acknowledgement - madras institute of technology · acknowledgement we fold our hands to ......

Instrue ‘12

Instrumentation Engineers Association -1- www.iea.mitindia.edu

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTWe fold our hands to the almighty for making this magazine a reality.

We are thankful to Dr. S Thamarai Selvi, the Dean, MIT, for providing theplatform to bring about this magazine. We are grateful to our Head Dr. K.Boopathy Bagan for his trust and support in the outcome of the magazine.We thank Professor Emeritus Dr. P. Kanagasabapathy, who was theinstrument for initiating the magazine. All the staff members have been agreat pillar of support and strength throughout, to the entire magazine team.We are obliged to them. We ought to express our gratitude to the alumni fortheir helping hand.

We thank and appreciate all our student friends without whom“INSTRUE” would have just been a dream.

-Team Instrue

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Dean’s Desk

I am extremely happy that theInstrumentation EngineersAssociation has brought out amagazine for the nationallevel technical symposium“Intecho12”, which will go along way in helping thebudding engineers to presenttheir new ideas and help themwith necessary exposure tohighlight their talents. Thisattempt will no doubt providethem with opportunities toimprove their knowledge intheir domains of interest. Iappreciate their efforts andconvey my hearty wishes.

Dr.S.Thamarai SelviProfessor and Dean, MIT

“Learn from yesterday, livefor today, hope fortomorrow.”-Albert Einstein

EDITORIAL MESSAGEWe take immense pride in releasing the third issue of “Instrue”, the

magazine of the Students of IEA (Instrumentation Engineers Association) at MIT-Anna University. The theme of Intecho’12 is “Instrumentation In Health Care”and we students at MIT take pride in stating that we have left no stone unturnedin doing our bit towards this issue that is deemed to hold wide repercussions tothe way we would lead our lives in the days to come.

What the world needs?

It is riveting to observe how the term ‘nutrition’ has reached the layman’sworld. Diseases such as dengue fever, hepatitis, tuberculosis, malaria andpneumonia continue to plague India due to increased resistance to drugs. Indiansare also at particularly high risk for atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease.NGOs such as the Indian Heart Foundation and the Medwin Foundation havebeen created to raise awareness about this public health issue. Automatically thetheme ‘Health Care’ becomes the need of the hour. Having said that theresponsibility of ushering a transformation of sorts from the existing standardsof treatment to a future of able-bodied life rest well and truly in the engineer’shand, in 2012 it’s easy to find bizarre-people go on a diet spree for a monthconsuming just loafs of bread, oats and never-heard-of kind of juice like thebeetroot juice or coriander juice which tastes absolutely yuck! Even crazy tolisten to ideas that people have come up with to conserve energy. Amusingly theygo on a boozing binge the next month to compensate their so-called weightreduction programme. Finally, we end up being the bizarre outlandish personreluctant in making such efforts. Such endeavors help them only in expanding afew extra centimeters of waist filled with absolute gas. Knowledge is now at thetap-of-a-thumb with smart phones and it is our responsibility to just GOOGLEit(JFJI).We are quite familiar of people overwhelmed for just influenza orCOMMON cold which can be easily medicated with MR.Paracetamol, still theyseek a doctor’s scribble. On the contrary, there are Hypocrites who purchase asphygmomanometer (B.P instrument), forget to open the mercury gauge knobwhich indicates the raise of pressure, keep pumping the hand-bulb waiting formercury level to rise; ironically the BP of the patient shoots up with him stillstrapped. But then a few mundane people are intellectual as well. We cameacross a ridiculous incident at multi-specialty hospital. A junior nurse as a part ofher daily chores inserted catheter into the patient to give glucose, incidentallythe attender found that the thermocol ball was stand-still in the humidifier,indicating the patient was dead, unfortunately only hours after 2 bottles ofglucose dripped into the dead body. Jokes apart, there is a grave need to evokeawareness in imparting the righteous knowledge into every Indian citizen.

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HOD’s Desk

I am extremely happy tolearn that the Associationof InstrumentationEngineers is going forwardwith the magazine ‘Instrue’which will be a treasure ofthe hidden talents in theminds of the buddingengineers. This will helpthe students to explore andexpose their knowledge intheir field. I appreciate theirefforts and wish them agreat success in theirendeavors.

Dr.K.BhoopathyBaganHead of the DepartmentInstrumentation Engg.

“Science is always wrong.It never solves a problemwithout creating ten more.”-George Bernard Shaw

We Instrumentation engineers are responsible in building a techo-friendlymedical environment which can cater the intellect of common men as well.Schoolsalso report higher learning rate and enthusiasm among students. As real inventionsare out dated, the need of the hour is innovation. Moreover, it need not be somethingextremely abstruse for a layman to grasp; for all the path-breaking inventions of ourage have started, being petty but ideas imbued with an optimum dose of commonsense. So let us unfetter our intellects and think beyond the self-imposed boundariesfor, the solutions to all our problems can be found by prudent excitation of thesynaptic relays in our gray matter. Let us hope for an efficient tomorrow. We regretthe presence of any glitches present in this magazine that might have crept inaccidentally. We wish to thank the whole “Instrue” team without whose solemnefforts, this attempt would not have fructified. Finally, we wish you, the futureengineers of India, all the very best in your professional and personal lives and hopethat the same hearty welcome that has been provided now, be extended for all ourfuture endeavors…..

Thanking you,

The Editorial Team

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MIT and IEAIn 1949, Shri.C.Rajam, gave the newly independent India-Madras Institute

of Technology, so that MIT could establish the strong technical base it neededto take its place in the world. It was the rare genius and daring of its founderthat made MIT offer courses like Aeronautical Engineering, AutomobileEngineering, Electronics Engineering and Instrument Technology for the firsttime in our country. Now it also provides technical education in otherengineering fields such as Rubber and Plastic Technology & ProductionTechnology, Information Technology, Computer Technology. It was mergedwith Anna University in the year 1978. MIT has produced great scientist likeDr.A.P.J.Abdul Kalam, versatile genius like Sujatha and many more. Presentlythe Vice Chancellor, Registrar of Anna University and the Dean of MIT are allalumni of MIT. The broad-based education, coupled with practice-orientedtraining in their speciality, has enabled the students of MIT to handle with skilland success a wide variety of technical problems. The Madras Institute ofTechnology has developed into an important centre of engineering educationand earned an excellent reputation both in India and abroad.MIT had receivedmany awards which includes an award for the Best Overall Performance,awarded by Indian Society of Technical Education (ISTE) during the year 1999.

Madras Institute of Technology shall strive towards becoming a world classinstitution by producing professionals with a high technical knowledge,professional skills and ethical values. We shall be the preferred partner to theindustry and community for our contribution towards their economic and socialdevelopment by providing high quality manpower through excellence inteaching, research and consultancy. Madras Institute of Technology shall berecognized as a point of reference, a catalyst, a facilitator, a trend-setter and aleader in technical education.

DEPARTMENT OF INSTRUMENTATIONInstrumentation precisely is the measurement and control of various

parameters of any system. It is fascinating motley of multi-facious disciplinesof technology such as process control, Electrical, Electronics and Mechanicalmeasurements and transducer Engineering. This Department offersInstrumentation Engineering at PG level, Electronics and InstrumentationEngineering at UG level and PhD and M.S. (by Research) for both regular andPart-time scholars. Another fact that catapults the fame of the Department togreat heights is the strong bond between the students, Professors and Alumni.The Department has unique recognition as DST-FIST sponsored Department.The NBA expert team also visited the department during Dec 2007. Recently,the QIP expert team also visited the Department to give recognition for offeringthe M.E/Ph.D. under QIP scheme.

VISION OF THEDEPARTMENT

The department ofinstrumentation strivestowards becoming trendsetter and a facilitator inElectronics,Instrumentation andControl Engineering forhigher learning, researchand consultancy.

We shall strive tobecome a preferredpartner to the industry andcommunity forcontribution towards theireconomic and socialdevelopment by providinghigh quality manpowerwith sound technicalknowledge, professionalskills and ethical values.

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This is probably the time when a good number ofyou who want to study abroad, mostly the 4th

years, are waiting with your heart in your throatfor admits from universities in the US, UK andother nations. As an alumnus of Madras Instituteof Technology’s Instrumentation Engineeringdepartment and a Masters student in Electrical andComputer Engineering at Georgia Tech, Atlanta, Iwon’t preach to you on the familiar topic of“getting into a university in the States”. I’d rathertalk about things you should prepare yourself forwhen you’re deciding to take up an offer ofadmission and when you’re studying here to comeout of it all better than you were when you went in.

` First of all, be sure about what you wantto do - do not take up a PhD offer without being sureof the field of study you want to pursue, especiallynot for the funding unless you have no other way tofinance yourself. Choose where you want to gobased on engineering recruiters’ opinions of theuniversity (from lists such as those made by theWall Street Journal), the university’s reputationwithin that country for your course of study (the oft-mentioned US News Rankings are a good startingpoint if you’re looking at US institutions) and thekind of research under way there. There is no pointgoing to a place where there’s a huge amount of in-depth theoretical research if your goal is to graduatequickly and find a job in the industry. Someuniversities are well-known names but they mayactually not be anywhere near the top when it comesto your specific line of study. Whatever you’regoing to be doing though, do brush up your codingskills if you’re planning to be doing anythingremotely related to engineering.

Draw upon all that you’ve learnt duringyour undergrad years and make sure you’re reallystepping into something you want to do. The mostimportant thing you’ll realize when you get here isthat you need to be happy with what you’re studyingand researching. At the same time, be mindful ofwhat fields have a high recruitment count too. Allthese must factor into your decision-makingprocess. When in doubt, try to get in touch

with seniors here - they’ll be more than happy tohelp answer your queries.

