., Seidelt, S., Schlagermann, P., Bott, A. (2013). Modified batch anaerobic digestion assay for testing efficiencies of trace metal additives to enhance methane production of energy crops. Environmental Tech-nology, 34(13-14). doi:10.1080/09593330.2013.808251

Dailly, J., Marrony, M. (2013). BCY-based proton conducting ceramic cell: 1000 h of long term testing in fuel cell appli-cation. Journal of Power Sources, 240, 323-327. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.04.028

Fu, Q., Freundt, P., Bomhard, J., Hauler, F. (2013). Durability Testing of a Short SOFC Stack under Direct Internal Steam Reforming of Methane. ECS Transactions, 57(1), 335-342. doi:10.1149/05701.0335ecst

Kodjamanova, P., Fu, Q., Gautier, L. (2013). Electric Cur-rent Effects on the Corrosion Behaviour of High Chro-

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mium Ferritic Steels. Oxidation of Metals, 79(1-2), 53-64. doi:10.1007/s11085-012-9325-3

Manceau, J., Audigane, P., Claret, F., Parmentier, M., Tambach, T. J., Wasch, L., Gherardi, F., Dimier, A., Ukelis, O., Jeandel, E., Cladt, F., Zorn, R., Yalamas, T., Nussbaum, C., Laurent, A., Fierz, T., Piedevache, M. (2013). ULTimateCO₂ project: Field experiment in an underground rock laboratory to study the well integrity in the context of CO₂ geological storage. Energy Procedia, 37(GHGT-11), 5722-5729. doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2013.06.494

Marrony, M., Beretta, D., Ginocchio, S., Nedellec, Y., Subianto, S., Jones, D. J. (2013). Lifetime Prediction Approach Ap-plied to the Aquivion(tm) Short Side Chain Perfluorosul-fonic Acid Ionomer Membrane for Intermediate Tempe-rature Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Application. Fuel Cells, 13(6), 1146-1154. doi:10.1002/fuce.201200230

Moçoteguy, P., Brisse, A. (2013). A review and comprehen-sive analysis of degradation mechanisms of solid oxide electrolysis cells. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 38(36), 15887-15902. doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2013.09.045

Morandi, A., Fu, Q., Marrony, M., Bassat, J.-M., Joubert, O. (2013). Integration of Innovative Oxide Materials in an Intermediate Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cell. ECS Tran-sactions, 57(1), 733-742. doi:10.1149/05701.0733ecst

Mundhenk, N., Huttenloch, P., Kohl, T., Steger, H., Zorn, R. (2013). Metal corrosion in geothermal brine environments of the Upper Rhinegraben - Laboratory and on-site stu-dies. Geothermics, 46, 14-21.

Mundhenk, N., Huttenloch, P., Sanjuan, B., Kohl, T., Steger, H., Zorn, R. (2013). Corrosion and scaling as interrelated phenomena in an operating geothermal power plant. Corrosion Science, 70, 17-28.

Petipas, F., Brisse, A., Bouallou, C. (2013). Model-based beha-viour of a high temperature electrolyser system operated at various loads. Journal of Power Sources, 239, 584-595. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.03.027

Petipas, F., Fu, Q., Brisse, A., Bouallou, C. (2013). Transient operation of a solid oxide electrolysis cell. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 38(7), 2957-2964. doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2012.12.086

Schefold, J., Brisse, A. (2013). Steam Electrolysis in Reversib-ly Operated SOFC: Long-Term Cell Testing Beyond 1000 h. ECS Transactions, 53(9), 53-61. doi:10.1149/05309.0053ecst

Steffen, M., Löffler, M., Schaber, K. (2013). Efficiency of a new Triangle Cycle with flash evaporation in a piston engine. ENERGY, 57, 295-307. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2012.11.054

Tietz, F., Sebold, D., Brisse, A., Schefold, J. (2013). Degrada-tion phenomena in a solid oxide electrolysis cell after 9000 h of operation. Journal of Power Sources, 223, 129-135. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.09.061


Brulé, M., Bolduan, R., Mougel, R., Demeusy, T., Schlager-mann, P. (2013). Modelling Adaptation of Biogas Plants to Demand-Oriented Electricity Production. 21st European Biomass Conference and Exhibition, Copenhagen, Denmark.

Dieckhoff, L., Authier, O. (2013). A technical, economic and environmental evaluation of challenging biomass feedstocks in France for combined heat and power (CHP) gasification. 21st European Biomass Conference and Exhibition, Copenhagen, Denmark.

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The investigation of new trends within the energy system and the identification of new business models require a holistic view. Therefore, EIFER enhances its research portfolio with methods from the research field of applied economics. EIFER applies and takes into account methods for the economic assessment and evaluation of new energy systems as well as methods for the assessment of environmental impacts (e.g. external costs and benefit assessments) of these systems.

Today, two main strands of research emerged from the com-petences of applied economics, namely the investigation of new trends within the energy systems and the assessment of environmental impacts of these systems.

POLICY ANALYSIS AND ENERGY MARKET STUDIESIn light of the German energy transition, an important activity relates to the evaluation of policy instruments and the evolving future market design. In close dialogue with EDF Deutschland GmbH as a German partner as well as EDF Group, the French-German debate on the energy transition is reflected and analysed. EIFER provides policy analyses and prospective studies especially for Germany, but also for the United Kingdom, Austria, Spain, Italy and Poland with a

TRENDS AND INTERACTIONS WITHIN ENERGY SYSTEMS

focus on renewable energies and heat markets for the latter. Quantitative assessments of individual or coupled policies have been carried out for prospective studies of the German electricity and heat markets and the role out of a decentralised energy generation. At regional scale, EIFER carries out GIS-based modelling for the assessment of the potential of renewable energy sources with a focus on wind, solar and biomass. Detailed models were developed for France, Germany, Italy, Portugal and Poland.

ENERGY SYSTEM ANALYSISBased on this competence, new business models, emerging from new regulations and the digitalisation of energy markets are periodically identified. For selected business models, EIFER develops quantitative models based on system dynamics and agent based simulation approaches. Examples for system dynamics based models include tenant electricity models (“Mieterstrom”) as well as models for closed distribution systems. For both systems, the interaction with the national electricity market was studied based on pre-defined business cases using a multi-agent simulation approach.

Economical, Environmental and Social Assessment

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TRENDS AND INTERACTIONS WITHIN ENERGY SYSTEMS

ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS: TAKING ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS INTO ACCOUNT FROM AN ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVE Power generation infrastructures and other local industrial activities both depend and impact on the environment. Assessing so-called external costs of energy systems is one of the research focuses at EIFER, together with environmental economic accounting and environmental compensation.

Exemplary past studies in this area include the monetary valuation of costs and benefits related to the retrofitting of thermal power plants with air pollution control devices or those related to the mass deployment of electric vehicles. The methodological framework for the quantification of such external costs is itself a research topic for different stakeholders. EIFER is part of an expert group that supports the German environmental agency in setting the related guidelines in this area. EIFER is also involved in the development of new standards at ISO level on monetary valuation.

