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Activity. Describe yourself in three sentences. People are all different We want different things We are attracted to different people We have different characteristics Why?. Personality Testing. Absorption. Openness to absorbing and self-altering experiences Prone to fantasies - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Activity
• Describe yourself in three sentences.
• People are all different– We want different things– We are attracted to different people– We have different characteristics
• Why?
Personality Testing
Absorption
• Openness to absorbing and self-altering experiences
– Prone to fantasies
– Become immersed in art, music, computers, books, etc.
– This scale has proven to be an accurate predictor of how easily a person can be hypnotized.
– If you are high on the Absorption Scale, you'll find the questions fascinating. If you are low on the Absorption Scale, You will think these are the stupidest questions you've ever seen.
Blase Babe
• You're a let-it-go girl who never fusses -- with coworkers, lovers, even the dry-cleaning guy who lost your favorite pants. Problem is, "you're so afraid of appearing picky that you never air your true feelings," says Sharon Keys Seal, motivation coach and facilitator at Baltimore's Coaching Concepts. But sometimes shaking things up is okay -- even necessary -- in order to get the respect and results you deserve.
Cool Chica
• You're the girl everyone wants to hire, befriend and date because you handle life's highs and lows with finesse. "You're a problem solver and can keep your emotions in check," says Cheryl Richardson, author of Life Makeovers (Broadway Books, 2000). "When you do get worked up about a problem, you stop and do something healthy to center yourself and then face your dilemma head-on."
Dramatic Diva
Hold up, histrionic honey! You may think your routine hassles are as captivating as Survivor episodes, but your friends wonder why you can't make a move without blowing everything out of proportion. "You get a high from turning every element of your life into a drama," says Sharon Keys Seal, motivation coach and facilitator at Baltimore's Coaching Concepts.
Personality Psychology
• What it isn’t
• It is what you think psychology is about!
• Personality psychology is fun!
Personality
• An individual's characteristic patterns of thought, emotion, and behavior
Question
• What do we know when we know a person?
• Note: Personality is broad! Best way to study it is to exam different elements of a person.
Basic Approaches
• Trait Approach
• Biological / Evolutionary Approach
• Psychoanalytic Approach
Basic Approaches
• Phenomenological Approach
• Learning / Behavioral Approach
• Cognitive Approach
So, which is best?
• Not really competing with each other
• They examine DIFFERENT aspects of personality
What do we know when we know a person?
• Personality is complex!
• How can we study a person?
Studying a Person
• All science begins with observation– Called data
• For the scientific study of personality what kinds of observations can you make?
Observation
• Ask a person about himself or herself
• Ask others about a person
• Look at a persons life
• Look at what a person does (behavior)
• Note: none of these are perfect indicators
“S” data
• Ask a person about himself or herself– “Self data”
Activity
• In groups:
• Create a 5-item questionnaire designed to measure a characteristic
“S” data
• Face validity– It appears to measure what it is suppose to
measure
“S” data
• Pros:
• Easy and inexpensive
• Best expert
“S” data• Compare yourself to the average student
1= Much lower than average2= Somewhat lower than average3=Average4 = Somewhat higher than average5 = Much higher than average
1) Intelligent2) Friendly3) Kind4) Giving5) Responsible
“S” data
• Cons:
• May not be able to tell you– Self-serving bias
• May not tell you
• Overused
“I” Data
• Ask others about a person– “Informant data”
“I” Data
• What about me?– Small groups
• What about a boyfriend / girlfriend?
“I” Data
• Pros:
• Large amounts of information– I data about boyfriend / girlfriend– Have seen hundreds of behaviors– Agreement between judges and self
• Real world– Based on observations in the real world, not just the
lab
“I” Data
• Cons:
• Limited information– Not with a person all the time
• Act differently around different people
– Limited due to “private life”
“I” Data
• Cons:
• Errors and biases– Some behaviors stick out more than others
– Biases can be “good” or “bad”, but not accurate
“L” Data
• Look at a persons life– “Life data”
“L” Data
• Have you been married?
• Ever been to jail?
• Are you employed?
• How many siblings do you have?
• What does your room look like?
Rate your room
“A room with a cue”• The “residue” of your day!
