acquired immune deficiency syndroimmune deffficiency me0
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Outline
What is HIV and AIDS
Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS
How does it spread What are the effects of the virus on the
body
Methods of treatment
Methods of prevention
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HIV/AIDS
The Human Immunodeficiency Virus
(HIV) is a retrovirus and also the term
often applied to the infection before thedeterioration of the immune system to
produce a full-blown picture ofAIDS:
Acquired Immune deficiency Syndrome
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What is AIDS?
AIDS stands for Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome'
and is a surveillance definition based onsigns, symptoms, infections, and cancers
associated with the deficiency of the
immune system that stems from infectionwith HIV.
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World HIV/AIDS Estimate
People living with HIV/AIDS in
200733 million
Adults living with HIV/AIDS in
200730.8 million
Women living with HIV/AIDS in
200715.5 million
Children living with HIV/AIDS in
20072
People newly infected with HIV in
20072.7
Children newly infected with HIV
in 20070.37
AIDS deaths in 2007 2
Child AIDS deaths in 2007 0.27
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Epidemiology/ Worldwide Contd
6 out of 11 African countries reported declines of25% or more in HIV prevalence among 15-24 year-olds in capital cities.
Condom use with a non-regular partner increased
in 8 out of 11 countries , although overall use ofcondoms remains below 50%.
Use of HIV testing and counseling, increased to
16.5 million people tested in 2005. In 58 countries reporting, 74% of primary schools
and 81% of secondary schools now provide AIDS
education.
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Population
3,981000 /2008
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Epidemiology in Lebanon
In year 2006, 3577 people
with HIV/ AIDS were
reported by the ministry of
health and UN.
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HIV/AIDS Incidence in Lebanon, 2010
There are 21 new cases of AIDS and 72 HIVreported to the National AIDS Program (NAP) till
November 2010, 29% of whom have a recent
travel history and 18% have an age less than 30. Number of new Reported Cases up to November 2010
is 93
Number of cumulative Cases till November2010: 1346
Source:Ministryof Health, Lebanon http://www.moph.gov.lb
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AIDS is defined as an illness
AIDS is diagnosed in people infected with
HIV when they develop certain
opportunistic infections or cancers for
the first time.
The Centre for Disease Control (CDC) in the USA accepts allpatients with a CD4 count of less than 200 /mm3 as having AIDS
irrespective of the presence of an indicator disease.
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AIDS is defined as an illness
AIDS is a surveillance term defined by the United States Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and by the European Centre
for the Epidemiological Monitoring of AIDS (EuroHIV):
The term AIDS applies to the most
advanced stages of HIV infection, defined
by the occurrence of any of more than 20
opportunistic infections or HIV-relatedcancers. In addition, the CDC defines
AIDS on the basis of a CD4 positive T cell
count of less than 200 per mm3 of blood.
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HIV
HIV infection can be diagnosed in a routinetest, as for blood donation, in pregnancy, or
after counseling a person with a life style that
puts him at risk, there is not usually full AIDS but just infection
with HIV.
Once the diagnosis is made, managing HIV
positive individuals in primary care becomes
relevant.
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Modes of transmission /Spread
Sex between men ( Homosexuals) Sex between men and women
( oral, anal ,vaginal) Injecting drug users
Mother to child (Breast feeding)
Blood products and blood transfusion
Contamination with body fluids(blood).
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Modes of transmission /Spread
Tears and saliva poses theoretical risks
Deep kissing can transmit the virus if
there are sores in the mouth
Hugging and shaking hands do not
transmit the disease as also Swimming in the same pool with people
who have HIV/AIDS does not pose a risk
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Course of infection
When the immune system responds, itstarts to make antibodies. When this
happens the test will be positive for HIV.
After the first flu-like symptoms, some
people with HIV stay healthy for ten
years or longer. But during this time, HIV
is damaging the immune system.
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Course of infection
One way to measure the damage to the immune
system is to count the CD4 cells. These cells, also
called "T-helper" cells, are an important part of the
immune system.(N= 500 and 1,500 CD4 cells /mm3)
Without treatment, CD4 cell count will most likely
go down.
Signs of HIV disease like fevers, night sweats,
diarrhea, or swollen lymph nodes. these problemswill last more than a few days, and probably
continue for several weeks.
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HIV Testing
Most HIV tests measure the antibodies thebody makes against HIV.
It can take some time for the immune system
to produce enough antibodies for the antibody
test to detect and this time period can vary
from person to person.
This time period is commonly referred to as the
window period. Most people will develop
detectable antibodies within 2 to 8 weeks (the
average is 25 days).
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HIV Testing if the initial negative HIV test was conducted
within the first 3 months after possibleexposure, repeat testing should be considered>3 months after the exposure occurred to
account for the possibility of a false-negativeresult.
97% will develop antibodies in the first 3 monthsfollowing the time of their infection.
However, it can take up to 6 months or evenlonger to develop antibodies to HIV in someindividuals.
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Rapid or point-of-care tests
Rapid antibody tests are qualitative
immunoassays intended for use as a point-of-care
test to aid in the diagnosis of HIV infection.
If no antibodies to HIV are detected, this does not
mean the person has not been infected with HIV.
It may take several months after HIV infection for
the antibody response to reach detectable levels,during which time rapid testing for antibodies to
HIV will not be indicative of true infection status.
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Course of infection
HIV disease becomes AIDS when the
immune system is seriously damaged and
CD4 is less than 200 cells, or the patient
develops so called opportunisticinfections.
AIDS-related diseases also includes
serious weight loss, brain tumors, and
other health problems. Without
treatment, Death is inevitable
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Oppurtunistic infections and cancers
PCP (Pneumocystis Carini pneumonia), a
lung infection;
KS (Kaposi's sarcoma), a skin cancer; CMV (Cytomegalovirus), an infection that
usually affects the eyes
Candida, a fungal infection that can causethrush (mouth) or infections in the throat ,
vagina ,or the gastrointestinal tract.
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Treatment
There is no cure
Antiretroviral drugs to slow the virus
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy
(HAART)
Drugs to treat the associated infections
Vaccines are under research Prevention is the best treatment
HIV/AIDS is likely to result in death
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THE BOTTOM LINE/ Prevention
1. Use condoms during sexual activity
2. Do not share drug injection equipment
3. HIV-infected and pregnant women should talk withhealth care provider about taking ARVs.
4. HIV-infected woman should not breast feed.5. Protect cuts, open sores, eyes and mouth from
contact with blood or other body fluids.
6. If you think you've been exposed to HIV, gettested and ask your health care providerabout taking ARVs.
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THE BOTTOM LINE/ Prevention
Monogamy: Loyalty to one partner
Abstain from sex with high risk people
Stay sober ( drugs & alcohol).
Healthcare providers should apply
universal precautions.
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References
www.AIDsmeds.com
WHO; Media Centre HIV;AIDS news and
links HIV and AIDS - Health Protection Agency
(HPA).