At the same time, EIFER works on assessing the values created by power generation facilities and more generally by the presence of an energy supplier in a given territory. This presence is not limited to the operation of a power plant, but spans the whole life cycle from early design and building to

decommissioning. EIFER contributed to establishing a methodology for assessing values created in respect of several dimensions (economic, societal, risk management etc.).Whereas, firmly rooted in the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, biodiversity is a topic of major interest for stakeholders in the energy sector. The management of ecosystems at enterprise level becomes a key element of Corporate Social Responsibility. Tools and methods are needed for priority setting and decision support. EIFER analysed the methodological aspects of the upcoming “Ecosystem Services Review” approach (ESR) and tested the practical applicability to power production.

Using the competences of EIFER in managing spatial data, a number of ESR studies were performed by means of GIS data and models. These methods and competences were transferred to the urban context and tested for an application in city planning. The first tests proved the potential of ESR to complement the tool box of EIFER for sustainable urban planning.

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The impacts of industrial activities on the environment and society are divers and may be beneficial for as well as detri-mental to humans and the natural environment they depend on. EIFER’s research focuses on the quantitative assessment of economic, societal and environmental consequences of different types of actions carried out by industries such as in-vestments, operation of industrial plants and support to local development. The consequences may concern the companies themselves, their environment and the use of their products.

To this end, EIFER does not only evaluate and apply assess-ment methods, but also analyses their use by industry as well as in public studies. This includes the decisions they support, notably by European and national regulators.

ENVIRONMENTAL COSTS AND BENEFITS: ASSESSMENT PRINCIPLES AND USEThe approaches taken are varied. Environmental economics and notably monetary valuation of impacts on the environment including those on human health in terms of so-called external costs is one of the main approaches. When estimating external costs of industrial activities, physical impacts of specific human activities are quantified first and then valued in monetary terms (cf. Fig. 1). When avoided, these constitute benefits: values are created.

Beyond these benefits, EIFER assesses further socio-economic and environmental values created, for instance, by hydro-power installations. These may be expressed in qualitative, quantitative and, where feasible, monetary terms according to different methods from varying disciplines (e.g. sociology, micro- and macroeconomics, and finance).

Created values can be compared to costs in Cost-Effective-ness Analyses (CEA). When expressed in monetary terms, social Cost-Benefit Analyses (CBA) can be conducted.

APPLICATION: COST-BENEFIT ANALYSES OF POWER PLANT EMISSION REDUCTIONS AND ENHANCED ELECTROMOBILITYExternal costs are instrumental when determining so-called disproportionate costs according to article 15 (4) of the Industrial Emission Directive (2010/75/EU) or in the frame of the Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EC). Under a changing economic regime in the energy sector, EIFER has shown that the costs of emission reductions achieved for fossil-fired power plants operating at fewer hours may in certain settings be higher than the benefits in terms of avoided external costs (Bachmann & van der Kamp 2014).

In the ERA NET Plus Electromobility+ project SCelecTRA (2012-2015), EIFER was in charge of determining country-specific external costs from power generation and passenger cars. These were used to evaluate whether scenarios for mass deployment of electromobility are efficient, i.e. benefits (including avoided external costs) exceed private costs. The project concluded that the largest benefits are observed when no political measures (or, at most, demand-side public incentives such as taxes and subsidies) are implemented and when the CO2 emission reduction level is higher than the -20% (reference) ambition (Preiss & Bachmann, 2015).

APPLICATION: VALUES CREATED BY A SMART GRID DEMONSTRATOR AND HYDROPOWERAt the 6th World Water Forum (WWF) in 2012, the EDF Group took the initiative of “Creating value locally […] when developing a project of electricity production”. The hydraulic generation and engineering unit therefore launched a project aiming to estimate the “Value creation around hydroelectric power plants”. EIFER contributed to the establishment of a systematic multi-criteria assessment tool accompanied by easily understandable visualisation methods which facilitate the dialogue with stakeholders. EIFER has

ECONOMICS AND VALUE CREATION OF ENERGY SYSTEMS Assessing Impacts on the Environment and Society

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ADEME

ERA-NET Plus Electromobility+

German Federal Environment Agency (UBA)

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KEY WORDS

PARTNERS

R&D departments of EDF (EFESE)


Value Creation

External Costs

Air Quality

Cost-Benefit Analysis

been actively involved in this work and provided support to both methodology and case studies. First results were presented at the 7th WWF in April 2015.

Societal benefits in terms of avoided health damage were quantified by EIFER in the frame of the French smart grid demonstration project NiceGrid (http://www.nicegrid.fr/, 2011-2015). The environmental implications notably of battery implementations in the grid were expressed with a human health impact indicator used by the WHO i.e. the so-called Disability-Adjusted Life Years. In the end, the values created were small owing to the limited scope of the study.

CROSS-CUTTING RESEARCHOver the past years, EIFER has extended its competences in assessing values created and in environmental economics. The value creation work continues in two different directions: (i) consolidating methods and tools by taking into account the feedback from the field and the recent advances in territorial economics and (ii) extending the perimeter of the study to values created locally by industrial or other activities.

Through its expertise notably air quality-related external cost assessments, EIFER became part of a consortium that since 2015 updates the so-called methodological convention for estimates of environmental costs of the German Federal Environment Agency (UBA). In addition, an EIFER expert is involved in the establishment of a standardon monetary valuation in the frame of the ISO 14000 series on environmental management. This, as well as the continued use of the environmental economics approach to support policy making at EU level and also by the German UBA implies that this topic will remain important.

CONTACT

Till M. Bachmann

Guéhanne Beaufaron

Alberto Pasanisi

Fig. 1: Steps of the Impact Pathway Approach.TR

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Biodiversity and ecosystems are becoming highly relevant to enterprises. Companies are improving their practices regarding impact mitigation and ecosystem conservation. Moreover, they become increasingly aware of the extent of their dependence on ecosystems which provide numerous benefits called “ecosystem services”. Beyond classical environmental management and environmental impact assessments, new approaches and tools are needed to assess interactions between enterprises and the natural environ-ment, to identify related risks and opportunities and finally, to develop strategies.

In this context, EIFER analyses to what extent innovative approaches are relevant to the power sector to make a difference regarding natural capital. This last term is presently a key concept when considering innovative environmental management. It refers to the “stock” or “inventory” of physical attributes in the natural world such as air, land, water, flora and fauna, but also to direct and indirect services they provide. EIFER conducts for instance, economic valuation of environmental non-market goods to enable cost-effective infrastructure development and operation. Environmental Economic Accounting is another approach for the analysis of the environment and its relation with economic activities. Lastly, EIFER also conducts research on design, sizing and implementation of ecological compensation. When impacts cannot be avoided or reduced, compensation can counter-balance impacts, but project developers have to demonstrate ecological equivalency between loss-related impacts and gains on different environmental components. EIFER explores the conditions for ecological, economic and social acceptance of compensation mechanisms.