Coming to the point where you’ve decidedthe university you’re going to, I’ll be tackling thisfrom the perspective of a grad student in the US -though much of it applies for other nations as well.When you’re here, your classes will not come toyou the way you’re used to it at MIT Campus,instead you’ll pick a set of classes and attend themas per your schedule. If you do intend to switch linesfrom your undergrad, understand that there will bepeople here that may have been actively pursuingthat particular field during their bachelors and havehad several years of industry experience beforecoming back for a graduate degree. In such anenvironment it’s easy to get into a rut where youstart questioning your decisions up to that pointwhen you see a lot of people doing much better thanyou. You’ll need all the moral fortitude and couragein the world to keep going without giving up. Thisis especially true at Georgia Tech (one of the topfive engineering programs in the US and top ten inthe world) where they pride themselves in stressingout graduate students with 4 courses a semester asagainst 3 at other top ten institutions. Try tomaintain a GPA that’s 3.5+ out of 4 at least whichis what employers look for. If you’re interested indoing a thesis or a PhD, approach professors as soonas you can and ask for information andopportunities. Do not just ask them for funding thatnever go well.

If you can’t find funding within your owndepartment, don’t feel shy about contacting otherdepartments and professors and inquiring if theyhave opportunities available for part-time positions,Teaching Assistants or Research Assistants. Thelearning curve here is steep, especially in the firstsemester when you’re trying to get settled in andgetting used to doing everything on your own. Sodon’t ever waste time, time management is anessential skill. When you’re doing yourassignments, be wary of “honor codes” that prohibitany sort of discussion and collaboration and theneed to cite and reference every single sourceyou’ve ever used. You can get in big trouble, evenbe suspended or kicked out for doing a last-minute-

From an Alumnus in Atlanta

Gaurav Rajasekar20073418 @Department of Instrumentation, MIT Campus,Graduate Research Assistant,Georgia Tech, Atlanta.

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copy-submit that you may have got away withduring your undergrad.

For a Masters student here, remember thatyour quest for an internship should start later intoyour first semester. An internship on your resume isa big aid when you’re trying to find a fulltime job.Have a professional resume (no more than 1.5 to 2pages) ready and apply to as many positions andcompanies as you can. I can’t stress this enough butNETWORK, NETWORK and NETWORK SOMEMORE. This isn’t TCP/IP I’m talking about, what Imean here is more of Nokia’s motto. Get to knowpeople outside your friends’ circle. Don’t stickaround other Indian students all the time. Go outthere, socialize, and make friends with people fromdifferent nations as well as Americans. You neverknow which of those people may be instrumental ingetting you an internship or job interview. Usesocial events to meet people, not just for the freefood. Have a LinkedIn profile ready and keepupdating it with

your projects on a regular basis. Havingrecommendations from professors and peopleyou’ve worked for helps greatly.

No one will spoon feed you or push you towork harder, self-motivation is the key. Don’tforget to have fun though; you’ll need to do this tokeep yourself sane in the midst of what will be avery stressful period no doubt. Go to Americanfootball (our ‘football’ is soccer here) games or anyother sporting event that your institution is good atand try to assimilate yourself into the college’sculture and spirit. Participate in programs acrosscampus and hit the ground running, never be idle.You’ll find that you can have any two of these three- social life, sleep and good grades - your challengeis trying to have a little bit of everything and still beon the road to success! Madras Institute ofTechnology has given you the tools and the basicunderstanding you need, it’s up to you now to goout there, specialize and build upon them.

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INTRODUCTION

According to the survey conducted by Harvardschool of public health, USA, an estimated 930million children under age 15 are prone to absenceof adult care. Working parents are forced to leavetheir children in unreliable hands, compromisingthe safety of their child. A child gets emotionallyhurt and depressed due to loneliness. This may leadto Monophobia, introversion and otherpsychological complications.

A suitable solution to this is Nao-ahumanoid robot developed by Aldebran Robotics,France. . By integrating the concepts of behaviouralsimulation, speech recognition and imageprocessing, it can perform an array of childtasks. .The current scenario of usage of robots inchild care includes day care centres that make useof child care systems which enhance parentalparticipation through asynchronouscommunication.

A Humanoid robot (called “Nao”) is usedto provide an intelligent and interactive child caresystem for children of age group 4-8 years at homeas well as day care environment. Nao can act as asuitable play mate, engaging the child in variety ofactivities ranging from story-telling to objectoriented learning, by responding to the child’sstimuli.

BACKGROUND WORK AND PLATFORM USED

Humanoid Robots

Robots whose appearance resembles theexternal morphology of a human are calledHumanoid robots. They are of two types: androidsand gynoids, the former resembling males and thelatter females. They must be designed in such a waythat they do not inflict any harm to humans and havethe ability to assist human needs. Communicationthrough speech is another major aspect ofHumanoid robots. Pertinent pauses and stresses in asentence aid in better interaction of robots withchildren.

PLATFORM USED

Nao is a 57 cm tall Humanoid robot with 25degrees of freedom. It has various sensors, motors,cameras, microphones, speakers and processors. Italso has an array of LEDs to showcase its emotionsthrough change in their colour. It can sense touchthrough its tactile sensors (capacitive touch sensors)and bumpers. Processors, located in its head andtorso, which run a middleware (NaoQi) arecompletely programmable. Two pairs of SoundNavigation and Ranging (SONAR) emitters andreceivers in its chest are used in finding theproximity of an obstacle encountered in its path.The obstacles and uneven surfaces are intelligentlytackled using the two bumpers in its feet.

TOOLS USED TO PROGRAM NAONao can be programmed using software tools

such as Choregraphe, Telepathe and a simulator.The functionality of Nao can be realised usingChoregraphe. It provides us with a user-friendlyenvironment which includes various library files forbasic movements and actions. This simple GraphicUser Interface (GUI) software acts as a powerfultool to implement complex actions using theintegration of different functional blocks. Thevisual and sensor inputs can be accessed using asoftware tool called Telepathe. Based on theseinputs it can be programmed to interact with itssurroundings.

Proposed Intelligent Child Interactive SystemThis concept deals with fulfilling the most

basic requirement of children, reassurance, byproviding a TILE (Teach Interact Learn Entertain)environment. It can be accomplished through userlocalization, face recognition, object identification,learning and teachingOn encountering a child, Nao gets the image of thechild using its camera and compares it with theimages in the visual recognition database. Onfinding a match, it recognises the child and greetsthe child with the name attached to that image. It

Overview of Applications of Humanoid Robot in Child CareThirukural.R1, Vignesh.S1 and Jegan.S2

III year, 1Department of Electronics Engineering, 2Department of Information Technology,Madras Institute of Technology.

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presents the child with various options anddepending upon the voice input given by the childit performs tasks such as playing audio files,narrating animated stories and several otherinteresting tasks that children love.

Parents can give commands to Nao throughWi-Fi, LAN, Bluetooth, e-mail and infrared. Theycan maintain a visual contact with their children andsupervise them from their workplace. This isachieved through periodical video recording of thechild’s activities and sending these videos throughmail.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS

A survey conducted among children in the agegroup of 4-8 years revealed an encouraging fact thatmost of the children like to play with, converse andbe in Nao’s company. This proposed IntelligentChild Interactive System will prove to be a boon inensuring the safety of their precious children in theirabsence. Thus it can be a meaningful andintellectual companion to the children. Ascomputers form an integral part of every householdtoday, humanoid robots may bridge the gapbetween humans and machines tomorrow, takingthe world one step closer to artificial intelligence.

REFERENCE[1] http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/press-

releases/2006-releases/press02272006.html[2] Hiroaki Kawata, Yosuke Takano, Yoshiyukshi

Iwata, Naoyoshi Kanamaru, Ken-ichiroShimoura and Yoshihiro Fujita, “Field Trial ofAsynchronous Communication UsingNetwork-Based Interactive Child WatchSystem for the Participation of Parents in Day-Care Activities”, 2008 IEEE InternationalConference on Robotics and AutomationPasadena, CA, USA, May 19-23,pp. 2558-2563, 2008.

[3] Uttama Lahiri, Zachary Warren and NilanjanSarkar, “Design of Gaze-Sensitive VirtualSocial Interactive System for Children withAutism”, IEEE Transactions of Neural systemsand rehabilitation, Vol. 19, No. 4, August,pp.443-452, 2011.

To have your picture taken by thevery first camera you would have hadto sit still for 8 hours! The first hard drive available for

the Apple II had a capacity of only 5megabytes.

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INTRODUCTION

Hot spots, such as conference centres,airports, hotels, and shopping malls have broadbandmultimedia services demands both in wired andwireless access. Consequently, this requirement haspromoted the development of both wired andwireless access technologies. On one hand, thewavelength-division-multiplexed passive opticalnetwork (WDM PON) has long been considered asan ultimate solution for the broadband wired accessnetwork capable of providing 9 10-Gb/s data toeach subscriber. On the other hand, 60-GHzmillimeter wave (MMW) is of special interest forlocal wireless multimedia access, due to the highatmosphere attenuation, close to 15 dB/km .Highatmospheric attenuation in this block of radiospectrum results in a small coverage radius for thebase station (BS), and thus lots of BSs with full-duplex system would be necessary to cover onespecific area, and this requires a BS with low costand flexible management in order to make it cost-effective and practical. In this case, in order toutilize the huge bandwidth of the fixed accessnetwork and provide both wired and wirelessservices to the subscribers, radio-over-fiber (ROF)technology becomes the powerful choice for thesuper broadband optical–wireless access for in-building networks.

