Second Greek-Russian Symposium on Mechanics

Xanthi, Greece, June 28-July 1, 2015

Acoustic, Electromagnetic, Neutron Emissions as Seismic Precursors

Alberto Carpinteri

Politecnico di Torino, Department of Structural, Politecnico di Torino, Department of Structural,

Geotechnical and Building EngineeringGeotechnical and Building Engineering

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

G. Lacidogna, A. Manuello, O. G. Lacidogna, A. Manuello, O. BorlaBorla for their extensive for their extensive

collaboration collaboration

R. Sandrone for his contribution in geological issuesR. Sandrone for his contribution in geological issues

A. Chiodoni and S. A. Chiodoni and S. GuastellaGuastella for their contribution in microfor their contribution in micro--

chemical analysischemical analysis

L. L. NegriNegri for his contribution in Planetary Science for his contribution in Planetary Science

D. D. VenezianoVeneziano, A. , A. GoiGoi for their contribution in electrolysisfor their contribution in electrolysis

WAVELENGTH vs FREQUENCY

EarthquakesEarthquakes HumansHumans InsectsInsects BacteriaBacteria ProteinsProteins

MetreMetre

HertzHertz

101033 101000 1010−−33 1010−−66 1010−−99

10101212101099101033101000 101066

v = λλλλ ×××× f ≈ 103 m s–1

Energy vs Energy vs FrequencyFrequency

VibrationalVibrational Energy Energy ofof the the AtomicAtomic Lattice vs Lattice vs TeraHertzTeraHertz

E = ħ ×××× f

0.025 eV = (6.58 ××××10–16) eVs ×××× (38 ×××× 1012) Hz

• Volodichev, N.N., Kuzhevskij, B.M., Nechaev, O. Yu., Panasyuk M.,

and Podorolsky M.I., “Lunar periodicity of the neutron radiation burst and seismic activity on the Earth”, Proc. of the 26th International Cosmic Ray Conference, Salt Lake City, 17-25 August,

1999.

NEUTRON EMISSION FROM EARTHQUAKES

• Sigaeva, E., Nechaev, O., Panasyuk, M., Bruns, A., Vladimirsky, B.

and Kuzmin Yu., “Thermal neutrons’ observations before the Sumatra earthquake”, Geophysical Research Abstracts, 8: 00435

(2006).

• Sobolev, G.A., Shestopalov, I.P., Kharin, E.P. “Implications of SolarFlares for the Seismic Activity of the Earth”. Izvestiya, Phys. Solid

Earth 34: 603-607 (1998).

Neutron flux up to 100 cm–2 s–1 (103 times the background level) was

detected in correspondence to earthquakes with a magnitude of the 4th degree in Richter Scale (Volodichev N.N., et al. (1999)).

Seismic activity and neutron flux measurements in the period 1975-1987,

Kola Peninsula, Russia (Sobolev et al. 1998).

During a preliminary experimental analysis During a preliminary experimental analysis four rock specimensfour rock specimens were used:were used:

•• two made of two made of CarraraCarrara marblemarble, specimens P1 and P2;, specimens P1 and P2;

•• two made of two made of Luserna graniteLuserna granite, specimens P3 and P4; , specimens P3 and P4;

•• all of them measuring all of them measuring 6x6x10 cm6x6x10 cm33..

P1 P2 P3 P4

NEUTRON EMISSION FROM ROCK SPECIMENS

P1 P2 P1 P2

P3P4 P3P4

Specimens P1 and P2 in Specimens P1 and P2 in CarraraCarrara marblemarble following compression failure.following compression failure.

Specimens P3 and P4 in Specimens P3 and P4 in Luserna graniteLuserna granite following compression failure.following compression failure.

Load vs. time and cps curve for P1 test specimen of Load vs. time and cps curve for P1 test specimen of CarraraCarrara marble.marble.

Brittle Fracture Experiment on Carrara Marble specimen

Load vs. time and cps curve for P3 test specimen of granite.