ECOSYSTEM SERVICES APPROACHESEIFER has developed competences in the application of the concept of ecosystem services to the power sector.

BIODIVERSITY MANAGEMENT IN THE POWER SECTOREconomic Development and Sustainable Use of Ecosystem Services

The interactions – dependencies and im pacts – of hydro, nuclear and thermal power production with biodiversity and ecosystem services were mainly analysed using the Corporate Ecosystem Services Review (ESR), developed by the World Resources Institute in 2008. EIFER’s objective is the adaptation of this method to assess its relevance for the energy sector. The well-structured method ESR from selecting the scope of the study to an assessment of priority ecosystem services to the development of business risks, opportunities and strategies helps decision-makers to prioritise environmental issues and to design integrated management plans.

The mapping and assessment of ecosystem services by using different GIS-based modelling tools is a consistent continuation of the activity. A wide range of available tools (such as InVEST® as well as ArcGIS® implemented standards) with highly variable pros and cons has been drawn up to find the best applicable solutions for a variety of research questions at EIFER.

In the frame of the focus area “urban systems”, EIFER extended the Corporate ESR to a territorial and urban context in order to integrate biodiversity and ecosystem services into urban planning and design. To date, studies conducted include Singapore and New York (Sieber, Fremgen & Pons 2015, Sieber & Pons 2015 and Sieber 2016). The consideration of ecosystem services in urban areas helps to adapt to extreme weather and climate change, to improve the overall quality of life in cities and to support the resilience of urban areas.

CONCLUSIONThe increasing awareness on biodiversity and ecosystem services demands tools, approaches and methods to incorporate these different aspects into energy as well as urban planning. Feasible methods regarding compensation and ecosystem services are implemented in EIFER’s projects

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to promote innovative corporate social responsibi-lity and to support our clients in decision-making processes. With regard to the research questions and goals, EIFER has the competence to select the appropriate approach and to conduct studies using different scenarios in terms of power production and its impacts and dependence on biodiversity and ecosystem services.

For more information about the Corporate Ecosystem Services Review, visit www.wri.org/ecosystems/esr

KEY WORDS

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PARTNERS

CONTACT

EDF Group

National Research Institute of Science and Technology for Environment and Agriculture (Irstea Grenoble)

French Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle (MNHN)

Biodiversity Management

Ecosystem Services

Environmental Economics

Mitigation Hierarchy & Compensation

Natural Capital

Loraine Roy

Manon Pons

Alberto Pasanisi

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Outline and prioritise strategies for managing the risks andopportunities

Identify and evaluate business risks and opportunities thatmight arise due to the trends in priority ecosystem services

Research and evaluate conditions and trends in the priority ecosytem services, as well as the drivers of these trends

Systematically evaluate degree of company‘s dependence andimpact on more than 20 ecosystem services. Determine highest "priority" ecosystem services – those most relevant to business

performance

Choose boundary within which to conduct the ESR

Fig. 1: Steps in a Corporate Ecosystem Services Review (Hanson et al. 2012)

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ANALYSING ENERGY TRANSITION AND NEW BUSINESS MODELS In the competence cluster “Policy Analysis and Energy Market Studies” EIFER monitors and analyses the evolution of regulatory frameworks in Germany and other European energy markets. The accelerated transition of energy systems towards decarbonized and distributed solutions not only challenges existing regulation and business models, but also creates niches for new players and activities. Research at EIFER focuses on the intersection between regulation, economics and technology (cf. Fig. 1), and aims at identifying and analysing trends and relevant business opportunities with sound and reliable scientific methods.

the energy sector are under pressure facing decreasing wholesale prices, new actors in the market, and bottom-up or digital approaches. The governance of this transition requires proactive fundamental societal change management, and strongly challenges policy makers to design frameworks to reach ambitious climate goals, while at the same time managing cost effectiveness and system security. By means of comparative analysis, EIFER evaluates existing and new regulations for the electricity market, subsidy schemes for renewable energies, or mechanisms for system security and their impact on the energy sector. Research findings are regularly presented to and discussed with diverse and high-level stakeholders of the energy industry in order to exchange news and challenge ideas and findings. In addition, the team at EIFER exchanges ideas with the scientific community, or other business- and policy-oriented stakeholders in the energy sector, organises and participates in conferences and workshops, contributes to public funded projects and authors scientific publications. This helps to closely follow decision processes, and to spot technical, service and business model innovations at an early stage.

EIFER’s combination of competences in economics, technological know-how, regulation and system analysis is key to identifying important playgrounds and levers for new business opportunities in dynamic markets. EIFER uses economic optimisation models based on linear programming for energy planning or assessment of business models. The system dynamics approach is used to capture dynamic market interactions and to simulate energy flows with a high temporal resolution. The latter combined with dynamic investment calculations as well as qualitative evaluation methods. The analysis of social acceptance, market access requirements, support mechanisms and the evolution of regulations in general complement the assessment of business opportunities in order to conduct in-depth analyses of selected case studies.

ENERGIEWENDE Regulatory Frameworks as Drivers for New Business Models

Fig. 1: Energy transition trade-off

SCOPE AND METHODSThe German Energiewende is a long-term project currently entering a hybrid phase between centralised and decentralised structures. Considerable investments into renewable energies significantly increased the cost of electricity for some consumer segments and triggered redistributive effects between regi-ons. At the same time, traditional business models in

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EU Horizon 2020

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Regulatory Monitoring and Analysis

Market Analysis

Energy System Analysis

Consultancy and Decision Support

Techno-economic Analysis of Business Models

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Bastian Hoffmann

Jan Eberbach

Andreas Koch

ANALYSED BUSINESS MODELSThe regulatory dynamics imply a constant evolution of business opportunities and challenge existing businesses. For example the case of "tenant electricity" (Mieterstrom): deals with concepts of local application of distributed generation in (multi-energy) microgrids for collective residential buildings. The lower tax and surcharge burden for local electricity when compared to grid electricity creates business opportunities. Based on an economic optimising modelling approach, EIFER's analysis showed that this application of local energy supply can be economically viable in certain settings.

Another study analysed the pooling of residential solar batteries. These can be marketed in the balancing market through a virtual power plant (cf. Fig. 2). In this business model, a large part of the battery capacity can be used by households for increasing local solar electricity consumption, while a minor part is reserved for system services provided by the virtual power plant. Based on a system dynamics approach, EIFER’s research showed that, under current regulation and expected market revenues for balancing services, this business model can be profitable for both households and aggregator: thereby households reduce their electricity bill and amortise the purchase of a battery within a reasonable amount of time, while the aggregator is able to generate revenue streams without major capital outlay.