In-building wired and wireless networkarchitecture for multiservice providing

In order to meet the requirement ofnetwork integration among telecommunications,television and Internet, the unified optical networkfacilities and equipments are used to share thenetwork resources, which reduces the operating andmaintenance costs, and provides future ultrahigh-definition TV, stereo television, interactivemultimedia games, and other broadband servicesboth in wired and wireless way at indoorenvironment. The optical network unit (ONU) andHG are combined to realize the

traffic providing, frequency up conversion, and theresources control. The system distributes thewireless data services to the terminal multimediaservices (e.g., HDTV in EPON) and other roomsover ROF links, expands the EPON services to thesubscribers for the last meters, and realizes theuplink transmission, in both wired and wirelessway.

This work is dedicated to the integration ofhome wired and wireless network with the externalInternet and there is no alteration of the existingPON facilities.

ENABLING ROF TECHNOLOGIES ANDEXPERIMENT DEMONSTRATION

Full-duplex operation is necessary inpractical ROF applications, and the wavelengthreuse technique is highly desirable to reduce thecost. We proposed a scheme of full-duplexoperation based on an FBG with a reflectivity of50%. Both downlink and uplink transmissions areexperimentally demonstrated. We also proposed amethod in which we made the two sidebands ofMMW pass through the electric-optic phasemodulator (PM) with opposite direction to generateMMW with PSK format. Furthermore,

ROF Technologies and Integration Architectures forIn-Building Optical–Wireless Access NetworksS.Ethiraj, S.Ciyamala KushbuIII year, Department of Electronics and CommunicationValliammai Engineering College

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the generated PSK signals can be demodulated assimply as ASK and no special component isneeded.

A 32-GHz MMW over fiber systemloading 1.3-Gb/s uncompressed HDTV service byup conversion technique. Both the cost andcomplexity of the video display equipment (e.g.,HDTV) can be decreased, as there is no need to usea transcode to convert a compressed HD videoformat into another compression format. Theoptical–wireless system based on ROF technologycan distribute the superband multimedia servicesfor in-building network. It should be clarify that,although the HDTV demonstration has not bringany new idea to ROF technology for high-data-ratetransmission, this can be the basic platform forHDTV and other multimedia services transmission,and the subcarrier frequency can be extended tomuch higher, and the encoding as well astransforming of the signals from DVD player isalso important for future more multimedia servicedemonstration.

FURTHER INVESTIGATIONS IN 60-GHZWIRELESS MULTIMEDIA ACCESS

The 60-GHz MMW band is of muchinterest since a continuous spectral space (7 GHz)has been allocated worldwide for dense wirelesslocal communications. Unfortunately, the 60-GHzwireless channel shows 20–40-dB increased free-space path loss and suffers from 15- up to 30-dB/km atmospheric absorption, depending on theatmospheric conditions. In principle this higherfree-space loss can be compensated for by the useof antennas with more pattern directivity whilemaintaining small antenna dimensions. When suchantennas are used, however, antenna obstruction(e.g., by a human body) and mis-pointing mayeasily cause a substantial drop of received power,and this makes NLOS communication verydifficult at 60 GHz .

Another technical challenge is the networkintegration between ROF links and the existingPON. The exploitation of the ROF technologiesincluding frequency up conversion and wavelengthreuse in optical access network is notstraightforward. Actually, the present efforts aremost dedicated to the physical links for wirelesssignals distribution over the fiber.

The hybrid system distributes themultimedia services (e.g., HDTV in EPON) andother wireless data services to the terminal roomsover ROF links and thus expands the superbroadband EPON services to the subscribers for thelast meters in both wired and wireless way.Data from the micro-controller is also interfacedwith the computer by using MAX232 integratedchip. The software module also allows the surgeonto enter the maximum expected time for theutilization of surgical instruments. This systemprovides a reliable and accurate record of the statusof each surgical item throughout the surgicalprocedure.

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Navigation systems based on pre-operativeimages (CT, MRI) and intra-operative images(ultrasound, fluoroscopy) have shown theirusefulness in many clinical situations. Weintroduce a novel navigation system based on the3D integral videography (IV) visualization method.Unlike other methods, IV can display full-color,full-parallax 3D images without the need for specialglasses; hence, it enables simultaneous observationby many persons. However, the IV image costsmuch more computationally than a single 2Dimage, and therefore, interactions such as rotatingand scaling are comparatively much more difficultto perform. Taking X-ray post-operation, can besimply eliminated if this idea is implemented.

The system consists of an image acquisitiondevice (CT or MRI), optical position trackingdevice and main PC for data segmentation,communication and other computational tasks. Thepatient is scanned by X-ray CT or MRI and 3Dvoxel data is segmented and reconstructed as a 3Dsurface model. Objects of interest are segmentedfrom the data set on the basis of the pixels’ values.Depending on the complexity of the object interest,the segmentation can be done automatically orsemi-automatically. The next task is to register the3D model to the patient, which is called patient-to-image registration. The most common way to dothis is to plant markers directly on the patient’s bodyand perform multi-point registration. By recordinga set of surface data and comparing it with thesurface model, patient-to-image registration can bedone accurately and less invasively.

Integral videography records andreproduces 3-D images by using a micro convexlens array and a high-pixel-density flat display, e.g.,an LCD display. This display is usually placed atthe focal plane of the lens array so that light raysfrom the corresponding pixels will converge andform a single dot in physical space.

The main concept of image-basedrendering is that each light ray is considered to be afunction of position and direction. Because thedirection of the light ray can be defined by thesource and the target, we can represent each ray asa 5D function where the position of a viewpoint isand is the index of the pixel of the image capturedat that viewpoint. This representation forms a 5Dlight space (light field) in which each capturedimage is a 2D slice. New images are rendered byextracting a bundle of light from the space by usinginterpolation. For convenience, the plane is calledthe camera plane and the plane is called the focalplane on which image is rendered. The cameraplane can be of any shape as long as it covers all thedirections entering the light field. In fact it shouldbe a closed surface surrounding the

rendered object. Since the quality of the extractedimage depends on the sampling rate on the camera

INTERACTIVE 3D NAVIGATION SYSTEM FORIMAGE- GUIDED SURGERYK. LOKANATHAN, V. JEROME CYRIL LECYGNEIII year, Department of Electronics and Instrumentation,Jeppiaar Engineering College

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plane, the density of sample cameras over thespherical surface should be uniform.

An IV image is constructed by renderingimages from a set of the geometry of the viewpointset are defined by the specifications of the lensarray and the display. Light rays from two adjacentviewpoints must end up at two adjacent pixelsthrough a single lens. In other words, the viewpointset is the inverse magnification of the pixel setbehind one lens, and the following equation holds:

Here, dP is the pixel pitch, dV is theviewpoint pitch, f is the focal length of each lens inthe lens array, and D stands for the standard viewingdistance from where we actually look at the IVimage. Since the viewpoint set is distributed at aspatial frequency, cameras should be sampled at arate of the twice of the spatial frequency.Interactions by users, like rotating and scaling, aretranslated into viewing parameters. One feature ofour system is that users can focus on the desiredlocation. Because of the configuration of the lensarray, objects that are away from the image’s focalplane (or the Display) will appear blurred in the IVimage. This is because the density of light rayscoming from the display is lower in the outer area.So with a scene with objects distributed in the depthdirection, the user can set the important part to be“in focus” and the less important part to be “out offocus”. The user interface for interacting with theIV image is integrated in a 3D slicer. We use a high-resolution display for IV and a normal display for a3D Slicer. Both are connected to a PC through aDVI connection. Every change applied to the modelis updated in the IV image so that interaction withthe IV image can be done exactly the same way aswith the CG model.

We have developed a high-speed, high-quality 3D IV surgical navigation system. We alsobuilt a GUI interface through which interactionswith the IV image, like rotating, scaling, andfocusing, can be smoothly done. By developingeach part of the system as a 3D Slicer module, manytasks can be done in a single application, andtherefore, our system is a compact yet powerfulnavigation system. Regarding future improvementsto our system, we think that most of thecomputational tasks can be processed in parallel andthe rendering speed would be significantlyincreased by improving the GPU computingtechnique. Instead of displaying only still images,we intend to develop a movie-like IV displaysystem for displaying periodical motion of anorgan.

REFERENCES

[1] T. Naemura, T. Yoshida and H. Harashima. 3-D Computer graphics Based on IntegralPhotography, Optics Express ,vol.8 ,no.4, 2001.

[2] H. Liao, N. Hata, S. Nakajima, M. Iwahara, I.Sakuma, T. Dohi. Surgical Navigation byAutostereoscopic Image Overlay of IntegralVideography.

[3] www.slicer.org.