• Can related this “L” data to other types of data:
• Other judgments based on this residue– (“I” data)
• Your own reported personality– (“S” data)
Extraversion• 1)____ Strong (vs. weak)odor• 2)__+_ Noisy (vs. quiet)• 3)____ Well lit (vs. dark)• 4)____ Drafty (vs. stuffy)• 5)____ Hot (vs. cold)• 6)____ Good (vs. poor)condition • 7)____ Decorated (vs. undecorated)• 8)____ Cheerful (vs. gloomy)• 9)____ Colorful (vs. drab)• 10)____ Clean (vs.dirty)• 11)____ Organized (vs.disorganized)• 12)____ Neat (vs. messy)• 13)____ Cluttered (vs. uncluttered)• 14)____ Full (vs.empty)• 15)____ Roomy (vs.cramped)• 16)____ Expensive (vs. cheap)• 17)____ Comfortable (vs. uncomfortable)• 18)____ Inviting (vs. repelling)• 19)____ Large (vs. small)• 20)____ Distinctive (vs. ordinary)• 21)____ Stylish (vs. unstylish)
• 22)____ Modern (vs. old fashioned)• 23)____ New (vs. old)• 24)____ Multiple (vs. single)purpose• 25)____ Public (vs. private)• 26)____ Formal (vs. informal)• 27)____ Conventional (vs. unconventional)• 28)____ High (vs. low) traffic area• 29)____ Good (vs. poor) use of space• 30)____ Matched (vs. mismatched)contents• 31)____ Many (vs. few)books• 32)____ Organized (vs. disorganized)books• 33)____ Varied (vs. homogenous)books• 34)____ Many (vs. few)magazines• 35)____ Organized (vs. disorganized)magazines• 36)____ Varied (vs. homogenous)magazines• 37)____ Many (vs. few) CDs• 38)____ Organized (vs. disorganized)CDs• 39)____ Varied (vs. homogenous)CDs• 40)____ Many (vs. few) items of stationery• 41)__+_ Organized (vs. disorganized)stationery
Conscientiousness• 1)____ Strong (vs. weak)odor• 2)____ Noisy (vs. quiet)• 3)____ Well lit (vs. dark)• 4)____ Drafty (vs. stuffy)• 5)____ Hot (vs. cold)• 6)____ Good (vs. poor)condition • 7)____ Decorated (vs. undecorated)• 8)____ Cheerful (vs. gloomy)• 9)____ Colorful (vs. drab)• 10)____ Clean (vs.dirty)• 11)__+_ Organized (vs.disorganized)• 12)__+_ Neat (vs. messy)• 13)__-_ Cluttered (vs. uncluttered)• 14)__-_ Full (vs.empty)• 15)____ Roomy (vs.cramped)• 16)____ Expensive (vs. cheap)• 17)____ Comfortable (vs. uncomfortable)• 18)____ Inviting (vs. repelling)• 19)____ Large (vs. small)• 20)____ Distinctive (vs. ordinary)• 21)____ Stylish (vs. unstylish)
• 22)__+_ Modern (vs. old fashioned)• 23)____ New (vs. old)• 24)____ Multiple (vs. single)purpose• 25)____ Public (vs. private)• 26)____ Formal (vs. informal)• 27)____ Conventional (vs. unconventional)• 28)____ High (vs. low) traffic area• 29)____ Good (vs. poor) use of space• 30)____ Matched (vs. mismatched)contents• 31)____ Many (vs. few)books• 32)__+_ Organized (vs. disorganized)books• 33)____ Varied (vs. homogenous)books• 34)____ Many (vs. few)magazines• 35)____ Organized (vs. disorganized)magazines• 36)____ Varied (vs. homogenous)magazines• 37)____ Many (vs. few) CDs• 38)_+__ Organized (vs. disorganized)CDs• 39)____ Varied (vs. homogenous)CDs• 40)____ Many (vs. few) items of stationery• 41)____ Organized (vs. disorganized)stationery
Openness• 1)____ Strong (vs. weak)odor• 2)____ Noisy (vs. quiet)• 3)____ Well lit (vs. dark)• 4)____ Drafty (vs. stuffy)• 5)____ Hot (vs. cold)• 6)____ Good (vs. poor)condition • 7)__+_ Decorated (vs. undecorated)• 8)____ Cheerful (vs. gloomy)• 9)____ Colorful (vs. drab)• 10)____ Clean (vs.dirty)• 11)____ Organized (vs.disorganized)• 12)____ Neat (vs. messy)• 13)__+_ Cluttered (vs. uncluttered)• 14)__+_ Full (vs.empty)• 15)____ Roomy (vs.cramped)• 16)____ Expensive (vs. cheap)• 17)____ Comfortable (vs. uncomfortable)• 18)____ Inviting (vs. repelling)• 19)____ Large (vs. small)• 20)__+_ Distinctive (vs. ordinary)• 21)____ Stylish (vs. unstylish)