OUTLOOK EIFER’s policy analysis shows that the framework conditions for the energy transition become increasingly complex. Re-adjustments of regulation and political turns can frequently be observed and put existing business models under pressure. A clear trend in Germany and elsewhere in Europe is, that more and more business models focus on decentralised concepts and multi-energy solutions: new concepts put the final consumer at the centre of attention and are often based on digital solutions. The coupling of electricity, heat, and mobility sectors brings added value to the system. Exemplary for such business models are local energy concepts based on self-consumption from renewable energy sources in single, multi-entity or in local distribution grids. Virtual power plants aggregate numerous small and intermittent generators in order tomaximise their valorisation on markets and make them compete with existing centralised units. Increasingly, business models for distributed generation are linked to system services, flexibility and storage options which help to facilitate their system integration. Disruptive technologies such as batteries, Power-to-Heat, Power-to-Gas, heat storage, hydrogen or demand side management are at the forefront.

Being in a strong interface position between research and industry, the team at EIFER continues to actively follow, analyse and shape future energy markets across Europe making full use of its multi-cultural and interdisciplinary abilities, its dynamic adaptability and great deal of experience, its innovative and effective methods, and its strong experience in consulting stakeholders.

Fig. 2: Business model of a virtual power plantTR

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TRENDS AND INTERACTIONS WITHIN ENERGY SYSTEMS – FURTHER PUBLIC FUNDED PROJECTS

PUBLICATIONS

METHODENKONVENTION 3.0Further Development and Extension of the Methodological Convention for Estimates of Environmental ExternalitiesTimescale: 08/2015 - 06/2018 Funded by: German Federal Environment Agency (UBA)

REFLEXReplicability Concept for Flexible Smart GridsTimescale: 04/2016 - 03/2019Funded by: Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi) through Era Net SG+ programmehttp://reflex-smartgrid.eu/

SMILESSmart Integration of Energy Storages in Local Multi Ener-gy Systems for maximizing the Share of Renewables in Europe’s Energy MixTimescale: 12/2016 – 11/2019 Funded by: European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme

SIM4BLOCKS Simulation Supported Real Time Energy Management in Building BlocksTimescale: 04/2016 - 03/2020Funded by: European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research andInnovation Programmehttp://www.sim4blocks.eu/

2016

JOURNAL ARTICLES

Laurin, L., Amor, B., Bachmann, T. M., Bare, J., Koffler, C., Ge-nest, S., Preiss, P., Pierce, J., Satterfield, B., Vigon, B. (2016). Life cycle assessment capacity roadmap (section 1): decision-making support using LCA. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 21(4), 443-447. doi:10.1007/s11367-016-1031-y

Merkel, E., McKenna, R., Fehrenbach, D., Fichtner, W. (2016). A model-based assessment of climate and energy targets for the German residential heat system. Journal of Cleaner Production. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.10.153


Belhomme, R., Trotignon, M., Cantenot, J., Dallagi, A., Cerqueira, E., Hoffmann, B., Bürger, J., Eberbach, J. (2016). Overview of the electricity system market and service layers in France, UK and Germany. 13th International Conference on the European Energy Market (EEM), Porto, Portugal.

Preiss, P., Bachmann, T. M. (2016). External costs of electrification of road transport in the SCelecTRA project: approach & setting-dependency. SETAC Europe 26th Annual Meeting, Nantes, France.

Sieber, J. (2016). New York, Singapore, Berlin - Climate Resilience of Critical Infrastructures around the Globe. 7th International Disaster and Risk Conferences (IDRC), Davos, Switzerland.

Sieber, J. (2016). Strengthening energy systems to enhance urban resilience: Climate resilient energy supply infra-structure and green spaces - Examples from three cities. Resilient Cities Congress, Bonn, Germany.

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PUBLICATIONS

Sieber, J. (2016). Urban Ecosystem Services Reviews for climate resilience, energy supply and green space development. 4th International Conference on Sustainable Development, New York, USA.

2015 JOURNAL ARTICLES

Bachmann, T. M. (2015). Assessing Air Pollutant-Induced, Health-Related External Costs in the Context of Nonmarginal System Changes: A Review. Environmental Science & Technology, 49(16), 9503–9517. doi:10.1021/acs.est.5b01623

Sieber, J., Fremgen, L., Pons, M. (2015). Assessment of Ecosystem Services for Urban Resilience – Case Study in Singapore. Planet@Risk, 3(1), 77-86.

Sieber, J., Pons, M. (2015). Assessment of Urban Ecosystem Services using Ecosystem Services Reviews and GIS-based Tools. Procedia Engineering, 115, 53-60. doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2015.07.354

van der Kamp, J., Bachmann, T. M. (2015). Health-Related External Cost Assessment in Europe: Methodological Developments from ExternE to the 2013 Clean Air Policy Package. Environmental Science & Technology, 49(5), 2929-2938. doi:10.1021/es5054607


Preiss, P., Bachmann, T. M. (2015). External costs of electrification of road transport in the SCelecTRA project: approach & setting-dependency. 7th International Confe-rence Life Cycle Management, Bordeaux, France.

Sieber, J. (2015). Climate Resilient Renewable Energy and Cities - Impacts of Extreme Weather Events and the Use of Ecosystem Services Reviews for Resilience Planning. Women4Energy, Stuttgart, Germany.

Sieber, J., Pons, M. (2015). Assessment of Ecosystem Services for Urban Resilience in Singapore. Dresden Nexus Conference (DNC 2015), Dresden, Germany.

2014


Bachmann, T. M. (2014). Optimal Pollution: The Welfare Economic Approach to Correct Related Market Failures. Reference Module in Earth Systems and Environmental Sciences (pp. 264-274): Elsevier.

Merkel, E., Fehrenbach, D., McKenna, R., Fichtner, W. (2014). Modellgestützte Untersuchung der Wärme- und Elektrizitätsversorgung des deutschen Wohngebäudes. In Kunze, R. Fichtner, W. (Eds.) Einsatz von OR-Verfahren zur Analyse von Fragestellungen im Umweltbereich. Tagungsband zum Workshop der Arbeitsgruppe „OR im Umweltschutz“ der Gesellschaft für Operations Research e.V. am 7. - 8. März 2013 in Karlsruhe, Germany.

JOURNAL ARTICLES

Bachmann, T. M., van der Kamp, J. (2014). Environmental cost-benefit analysis and the EU (European Union) Indust-rial Emissions Directive: Exploring the societal efficiency of a DeNOx retrofit at a coal-fired power plant. ENERGY, 68, 125-139. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.02.051

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Fehrenbach, D., Merkel, E., McKenna, R., Karl, U., Fichtner, W. (2014). On the economic potential for electric load management in the German residential heating sector - an optimising energy system model approach. ENERGY, 71, 263-276. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.04.061


Bachmann, T. M., Patyk, A., Brisse, A. (2014). Scenario analysis in LCA of future hydrogen production through high temperature electrolysis based on solid oxide electrolyser cells. SETAC Europe 24th Annual Meeting, Basel, Switzerland.