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INTRODUCTIONState-of-the-art mechanical circuit breakers

in medium-voltage systems allow a safe handling ofshort-circuits if the short circuit power of the grid islimited. Using delayed time-off, the circuit breakerscan be coordinated with lower level protection gear.A semiconductor circuit breaker, however, is ableto switch fast enough to keep voltage disturbancewithin acceptable limits. The optimization andselection of power electronic switch topologies iscritical. It is shown that solid-state circuit breakersoffer significant advantages when compared topresent solutions and can be used in today’smedium-voltage power systems. Asmentioned, present solutions dealing with short-circuit protection are mechanical circuit breakers.After having detected short-circuit or an over-loadsituation, some time (several periods) elapses priorto open the switches mechanically. Subsequently,an arc occurs, which initially has little impact on thecurrent. The current can only be quenched at itsnatural zero-crossing assuming that the plasma issignificantly cooled down to avoid resignation. Asa result, turning off short-circuit will take at least100 ms. the main drawbacks of this classicalsolutions are The peak current cannot be influenced. Mechanical circuit breakers have a

maximum short circuit current rating. During the short-circuit time, the voltage on

the complete medium-voltage grid issignificantly reduced.Solid-state circuit breakers based on high

power semiconductors potentially offer enormousadvantages when compared to conventionalsolutions, since a solid state breaker is able toswitch in a few seconds. Hence, the maximumcurrent will never exceed two times rated currentand the voltage distortion will just last for around100 s. Since a complete grid is rated with 1.8 kA,dynamic loads will not lead to a significant increaseof the surge current because, in such an overload,the grid voltage would collapse. The available high-power semiconductors are

compared, considering the requirements of thesolid-state breaker application.

FUNDAMENTAL BEHAVIORTo analyze the fundamental behaviour of

the proposed semiconductor switch, a single-phaseequivalent circuit, as shown in Fig 1 is used. Thegrid is represented by a voltage source and a lineinductance. In this example, a pure resistive load isshorted by an ideal short-circuit with zeroresistance.

SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICESThe grid voltage is higher than the

maximum voltage blocking capability of presentsemiconductor devices although their ratings haveincreased significantly. As a high reliability is ofutmost importance, redundant devices will beintegrated. It should be pointed out that device inpress-pack housing. Momentarily three differentsemiconductors are able to fulfil theserequirements, namely insulated gate bipolartransistor, (IGBT), gate commutated turn-off(GCT), and gate turn-off (GTO).

The IGBT has a disadvantage that, the on-state losses of IGBTs are significantly higher thanthe losses of a thrusters based semiconductor.However, the IGBT has the advantage that, as atransistor, it limits the current automatically. Hence,current cannot exceed a certain value. In contrast tothis, the current is not limited in a thrusters typedevices and the turn-off capability is limited.

It becomes obvious that thrusters based

Solid-State Circuit Breakers for Medium-Voltage Systems HavingDistributed Power SystemsS.Arunkumar , U.ParthibanIV year, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering,Adhiparasakthi College of Engineering

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semiconductors, such as GCT and GTO, are a muchbetter choice for a solid-state switch because theyhave much lower on-state losses.DISTURBANCES USING SOLID-STATE CIRCUITBREAKER

Conventional medium-voltage grids usemechanical circuit breakers for short-circuitprotection. In this type, voltage of the completemedium-voltage grid is significantly reducedduring a relatively long time, when a low resistiveshort-circuit occurs especially when it occurs nearthe feeding transformer.

In contrast to the mechanical breaker, thesolid-state breaker can interrupt short-circuits sofast that the error free part of the medium voltagegrid is hardly influenced. The detailed behaviour ofthe switch was simulated with the Power SystemToolbox, whereas a medium-voltage grid wassimulated with PLECS.

MIGRATING SOLID-STATE SWITCHES INTOEXISTING INFRASTRUCTURES

Although animmediate interruptionof short-circuitsappears advantageousat first sight, a fastinterruption conflictswith present day errordetection mechanisms.For selective error

detection, it is necessary that the overload currentcontinues for some seconds to allow time for themost selective circuit breaker to act, leaving most ofthe network intact after a short-circuit. However,the strongest short-circuits with the highest impacton the grid occur near the feeding transformers.

LINE DISTURBANCES USING SOLID-STATECURRENT LIMITER

To combine the advantages of fastsemiconductor switching and selectivity, it isproposed to use a solid-state current-limitingswitch. In parallel to the semiconductor switch, areactive current limiter is added. The limiter itselfconsists of a simple inductance, a capacitance (witha small inductance as a limiter in series) or a parallelLC-circuit. As soon as a short-circuit is detected,the solid-state switch opens immediately. However,the current can still flow through the reactiveelement. This current is chosen (by the reactance) tobe higher than the nominal current of this part of thegrid but also to be significantly lower than the short-circuit current. Therefore, the disturbance in the

remaining, i.e., error-free section of the grid is muchlower than without the limiter. As a result, presentday selective short-circuit protection can still beapplied using only mechanical circuit breakersdownstream. Inductive current limiters arecommonly used in medium- voltage grids to reduceshort-circuit power. A proper combination ofinductor and capacitor is applied. To avoidundesired oscillations, a damping resistor is addedin series with the capacitance. Here, the singlecapacitor can be replaced by a series connection ofone capacitor per module. Each capacitor isconnected in parallel to the GCTs, i.e., behind thediode rectifier. The main advantages of this solutionare that these capacitors act as a large turn-offsnubber on the one hand and that oscillations aresignificantly reduced once the capacitors arecharged to the peak voltage on the other.

CONCLUSIONThe fast acting solid-state breaker is ideal

for avoiding drawbacks concerning state-of-the-artmechanical breaker, i.e., it increases power quality.Using available semiconductors, a suitabletopology was selected. Since the circuit breaker israted for a maximum power of 63 MVA no parallelconnection is needed for all present medium-voltage applications. From a thermal point of view,it can be used up to 100 MVA. Although if there isa need for higher current ratings a parallelconnection should be examined. Due to the largetime constant and low in the grid, it should bepossible to connected modules in parallel. It isessential to consider the life-cycle costs of a system,to find the most economic and effective solution.The impact of this fast acting switch on the grid isanalyzed using simulations. It is shown that linedisturbances during short-circuit are greatlyreduced using this solid-state circuit-breaker.However, fast turn-off conflicts with present dayselective short-circuit protection in medium-voltagegrids. To overcome this conflict, a solid-statecurrent limiter is proposed and analyzed. It is shownthat a significant reduction of the line disturbancesis achievedbwithout compromising existingprotection concepts.

REFERENCES[1] F. Tosato, “Voltage sags mitigation ondistribution utilities,”[2] R. W. De Doncker, “Recent power electronicsdevelopment for FACTS and costumed power

Dwarika Kumar MandalIII year, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,Vel's University

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The Vehicular Communications Networks(VCN) are created by vehicles equipped with shortand medium range wireless communicationtechnology. They include vehicular ad-hocnetworks (Vanets), vehicle –to –vehicle and vehicleto infrastructure communications, vehicular ad-hocnetwork (vanet) are receiving a lot of attention dueto wide variety of services they can provide. Theirapplication ranges from safety (accident warning,crash avoidance, weather notification) to non-safety(internet accesses, map download, multimedia andgaming, we conclude by exploring future researchdirections in this field.

Road safety has been an important concernin the world over the past few years since millionsof people die every year because of car accidentsand many more are injured .Nowadays, mobilewireless devices have become an essential part ofour lives, and the ubiquitous ‘anywhere, anytime’connectivity concept is gaining attraction. Internetaccess from vehicles is in great demand. In 1999,the Federal Communication Commission (FCC)allocated a frequency spectrum for vehicle-vehicleand vehicle-roadside wireless communication. TheCommission then established Dedicated ShortRange Communications (DSRC) Service in 2003.DSRC is a communication service that uses the5.850-5.925 GHz band for the use of Public safetyand private applications.

CHARACTERISTICS OF VANETsIn comparison to other communication

networks, vanets come with some unique attractivefeatures:

Sufficient energy and storageHigher computational capabilityPotentially large scaleHigh mobility

MAIN REASERCH TOPICSA. Mobility modeling

Characterizing the motion of vehicles on aroad is a difficult task. There can be no one good

way to do that. It depends on the layout of the road,the traffic density, and of course the behavior of thedrivers. Vehicular traffic flow theory is typicallyclassified as macroscopic or microscopic. Whenfollowing a macroscopic approach, one focuses onsystem parameters like traffic density (number ofvehicles per mile per lane) or traffic flow (numberof vehicles per hour crossing an intersection) inorder to compute a road's capacity or thedistribution of traffic on a stretch of road. Ingeneral, from a macroscopic perspective, vehiculartraffic is viewed as a fluid and existing fluid modelsare applicable.

A microscopic approach, the movement ofeach individual vehicle is characterized with spatialand temporal dependence being importantcharacteristics.B. Scalability issues

One of the main challenges inherent to thedeployment of VANETs is operability, both in verysparse and in highly overloaded networks. VANETmust work in situations with a very small densityof road traffic and in situations with a very hightraffic density, such as traffic jams and majorintersections road. The number of active nodes(vehicles) and protocol design have a great impacton scalability.C. Efficient Channel Utilization

Broadcast and multicast is the most

frequently used method in VANETs. Availablewireless bandwidth is scarce, especially broadcastapplications demand high bandwidth. Broadcastpackets are used for not only disseminating trafficrelated and safety related information but alsodiscovering explicit routes in routing.

Furthermore, integration of VANETs and theinternet requires the highest possible throughput

Wireless Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks

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from VANETs to allow large number of vehicles toconnect to the internet at the same time.D. Security and Privacy

Security is crucial in network. Securityissue is prominent in VANETs because thenetworks are publicly available in any roads at anytime. For example , it is essential to make sure thatlife-critical information cannot be inserted ormodified by an attacker likewise the systemshould be able to help establishing the liability ofdrivers but at the same time, it should protect as faras possible the privacy of the drivers andpassengers.SECURITY GOALS FOR AD HOCAvailability

It ensures survivability, despite Denial ofservice (dos) attacks. On physical and media

access control layer attacker can use jammingtechniques to interfere with communications on

physical channel on network layer the attacker candisrupt the routing protocol. On higher layers, theattacker could bring down high level services e.g.key management service.Confidentiality

Ensures certain information is neverdisclosed to unauthorized entities.Integrity

Message being transmitted is nevercorrupted.Authenticate

Enables a node to ensure the identity of thepeer node it is communicating with. Withoutwhich an attacker would impersonate a node thusgaining unauthorized access to resource andsensitive information and interfering withoperation of other nodes.