Brittle Fracture Experiment on granite specimen

Neutron emissions were measured on nine Green Neutron emissions were measured on nine Green LusernaLuserna

stone cylindrical specimens, of different size and shapestone cylindrical specimens, of different size and shape (D=28, (D=28,

56, 112 mm; 56, 112 mm; λλ= 0.5, 1.0, 2.0)= 0.5, 1.0, 2.0)

P1

P2

P3

P4

P5

P6

P7

P8

P9

Energy release and stable vs. unstable stressEnergy release and stable vs. unstable stress--strainstrain behaviourbehaviour

Axial Strain, ε A

xia

l S

tress,

σ

ductile

brittle

catastrophic

DUCTILE, BRITTLE AND CATASTROPHIC

BEHAVIOUR

stable

O

peak stress

Axial Strain, ε

Axia

l S

tre

ss,

σ

A

E D

B C

unstable

Post-peak regime

Released Energy

stable

O

peak stress

Axial Strain, ε

Axia

l S

tre

ss,

σ

A

E D

B C

unstable

Post-peak regime

Released Energy Emitted Energy

Subsequent stages in the deformation history Subsequent stages in the deformation history

of a specimen in compressionof a specimen in compression(I) (II)(I) (II)

δ=

(I)(I) Carpinteri, A., Carpinteri, A., ““Cusp catastrophe interpretation of fracture instabilityCusp catastrophe interpretation of fracture instability””, , J. of Mechanics J. of Mechanics

and Physics of Solidsand Physics of Solids, 37, 567, 37, 567--582 (1989).582 (1989).

(II)(II) Carpinteri, A., Carpinteri, A., CorradoCorrado, M., , M., ““An extended (fractal) overlapping crack model to describe An extended (fractal) overlapping crack model to describe

crushing sizecrushing size--scale effects in compressionscale effects in compression””, , Eng. Failure AnalysisEng. Failure Analysis, 16, , 16, 25302530--2540 2540 (2009).(2009).

(a)(a) (b)(b) (c)(c)

cσ

l;E

l cσσσσεεεεδδδδ ========

cw; l

E++++====

σσσσδδδδ .w

c≥≥≥≥δδδδ

Stress vs. displacement response

of a specimen in compression

Normal softening

Vertical drop

Catastrophic behaviour

u,cσu,cσ u,cσ

Granite (Fe ∼∼∼∼ 1.5%)

NEUTRON EMISSION FROM CAVITATION IN

LIQUIDS AND FRACTURE IN SOLIDS

Basalt (Fe ∼∼∼∼ 15%)

Magnetite (Fe ∼∼∼∼ 75%)

Marble

LIQUIDS −−−− Cavitation

NEUTRON EMISSION

Iron chloride

SOLIDS −−−− Fracture

101 times the Background Level

2.5 times the Background Level

up to

102 times the Background Levelup to

103 times the Background Levelup to

up to

Background Level

MATERIAL

Steel 2.5 times the Background Levelup to

The equivalent neutron dose, at the end of the test on basaltic The equivalent neutron dose, at the end of the test on basaltic rock, was rock, was

2.62 2.62 ±± 0.53 0.53 mSv/hmSv/h (Average Background Dose = 41.95 (Average Background Dose = 41.95 ±± 0.85 0.85 nSv/hnSv/h).).

Effective Neutron DoseEffective Neutron Dose

Average Background DoseAverage Background Dose≅≅≅≅≅≅≅≅5050

Cyclic Loading Experiments on Basaltic Rocks

Map of the salinity level in the Mediterranean Sea expressed in Map of the salinity level in the Mediterranean Sea expressed in p.s.up.s.u. .

The Mediterranean basin is characterized by the highest sea saliThe Mediterranean basin is characterized by the highest sea salinity nity

level in the Worldlevel in the World..

Salinity level in the Mediterranean SeaSalinity level in the Mediterranean Sea

Map of the major earthquakes in the last fifteen yearsMap of the major earthquakes in the last fifteen years

Nickel Depletion:Nickel Depletion: 1nClNaNi 3517

2311

5928 ++→

MARS: THREE INDEPENDENT INVESTIGATIONS

MarsMars OdisseyOdissey, Nasa 2001, Nasa 2001MarsMars Global Global SurveyorSurveyor, Nasa 1996, Nasa 1996

1.Knapmeyer M. et al. “Working Models for Spatial Distribution and Level of Mars Seismicity” J. of Geophys. Res., 111, E11006,, (2006).

1.Hahn, B., McLennan, S., “Gamma-Ray Spectometer Elemental Abundance Correlation with Martian

Surface Age: Implication for Martian Crustal Evolution”. Lunar and Planet. Sci. 37,1904 (2006).

Elemental Abundance

Neutron Emissions

Seismicity

1.Mitrofanov, I. et al., “Maps of Subsurface Hydrogen from the High Energy Neutron Detector, Mars Odyssey”, Science, 297, 78-81, (2002).