Bachmann, T. M., van der Kamp, J. (2014). Site- and operation-dependent external costs: an argument for less strict regulatory emission limit values for industrial installations? SETAC Europe 24th Annual Meeting, Basel, Switzerland.

Pons, M., Sieber, J. (2014). Assessment of Urban Ecosystem Services using Ecosystem Service Reviews and GIS based Tools in Singapore. Symposium „Towards integrated model-ling of urban systems“, Lyon, France.

Sieber, J. (2014). Resilient Electricity Generating infrastructures - Enhancing Climate Action Plans. CLARR2014, Bremen, Germany.

Sieber, J., Fremgen, L. (2014). Assessment of Ecosystem Services for Urban Resilience. 5th International Disaster and Risk Conferences (IDRC), Davos, Switzerland.

van der Kamp, J., Bachmann, T. M. (2014). External costs of air pollution from energy supply: Reviewing methodologies from ExternE to NEEDS. SETAC Europe 24th

Annual Meeting, Basel, Switzerland.

2013

THESIS

Linder, S. (2013). Räumliche Diffusion von Photovoltaik-Anlagen in Baden-Württemberg. Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg.

Sieber, J. (2013). Impacts of Extreme Hydro-Meteorological Events on Electricity Generation and Possible Adaptation Measures - A GIS-based Approach for Corporate Risk Management and Enhanced Climate Mitigation Concepts in Germany. Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg.


Fehrenbach, D., Merkel, E., Karl, U., McKenna, R., Fichtner, W. (2013). Eine modellgestützte Analyse energieeffizienter Wärme- und Elektrizitätsversorgung in deutschen Wohn-gebäuden. Schriftenreihe des Wettbewerbs „Energieeffiziente Stadt, Buch 1: Gebäude und Haushalte". Berlin: LIT-Verlag.

Fichtner, W., Suwala, W., Wyrwa, A. et al. (2013). Shaping our energy system – combining European modelling ex-pertise. Case studies of the European energy system in 2050.

Fleiter, T., Fehrenbach, D. (2013). Branchenanalyse Papier-gewerbe. In Fleiter, T., Schlomann, B., Eichhammer, W. (Eds.) Energieverbrauch und CO2-Emissionen industrieller Prozess-technologien – Einsparpotenziale, Hemmnisse und Instrumente. Stuttgart: Fraunhofer-Verlag.

JOURNAL ARTICLES

Bachmann, T. M. (2013). Towards Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment: Drawing on the NEEDS project’s total cost and Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis ranking methods.

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The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 18(9), 1698-1709. doi:10.1007/s11367-012-0535-3

McKenna, R., Heffels, T., Merkel, E., Fehrenbach, D., Killinger, S., Fichtner, W. (2013). Selected Approaches to Integration Management for Renewable Energies. UmweltWirtschafts-Forum, 21(3-4), 199-207. doi:10.1007/s00550-013-0297-9

McKenna, R., Merkel, E., Fehrenbach, D., Mehne, S., Fichtner, W. (2013). Energy efficiency in the German residential sector: A bottom-up building-stock-model-based analysis in the context of energy-political targets. Building and Environment, 62, p. 77-88.

Patyk, A., Bachmann, T. M., Brisse, A. (2013). Life cycle assessment of H₂ generation with high temperature electrolysis. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 38(10), 3865-3880. doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2013.01.063

Sieber, J. (2013). Impacts of, and adaptation options to, extreme weather events and climate change concer-ning thermal power plants. Climatic Change, 121(1), 55-66. doi:10.1007/s10584-013-0915-0


Bachmann, T. M., Patyk, A., Brisse, A. (2013). Life Cycle Assessment of H₂ generation with the high temperature solid oxide electrolysis cell from the RelHY project (platform presentation). 5th International Conference on Fundamentals & Development of Fuel Cells (FDFC), Karlsruhe, Germany.

Bachmann, T. M., van der Kamp, J. (2013). The disproportionate cost principle under variable environmental and technical settings. 5th International Conference Life Cycle Management,

Gothenburg, Sweden.

Fehrenbach, D., Merkel, E., Karl, U., McKenna, R., Fichtner, W. (2013). Model-based evaluation of the economic potential of innovative residential heating technologies in TIMES. 13th European International Association for Energy Economics (IAEE) Conference, Düsseldorf, Germany.

Fehrenbach, D., Merkel, E., Karl, U., McKenna, R., Fichtner, W. (2013). On the role of the residential heating sector in the energy transition in Germany – an optimising energy system model approach in TIMES. International Energy Workshop, Paris, France.

Häfele, S., Hauck, M., Dailly, J. (2013). Life cycle assessment of high temperature electrolysis with LSCF and NdNi air electrodes in solid oxide cells. 5th International Conference on Fundamentals & Development of Fuel Cells (FDFC), Karlsruhe, Germany.

Merkel, E., Fehrenbach, D., McKenna, R., Fichtner, W. (2013). Capacity planning in residential heat supply with optimising energy system models: an application and methodological extension in TIMES. 26th European Conference on Operational Research EURO-INFORMS, Rome, Italy.

Sieber, J. (2013). Integrating Adaptation of Electricity Infrastructures in Local Climate Action Plans. ICEM2013 – 2nd International Conference on Energy & Meteorology, Toulouse, France.

Sieber, J., Rapp, F., Rat-Fischer, C. (2013). Integrating risk analysis of extreme weather events for climate resilient city planning. 4th Global Forum on Urban Resilience and Adap-tation - Resilient Cities 2013 Congress by ICLEI, Bonn, Germany.

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“EDF Collectivités has been working with EIFER for many years and with great satisfaction. EIFER's ability to conduct studies from fundamental research and trans-form them into highly operational tools is particularly efficient for long-term projects. EIFER’s interdisciplinary competencies and multicultural environment is especially relevant for analyses of European feedback and for best practice on energy transition and Smart Cities, irrespective of technical, economic and social aspects.” Jean Noel Guillot, Director of Development of Smart City Solutions and Local Energy Services at EDF

“La Communauté d’Agglomération Sarreguemines Confluences (CASC) plays an active role in the field of energy transition by tackling the problem with unconventional methods and with ambitious projects. Some of these projects, in particular sustainable mobility, require a high level of expertise that only few organizations possess. It was at that time when one of those projects, FAHYENCE, in development for several years, seemed to be at a standstill, that EIFER contacted us with the support of EDF. Thanks to its specialist technical knowledge in the field of hydrogen, EIFER has been able to find available specialized funding sources, to establish relationships with industrial partners and to give a high level of support to our community. Without this decisive contribution, I am convinced that our project could not have been possible and I would like to take this opportunity to thank the employees of the institute and of the EDF group."Jean-Bernard Barthel, Vice-president of CASC and responsible for sustainable development

81LABORATORIES

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The pellet lab is operated in cooperation with the LTZ (Centre for Agricultural Technology) to produce and characterize bio-mass pellets as well as their production process. Since these pellets are foreseen for (household and/or industrial) fuel use, they are also tested on their combustion properties.