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,

INTRODUCTION

The recent reports indicate that one in 1500surgeries fail as a foreign body gets trapped into thepatient’s system. Typically these are sponges andsurgical instruments used while operation. Thetrapped foreign body is a potential danger andcauses further complications in the health of theailing patient. Radio frequency identification, infra-red technology and a micro-controller coupled withintegrated voice module are the core technologiesused. The cotton sponges are tagged with uniqueradio frequency identification (RFID) tags. Lowfrequency RFID tags are used to enable reliabledetection of tags even when soaked in body fluidsin the vicinity of metallic objects such as surgicaltools, or inside a patient's body. The tray housingthe surgical instruments is provided with infraredsensor couple for each instrument separately. Basedon the shape of the mould on the tray, only a specificinstrument can take the place of a particularinstrument thereby depending on the output of theinfrared sensor couple, the presence or absence of aparticular instrument can be clearly found out. Anintegrated voice module notifies if any instrumentstays missing for an abnormally long period of time.These are interfaced with software component thatenables to monitor to number of instruments andsponges in the patients system at any instant. Acheck-in station and a check-out station, which areessentially antennae that read these RFID codes areused. At the end of the surgery the GSM module isalso used which is to send all the details regardingthe surgery to the chief authority of the organizationconcerned in case of any discrepancy in the overallcount.GSM technology allows mobility, GSMsolutions can be implemented within few weekswhereas it may take months to implement theinfrastructure for other technologies. Also, this cantrack the surgical instruments periodically insteadone final scan test for instruments. Traditional time-consuming and expensive methods like scanningthe patient, taking X-ray post-operation, can besimply eliminated if this idea is implemented.

APPROACH

This approach is to develop an accuratesystem to keep an account of the number ofinstruments and sponges used in the surgery. Thisis mainly based on RFID technology which is usedfor non line sight of identification. A check incounter and a checkout counter with the RFID isused to track the sponge. Along with that thesurgical tray to maintain a list of the surgicalinstruments as per the orientation of the instrumentsin the tray, voice module and GSM technology isused here. All of these components are controlledvia a software interface to enable easy tracking ofthe instruments. This data will be fed to micro-controller by means of the software interface.Through the interface, the surgeon is expected toenter the nominal time required for each instrumentwhile being used. Typically the entered time will beequal to the maximum amount of time anyinstrument is expected to be used for. If the timeexpires, then the microcontroller issues thecorresponding stored voice message and notifies theabsence of the instrument.

WORKING CHECK IN COUNTER

The check-in station consists of twoorthogonal RFID reader is surmounted on the top.The check-in station is small, simple, and occupiesvery little space. The barcode reader identifies apackage and the number of items within it. Beforeaccepting the package, ASSIST verifies that thepackage has the expected number of items in it,which is gathered from barcode information. If thepackage contains a bad RFID tag, the reader willrecognize the discrepancy and subsequently directthe removal of the package. In addition, the barcodeprovides us with a description of the type of spongeassociated with each RFID tag. When a package isaccepted, every item is registered into the systeminventory where it can be tracked throughout thesurgery. As previously stated, each sponge isdistinguishable by its RFID tag which as a uniqueserial number. . The kick bucket for the depositionof sponge is equipped with an RFID reader, fiveorthogonal antennas (four sides plus the bottom), andthe means to talk to the software component that

Efficient Life Saving System to Track Surgical InstrumentGayathri.N ,Divya.SIV year, Department of Electronics and InstrumentationSri Sairam Engineering College

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keeps track of the inventory (i.e. wireless serialport). Since every RFID tag is equipped with aserial number that is unique, no sponge is countedmore than once.

SURGICAL INSTRUMENT TRAY

A tray to hold the surgical instruments withthe shape of the instrument moulded is used. Themoulding is customized such that each cavity of thetray can house only a particular instrument – ascissors of definite dimensions. Each cavity has aninfra-red transmitter and receiver couple. Thetransmitter transmits IR rays. Under normalconditions when the instrument is present, thereceiver receives a signal. The output of thereceiver is coupled to a micro- controller.Depending on the signal received by the micro-controller, the presence or absence of a particularinstrument is detected. Initially, a cursory scan ismade to make an inventory of the instrumentspresent. The empty cavities will be neglected andnot scanned subsequently. This will save power asthe corresponding IR couple will not be energizedand scanning time in subsequent times is saved. Indiscrete intervals of time, the tray is scanned tocheck the existence of the instruments in theinventory. The permissible time till which theinstrument can remain missing is entered by thesurgeon through the software system. If theinstrument remains missing for a time periodlonger than that, a voice signal indicating theabsence of the instrument is sent.

MICROCONTROLLER AND SOFTWAREMODULE

The microcontroller AT89C51 isprogrammed to detect the presence of instruments,issue voice signals etc. The RFID signals areseparately reported in the software system. The datafrom the micro-controller is also interfaced with thecomputer by using MAX232 integrated chip. Thesoftware module also allows the surgeon to enter themaximum expected time for the utilization ofsurgical instruments. This system provides areliable and accurate record of the status of eachsurgical item throughout the surgical procedure.

REFERENCES

[1]A. Gonzalez-Ojeda, D. Rodriguez-Alcantar, H.Arenas-Marquez, E. Sanchez Perez-Verdia, R.Chavez-Perez, R. Alvarez-Quintero and A. Perea-Sanchez, "Retained foreign bodies following intra-abdominal surgery."Hepatogastroenterology, vol. 46, no. 26.

[2] C. Zhan and M. Miller, "Excess length of stay,charges, and mortality attributable to medicalinjuries during hospitalization." JAMA, vol. 290,no. 14, pp. 1868- 74, 2003.

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INTRODUCTION

The technical and clinical objective is toprovide a temporary liver assist until a patient's ownliver regenerates or until a liver transplant can beperformed. By using a special technique ofnaturally available resources like animal cells andsynthetic membrane bio artificial liver can becreated, which performs 90% of liver functions.Here a completely different approach to developingan artificial liver is used instead of trying to designmountains of equipment to perform each of theliver's functions. It is a device that uses liver cellsobtained from animals. Because the device containsboth biological and manufactured components, it iscalled a "bio-artificial liver." A patient's bloodcirculates through this bio-artificial liver, where aunique synthetic membrane separates it from theanimal cells. The membrane prevents immunologicrejection of the cells, but allows the cells to detoxifythe blood in the same way as a natural liver.

The two existing fundamental methodsused to clear toxins from the blood of patients withliver failure are plasma exchange by aphaeresis andwhole blood exchange transfusion.

The only treatment available for liver failureis liver transplant surgery; but donor organs aredifficult to obtain, and the procedure, which isexpensive and complex, is frequently unsuccessful.So only we go in for bio-artificial liver.

The two methods of designing bio-artificialliver are:

1. Using synthetic membrane2. Extra corporeal hepatitis bioreactor

METHOD I: Using synthetic membraneThe bio-artificial liver device is intended to providetemporary support to patients with liver failure untiltheir liver recovers spontaneously or untiltransplantation is possible. The device is connectedto a vein and remains outside their body. It shouldhelp remove toxins from the patient’s own livercells, as the patient’s blood circulates in a chamberwith pig liver cells inside

polymer and synthetic membranes. The membranesallow toxins to pass through, but prevent proteins,and other cell byproducts from the pig cells to getinto the patient’s blood.

Patients are attached to the machine by acatheter into a vein, and the blood is initially putthrough a mechanical filtration process to removesome waste products. Then the blood plasma ispassed through cartridges containing the hepaticcells before being returned to the body.

Flow through the artificial liver has fourdistinct steps: separation of plasma from wholeblood by filtration through a micro porousmembrane; removal of toxins from the separatedplasma as it passes by the functional hepatocytes inthe hollow fibers; reconstitution of the plasma withthe blood in the extracorporeal circuit; and, finally,rein fusion into the patient.

These devices contain the hepatocytes in aseparate chamber, isolated by a semi permeablemembrane. The separate chamber design allowsreplacement with fresh hepatocytes. Further, byseparating the hepatocytes from the bloodstreamwith a semi-permeable membrane, the potential forimmune responses to cell surface (alloantigens orxenoantigens) theoretically reduced. The potential

exists for soluble antigens or antigenic peptides topass through the semi permeable barrier and initiate

BIO-ARTIFICIAL LIVERN.Nandhini, K.Muthu LakshmiIII year, Department of Electronics and Communication EngineeringFrancis Xavier Engineering College

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an immune response.

METHOD II: Extra corporeal hepatitisbioreactorAdvanced Tissue Sciences has developed atechnique to grow normal human liver tissue on athree-dimensional framework of polymer mesh.

Hepatocytes adherent to the frameworkdivide and differentiate. This liver tissue can be

placed in hollow chambers, separated from theplasma or blood by a semi permeable membrane.By avoiding the attachment to the interface thefunction and viability of the primary hepatocyteswithin a bio artificial can be increased. They allowthe hepatocytes to circulate through the bioreactor,which is perfused with oxygenated nutrientmedium, at a rate optimal for collision andaggregation to occur. The hepatocyte aggregates aresubsequently entrapped in a packed bed of glassbeads.By removing the hepatocytes from theinterface in Li's bioreactor, an efficientcountercurrent flow can be incorporated, greatlyexpanding the effective plasma/hepatocyte contact.This, and the ability to extract “exhausted” cellsfrom the circuit, offers a potential advantage,possibly allowing artificial liver support to bemaintained continuously for an extended period.