Faults

Neutrons (> 0.18 cps)

Faults vs Neutrons

In-situ Monitoring at a Gypsum Mine in Murisengo (Alessandria, Italy)

The mine is structured in five levels and a pillar located at

about 100 meters below the ground level has been subjected to a multi-parameter monitoring since March 30, 2014.

Multiparameter Monitoring System

Acoustic Emission(50 – 800 kHz)

Electromagnetic Emission(1 – 50 MHz)

Neutron Emission(0.025 eV – 14 MeV)

PZT TRANSDUCER TELESCOPIC

ANTENNANEUTRON

DETECTOR

Monitored pillar

PZT Transducers

Neutron detector

Telescopic Antenna

March, 8 2015

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nit

ud

e

Earthquake

AE Rate

EME Rate

Neutron Fluence Rate

A

E R

ate

(A

E/h

ou

r)

0

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ME

Rate

(E

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/day)

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nit

ud

e

Earthquake

AE Rate

EME Rate

Neutron Fluence Rate

A

E R

ate

(A

E/h

ou

r)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

E

ME

Rate

(E

ME

/day)

Neutron Emissions

Electromagnetic Emissions

Acoustic EmissionsEarthquake

0

1

2

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n F

luen

ce R

ate

(10

−− −−3cm

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e

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E R

ate

(A

E/h

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Neutron Emissions

Electromagnetic Emissions

Acoustic EmissionsEarthquake

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

Neu

tro

n F

luen

ce R

ate

(10

−− −−3cm

−− −−2s

−− −−1)

-11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 40

25

50

75

100

125

150

175

200

No

rmalized

En

erg

y E

mis

sio

ns (

%)

Days

Acoustic Emissions

Electromagnetic Emissions

Neutron Emissions

-11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 40,0

0,5

1,0

1,5

2,0

2,5

3,0

3,5

4,0

4,5

5,0A

vera

ge E

art

hq

uake M

ag

nit

ud

e

Earthquake

Neutron Emissions

Electromagnetic Emissions

Acoustic EmissionsEarthquake

8.24

12.86

13.32

AFTERSHOCKS

Time after the previous earthquake

(days)

±±±± 1.946.95Neutron

Emissions

±±±± 0.382.40Electromagnetic

Emissions

±±±± 0.651.73Acoustic

Emissions

Standard Deviation

(days)

PRECURSORS

Time to the next earthquake

(days)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1010

-5

10-4

10-3

10-2

10-1

100

101

102

103

104

105

106

107

108

109

1010

1011

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1010

-5

10-4

10-3

10-2

10-1

100

101

102

103

104

105

106

107

108

109

1010

1011

Average Neutron Background

(Volodichev et al. 2000)

Earthquake

Magnitude 4.7

Francia

(Local Magnitude

in Murisengo 2.3)

Earthquake

Magnitude 4.8

Garfagnana

(Local Magnitude

in Bettola 2.6)

Earthquake

Magnitude 4

Earthquake

Magnitude 9

~1010

cm−−−−2

s−−−−1

Neutron Fluence Rate vs. Magnitude

Neu

tro

n F

luen

ce R

ate

(cm

−− −−2s

−− −−1)

Neutron Fluence Rate vs. Magnitude

Neu

tro

n F

luen

ce R

ate

(cm

−− −−2s

−− −−1)

Local Magnitude

A value of about 1010 n cm–2 s–1 for seismic events of the 9th degree of the

Richter scale is extrapolated (Sumatra 2004, Chile 2010, Japan 2011).

For small earthquakes (M < 2.5) a plateau close to the neutron background

is observed. This could be due to the eigen-stress to which Earth’s Crust is continuously subjected.

� Integrated neutron flux from a 9th degree earthquake (total time of 15 minutes): 1013 cm–2

� Therapeutic dose: 1012 cm–2

� Lethal dose: 1015 cm–2

Turin Shroud

Neutron Radiography

Neutron imaging is substantially a photographic Neutron imaging is substantially a photographic

technique.technique. The most important reaction used in neutron imaging is:

MeV)(8.5 electrons conversiongammaGdnGd 15864

10

15764 ++++++++→→→→++++

The most important nuclear reaction induced by neutrons on nitrogen nuclei of the linen fibres is represented by:

that is liable of radiocarbon increase, imaging, and post-dating of organic materials (Phillips & Hedges, Nature 1989).

11

146

10

147 HCnN ++++→→→→++++