COOPERATION PARTNERS:- Landwirtschaftliches Technologiezentrum (LTZ)- Institute for Applied Materials - Materials for Electrical and Electronic Engineering (IAM-WET) at KIT

ACTIVITIESThe laboratory aims at studying the pelletisation and the combustion properties of different types of biomass such as wood, energy crops and residual biomass. The lab’s capabilities focuses on:

- Biomass pretreatment (e.g. dewatering of humid biomass, drying, comminution) of woods, ligneous and agricultural biomasses;- Chemical and physicochemical analysis of biomasses and pellets;- Pellet production of mono or blend pellets from dried biomass;- Lab test of fuel properties of biomasses and pellet samples (moisture and ash content, calorific value, abrasion).

This Lab has been used in an initiative to identify alternative biomasses, which could be suitable for fuel use. The identified biomasses were prepared and pelletized in order to produce pellets that should fulfill the requirement of industrial pellets (in terms of quality and combustion characteristics) and to be cheaper than wood pellets. Therefore, EIFER has evaluated the influence of blending woody with agricultural biomass on pellet production and combustion properties. For sustainability

Biomass Pre-Treatment, Pelletising and Characterisation

PELLET LAB

aspects, this study was focused on agricultural by-products i.e. agricultural residues like straw as well as further woody residues and municipal green wastes.

EIFER also conducted studies on fuel improvement by mixing biomasses with fuel improving additives. The results indicate an improvement of ash melting behavior at the expense of higher ash amounts for disposal.

EIFER’s Pellet Lab can also be used to evaluate innovative biomass pretreatment technologies (e.g. dewatering), which could decrease the production cost of biomass fuels and probably will optimise their burning properties and their suitability for use in heating systems. As an example, EIFER is applying together with several partners in Germany for an initiative to test and characterize an innovative dewatering technology. This initiative aims at evaluating the impact of this promising technology on the entire fuel production chain as well as on the wood fuel characteristics (composition, combustion properties, emissions, ash etc.).

CONTACT

Rainer Bolduan

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CONTACT

Roman Zorn

The Geoscience lab is a joint collaboration laboratory with the KIT Institute for Applied Geoscience (KIT-AGW) and is located at KIT Campus South. It was inaugurated in 2008. The overall philosophy of the lab is to share the whole infrastructure and instruments between EIFER and the AGW. The lab is dedicated to geo-technologies in general with a special focus on geo-thermal energy.

Practical oriented questions, new ideas and innovations are the main subjects of the lab activities. Generally, the lab works on market oriented and applied projects and the philosophy is to do a successive up-scaling from laboratory scale over pilot scale to field demonstrations and applications.

ACTIVITIES The main aim of the Geoscience lab is to support the develop-ment of R&D and operational projects linked to underground issues (geothermal energy, CO2 underground storage, bore-hole heat exchanger, etc.) as well as to develop innovative

Local Production and Supply of Heat and Power

GEOSCIENCE LAB

solutions for the use of geothermal energy in different application fields. In this perspective, the whole range of fluid, rock and material characterisations can be done.

Unique studies like specially designed high temperature/pressure percolation test benches as well as flow-through autoclave test setups are available. Soil gas measurement instruments (Radon, VOC, CO2, CH4, etc.), fibre optic cable measurement devices, well pumps and Thermal Response Tests are examples of the wide range of field test setups which are available.

Corrosion and scaling with respect to high saline brines are investigated in order to have the possibility to estimate corrosion risks and to support plant operators to select suitable materials and components (heat exchanger, well components, valves, etc.).

The development of new innovative solution (e.g. self-circulating heat pipe solutions) and monitoring tools (e.g. the GEOsniff® for testing inside borehole heat exchangers and pipe systems) are also done in the lab.

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84The ENERMAT laboratory was created in 2009 at the Fraun-hofer Institute for Chemical Technology (ICT). Since 2014, the laboratory is operated in collaboration with the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) and is located at the Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP) at KIT Campus South. This laboratory is dedicated to the develop-ment of materials/cells and processes for energy (electricity production, hydrogen production/use) and to the short and long term testing of experimental or commercial ceramic-based cells like Solid Oxide Cells, Protonic Ceramic Cells (cf. p. 49).

ACTIVITIES- Promotion of EIFER’s expertise in materials science and processes for energy, using conventional and less costly techniques such as screen-printing and tape casting.- Development of EDF patents linked to materials and processes before their exploitation phase.- Evaluation of advanced materials for energy in strategic applications such as electricity production in fuel cells, electrochemical hydrogen production in electrolyzers and hydrogen separation membranes.

Materials and Cells for Energy – Synthesis, Processing, Manufacture, Characterisation

ENERMAT PLATFORM

FROM POWDER TO POWERManufacturing of innovative powder-metallurgical processed materials, covering the whole production process, from the raw material to the finished product in three steps:

I. Material SynthesisUp to 50g of material per batch- Solid-state reaction- Pechini Process- Sol-Gel Processing

II. Powder Processing and Cell Manufacture- Ball-milling- Pressing- Tape-casting (300 to 2000 μm)- Screen-printing (5 to 40 µm) - Nano-Infiltration - Sintering process (15 x 15 x 15 cm3 up to 1600°C)

III. Electrochemical Measurements- Four test benches- Temperature range: 400 – 900°C- I-U curves and in-situ impedance spectroscopy (EIS)- Application profiles: power, temperature, atmosphere (reversibility)- Cell area from 3 to 50 cm², pO2 pH2 pH2O- Microscopic Analysis

CONTACT

Julian Dailly

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The EIFER/ICT Laboratory is operated in collaboration with the Fraunhofer Institute for Chemical Technology (ICT) and was inaugurated in 2005. The laboratory is mainly dedicated to long term testing of high temperature components of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC) and Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells (SOEC), which can be carried out unattended and under safe conditions. Several testing procedures like power modulation and reversible operation (rSOC) can be programmed with scripts and run automatically 24/7.

Diagnostic methodologies like I-U curves and in-situ impe-dance spectroscopy (EIS) can be performed which allows understanding of degradation mechanisms and prediction of lifetime. Finally, test protocols for operation of on-site field tests for SOFC, SOEC and rSOC of stationary systems or APU systems for mobile applications can be prepared and validated.

ACTIVITIESThe activities of the EIFER/ICT Laboratory cover the core testing aspects of SOFC and SOEC, including cells, stacks and modules which are operated at a temperature range from 700 – 900°C. In four laboratories, nine test benches provide measurement and diagnostic equipment for operating and evaluation of prototype and commercial test objects.