REFERENCES:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioartificial_liver_device#Hollow_fiber_systemhttp://www.alinfoundation.com/Medical%20Research/Liver.htmhttp://web.mit.edu/lmrt/publications/2001/Allen2001_Hepat.pdf

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INTRODUCTION

As the data rate per single wavelength has beenadvancing towards the speed limit of electronics,robust all-optical signal processing techniques arebecoming more crucial to support the necessarynetwork processing in future ultrahigh-speedoptical networks. Boolean XOR is one of thosecommon logic operations required in data packetprocessing, such as data encoding and paritychecking. In future high speed packet networks, all-optical XOR gate enables bit-serial header/labelprocessing, thus, the packet header and label can berecognized, erased, and replaced at the networknodes all-optically. Previously, all-optical XORgate was demonstrated using a nonlinear opticalloop mirror. However, its bulky size and poorpower efficiency hindered its practicality. On theother hand, it was also realized by utilizing cross-gain modulation and cross-polarization modulationin a semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA), at 10-and 5-Gb/s signal speeds, respectively.

Recently, Return-to-Zero DifferentialPhase-Shifted Keying (RZ-DPSK) modulationformat has been studied extensively for itsimproved receiver sensitivity with the help ofbalanced detection, as well as its reducedpatterning-induced degradation in high-speedoptical time-division multiplexing systems, due toits constant intensity nature. Thus an all-opticalXOR gate operating up to 20 GB/s by four-wavemixing (FWM) in an SOA with RZ-DPSKmodulated input signals can be preferred. Itpotentially supports higher speed operation than theXPM-based schemes since the intra band processes,such as carrier heating and spectral hole burning,leading to FWM have much shorter scattering timethan the inter band process.

FWM is a third-order nonlinear process, by whicha new field is created in a medium that depends onthe product of three electrical fields presented. In anSOA, three input fields beat to produce gain andphase gratings, which scatter the input fields to

generate upper and lower sidebands as described byE132 = (A1*A3) γ(W1-W3)A2 * exp[

j(w1+w2+w3)t+ (ϕ1+ϕ2-ϕ3)]

Where, Ai (i є 1,2,3) , Wi and ϕi arethe respective input field amplitudes, angularfrequencies, and phases, γ(W1-W3) describes theconversion efficiency, and E132 is the FWM-generated field. The polarizations of the input fieldsA1 and A3 are well-aligned in order to maximizethe output field intensity. With phase of the inputfields taking values either 0 or π, the possible phases

of the generated new field will be 0, π , 2π or – .By assuming Boolean values 0 and 1 as the signalphases of 0 and π respectively, the FWM processcan be regarded as a three-input XOR BooleanXOR operation in the phase domain, i.e.,

ϕ132 = (ϕ1 XORϕ2 XORϕ3)Such FWM-based Boolean operation is obtainedusing RZ-DPSK as the modulation format of theinput signals, in which the bits 0 and 1 arerepresented in form of phase change betweenadjacent optical pulses.

ALL INPUT XOR GATE:

The experimental set up is shown below.

Using a pair of electro-absorption modulators,the RZ pulse streams are generated at 1547 and1551 nm, respectively. The optical pulses have apulse width of about 15 ps and a repetition rate of10.61 GHz. The pulse streams were then phase-encoded separately via optical phase

ALL OPTICAL XOR GATE BY FOUR WAVE MIXING INSEMICONDUCTOR OPTICAL AMPLIFIERSE.Rekha, A.P.TheekshaIII year, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,Madras Institute of Technology

Madras institute of technology

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modulators using 10.61-Gb/s pseudorandombinary sequence (PRBS). The two inputsignals were modulated at a depth of W1instead of π/2, amplified by erbium-doped fiberamplifiers (EDFAs).The DPSK coded pulsestreams were then combined using a 3-dB fibercoupler. A polarization controller and a tunableOptical Delay Line (ODL) is inserted to copolarize and align the two input signals. TheSOA used in the experiment is a commerciallyavailable (Samsung OA40B3A) SOA with asmall signal gain of 25 dB and the applied biascurrent of 180 mA. The average powerlaunched into the SOA is 6 dBm, with the twoinputs at similar power level. From the outputof the SOA, the FWM-generated signal at 1543nm has an optical signal-to-noise ratio of 20 dB,measured with resolution bandwidth of 0.1 nmand the conversion efficiency is about 20 dB. Itis then extracted by a 1-nm (full-width at half-maximum) optical band pass filter (BPF)before being DPSK-demodulated via a DI witha relative delay of 94 ps. The unsatisfactoryextinction ratio is caused by amplitudefluctuation at 1 and 0 level from the modulatordriver output, which lead to inaccurate phasemodulation during DPSK encoding. All-opticalXOR gate can be operated at a high speed if theinput signals are multiplexed to 21.22 Gb/s,before being launched into the SOA.Comparedwith the XPM-based all-optical gates, in whichthe operation bit rate is generally limited by thepatterning effect in SOA, RZ-DPSKmodulation format avoids gain modulation inthe SOA, thus the operation speed is not limitedby the carrier lifetime.

Therefore, higher speed XOR operation can beachieved with sufficiently narrow opticalpulses. This method requires the Boolean input

signals to be launched into the SOAsimultaneously; thus, it eliminates the need ofusing differential inputs as in the case of XPM-based inter ferro metric configurations

.

.

REFERENCES

[1] A. J. Poustie, K. J. Blow, A. E. Kelly, andR. J. Manning, “All-optical parity checker withbit-differential delay,” Opt. Commun., vol.159, pp.208–214, 1999.[2] J. H. Kim, Y. M. Jhon, Y. T. Byun, S. Lee,D. H. Woo, and S. H.Kim, “All-optical XORgate using semiconductor optical amplifierswithout additional input beam,” IEEE Photon.Technol. Lett., vol. 14, pp. 1436–1438, Oct2002.[3] H. Soto, D. Erasme, and G. Guekos, “5-Gb/s XOR optical gate based on cross-polarization modulation in semiconductoroptical amplifiers,”IEEE Photon. Technol.Lett., vol. 13, pp. 335–337, Apr. 2001.

Priyanka Choudhury, K.MohanIII year, Department of Electronics and InstrumentationSRM University

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INTRODUCTION

The emergency of heart disease often attacksdangerously in a short period. Since that it is veryimportant to capture the ECG signal timely, toanalyze the ECG signal effectively and to transmitECG signal to hospital centre accurately. Thetraditional method for getting the ECG requires thepatient to stay in hospital. With the single chip, theportable monitor became possible. But forlimited calculating capability of normal single chip;the result of the signal processing was not verydesired.

This monitor used the digital signalprocessor TMS320VC5509A for data processing,also as the MCU to complete the logical control.The DSP C5509A, which worked in the 60MHzfrequency with high-quality and very low-cost, canimplement the algorithm of arrhythmia detectionbased on wavelet transforms.

DESIGN AND METHOD

System and hardware design

Two ECG leads, mv1 and mv5, were used inthis system for capturing more biomedical signalinformation. The two-led ECG was synchronouslysampled through the two channel analog-to-digitalconverters of DSP.

Since most frequency of ECG signal i sfrom 0.05Hz~100Hz, a s the SyQuest samplingtheorem, the sample rate of ADC was set to200Hzand the resolution of ADC were 10-bit.The Multi-media card is 64MB. It enabled the monitor torecord two-led ECG continuously for about 6 hourslong. The large capacity rechargeable Li+ batterysupplied the power for the whole system.

ARRHYTHMIA DETECTION ALGORITHMand IMPLEMENT ON CHIP

Wavelet t r ansform has many advantagesin ECG automatic analysis, such as the wavelettransform (WT) of a function (t) is an integraltransform defined by

This transform can decompose the ECG signalacross different scales, and describe the localfeature of ECG signal well in both time domainand frequency domain. A wavelet- based algorithmfor arrhythmia detection was described inreference. Wavelet was finally chosen as thewavelet function and the scale was set to 3 and5.Eventually we got the discrete transform as below:

ECG Sensing Monitoring Alarming and Telemetry system

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Arrhythmia of ECG was detected by the judgingrule, comparing the WT3 (i) and WT5 (i) withpreviously computed threshold and template.Based on test results using data of MIT-BIHArrhythmia Database on pc computer, the veracityof QRS detection is 99 %. The veracity ofdetection of APC and PVC is also above 90 %.

For more practical detection, this algorithm wasembedded in the DSP C5509A. The high speed dspcan Process the WT every an ADC sampling in real-time. Through the test using the electronic ECGgenerator, the veracity was most approximate to theresult of simulation on computer. The speaker willraise the alarm sound, while the arrhythmia wasdetected

ECG TRANSMISSION

There are two methods for transmitting theECG to hospital centre: the digital transmissionmethod and the audio modulation transmissionmethod.

In Fig 2, the digital method was describedthat ECG was transmitted from the client modemto the sever modem through the PTSN. After theprocess of log in server software, the userinformation and collection time, by which thehospital centre server could establish ECGdatabase for different users, were transmitted first.Then the actual ECG data was transmitted. Themaxim transmit speed was set to19.2kbps foralmost safety and stability.