• 22)____ Modern (vs. old fashioned)• 23)____ New (vs. old)• 24)__+_ Multiple (vs. single)purpose• 25)____ Public (vs. private)• 26)____ Formal (vs. informal)• 27)____ Conventional (vs. unconventional)• 28)____ High (vs. low) traffic area• 29)____ Good (vs. poor) use of space• 30)____ Matched (vs. mismatched)contents• 31)_+__ Many (vs. few)books• 32)____ Organized (vs. disorganized)books• 33)_+__ Varied (vs. homogenous)books• 34)____ Many (vs. few)magazines• 35)____ Organized (vs. disorganized)magazines• 36)__+_ Varied (vs. homogenous)magazines• 37)__+_ Many (vs. few) CDs• 38)____ Organized (vs. disorganized)CDs• 39)____ Varied (vs. homogenous)CDs• 40)____ Many (vs. few) items of stationery• 41)____ Organized (vs. disorganized)stationery
“L” Data
• Pro:
• Real life importance
– Predict drug use in children– Predict criminal behavior– Predict rebelliousness from ZIP code– Examine birth order effects
“L” Data
• Con:
• Multiple causes
– Is personality the only cause of drug use?– Is birth order the only cause of your
personality?
“B” Data
• Look at what a person does– “Behavioral Data”
• A good way to learn about personality is to watch what a person actually does!
“B” Data
• “Riverside Behavioral Q-Sort”
• A measurement device created to quantify various inter and intrapersonal behaviors.
“B” Data
• Smiles frequently• Initiates physical affection• Is reserved and unexpressive• Expresses agreement frequently• Exhibits social skills• Behaves in a timid manner• Shows physical signs of anxiety• Speaks sarcastically• Exhibits an awkward interpersonal style• Tries to control the interaction
• Interviews his or her parents• Offers advice• Tries to control the interaction• Dominates the interaction• Seems to enjoy the interaction• Seems to like parents• Is talkative• Volunteers a large amount of information about
self
Extraverted
• Interviews his or her parents• Offers advice• Tries to control the interaction• Dominates the interaction• Seems to enjoy the interaction• Seems to like parents• Is talkative• Volunteers a large amount of information about
self
• Says negative things about self
• Expresses self pity
• Expresses guilt
• Keeps parents at a distance
• Acts irritated
• Seems detached from the interaction
• Expresses insecurity
Neurotic
• Says negative things about self
• Expresses self pity
• Expresses guilt
• Keeps parents at a distance
• Acts irritated
• Seems detached from the interaction
• Expresses insecurity
“B” Data
• Two ways to collect B data
• Natural– Observe people in real life contexts
• Beeper studies• Bar studies• Diary studies• Video Camera• The “EAR”
The EAR
(.wav) (.wav) (.wav)
“B” Data
• Two ways to collect B data
• Contrived– Observe people in artificial situations
Same-sex interactions
Frustration
Distrust
“B” Data
• Pro:
• Objective and quantifiable
– Direct observations mean less error and bias
“B” Data
• Cons:
• Unclear meaning
– The “psychological” meaning of a behavior might be unclear
– Why might someone smile?
How can you figure out WHO a person is?
• Ask the person (S data)
• Ask others about the person (I data)
• Look at the persons life (L data)
• Look at what the person does (B data)
• “BLIS”
BLIS
• Note: Not all data fit neatly into a single category
Stress Results
• Below 150 -- statistically you have a 30 percent chance of developing a significant health problem in the near future.
• 150 - 300 -- you have a 50 percent chance of developing a significant health problem.
• More than 300 – you have a 80 percent chance of developing a significant health problem.
Which “clue” is best?
• None!
• No perfect indicator of personality
• Must use as many “pieces” of personality as possible
Draw-a-Person Test (DAPT)
• Draw a picture of yourself
• NOT a stick figure