SOFC, SOEC, rSOC Single Cells- Test objects: single cells with squared (5x5 cm2) and circular area (45 cm2)- Modes: SOFC, SOEC and reversible rSOC- Diagnostics: in-situ with impedance spectroscopy- Steam/CO2 co-electrolysis incl. gas chromatography to determine the product gas composition- World record with 23,000 h continuous SOEC operation recently demonstrated

High Temperature Electrochemistry Lab for Fuel Cells and Electrolysis Applications

EIFER/ICT LAB

Short Stacks- Test objects: research stacks with up to 10 cells (500Wel SOFC and 1000 Wel SOEC mode) - Modes: SOFC, SOEC and reversible rSOC- Diagnostics: in-situ with impedance spectroscopy- SOFC operation with simulated reformat gases (H2/CO/CO2/ CH4/H2O/N2)

Large stack / Module Testing- Test objects: large stacks and modules from 1 to 10kWel SOEC - Modes: SOFC, SOEC and reversible rSOC- Diagnostics: in-situ with impedance spectroscopy- Investigation of standard sized stacks and modules from commercial suppliers

CONTACT

Bastian LudwigLA

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The FCTestLab is operated in collaboration with the KIT Institute for Applied Materials - Materials for Electrical and Electronic Engineering (IAM-WET) and is located at KIT Campus South. It was inaugurated in 2004 and is the oldest laboratory of EIFER.

The laboratory is dedicated to testing the real performance and integration capabilities of individual heat or power generation devices. These can be supplied by gaseous, liquid and solid fuels like natural gas or biomass. The tests serve the evaluation of technical, economic and environmental perfor-mance of small combined heat & power (µCHP), fuel cell (FC) and domestic heating systems.

ACTIVITIESThe activities of the FCTestLab cover the entire value chain of small energy conversion systems, from component to applica-tion. Four independent test stands provide supplies and mea-surement equipment for operating components, prototypes and systems at any stage of development. Unattended long term testing (24/7) can be carried out under safe conditions.

PEM Fuel Cells and Stacks- Test bench for PEM FC single cell characterisation (13 cm²)- Test bench for PEM FC stack testing (100 cm², up to 1.5 kWel)- Identification of degradation behaviour by long-term testing- Supply with various gas compositions- High frequency current and voltage analysis

Fuel Cell Based and Conventional µCHP Systems- Test benches for natural gas supplied µCHP systems (up to 20 kWel, 30 kWth)- Operation of complete domestic central heating systems

Individual Heat and/or Power Systems Supplied by Fuels

FCTESTLAB

- Efficiency characterisation by precise measurement of energy inputs and outputs- Simulation of building behaviour by controlled thermal load- Application of 24h real time heat demand profiles - Measurement equipment for emission behaviour

Wood Heating Systems- Test bench for wood fired single room heaters (up to 12 kWth) and central heating boilers (up to 30 kWth)- Precise measurement of energy efficiency- Measurement equipment for emission behaviour

Preparation of Field Experiments - Test stand for the design and construction of data acquisition systems for field experiments

CONTACT

Christian Schraube

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“The Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking (FCH JU) was founded under the EU Horizon 2020 Framework as a unique public private partnership supporting research, techno-logical development and demonstration (RTD) activities in fuel cells and hydrogen energy technologies in Europe and consists of three members: the European Commission, the industry grouping "Hydrogen Europe" and the "N.ERGHY research grouping". EIFER has been an active member of the N.ERGHY research grouping since 2002.

Besides numerous research projects, EIFER actively participates in the elaboration of the Annual Work Plans (AWP), defining the future research topics, in the working groups "Trans-port", “Energy to Hydrogen “and “Fuel Cells to Energy”. EIFER’s expertise in the field of new fuel cell and hydrogen technologies contributes to the development of a low-carbon economy.”Mirela Atanasiu – Head of Unit at Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking of the European Commission

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“With their expertise, EDF Research and Development departments work together with EDF Deutschland GmbH in various fields. To support the planning of a local multi-energy system for the redevelopment of the Tegel airport in Berlin, EDF Deutschland and EIFER cooperated jointly with TU-Berlin and Drees & Sommer providing a simulation application that allowed for testing of future scenarios and visualizing the innovative energy concept of the site.”Bernard Gsell, CEO EDF Deutschland GmbH

“EDF Collectivités Alsace has been working satisfactorily with EIFER for 15 years whether at the level of Alsatian or cross-border communities, for example with the VESTA project, a network of Al-satian cities committed to sustainable development.The competences of EIFER supported the commu-nities in their creation of a regional climate and energy plan (plan climat-énergie territorial), concer-ning the studies on fuel poverty, mobility, renovation etc., and thus enriched their action plan. This approach of EIFER is highly relevant in terms of its multidisciplinary skills and feedback from other French, European and global territories.”Didier Fruhauf, Director of the Territorial Development of the Alsace Region at EDF

89PARTNERSHIPS AND MEMBERSHIPS

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STRATEGIC PARTNERSHIPS

CEA - Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux

énergies alternativeswww.cea.fr

DBFZ - Deutsches Biomasse-forschungszentrum

www.dbfz.de

Femto-ST - Fédération de recherche FCLAB

www.femto-st.fr

FHG-ICT - Fraunhofer-Institut für Chemische Technologie

www.ict.fraunhofer.de

FZJ - Forschungszentrum Jülichwww.fz-juelich.de

HFT - Hochschule für Technik Stuttgart

www.hft-stuttgart.de

LTZ - Landwirtschaftliches Technologiezentrum

Augustenbergwww.ltz-bw.de

SIANI - Instituto Universitario de Sistemas Inteligentes y Aplicaciones Numéricas en Ingeniería - Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria

www.siani.es

BRGM - Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières

www.brgm.fr

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MEMBERSHIPS

Atelier Energie & Territoireswww.edfvilledurable.fr

CyberForum e.V.www.cyberforum.de

EGEC - European Geothermal Energy Council

www.egec.org

AFHYPAC - Association française pour l'hydrogène et les piles

à combustiblewww.afhypac.org

DHC+ Technology Platformwww.euroheat.org

EHPA - European Heat Pump Association

www.ehpa.org

AFPG - Association Française des professionnels de la Géothermie

www.afpg.asso.fr

ECEEE - European Council for an Energy Efficient Economy

www.eceee.org

e-mobil BW GmbH - Cluster Brennstoffzelle BW

www.e-mobilbw.de

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MEMBERSHIPS

FCDIC - Fuel Cell Development Information Center

www.fcdic.com

Le Pôle de Compétitivité Fibres-Energivie

www.fibres-energivie.eu

Deutsch-französisches Büro für die Energiewende / Office franco-

allemand pour la transition énergétique

enr-ee.com

OGC - Open Geospatial Consortium www.opengeospatial.org

RHC-ETIP - European Technology and Innovation Platform on Renewable

Heating & Coolingwww.rhc-platform.org

Smart Grids-Plattform Baden-Württemberg e.V

www.smartgrids-bw.net

SFdS - Société Française de Statistiquewww.sfds.asso.fr

TRION-climate e.V. - Netzwerk für Energie und Klima

www.trion-climate.net

fokus.energiewww.fokusenergie.net

www.trion-climate.net

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ATEE -Association Technique Energie Environnement - Club BiogazMember in the Executive Boardatee.fr