For audio modulation method, in Fig 3, the digitalECG stored in the MMC was converted to serialdata flow through the UART max3111E. Then theserial data controlled the MSM7512B to generate1200bps FSK signal. The FSK signal contained1300hz and 2100hz frequency whichrepresented the digital ‘1’ and ‘0’. Finally, theanalog FSK signal was amplified to drive thespeaker. As shown in Fig 4, at the hospitalcentre, the FSK signal received from thetelephone mike lines was demodulated to serialdata which was transmitted to the computerserver through the RS-232 serial port.

REFERENCES

1. Hongtao Xie, Yonghong Zhang, JupengZhang.Development of a portable home ECGand blood pressure monitoring device based on80C196KC Micro-controller [J]. BeijingBiomedical Engineering, 2001, 20(4):271-274

2. Jingwen Xi, Hongquan Zhou. Development ofECG monitoring m o d u l e u s in g D S P[ J].Application of electronic technique, 2001,27(11):75-78

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The video and thermo gram analyzercontinuously monitor activities outside the car.When the driver (disabled) nears the car thesecurity system of the car is activated. Images aswell as thermo graphic results of the driver arepreviously fed into the database of the computer.If the video images match with the databaseentries then the security system advances to thenext stage. Here the thermo graphic imageverification is done with the database. Once thedriver passes this stage the door slides to the sidesand a ramp is lowered from its floor. The ramp hasflip actuators in its lower end. Once the driverenters the ramp, the flip actuates the ramp to belifted horizontally. Then robotic arms assist thedriver to his seat. As soon as the driver is seatedthe EEG (electroencephalogram) helmet, attachedto the top of the seat, is lowered and suitablyplaced on the driver’s head. A wide screen of thecomputer is placed at an angle aesthetically suitableto the driver. Each program can be controlled eitherdirectly by a mouse or by a shortcut. For starting thecar, the start button is clicked. Accordingly thecomputer switches ON the circuit from thebattery to the A.C.Series Induction motors.

The bio control system integrates signalsfrom various other systems and compares themwith originals in the database. It comprises ofBrain-computer interface, Automatic securitysystem, and Automatic navigation system. Brain-computer interfaces will increase acceptance byoffering customized, intelligent help andtraining, especially for the non-expert user. Asingle-position, brain-controlled switch thatresponds to specific patterns detected inspatiotemporal electroencephalograms (EEG)measured from the human scalp. This is known asthe Low- Frequency Asynchronous SwitchDesign. The EEG is then filtered and run througha fast Fourier transform before being displayed as

a three dimensional graphic. The data can then bepipe into MIDI compatible music programs.Furthermore, MIDI can be adjusted to controlother external processes, such as robotics.

EEG Transmission

The principle behind the wholemechanism is that the impulse of the human braincan be tracked and even decoded. The Low-Frequency Asynchronous Switch Design tracesthe motor neurons in the brain. When the driverattempts for a physical movement, he/she sendsan impulse to the motor neuron. These motorneurons carry the signal to the physicalcomponents such as hands or legs. It can decodethe message at the motor neuron to obtainmaximum accuracy. By observing the sensoryneurons we can monitor the eye movement of thedriver. As the eye moves, the cursor on the screenalso moves and is also brightened when the driverconcentrates on one particular point in hisenvironment. The sensors, which are placed atthe front and rear ends of the car, send a livefeedback of the environment to the computer.The steering wheel is turned through a specificangle by electromechanical actuators. The angleof turn is calibrated from the distance moved bythe dot on the screen.

BRAIN CONTROLLED CAR FOR DISABLEDUSING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCEM.JAYANANDHINI, A.ANNAPOORANIIII year, Department of Computer Science,Adhiparasakthi Engineering college

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Brain-to- Machine Mechanism

The EEG of the driver is monitoredcontinually. When it drops less than 4 Hz then thedriver is in an unstable state. A message is givento the driver for confirmation to continue the drive.A confirmed reply activates the program automaticdrive. The computer prompts the driver for thedestination before the drive.

As the computer is based onartificial intelligence it automatically monitorsevery route the car travels and stores it in its mapdatabase for future use. The map database isanalyzed and the shortest route to the liked

destination is chosen. With traffic monitoringsystem provided by xm satellite radio thecomputer drives the car automatically. Videoand anti-collision sensors mainly assist this driveby providing continuous live feed of thee n v i r o n me n t u p t o 1 8 0 m, w h i c h i ss u f f i c i e n t f o r t h e p u r p o s e .

When the above requirements aresatisfied and if this car becomes cost effectivethen we shall witness a revolutionary change inthe society where the demarcation between theabler and the disabled vanishes. Thus theintegration of bioelectronics with automotivesystems is essential to develop efficient andFuturistic vehicles, which shall be witnessed soonhelping the disabled in every manner in the field oftransportation.

REFERENCES

1 .Off line Classification of EEG from the "NewYork Brain- Computer Interface (BCI)"

2."Man-Machine Communications through Brain-Wave Processing" Keirn, Z.A. and Aunon, J.I.,IEEE Engineering in Medicine and BiologyMagazine.

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Nations across the world are facing thechallenges of increasing the power production.Deregulation and privatization is posing newchallenges on high voltage transmission and ondistribution system as well. System elements areloaded up to their thermal limits, and power tradingwith varying load pattern is contributing to anincreasing congestion. Numerous pressures on theelectric power delivery system are converging, andforcing the new systems to evolve. Rising costs ofcapital, raw materials, and labour; Aginginfrastructure and workforce; Continuing nationalsecurity concerns; Need for and viability of energyefficiency caused by the expansion of the globaleconomy; Rising energy costs with viable options;Social pressures; Calls for energy efficiency;Growing demand for energy; Rising consumerexpectations; Rapid innovations in technology; Inaddition to this, the dramatic global climate change,Increasing awareness of environmental issues,including global warming put regulatory pressuredemand for changes in the way electricity issupplied .

Environmental sustainability and securityof power supply are the goals for future griddevelopment. The electric network of the futuremust be secure, cost effective and environmentallycompatible. And a Smart Grid is capable ofaddressing these challenges. Smart grids co-ordinate the needs and capabilities of all generators,grid operators, end-users and electricity marketstakeholders to operate all parts of the system asefficiently as possible, minimizing Costs andenvironmental impacts while maximizing systemreliability, resilience and Stability. A Smart Gridthat incorporates demand management, distributedelectricity generation, and grid management allowsfor a wide array of more efficient, “greener”systems to generate and consume electricity. It is anintelligent electric system technology thatincorporates with IT.

Because of above discussed problems around theglobe and the solutions given by this newtechnology, it is the right time to go with “smartgrids”.

The Smart Grids vision is about a boldprogram of research, development anddemonstration that charts a course towards anelectricity supply network that meets the needs offuture energy requirements. Smart grid is a digitalupgrade to the existing electric grid technology thatuses digital and other advanced technologies toMonitor and manage the transport of electricityfrom all generation sources to meet the varyingelectricity demands of end-users. A smart gridrequires flexibility, accessibility, reliability andmonetary benefits for future networks. It is aDistributed generation system which is the use ofsmall-scale power generation technologies locatedclose to the load being served, capable of loweringcosts, improving reliability, reducing emissions andexpanding energy options. It incorporates into thegrid the benefits of distributed computing andcommunications to deliver real-time informationand enable the near-instantaneous balance of supplyand demand at the device level.

Smart GridsAshutosh KumarIII year, Department of Electronics and Communication,Vel’s University

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Smart Grid have the components of HomeArea Network Device for sharing energyconsumption data and receiving commands to turnoff or hibernate the equipment when unused ,Renewable Energy Sources and Smart meters. Theyhave the pros of improved reliability, reducedoperations and maintenance cost, increasedefficiency of power delivery, integration ofrenewable energy and distributed resources,security and reduction in green house gasesemission.

Smart Grid systems benefit all those whoare involved in it. They provide opportunity forGDP uplift and green-collar job creation andcreation of new revenue channels and ways toimprove customer service and etc.

Smart grids represent a rare opportunity toachieve a two-fold global good: protecting theenvironment and fostering social and economicprogress. A Smart Grid presents opportunities forutilities and consumers to benefit from efficientmanagement of energy and advanced equipmentand devices. It offers significant opportunities towisely manage the nation's fuel resources bypotentially reducing the national need for additionalgeneration sources, better integrating renewableand non-renewable generation sources the grid’soperations, reducing outages and cascadingproblems, and enabling consumers to better managetheir energy consumption. It has so manychallenges but it provides more opportunities so thata nation can achieve many benefits from a SmartGrid. We operate in a 21st century society, built onan electrical infrastructure with little intelligence.For a smarter grid to become a reality, utilities willneed to upgrade systems to manage thecomplexities of our modern solutions.

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INTRODUCTION

“Bigger isn’t always best”

CANCER- one of the most deadly diseasesprimarily starts at the molecular level. At thismolecular level, even the finest scalpel is like a hugeinstrument designed more to rip and tear than toheal and cure. The traditional methods those areavailable today to detect and treat cancer damagemany of the cells which are non-cancerous and notharmful. The detection of cancer by the traditionalmethods that are available today does not discoverthe disease at the earlier stage. So, the medical fieldis in need of some well structured and wellorganized simple tool that can detect and treatcancer efficiently and earlier. So we present an ideaof using NANOROBOTS for detecting and treatingcancerous cells at an earlier stage. To design thenanorobots, we use the NANOTECHNOLOGY,which is normally called as the molecularengineering. Nanobots help in curing the diseaseefficiently without giving much pain to the patient.

