chapter 12 liver, gallbladder, and pancreas diseases and disorders
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Chapter 12 Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas Diseases and Disorders. Anatomy and Physiology. Liver Largest solid organ in the body Plays role in: Digestion Absorption Metabolism. Anatomy and Physiology. Liver Plays role in Blood clotting Manufacture of important chemicals - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Anatomy and Physiology
LiverLargest solid organ in the bodyPlays role in:
○ Digestion○ Absorption ○ Metabolism
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Anatomy and Physiology
LiverPlays role in
○ Blood clotting○ Manufacture of important chemicals○ Storage of nutrients
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Anatomy and Physiology
Gallbladder stores bile until needed Pancreas produces and excretes most
of the intestinal enzymes
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Common Signs and Symptoms Liver Disease
JaundicePain is the most common symptom
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Diagnostic Tests
Liver function tests measure bilirubin, albumin, alkaline phosphatase
Ultrasound, X-rays, CAT scan Biopsy Blood tests to measure pancreatic
function
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Liver Diseases
HepatitisInflammation of the liverCauses include chemical actions of drugs,
toxic substances, chronic alcoholism, group of viruses
Viral hepatitis is the most prevalent
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Liver Diseases
HepatitisSymptoms
○ Jaundice○ Malaise○ Anorexia○ Myalgia
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Liver Diseases
HepatitisSymptoms
○ Fever ○ Abdominal pain○ Dark-colored urine (hepatomegaly)○ Clay or light-colored stools
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Liver Diseases
HepatitisTreatment
○ Rest○ Good nutrition
Prevention○ Good hygiene○ Special care when handling needles and body
fluids
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Liver Diseases
Viral Hepatitis occurs in five types A, B, C, D, E
Hepatitis A: benign; spread by oral-fecal contact
Hepatitis B: formerly called “serum hepatitis” spread by blood, urine, feces, saliva, and semen
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Liver Diseases
Hepatitis C: spread by blood or sex Hepatitis D: “delta virus” requires
presence of hepatitis B to replicate Hepatitis E: spread through fecal-oral
contact, commonly due to water contamination
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Liver Diseases
CirrhosisChronic, irreversible, degenerative Replacement of normal liver cells with
nonfunctioning scar tissue called “hobnail liver”
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Liver Diseases
CirrhosisMost common cause is chronic alcoholismSymptoms
○ Loss of appetite○ Nausea○ Indigestion○ Weakness and weight loss
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Liver Disease
Liver CancerPrimary and benign tumors of liver are rareUsually discovered late or end stage Diagnosis confirmed by biopsyTreatment may involve surgery, radiation,
chemotherapy
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Gallbladder Diseases
CholecystitisInflammation of gallbladder usually caused
by obstruction of bile due to gallstoneDiagnosis is made by ultrasound,
cholecystogram
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Gallbladder Diseases
CholecystitisSymptoms
○ Mild to severe RUQ pain○ Nausea and vomiting after eating
Treatment surgical excision
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Gallbladder Diseases
CholelithiasisGallstones in gallbladder or bile ductsSymptoms
○ Nausea○ Vomiting○ RUQ pain following meals with fat
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Gallbladder Diseases
CholelithiasisRisk factors include excessive weight,
increasing age, female
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Gallbladder Diseases
Cholelithiasis5 F’s of cholelithiasis
○ Female○ Fair complexion○ Fat○ Fertile○ Forty or older
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Pancreas Diseases
Pancreatitis - Inflammation of pancreasSymptoms
○ Severe abdominal pain radiating to back○ Nausea○ Vomiting○ Diaphoresis○ Tachycardia
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Pancreas Diseases
PancreatitisSymptoms of chronic pancreatitis are similar
to acuteDiagnosis is based on high blood amylaseTreatment and prognosis depends on cause
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Pancreas Diseases
Pancreas CancerUsually adenocarcinoma occurring in head
of pancreasSymptoms:
○ Abdominal pain○ Back pain○ Nausea○ Vomiting
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Pancreas Diseases
Pancreas CancerSymptoms
○ Loss of appetite○ Weakness○ Jaundice○ Fatigue
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Pancreas Diseases
Pancreas CancerDiagnosis confirmed by biopsyTreatment
○ Surgical resection○ Radiation and chemotherapy
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