DGNB - Deutsche Gesellschaft für Nachhaltiges Bauen e. V.WG: DGNB New Industrial District (NIS)

WG: DGNB New Urban District (NSQ/NUD)

WG: DGNB New Business District (NGQ)

www.dgnb.de

COMMITTEE WORK

FCH JU - Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Joint UndertakingWG: Business Models and Financing Arrangements for the Commercialization of Fuel Cells

www.fch.europa.eu

GRALE - Groupement de recherche sur l'administration locale en EuropeCommission Leaderwww.univ-paris1.fr

GRALE

IEA - International Energy Agency WG: Quality Management for Borehole Heat Exchanger

www.iea.org

Information or material of the Implementing Agreement for a Programme of Research and Development on Energy Conservation through Energy Storage, also known as the Technology Collaboration Programme on Energy Storage (ECES TCP) does not necessarily represent the views or policies of the IEA Secretariat or of the IEA’s individual Member countries. The IEA does not make any representation or warranty (express or implied) in respect of such information (including as to its completeness, accuracy or non-infringement) and shall not be held liable for any use of, or reliance on, such information.

94

IEC - International Electrotechnical CommissionWG 3: Stationary Fuel Cell Power Systems - Safety

WG 4: Performance of Fuel Cell Power Systems (IEC 62282-3-200, IEC 62282-3-201)

WG 12: Stationary Fuel Cell Power Systems - Small Stationary Fuel Cell Power Systems with Combined

Heat and Power Output (IEC 62282-3-400)

www.iec.ch

LFZG - Landesforschungszentrum GeothermieMember in the Advisory Board

lfzg.rz.hs-offenburg.de

N.ERGHY - Research on Fuel Cells and HydrogenWG: Energy to Hydrogen

WG: Fuel Cells to Energy

WG: Transport

www.nerghy.eu

COMMITTEE WORK

N.ERGHYR E S E A R C H O N F U E L C E L L S & H Y D R O G E N

ISO – International Organization for StandardizationWG: ISO/TC 268 Sustainable Cities and Communities

WG: ISO 14008 Monetary Valuation of Environmental Aspects and Impacts -

Principles, Requirements and Guidelines

WG: ISO 14007 Environmental Management - Determining Environmental Costs and Benefits

www.iso.org

DKE - Deutsche Kommission Elektrotechnik Elektronik Informationstechnik im DIN und VDEWG: K384.0.2 Stationary Fuel Cell Applications

WG: K384.0.5 Fuel Cell Gas Heating Appliances

www.dke.de

CEN-CENELEC – European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization WG: CEN/CLC/JWG FCGA/WG 01 European Product Standard for Combined Heating Power Systems

Using Gas Fuel

www.cenelec.eu

95

EIFER STAFF

Ammann, MarioAnghilante, RégisAvcı, Nurten

Bachmann, TillBahu, Jean-MarieBardeau, GuillaumeBeaufaron, GuéhanneBeretta, DavideBippes, IsabellBlin, DavidBolduan, RainerBoutaud, BenoitBrisse, AnnabelleBruchmüller, LucieButscher, Gérard

Cajot, SébastienCarnicelli, FedericaColomar, David

Dailly, Juliande Martel, EmmanuelDieckhoff, LéaDimier, Alain

Eberbach, JanEckstein, JeannineEyler, David

Fehrenbach, DanielFeis, AlessandroFouché, MathieuFranceschi, JoelleFriedmann, RaphaelFritsch, Annie-FranceFu, QingxiFulda, Anne-Sophie

Ge, XiubeiGiehl, Angelika

Haering, PaulHeyder, MonikaHoffmann, BastianHuber, AndreasHuttenloch, Petra

Imbert, InesImbert, Pierre

Jaboeuf, RémiJeandel, ElodieJung, Thomas

Kändler, ChristophKaradaban, BernaKarl, UteKoch, AndreasKremers, Enrique

Laborgne, PiaLe Marre, PierreLeclere, CécileLeucht, MartinaLewald, NorbertLudwig, Bastian

Marrony, MathieuMartinez-Abenojar, AlbertoMarzabal, FranciscoMoçotéguy, PhilippeMouchot, JustineMurshed, Syed Monjur

Needham, VéroniqueNichersu, AlexandruNimal, Elise

Pasanisi, AlbertoPayre, CamillePéchiné, BrunoPeter, MarkusPétillon, DianePetrosyan, LusinePini, NicolePlessis, GillesPons, Manon

Rabot-Querci, Marie-LaureRapp, FlorianRaux-Defossez, PaulineReinert, Marie-EveReiß, AndreasRoulland, ArnaudRoy, LoraineRuf, Susanne

Schefold, JosefSchintgen, TomSchlabach, VolkerSchraube, ChristianSeidelt, StephanSevenet, MarieSieber, JeannetteSimons, AlexanderSipowicz, Maria

Skok, JoannaSliz-Szkliniarz, BeataSouleymanou, AdamouStockmann, Heike

Tabourdeau, AntoineTerrien, PascalTrifonova, Mariya

Ukelis, Olaf

van der Kamp, Jonathan

Wegerer, NadjaWendel, Jochen

Zeller, MaximeZorn, Roman

As of December 2016

96

1st EditionApril 2017

Edited by:EIFER – European Institute for Energy ResearchEmmy-Noether-Straße 1176131 Karlsruhe, GermanyTel. +49 721 6105 1330Fax +49 721 6105 [email protected]

Editorial Team: Nurten Avcı, Jeannine Eckstein and Joelle Franceschi

Proofreading: Astrid Jannke, 76287 RheinstettenKeith Matthews, 71282 Hemmingen

Layout and Design:raumkontakt _werbeagentur, Karlsruhe

Print:burger()druck GmbH, Waldkirch

Photo Credits: EIFER, except the following:- Collage (8-9, 34-35, 82-86): EDF/Getty Images, EDF/Laurent Vautrin, nerthuz/fotolia, KIT/Andrea Fabry, EDF/Samuel Bollendorff, Dalkia Groupe EDF/Stephane Harter, TOMA/Philippe Stroppa, EDF/Jacob Frederick, Jürgen Fälchle/fotolia, Kara/Fotolia - TOMA/Philippe Stroppa (82-86), ASPA 2016 (23), EDF/Mounir Mecheri (42)

With special thanks to all contributors!

Reprint and further use of texts and pictures in an electronic form

require the explicit permit of the Editorial Department.

As of December 2016

EIFER | European Institute for Energy Research EDF-KIT EWIVEmmy-Noether-Str. 11 76131 Karlsruhe | GermanyPhone: +49 (0) 721 6105 1330 Email: [email protected]

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