STRUCTURE OF NANOBOTSIts components include: Molecular sorting rotors Propellers Fins Sensors

The exterior of a nanorobot will beconstructed of carbon atoms in a diamondedstructure because of its inert properties andstrength. Super-smooth surfaces will lessen thelikelihood of triggering the body's immune system,allowing the nanorobots to go about their businessunimpeded. According to current theories,nanorobots will are capable of two-waycommunication; will respond to acoustic signals;and will be able to receive power or even re-programming instructions from an external sourcevia sound waves.

CANCER TREATMENT USING NANOROBOTICS

The robots could either attack tumorsdirectly using lasers, microwaves or ultrasonicsignals or they could be part of a chemotherapytreatment, delivering medication directly to thecancer site. The three main considerations need tobe focused on when looking at nanorobots movingthrough the body are navigation, power and howthey destroy the cancerous cells.

External navigation systems might use avariety of different methods to pilot the nanorobotto the right location. One of these methods is to useultrasonic signals. Ultrasonic signals should bebeamed into the patient's body. The signals wouldeither pass through the body; reflect back to thesource of the signals, or both. The nanorobot couldemit pulses of ultrasonic signals, which doctorscould detect using special equipment withultrasonic sensors.

Using Magnetic Resonance Imagingdoctors could locate and track a nanorobot bydetecting its magnetic field. Alternatively thenanorobot emits a radioactive dye, creating apathway behind it as it moves through the body.

NANOROBOTICS FOR CANCER TREATMENTRashmi.PIII year, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,Madras Institute of Technology

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We can then use a fluoroscope to detect theradioactive dye.

Other methods of detecting the nanorobotinclude using X-rays, radio waves, microwaves orheat. Onboard systems, or internal sensors, mightalso play a large role in navigation. Nanorobotsmight include a miniature television camera. Anoperator will be able to steer the device whilewatching a live video feed, navigating it through thebody manually.

While it might be possible to createbatteries small enough to fit inside a nanorobot, theyaren't generally seen as a viable power source. Amore likely candidate is a capacitor, which has aslightly better power-to-weight ratio. Anotherpossibility for nanorobot power is to use a nuclearpower source.

KILLING OF CANCER CELLSHere are some of the methods for killing the

cancer cells:Medicine cavity -- a hollow section inside thenanorobot might hold small doses of medicine orchemicals. The robot thus could release medicationdirectly to the site of injury.

Probes, knives and chisels -- to remove blockagesand plaque, a nanorobot will need something to graband break down material. They might also need adevice to crush cells into very small pieces.Microwave emitters and ultrasonic signalgenerators --By using fine-tuned microwaves orultrasonic signals, a nanorobot could break thechemical bonds in the cancerous cell, killing itwithout breaking the cell wall. Thus the chance ofspreading up of cancer is reduced. Alternatively, therobot could emit microwaves or ultrasonic signals

in order to heat the cancerous cell enough to destroyit.Electrodes -- two electrodes protruding from thenanorobots could kill cancer cells by generating anelectric current, heating the cell up until it dies.Lasers-- tiny, powerful lasers could burn awaycancerous cells. The lasers would literally vaporizethe tissue.

ADVANTAGES:“Treatments would be better if the surgeons

get inside the patient’s body, localize the site ofinfection, looks around the flaw and treats thedisorder...”A few generations from now someonediagnosed with cancer might be offered a newalternative to chemotherapy, the traditionaltreatment of radiation that kills not just cancer cellsbut healthy human cells as well, causing hair loss,fatigue, nausea, depression and a host of othersymptoms.

A doctor practicing Nanomedicine wouldoffer the patient an injection of a special type ofnanorobots that would seek out cancer cells anddestroy them dispelling the disease at the sourceleaving the healthy cells untouched. The extent ofthe hardship to the patient would essentially bea prick to the arm. Since nanorobots kill the cancercells without rupturing the cell wall in it, there isless probability of spreading menace of the cancercells. Doctors believe that by delivering small butprecise doses of medication to the patient sideeffects will be minimized without a loss inmedication’s effectiveness.

EXPULSION OF NANOBOTSGenerally nanorobots are designed in such

a way that they are either expelled through thenormal human excretory systems or beingdecomposed inside the blood stream withoutcausing any harm.Another way of removal of nanobots is to pass theblood stream into a specialized centrifugalapparatus where acoustic transmitters commandreciprocates to establish neutral buoyancy. Filteredplasma is recombined with centrifuged solidcomponents and returned undamaged to thepatient's body.

SOME OF THE NANOROBOTSNanorobots make use of a technology

named MOLECULAR MANUFACTURINGwhich is nothing but the production of complexautomatically precise structures using positionally

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controlled fabrication and assembly of nanopartsinside the nanofactory.

RESPIROCYTERespirocytes are nanomachines, tiny

mechanical devices designed to operate on themolecular level. Respirocytes function as artificialred blood cells, carrying oxygen and carbon dioxidemolecules through the body.

CHROMALLOCYTEIt is a cell repair nanorobot that could be

used for chromosome replacement therapy. Thereplaced chromosome is generated outside thepatient’s body using desktop nanofactory optimizedfor organic material. The existing chromosome inthe patient’s body not only acts as a blueprint forgenerating the new one but can permanently cureany genetic disorder and permit cancer cells to bereprogrammed into healthy cells.

MICROBIVOREIt is a medical robot acting as artificial

mechanical white blood cells. It seeks out anddigests unwanted pathogens (may be a bacterium,virus or a fungus) present in the blood.

CONCLUSIONThus Nanorobotics, a blooming technology

would definitely attain its practicability in the nearfuture. Despite of its own complexities, it has lotsof advantages to be gained. Apart from cancer itcould also be used in the treatment of kidney stones,heart stroke and atherosclerosis. Virtually,nanomedicine will eliminate all medical pain,suffering and common diseases of the twentiethcentury and allow the extension of humancapabilities, most especially our mental abilities.Hence nanorobotics will surely achieve a betteredge in the future creating waves especially in thefield of medicine.

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Instrumentation is to do withmeasurement or quantization of variousphysical quantities. Composition orconcentration of a particular compound insolution or mixture is a key concern insituations where the composition defines thevalue of the solution/mixture. One such is theconcentration of Protein in the milk. Proteinpercentage in milk can vary from 2-6 % andhence the milk processing industries hugelyrely on Protein Analyzing techniques to selectand pay for the raw material-milk. Thisnecessitates the development of Milk ProteinAnalyzers that are accurate.

Need for UV Based Spectrophotometer:

The conventional protein analyzer that is ofprimary use today is based on chemicaltitrations. This method provides very accurateresults but can be easily fooled by a smallamount of urea which shows falsely highprotein concentration. This has necessitated afunding to the Anna University Chennai underNHHID to develop an alternative method thatis accurate as well as fast to quantize protein inthe milk.

The faculty of Biotechnology, AnnaUniversity devised a method based on UVspectro-photometry using Beer Lambert’s lawto relate the absorbance and protein value. Theoutput was realized in means of current througha photo-diode and the equivalent voltage signalranging from 0V to 5V indirectly representedthe protein percentage. It required suitablesignal processing and calibration circuitry toextract the protein percentage and a humanmachine interface for calibration purposes.

This work was handed over to theDepartment of Instrumentation, MIT, AnnaUniversity which in-turn deputed three of itsUG students to accomplish this task.

Tasks accomplished and Calibrationprocedures involved:

Calibration necessarily meansdetermining the slope and bias/drift in a linearstatic response curve. Usually the instrumentswe encounter have fixed or well-defined staticparameters while the milk protein analyzerneeded recalibration procedures every-time itstarted owing to the time variant characteristicsof the measuring circuitry and sensitivity tomeasuring environment. The NHHID did notwant the end-users to find any difficulty in re-calibration procedures and hence an intelligentmicrocontroller based circuit was designed andprogrammed to take care of calibrationprocedures. This smart or intelligent transmittermust perform another additional task namelylinearization. Thanks to Beer Lambart’s lawthat provided a theoretical basis to linearize therelation between input and output as the outputwas related to the log of input.

Human machine interface was designedto help in calibration procedures whichincluded a keyboard and LCD screen. As perthe directions from the NHHID, the interfacewas made simpler and multitasking with menusthat complicated the programming further. Itwas recommended that a data logging systembe introduced that gives the ‘transmitter’ moresense and RS232 based serial communicationwas used to accomplish it.

Proposal was finalized and simulationswere confirmed after which the real circuitrywas built and tested against standard voltages.

National Hub for Health Care Instrumentation DevelopmentAuto Calibration and Data Processing Circuitry for Milk

Protein Analyzer-UV meter

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Another unwelcomed guest came intopicture, “random errors.” Unlike conventionalinstrument where random errors does not playdominating role in accuracy, here the inverselog of very small error produces a considerableerror in the final output. Hence an auto-averaging feature was introduced and numberof samples to be taken is user-defined.

After various tests performed on thecircuit by the NHHID members, the circuit wasgiven acceptance and the Auto-Calibration andData Processing Circuit is due to be coupled tothe UV meter in a couple of days.

About the team involved in UV meter

1. Dr.S.Sivagaminathan, Professor, AnnaUniversity Chennai

2. Dr.T.Thyagarajan Professor, AnnaUniversity Chennai, Coordinator,NHHID

3. Dr.K.Sankaran, Professor, AnnaUniversity Chennai, Director, NHHID

4. Dr.Alagu Maruthanayagam, Professor,Anna University Chennai

5. S.Parameswaran,N.Karthikeyan,D.Srivignesh(III year, Electronics andInstrumentation Engineering, AnnaUniversity Chennai)

.

acknowledgement - madras institute of technology · acknowledgement we fold our hands to ......

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