accessory organs pancreas, liver and gallbladder
TRANSCRIPT
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Accessory Organs
Pancreas, Liver and Gallbladder
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Pancreas
• Secretes pancreatic juice into pancreatic duct then to the duodenum
• Function: contains 4 classes of enzymes to break down substances.
• Location: posterior to stomach; left side
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Pancreatic Juice• Pancreatic amylase
– splits starch and glycogen into disaccharides
• Pancreatic lipase– splits triglycerides into fatty acids and
monoglycerides
• Proteinases (Trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase)– Breaks up peptide bonds
• Nucleases– split nucleic acid molecules
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Pancreatic Juice• Bicarbonate ions make pancreatic juice
alkaline to neutralize acidic chyme
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Pancreatic Secretion Regulation
• During cephalic and gastric digestive phases parasympathetic impulses stimulate pancreatic secretion.
• Secretin: hormone – causes release of pancreatic juice into duodenum
– stimulates a bicarbonate-rich fluid.
– Activated by the duodenum filling up with chyme
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Figure 17.25
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Pancreatitis
• Inflammation of pancreas
• Caused by activation of enzymes in the pancreas gland– Trypsinogen------trypson
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Liver
• Largest internal organ
• 2 lobed structure– Large right and small
left
• Each lobe is made up of Hepatic lobules: function unit of the liver
Figure 17.28
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Liver• Lobes are divided into
hepatic lobules– hepatic cells around a
central vein– hepatic sinusoids lead to
the hepatic portal vein– Kupffer cells remove
bacteria by phagocytosis– bile canals lead to
hepatic ducts which merge at the common bile duct
Figure 17.29
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Liver Functions1. Metabolism:
• Carbohydrate metabolism– stores glycogen, regulates blood glucose levels
• Lipid metabolism– synthesizes lipoproteins, regulates lipid
metabolism
• **Protein metabolism– deamination of amino acids, forming urea– transamination of amino acids– synthesis of plasma proteins
• (clotting proteins)
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Liver Functions
2. Stores minerals and vitamins– iron is stored as ferritin, Vit A, B 12 and glycogen
3. Detoxification of substances, including alcohol
4. Destruction of damaged red blood cells
5. Phagocytosis of foreign antigens– Contain Kupffer’s cells
• Remove and destroy microbes, foreign matter and worm platelets and erythrocytes
6. Serves as a bile reservoir and Secretion of bile
7. Blood reservoir
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Bile Composition
Yellowish-green fluid secreted by hepatic cells• Contains water (90%), cholesterol, and
electrolytes• Contains bile salts*
– Emulsify (break down) fats– Makes cholesterol
• Contains bile pigments– bilirubin, biliverdin– breakdown products of hemoglobin
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Figure 17.30
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Jaundice • Abnormal Skin pigmentation
• Excess bilirubin in the blood. (Bilirubin is produced by the normal breakdown of red blood cells. Normally bilirubin passes through the liver and is excreted as bile through the intestines)i
• Jaundice occurs when bilirubin builds up faster than the liver can break it down and pass it from the body.
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Liver Diseases
• Cirrhosis
• Jaundice
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Gallbladder
• Bile is produced by the liver and concentrated in the gall bladder.
• Stores bile between meals
Figure 17.32
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Gallbladder• Cholecystokinin: CCK
released in response to proteins and fats in the small intestine, stimulates gall bladder contraction.
• Bile leaves through the cystic duct to the common bile duct and is squirted into the duodenum of the small intestine.
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Function of Bile Salts
• Bile salts enhance absorption of fatty acids and fat-soluble vitamins.
• Bile salts reduce surface tension and break fat into small droplets (emulsification).
• Emulsification increases surface area so lipases can more easily digest fats.
• The intestinal mucosa reabsorbs nearly all of the bile salts.
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Blocked cystict duct
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cholecystitis
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Small Intestine• Extends from the pyloric
sphincter to the large intestine
• Three portions: duodenum, jejunum, ileum
• Receives secretions from the pancreas and the liver
• Complete digestion of nutrients in chyme, absorbs products of digestion, transports residue to the large intestine
Figure 17.33
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Figure 17.33
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Small Intestine• Double-layered folds of peritoneum
– mesentery: supports intestinal nerves, blood and lymphatic vessels
– greater omentum: drapes over the intestine
• Inner intestinal wall has many tiny projections, the intestinal villi. Each contains blood vessels, nerves and a lacteal
• Intestinal glands extend into the mucosa• Circular folds of the mucosa, plicae
circulares, increase surface area
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Figure 17.35
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Figure 17.36
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Figure 17.37
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Small Intestine Secretions
• Mucus is secreted by goblet cells and glands in the submucosa
• Intestinal mucosa have digestive enzymes on their luminal surfaces– peptidases: split peptides into amino acids– sucrase, maltase, lactase: split disaccharides
into monosaccharides– intestinal lipase: splits fats into fatty acids and
glycerol